Provinzialrömischen, Im Letzten Grunde Klassischen Vorbilder. Die
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Resettlement Into Roman Territory Across the Rhine and the Danube Under the Early Empire (To the Marcomannic Wars)*
Eos C 2013 / fasciculus extra ordinem editus electronicus ISSN 0012-7825 RESETTLEMENT INTO ROMAN TERRITORY ACROSS THE RHINE AND THE DANUBE UNDER THE EARLY EMPIRE (TO THE MARCOMANNIC WARS)* By LESZEK MROZEWICZ The purpose of this paper is to investigate the resettling of tribes from across the Rhine and the Danube onto their Roman side as part of the Roman limes policy, an important factor making the frontier easier to defend and one way of treating the population settled in the vicinity of the Empire’s borders. The temporal framework set in the title follows from both the state of preser- vation of sources attesting resettling operations as regards the first two hundred years of the Empire, the turn of the eras and the time of the Marcomannic Wars, and from the stark difference in the nature of those resettlements between the times of the Julio-Claudian emperors on the one hand, and of Marcus Aurelius on the other. Such, too, is the thesis of the article: that the resettlements of the period of the Marcomannic Wars were a sign heralding the resettlements that would come in late antiquity1, forced by peoples pressing against the river line, and eventu- ally taking place completely out of Rome’s control. Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty, on the other hand, the Romans were in total control of the situation and transferring whole tribes into the territory of the Empire was symptomatic of their active border policies. There is one more reason to list, compare and analyse Roman resettlement operations: for the early Empire period, the literature on the subject is very much dominated by studies into individual tribe transfers, and works whose range en- * Originally published in Polish in “Eos” LXXV 1987, fasc. -
Keltoi and Hellenes: a Study of the Celts in the Hellenistic World
KELTOI AND THE HELLENES A STUDY OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WoRU) PATRICK EGAN In the third century B.C. a large body ofCeltic tribes thrust themselves violently into the turbulent world of the Diadochoi,’ immediately instilling fear, engendering anger and finally, commanding respect from the peoples with whom they came into contact. Their warlike nature, extreme hubris and vigorous energy resembled Greece’s own Homeric past, but represented a culture, language and way of life totally alien to that of the Greeks and Macedonians in this period. In the years that followed, the Celts would go on to ravage Macedonia, sack Delphi, settle their own “kingdom” and ifil the ranks of the Successors’ armies. They would leave indelible marks on the Hellenistic World, first as plundering barbaroi and finally, as adapted, integral elements and members ofthe greatermulti-ethnic society that was taking shape around them. This paper will explore the roles played by the Celts by examining their infamous incursions into Macedonia and Greece, their phase of settlement and occupation ofwhat was to be called Galatia, their role as mercenaries, and finally their transition and adaptation, most noticeably on the individual level, to the demands of the world around them. This paper will also seek to challenge some of the traditionally hostile views held by Greek historians regarding the role, achievements, and the place the Celts occupied as members, not simply predators, of the Hellenistic World.2 19 THE DAWN OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The Celts were not unknown to all Greeks in the years preceding the Deiphic incursion of February, 279. -
The Rhine: Germany's River, Not Germany's Boundary
Source: E.M. Arndt, Deutschlands Fluss, aber nicht Deutschlands Gränze, English trl. UvA Talen / SPIN. the French was as bad as it was foolish. One would have The Rhine: Germany’s river, not Germany’s thought that ten years, indeed twenty years, of blindness and misfortune might have sent a little light into their dark minds boundary and brought the errants back into line, especially since the French had long ago overturned their own proof, but far from it. There are still many who behave, indeed who exhaust Ernst Moritz Arndt themselves in deductions and proofs, as if the Rhine as the border between France and Germany is something indispu- table and settled. So effective is constant repetition, and so little are most Germans – who pride themselves on their ‘The Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ is what Sully proved profundity in thought and speech – accustomed to thinking. 1600 and 1610; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ The empty echoing of foreign opinions, especially the proclaimed Richelieu in 1625 and 1635; ‘the Rhine is France’s echoing of French hocus-pocus and sophistries, has sadly natural boundary,’ declared Count d’Avaux in the 1640s at become too much of a fashion on this side of the Rhine, in Münster, in the holy places where Hermann the Cheruscan had the country where thoroughness and depth of thought is once made a dufferent typeof declaration to the Romans; ‘the supposed to reside. Given this state of affairs, especially this Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ resounded from 1670 to sad state of German minds and hearts, I consider it not super- 1700 in Louvois’ and Colbert’s speeches in Louis XIV’s council fluous to present our ancient, magnificent and holy River of state, and the court poets Boileau and Racine sang it in the Rhine, what it was, is and will be, to the good German antechamber; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ cried the people, who are confused by too many political prattlers and monsters on the Seine from 1790 to 1800. -
