Das Germanenproblem Bei Caesar
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Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch Für Europäische Geschichte
Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte Edited by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Volume 20 Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe Edited by Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Edited at Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Founding Editor: Heinz Duchhardt ISBN 978-3-11-063204-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063594-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063238-5 ISSN 1616-6485 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 04. International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number:2019944682 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and Binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Cover image: Eustaţie Altini: Portrait of a woman, 1813–1815 © National Museum of Art, Bucharest www.degruyter.com Contents Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Introduction 1 Gabriel Guarino “The Antipathy between French and Spaniards”: Dress, Gender, and Identity in the Court Society of Early Modern -
Keltoi and Hellenes: a Study of the Celts in the Hellenistic World
KELTOI AND THE HELLENES A STUDY OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WoRU) PATRICK EGAN In the third century B.C. a large body ofCeltic tribes thrust themselves violently into the turbulent world of the Diadochoi,’ immediately instilling fear, engendering anger and finally, commanding respect from the peoples with whom they came into contact. Their warlike nature, extreme hubris and vigorous energy resembled Greece’s own Homeric past, but represented a culture, language and way of life totally alien to that of the Greeks and Macedonians in this period. In the years that followed, the Celts would go on to ravage Macedonia, sack Delphi, settle their own “kingdom” and ifil the ranks of the Successors’ armies. They would leave indelible marks on the Hellenistic World, first as plundering barbaroi and finally, as adapted, integral elements and members ofthe greatermulti-ethnic society that was taking shape around them. This paper will explore the roles played by the Celts by examining their infamous incursions into Macedonia and Greece, their phase of settlement and occupation ofwhat was to be called Galatia, their role as mercenaries, and finally their transition and adaptation, most noticeably on the individual level, to the demands of the world around them. This paper will also seek to challenge some of the traditionally hostile views held by Greek historians regarding the role, achievements, and the place the Celts occupied as members, not simply predators, of the Hellenistic World.2 19 THE DAWN OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The Celts were not unknown to all Greeks in the years preceding the Deiphic incursion of February, 279. -
Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature
Bernadette Filotas PAGAN SURVIVALS, SUPERSTITIONS AND POPULAR CULTURES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL PASTORAL LITERATURE Is medieval pastoral literature an accurate reflection of actual beliefs and practices in the early medieval West or simply of literary conventions in- herited by clerical writers? How and to what extent did Christianity and traditional pre-Christian beliefs and practices come into conflict, influence each other, and merge in popular culture? This comprehensive study examines early medieval popular culture as it appears in ecclesiastical and secular law, sermons, penitentials and other pastoral works – a selective, skewed, but still illuminating record of the be- liefs and practices of ordinary Christians. Concentrating on the five cen- turies from c. 500 to c. 1000, Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature presents the evidence for folk religious beliefs and piety, attitudes to nature and death, festivals, magic, drinking and alimentary customs. As such it provides a precious glimpse of the mu- tual adaptation of Christianity and traditional cultures at an important period of cultural and religious transition. Studies and Texts 151 Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature by Bernadette Filotas Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Filotas, Bernadette, 1941- Pagan survivals, superstitions and popular cultures in early medieval pastoral literature / by Bernadette Filotas. -
The Rhine: Germany's River, Not Germany's Boundary
