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A Case Study: Fish Production in the Integrated Farming Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics University of Hohenheim Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker A CASE STUDY: FISH PRODUCTION IN THE INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM OF THE BLACK THAI IN YEN CHAU DISTRICT (SON LA PROVINCE) IN MOUNTAINOUS NORTH-WESTERN VIETNAM - CURRENT STATE AND POTENTIAL Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree „Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften“ (Dr.sc.agr. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty Agricultural Sciences presented by Silke Steinbronn Mannheim (Germany) 2009 This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree „Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften“ by the Faculty Agricultural Sciences at University of Hohenheim, on 8th of October 2009. Date of oral examination: 29th of October 2009 Examination Committee Supervisor and Review: Prof. Dr. K. Becker Co-Reviewer: Prof. Dr. F. Heidhues Additional examiner: Prof. Dr. R. Mosenthin Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei Table of Contents I Table of Contents I List of Tables........................................................................................................ V II List of Figures....................................................................................................... VII III List of Abbreviations........................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 2 Literature-based background information........................................................ 5 2.1 General characteristics of the study area........................................................... 5 2.1.1 Son La province and Yen Chau district: Location and population......... 5 2.1.2 Climatic conditions in north-western Vietnam and Yen Chau................ 6 2.1.3 Specific geographical characteristics of Son La and Yen Chau............. 6 2.1.4 Administrative structures........................................................................ 7 2.1.5 Land allocation....................................................................................... 7 2.1.6 The ethnic Black Thai minority............................................................... 7 2.2 Fish production in Vietnam with special reference to Son La and Yen Chau...................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Quantities and impact of fish production in Vietnam............................. 8 2.2.2 History of fish culture in Vietnam........................................................... 9 2.2.3 Recent development of fisheries policy in Vietnam................................. 9 2.2.4 Typical fish farming systems and their regional distribution in Vietnam.................................................................................................... 9 2.2.5 Fish production in the Son La province.................................................. 10 2.2.6 Fish production in the Yen Chau district................................................ 10 2.2.7 Typical fish species produced in Vietnam............................................... 11 2.3 Production of carp and tilapia............................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Production of grass carp......................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Feeding characteristics and growth of the grass carp............................ 15 2.3.3 Carp production systems......................................................................... 18 2.4 Polyculture with carp as major species.............................................................. 20 2.5 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems...................................................... 21 2.5.1 The use of manure in ponds..................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Practical examples for integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) systems in Vietnam and neighbouring countries..................................... 25 3 Material and methods………………………………………………………….. 28 3.1 The study area and its general description (macro level)……………………. 28 3.1.1 Location of the study area…………………………………………………… 28 3.1.2 Collection of secondary data………………………………………………... 29 3.1.3 Interviews with local authorities……………………………………………. 29 3.1.4 Transect walks and walks along the irrigation canals with key individuals……………………………………………………………………... 30 3.1.5 Sketches of the study area…………………………………………………… 30 II Table of Contents 3.2 Interview-based survey on the common aquaculture and agriculture system (meso level)…………………………………………..........................…. 30 3.2.1 Semi-structured interviews (Survey 1)……………………………………... 