Evaluación Para El Acceso a La Universidad
Evaluación para el Acceso a la Universidad Convocatoria de 2017 Materia: LATÍN II Instrucciones: El alumno debe elegir una propuesta. En la propuesta seleccionada, el alumno debe traducir el texto latino (hasta 4 puntos) y contestar a las tres cuestiones. Se valorarán la ortografía y la coherencia de las respuestas. Para la traducción puede usarse un diccionario latino-español con el apéndice gramatical. Todas las preguntas se deben responder en el cuadernillo, el alumno se queda con la hoja de examen. PROPUESTA A 1. Traducción del siguiente texto: (4 puntos: 1 hasta “Tencteri”,1’5 hasta “sustinuerunt”,1,5 hasta el final. ) Usipetes y tencteros llegan al río Rin después de errar durante tres años, forzados por los suevos. In eādem causā1 fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri2, quos supra diximus, qui complures annos3 Sueborum4 vim 5 sustinuerunt, ad extremum6 tamen, agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae7 triennium8 vagati, ad Rhenum9 pervenerunt. (De Bello Gallico IV, IV) 1-causa : “situación”. 2-Usipetes, -um/ Tencteri, -orum : usipetes y tencteros, pueblos germánicos. 3-complures annos: “durante muchos años”. 4- Suebi,-orum: suevos, pueblo germánico. 5- vis, vis :” violencia” .6- ad extremum: locución adverbial, “al fin”.7- Germania, -ae : Germania. 8-triennium, -i: trienio, tres años. 9- Rhenus, -i : el río Rin. 2. Análisis morfosintáctico del siguiente texto: (2 puntos) a- Analiza sintácticamente el siguiente texto: (1) In eādem causā fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri, quos supra diximus, qui complures annos Sueborum vim sustinuerunt. b- Enuncia las palabras en negrilla indicando, además del enunciado, género, nº, caso1, si no es verbo; si es verbo, además del enunciado de los tres temas, persona, nº y tiempo.(1) 1-caso en el que la palabra está en este texto. -
La Gaule Indépendante Et La Gaule Romaine
LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA GAULE ROMAINE GUSTAVE BLOCH PARIS – 1900 TOME PREMIER DE L'HISTOIRE DE FRANCE DEPUIS LES ORIGINES JUSQU'À LA RÉVOLUTION, D'ERNEST LAVISSE PREMIÈRE PARTIE. — LES ORIGINES. - LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE. - LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LES ORIGINES CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LES SOCIÉTÉS PRIMITIVES I. - L'âge de la pierre taillée — II . - L'âge de la pierre polie — III . - L'âge des métaux CHAPITRE II. — LES PEUPLES HISTORIQUES I. - Les Ibères et les Ligures — II . - Les Phéniciens et Marseille — III . - Les Celtes et leurs migrations — IV . - Les peuples de la Gaule LIVRE II. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE I. - La civilisation — II . - La religion — III . - La religion (suite). Le sacerdoce druidique — IV . - Les institutions sociales et politiques — V. - Les luttes dans les cités et entre les cités CHAPITRE II. — LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE I. - La conquête et l'organisation de la province transalpine (154-58 av. J.-C.) — II . - Les campagnes de César (58-50 av. J.-C.) — III . - Les caractères et les effets de la conquête — IV . - Les insurrections du premier siècle ap. J.-C. DEUXIÈME PARTIE. — LA GAULE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA GAULE AU Ier ET AU IIe SIÈCLES AP. J.-C. CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT CENTRAL I. - La monarchie impériale — II . - Les circonscriptions provinciales — III . - Les circonscriptions provinciales (suite). La frontière germanique — IV . - Les gouverneurs des provinces. La justice — V. - L'impôt — VI . - Le service militaire. L'armée gallo- germanique CHAPITRE II. — LE GOUVERNEMENT LOCAL I. - La religion impériale et les assemblées provinciales — II . - Les états ou cités. -
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar Wrote Accounts of His Campaigns in Gaul to Justify His Power and Actions
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar wrote accounts of his campaigns in Gaul to justify his power and actions. Here he gives his most extensive accounts of the peoples of Gaul and Germany. What customs, values and practices among the Gauls and the Germans seem significantly different from customs, values and practices at Rome? Are there ways in which he may use these differences as a justification for the military campaigns he is carrying out? Caesar, Gallic Wars Book 6 (chapters 11-20) (Trans. by H. J. Edwards, 1917) 6.11 Since I have arrived at this point, it would seem to be not inappropriate to set forth the customs of Gaul and of Germany, and the difference between these nations. In Gaul, not only in every state and every canton and district, but almost in each several household, there are parties [= political factions]; and the leaders of the parties are men who in the judgment of their fellows are deemed to have the highest authority, men to whose decision and judgment the supreme issue of all cases and counsels may be referred. And this seems to have been an ordinance from ancient days, to the end that no man of the people should lack assistance against a more powerful neighbour; for each man refuses to allow his own folk to be oppressed and defrauded, since otherwise he has no authority among them. The same principle holds in regard to Gaul as a whole taken together; for the whole body of states is divided into two parties. -