Source: E.M. Arndt, Deutschlands Fluss, aber nicht Deutschlands Gränze, English trl. UvA Talen / SPIN. the French was as bad as it was foolish. One would have The Rhine: Germany’s river, not Germany’s thought that ten years, indeed twenty years, of blindness and misfortune might have sent a little light into their dark minds boundary and brought the errants back into line, especially since the French had long ago overturned their own proof, but far from it. There are still many who behave, indeed who exhaust Ernst Moritz Arndt themselves in deductions and proofs, as if the Rhine as the border between France and Germany is something indispu- table and settled. So effective is constant repetition, and so little are most Germans – who pride themselves on their ‘The Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ is what Sully proved profundity in thought and speech – accustomed to thinking. 1600 and 1610; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ The empty echoing of foreign opinions, especially the proclaimed Richelieu in 1625 and 1635; ‘the Rhine is France’s echoing of French hocus-pocus and sophistries, has sadly natural boundary,’ declared Count d’Avaux in the 1640s at become too much of a fashion on this side of the Rhine, in Münster, in the holy places where Hermann the Cheruscan had the country where thoroughness and depth of thought is once made a dufferent typeof declaration to the Romans; ‘the supposed to reside. Given this state of affairs, especially this Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ resounded from 1670 to sad state of German minds and hearts, I consider it not super- 1700 in Louvois’ and Colbert’s speeches in Louis XIV’s council fluous to present our ancient, magnificent and holy River of state, and the court poets Boileau and Racine sang it in the Rhine, what it was, is and will be, to the good German antechamber; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ cried the people, who are confused by too many political prattlers and monsters on the Seine from 1790 to 1800. -
La Gaule Indépendante Et La Gaule Romaine
LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA GAULE ROMAINE GUSTAVE BLOCH PARIS – 1900 TOME PREMIER DE L'HISTOIRE DE FRANCE DEPUIS LES ORIGINES JUSQU'À LA RÉVOLUTION, D'ERNEST LAVISSE PREMIÈRE PARTIE. — LES ORIGINES. - LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE. - LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LES ORIGINES CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LES SOCIÉTÉS PRIMITIVES I. - L'âge de la pierre taillée — II . - L'âge de la pierre polie — III . - L'âge des métaux CHAPITRE II. — LES PEUPLES HISTORIQUES I. - Les Ibères et les Ligures — II . - Les Phéniciens et Marseille — III . - Les Celtes et leurs migrations — IV . - Les peuples de la Gaule LIVRE II. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE I. - La civilisation — II . - La religion — III . - La religion (suite). Le sacerdoce druidique — IV . - Les institutions sociales et politiques — V. - Les luttes dans les cités et entre les cités CHAPITRE II. — LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE I. - La conquête et l'organisation de la province transalpine (154-58 av. J.-C.) — II . - Les campagnes de César (58-50 av. J.-C.) — III . - Les caractères et les effets de la conquête — IV . - Les insurrections du premier siècle ap. J.-C. DEUXIÈME PARTIE. — LA GAULE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA GAULE AU Ier ET AU IIe SIÈCLES AP. J.-C. CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT CENTRAL I. - La monarchie impériale — II . - Les circonscriptions provinciales — III . - Les circonscriptions provinciales (suite). La frontière germanique — IV . - Les gouverneurs des provinces. La justice — V. - L'impôt — VI . - Le service militaire. L'armée gallo- germanique CHAPITRE II. — LE GOUVERNEMENT LOCAL I. - La religion impériale et les assemblées provinciales — II . - Les états ou cités. -
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar Wrote Accounts of His Campaigns in Gaul to Justify His Power and Actions
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar wrote accounts of his campaigns in Gaul to justify his power and actions. Here he gives his most extensive accounts of the peoples of Gaul and Germany. What customs, values and practices among the Gauls and the Germans seem significantly different from customs, values and practices at Rome? Are there ways in which he may use these differences as a justification for the military campaigns he is carrying out? Caesar, Gallic Wars Book 6 (chapters 11-20) (Trans. by H. J. Edwards, 1917) 6.11 Since I have arrived at this point, it would seem to be not inappropriate to set forth the customs of Gaul and of Germany, and the difference between these nations. In Gaul, not only in every state and every canton and district, but almost in each several household, there are parties [= political factions]; and the leaders of the parties are men who in the judgment of their fellows are deemed to have the highest authority, men to whose decision and judgment the supreme issue of all cases and counsels may be referred. And this seems to have been an ordinance from ancient days, to the end that no man of the people should lack assistance against a more powerful neighbour; for each man refuses to allow his own folk to be oppressed and defrauded, since otherwise he has no authority among them. The same principle holds in regard to Gaul as a whole taken together; for the whole body of states is divided into two parties. -