30 3.2.2 Selection of the case study farms and regular farm visits………………. 31 3.2.3 Questionnaire survey (Survey 2)……………………………………………. 32 3.2.4 Observations of farming activities and interviews with other resource persons…………………………………………………………………………. 33 3.2.5 Related survey: Grass carp diseases and other problems in aquaculture……………………………………………………………………. 33 3.2.6 Related survey: Pesticides…………………………………………………… 34 3.2.7 Presentation of data………………………………………………………….. 34 3.3 Measurement-based survey of the pond system (micro level)……………….. 34 3.3.1 The “Farmer’s Record Book”………………………………………………. 35 3.3.2 The general pond description……………………………………………….. 35 3.3.3 Sites of research and transportation of samples………………………….. 35 3.3.4 Measurements of dissolved oxygen contents, water temperatures, pH, Secchi disk depths and redox potentials in the ponds……………………. 36 3.3.5 Determination of the water flow……………………………………………. 37 3.3.6 Redox potential and pH of pond mud……………………………………… 37 3.3.7 Plankton sampling……………………………………………………………. 38 3.3.8 Determination of fish stocks and fish transfers and measurements of weights and lengths of individual fish……………………………………… 39 3.3.9 Collection and analysis of feed and manure……………………………… 39 3.3.10 Determination of fish intestine lengths and contents as well as liver weights…………………………………………………………………………. 40 3.3.11 Formulas………………………………………………………………………. 40 3.3.12 Presentation of data………………………………………………………….. 41 4 Results: Short description of the study area (macro level)…………………... 42 4.1 Crop, livestock and fish production in the study area……………………….. 42 4.2 Location of the case study ponds within the surrounding irrigation systems 42 4.3 Fishing and aquaculture activities in the irrigation system.………………… 45 5 Results: The local aquaculture and agriculture system (meso level)……...… 49 5.1 Description of the local aquaculture system………………………………….. 49 5.1.1 Pond system…………………………………………………………………… 49 5.1.2 Cultured species and source of fish………………………………………… 51 5.1.3 Feed and manure regime……………………………………………………. 55 5.1.4 Pond inputs, investments and labour requirements……………………… 57 5.1.5 Harvest, yields and use of aquaculture produce…………………………. 59 5.2 The integrated agriculture-aquaculture system of Black Thai – Linkages between sub-systems…………………………………………………………… 63 Table of Contents III 5.3 Limitations and problems of local fish production…………………………... 70 5.3.1 Fish diseases and mortalities……………………………………………….. 70 5.3.2 Theft…………………………………………………………………………….. 72 5.3.3 Water shortages………………………...…………………………................ 73 5.3.4 High labour requirements…………………………………………………… 73 5.3.5 Limited water quality………………………………………………………… 73 5.3.6 Entry of pesticides……………………………………………………………. 74 5.3.7 Insufficient quality of stocking material…………………………………… 76 5.3.8 Lack of extension service/training in aquaculture……...………………... 76 5.3.9 Low water temperatures………………………………..……………………. 77 5.3.10 Natural enemies………………………………………………………………. 77 5.3.11 Floods and heavy rain……………………………………………………….. 77 6 Results: The pond system (micro level)……………………………………….. 78 6.1 In-depth case studies: Short description of the case study farms and ponds 78 6.1.1 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond CK1…………. 78 6.1.2 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond CK2…………. 79 6.1.3 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond SV1………….. 81 6.1.4 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond SV2………….. 82 6.1.5 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond VL1…………. 83 6.1.6 Short description: Case study farm and case study pond VL2…………. 85 6.1.7 The three case study farms that are not considered on the micro level 86 6.2 Limnological conditions………………………………………………………... 90 6.2.1 Dissolved oxygen, water temperatures, pH, transparency, colour and redox-potentials in the ponds……………………………………………….. 90 6.2.2 The water flow and its use as a source of dissolved oxygen……………. 95 6.2.3 Depth, pH and redox potential of the pond mud…………………………. 98 6.2.4 Abundance of phyto- and zooplankton………………..…………………… 99 6.3 In- and outputs in terms of fish, feed and manure…………………………… 102 6.3.1 Fish stocking densities……………………………………………………….. 102 6.3.2 Gross chemical composition of selected fish feeds and application of feed and manure………………………………………………………………. 103 6.3.3 Fish yields……………………………………………………………………... 108 6.3.4 Nitrogen balances…………………………………………………………….. 110 6.4 Fish growth and feed base of the individual fish species in the ponds……… 111 6.4.1 Growth and food conversion of the grass carp…………………………… 111 6.4.2 Growth and feed of the other fish species in the polyculture ponds…… 113 6.5 Benefit from fish production – Income and household
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