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh First Published November 2011, Updated to October 2016
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh first published November 2011, updated to October 2016 Summary Saint Jerome’s AD 386 remark that the language of ancient Galatia (around modern Ankara) resembled the language of the Treveri (around modern Trier) has been misinterpreted. The “Celts”, “Gauls” or “Galatians” mentioned by classical authors, including those who invaded Greece and Anatolia around 277 BC, were not Celtic in the modern sense of speaking a Celtic language related to Welsh and Irish, but tall, pale-skinned, hairy, warrior peoples from the north. The 150 or so words and proper names currently known from Galatian speech show little affinity with Celtic but more with Germanic. Introduction In AD 386 Saint Jerome wrote: Apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri. For many people this short remark is the linchpin of a belief that ancient Celtic speech spread far outside its Atlantic-fringe homeland, reaching even into the heart of Anatolia, modern Turkey. However, we wish to challenge the idea that Galatians spoke a language that was Celtic in the modern sense of being closely related to Welsh or Irish. Galatia was the region around ancient Ancyra, modern Ankara, in the middle of Turkey. Anatolia (otherwise known as Asia Minor) has seen many civilisations come and go over the millennia. Around 8000 BC it was a cradle of agriculture and the Neolithic revolution. The whole family of Indo-European languages originated somewhere in that region. We favour the idea that they grew up around the Black Sea all the way from northern Anatolia, past the mouth of the river Danube, to southern Russia and Ukraine. -
Treasure Exhibition Objects
Treasure Exhibition Objects The main focus of the exhibition is the Coin Hoard found in 2012. This is displayed in a conservation laboratory in the middle of the exhibition. There is live conservation ongoing to the Le Catillon Hoard II. Coins are being taken off the main hoard, cleaned, identified and then catalogued and packaged. The rest of the exhibition contains items from Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from both the Romans and the Celts. l The rest of the exhibition contains items from The ship timbers from Guernsey Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from l The Orval Chariot Burial from France both the Romans and the Celts. l Coins from Le Catillon Hoard I from Grouville The amount of items from bothe the cultures l Paule Statues from Brittany show their similarities and differences. They l Kings Road burials from Guernsey also demonstrate the variety of objects found archaeologically in these areas. The below list gives you details of every artefact There are a number of artefacts of particular within the exhibition. significance: Orval Chariot Burial Iron ring bolts, possibly elements connected with the chariot shaft. Five copper alloy phalerae decorated with small carved coral plaques, mounted on their support Iron hoops intended to strengthen the hub of each with a birch resin-based glue, occasionally finished of the two wheels. off with a small bronze rivet. (metal disc used to Iron eye bolts and forked rod which were probably adorn the harness) used as shock absorbers between the axel and the Two rein rings. carriage. Two copper alloy harness rings. -
The Orientation of the Plan of Novaesium, a Roman Fort on the Rhine
The orientation of the plan of Novaesium, a Roman fort on the Rhine Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy Abstract Novaesium was a Roman fort on the Rhine, a fort which served for the campaigns of Augustus and Drusus against Germans. The plan is the standard one of the Roman camps. Here we discuss its orientation. It has its decumanus having, as far as we can see from archaeological surveys, an azimuth of about 118 degrees. The fort has a perfect orientation "secundum naturam". In the case that this castrum were oriented "secundum coelum", that is in the direction of the sunrise on the day of its foundation, it could had been founded on November 13 or February 1 (Julian dates). This second date is interesting, because it is coincident to the historical date of 30 January, the birthday of Drusus’ mother and Augusts’ wife, Livia. Keywords: Archaeoastronomy. Writte 22 May 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3168183 After the Caesar's Gallic Wars, Rome considered important to establish a better control of the Lower Rhine. A local government and a network of roads were established, in order of securing and developing the areas conquered by Caesar. A further expansionist policy was not under consideration [1]. However the region was subjected to increasing and prolonged attacks by Germanic tribes, which culminated in the so-called Clades Lolliana. The Roman governor Marcus Lollius was defeated by united forces of Sicambri, Tencteri and Usipetes. The Clades, in 17 or 16 BC, changed the policy. In 16 BC, Augustus went in Gaul in order to settle, once for all, this Germanic problem. -