Provinzialrömischen, Im Letzten Grunde Klassischen Vorbilder. Die
165 provinzialrömischen, im letzten Grunde klassischen Vorbilder. Die Masse der wenig oder gar nicht romanisierten Unterschicht wird für uns eben noch weniger als in Gallien in den Steindenkmälern greifbar. Importierte Skulptur, wie sie gerade so gut in Italien ge funden sein könnte und auf dem linken Rheinufer gelegentlich sich findet, fehlt, mit Ausnahme natürlich von Bronzen, auf dem rechten Rheinufer ganz. Das Marmorrelief Nr. 438 (Bruchstück eines Sarkophags ?) in Mannheim ist aus dem Rhein gezogen, also seine Herkunft vom rechten Ufer zweifelhaft. Daß sich außer im unmittelbaren Vorlande des linken Rheinufers fast keine mit Relief geschmückten Militärgrabsteine finden, liegt in erster Linie an der Zeit der Ok kupation des rechten Ufers, in der die Militärreliefs überhaupt bald aufhören, was z. T. doch wohl sicher auch mit der fortschreitenden Barbarisierung der Truppenkörper zu sammenhängt. Aber auch Zivilgrabsteine mit Relief sind selten, große Grabmäler, wie auf dem linken Ufer, finden sich kaum, und im Zusammenhang damit steht denn auch, daß die charakteristischen Szenen aus dem Alltagsleben, wie sie das linke Rheinufer kennt, fast ganz fehlen. Deshalb stimme ich E. gern zu, wenn er für den Stein unbekann ten Fundortes Nr. 427 im Museum in Mannheim linksrheinische Herkunft vermutet. Jeder, der in der Richtung obiger Andeutungen sich jetzt an die Durcharbeit der rechtsrheinischen Steindenkmäler macht, wird dankbar sich der Vorarbeit E.s bedienen, die er in seinem großen, jetzt vollendeten Werk geleistet hat, das den Skulpturen bestand eines wichtigen Teiles des römischen Weltreiches zum erstenmal überschauen läßt. Den Dank der Wissenschaft wird E. selbst um so stärker und freudiger empfinden, je energischer, eindringlicher und vielseitiger jetzt die Arbeit an der provinzialen Plastik einsetzt, für die sich erfreulicherweise neuerdings auch die kunstgeschichtliche Forschung zu interessieren beginnt. -
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh First Published November 2011, Updated to October 2016
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh first published November 2011, updated to October 2016 Summary Saint Jerome’s AD 386 remark that the language of ancient Galatia (around modern Ankara) resembled the language of the Treveri (around modern Trier) has been misinterpreted. The “Celts”, “Gauls” or “Galatians” mentioned by classical authors, including those who invaded Greece and Anatolia around 277 BC, were not Celtic in the modern sense of speaking a Celtic language related to Welsh and Irish, but tall, pale-skinned, hairy, warrior peoples from the north. The 150 or so words and proper names currently known from Galatian speech show little affinity with Celtic but more with Germanic. Introduction In AD 386 Saint Jerome wrote: Apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri. For many people this short remark is the linchpin of a belief that ancient Celtic speech spread far outside its Atlantic-fringe homeland, reaching even into the heart of Anatolia, modern Turkey. However, we wish to challenge the idea that Galatians spoke a language that was Celtic in the modern sense of being closely related to Welsh or Irish. Galatia was the region around ancient Ancyra, modern Ankara, in the middle of Turkey. Anatolia (otherwise known as Asia Minor) has seen many civilisations come and go over the millennia. Around 8000 BC it was a cradle of agriculture and the Neolithic revolution. The whole family of Indo-European languages originated somewhere in that region. We favour the idea that they grew up around the Black Sea all the way from northern Anatolia, past the mouth of the river Danube, to southern Russia and Ukraine. -
Treasure Exhibition Objects
Treasure Exhibition Objects The main focus of the exhibition is the Coin Hoard found in 2012. This is displayed in a conservation laboratory in the middle of the exhibition. There is live conservation ongoing to the Le Catillon Hoard II. Coins are being taken off the main hoard, cleaned, identified and then catalogued and packaged. The rest of the exhibition contains items from Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from both the Romans and the Celts. l The rest of the exhibition contains items from The ship timbers from Guernsey Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from l The Orval Chariot Burial from France both the Romans and the Celts. l Coins from Le Catillon Hoard I from Grouville The amount of items from bothe the cultures l Paule Statues from Brittany show their similarities and differences. They l Kings Road burials from Guernsey also demonstrate the variety of objects found archaeologically in these areas. The below list gives you details of every artefact There are a number of artefacts of particular within the exhibition. significance: Orval Chariot Burial Iron ring bolts, possibly elements connected with the chariot shaft. Five copper alloy phalerae decorated with small carved coral plaques, mounted on their support Iron hoops intended to strengthen the hub of each with a birch resin-based glue, occasionally finished of the two wheels. off with a small bronze rivet. (metal disc used to Iron eye bolts and forked rod which were probably adorn the harness) used as shock absorbers between the axel and the Two rein rings. carriage. Two copper alloy harness rings. -
A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2)
A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2) Hallstatt Culture: 720 to 600 BC and 600 BC to 480 BC (Ha C and D) This interval represents a time of major changes in Europe, in the regions once characterized by the Pfyn and related cultures with roots extending back to the Neolithic, and the Urnfield groups which would morph into the peoples of the Hallstatt tradition with their characteristic elite burials. Artist rendition of typical rich Hallstatt inhumation burials Kristiansen (1998) proposes that the movement of Hallstatt C warrior elite spread across Central and Western Europe, at a time when trade routes to the north diminished. However those in the eastern tier maintained links to the Lusatian culture and the Baltic regions, with a continued emphasis on trade in amber and mining of salt in the immediate surrounds of Hallstatt in Austria. Hallstatt is actually at the southeastern tip of what was a very large oval shaped territory with the center of gravity northwest of the Alps. In Reinecke’s system of dating, this period is known as Hallstatt C and D. Hallstatt C (earliest phase) is characterized by rich horse and wagon burials (containing ornate horse tack) and includes the region from western Hungary to the Upper Danube. Hallstatt D is represented by a chiefdom zone and elite burials further to the west, with settlements concentrated near the headwaters of every major river from the Loire, to the Seine, Rhone, Rhine and Danube. The geographical re-alignment was likely a function of the establishment of a Greek (Phoecian) trading center in Massilia (Marseilles), circa 600 BC. -
Studies in the Roman Province of Dalmatia
Durham E-Theses Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia Wilkes, J. J. How to cite: Wilkes, J. J. (1962) Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10470/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk STUDIES IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA Thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by J.J. Wilkes St. Cuthbert's Society- Volume One, April 1962 This study was undertaken while the author held a Ministry of Education State Studentship at the Department of Archaeology in Durham and, since October 196l, a Research Fellowship in the University of Birmingham* I would like to record my debt of gratitude to my super• visor Professor Eric Birley and Dr. J.C. -
PLAYBOOK by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke
COIN Series, Volume VI PLAYBOOK by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke TABLE OF CONTENTS Falling Sky Tutorial . 2 Credits . .. 45 Roles and Strategy . 18 Card List . 46 Non-Player Examples . 20 Countersheet Scan . 47 Design Notes . 26 Tribes and Forces . 48 Event Text and Notes . 32 © 2015 GMT Games, LLC • P .O . Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www .GMTGames .com 2 Falling Sky — PLAYBOOK the Forces display; the Germans do not track Victory; 7 .0 .) Go ahead Falling Sky Tutorial and put four cylinders and those three markers on the Edge Track numbers as noted in that setup section . (If you have not punched First-time players should start here! out the counters, punch what you need as we go .) Welcome to the tutorial for Falling Sky . It will walk you through setup and some game play step by step, getting you going with the Next is the Senate and Legions Track, some red boxes at lower right core mechanics and demonstrating a few of the options available to of the board . We will account here for the attitude of the Senate in each faction . Our purpose here is merely to teach concepts, not to Rome toward Caesar, meaning toward the Roman venture in Gaul suggest optimal strategy—we will leave that to you! (6 .5) . As noted in the Setup, place the Senate marker at “Intrigue” (“Firm” side down) . If you would like to look up specific Rules of Play as we go, we provide the relevant reference numbers in parentheses . Now find the 12 Legions—red cubes—among the Roman forces pieces and move them to the Legions track .