1 Ethnography Encountered
ETHNOGRAPHY ENCOUNTERED: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHNOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR Over a decade before he came, saw, and conquered at Zela in 46 BC, Julius Caesar was engaged in a similar—if much more extended—enterprise in Gaul and neighboring regions of northern Europe. Although he set out initially to face the threat of the Helvetii, Caesar managed to extend this originally brief expedition into an eight-year sequence of campaigns that took him to the unexplored frontiers of the known world, where he encountered a seemingly endless supply of new and conveniently threatening peoples to conquer. The events of this campaign were documented by Caesar in his de Bello Gallico. While the work's primary focus was on political interactions and wars with the barbarian tribes of northern Europe, Caesar also included a number of ethnographic accounts of these peoples, some of which were the first of their kind in ancient ethnography. As a genre, ethnography had existed among the Greeks for centuries, but Caesar was one of the first Romans of whom we know to write in a deliberately ethnographic mode.1 Furthermore, Caesar appears to have been the first author, Greek or Roman, to write an ethnography of the Germans,2 the first Roman to explore Britain, and one of few ancient authors by his date to have written an ethnographic account of the island's inhabitants. Caesar was not, however, merely content with covering new geographic and literary ground. The structure and content of the ethnographic sections of the Gallic War not only indicate that Caesar was aware of and engaging with the Greek ethnographic tradition, 3 but also that he included them with the 1 The only surviving text predating Caesar that engages in ethnographic inquiry in any length or detail is Cato the Elder's Origines, which now exists only in fragments, some of which concern the Gauls of northern Italy (Williams (2001) 71-80; Woolf (2011) 60). -
Roman Soldier Germanic Warrior Lindsay Ppowellowell
1st Century AD Roman Soldier VERSUS Germanic Warrior Lindsay Powell © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com 1st Century ad Roman Soldier Germanic Warrior Lindsay PowellPowell © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION 4 THE OPPOSING SIDES 10 Recruitment and motivation t Morale and logistics t Training, doctrine and tactics Leadership and communications t Use of allies and auxiliaries TEUTOBURG PASS 28 Summer AD 9 IDISTAVISO 41 Summer AD 16 THE ANGRIVARIAN WALL 57 Summer AD 16 ANALYSIS 71 Leadership t Mission objectives and strategies t Planning and preparation Tactics, combat doctrine and weapons AFTERMATH 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 INDEX 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Introduction ‘Who would leave Asia, or Africa, or Italia for Germania, with its wild country, its inclement skies, its sullen manners and aspect, unless indeed it were his home?’ (Tacitus, Germania 2). This negative perception of Germania – the modern Netherlands and Germany – lay behind the reluctance of Rome’s great military commanders to tame its immense wilderness. Caius Iulius Caesar famously threw a wooden pontoon bridge across the River Rhine (Rhenus) in just ten days, not once but twice, in 55 and 53 bc. The next Roman general to do so was Marcus Agrippa, in 39/38 bc or 19/18 bc. However, none of these missions was for conquest, but in response to pleas for assistance from an ally of the Romans, the Germanic nation of the Ubii. It was not until the reign of Caesar Augustus that a serious attempt was made to annex the land beyond the wide river and transform it into a province fit for Romans to live in. -
Julius Caesar and the Germans
Julius Caesar and the Germans Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy This article is proposing a discussion of what was written in De Bello Gallico on Caesar's military campaign against the Germans, in particular against Usipetes and Tencteri. It will also be analyzed what was said by Plutarch about the accusation, made to Caesar by Cato the Younger, of having violated the truce with these Germans. Finally, the texts of Caesar and Plutarch will be compared with what is written in the books by Luciano Canfora and Jérôme Carcopino. Torino, 3 Agosto 2018. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1328251. Revised 30 November 2018 Recently, some Dutch archaeologists have proposed a reconstruction of the physical appearance of Julius Caesar [1]. The reconstruction, which I discussed in [2-4], was used to launch a book by Tom Buijtendorp, Caesar in de Lage Landen, on Caesar's military campaign against the Germans, in particular against Usipetes and Tencteri tribes, a campaign that took place in the territory crossed by the Rhine and today located in the Netherlands. [5]. Some clarifications on this military campaign are, in my opinion, necessary. They are contained in the article that I am now proposing. In it, the reader will find the analysis of what Caesar wrote in his De Bello Gallico and what Plutarch told about the accusation made to Caesar by Cato the Younger, of violating the truce with these Germans. Finally, the texts of Caesar and Plutarch will be compared with what is written in the books by Luciano Canfora and Jérôme Carcopino.