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INDONESIA TROPICAL FOREST and BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS (FAA 118 &119) Report for Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS): 2020-2025

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INDONESIA TROPICAL FOREST and BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS (FAA 118 &119) Report for Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS): 2020-2025 INDONESIA TROPICAL FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS (FAA 118 &119) Report for Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS): 2020-2025 October 2019 TEAM COMPOSITION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The team was led by the Forestry and Climate Change Specialist from the USAID Asia Bureau’s Office of Technical Services (Asia/TS) and composed of seven technical and program specialists from USAID/ Indonesia’s Environment Office. We gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of Andrea Pavlick, Putu Kurniawan, Jalu Cahyanto, Anders Mantius, Dondy Sentya, Thomas Crehan, Sigit Sulistyo, Damianus Hendri Arkhyanta, Trigeany Linggoatmodjo, Endah Shofiani, and Retno Setianingsih, all of whom provided technical input related to their various sectoral programs as they intersect with conservation. We also appreciate the leadership guidance of Mission Director Erin McKee, Deputy Mission Director Ryan Washburn, Senior Management Adviser Jon Lindborg, Environment Office Director Matthew Burton, and Environment Office Deputy Director Jason Seuc, as well as the generous sharing of insights and expertise provided by the many stakeholders from civil society, government, academe, and implementing partners with whom we met. A very special thank you goes to Hundarti Ang, Lissa Inkiriwang, and Eva Napitupulu for their superb, efficient and ever-timely logistical, administrative, and budgetary support. FRONT COVER PHOTO CREDITS: Top left: Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus); courtesy of USAID LESTARI (2018) Top right: Coral reef survey; courtesy of USAID SEA (2018) Lower: Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2018) DISCLAIMER: This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The authors’ views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the official positions of USAID or the United States Government. ii Indonesia Tropical Forest & Biodiversity Analysis – 2019 INDONESIA TROPICAL FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS (FAA 118 & 119) Report for Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS): 2021-2025 October 2019 Todd R. Johnson, Team Leader Forestry and Climate Change Specialist Office of Technical Services, USAID/Asia Bureau Amin Budiarjo, Activity Manager Senior Project Management Specialist (Forestry) Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia James Halperin Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity Team Leader Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia Celly Catharina Senior Project Management Specialist (Marine) Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia Angga Rachmansah Project Management Specialist (Biodiversity) Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia Mohamad Ridlo Project Management Specialist (Forestry) Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia Ahmad Hafizh Adyas Project Management Specialist (Marine) Environment Office, USAID/Indonesia Mispan Indarjo Development Program Specialist Program Office, USAID/Indonesia Indonesia Tropical Forest & Biodiversity Analysis – 2019 iii ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank ADS Automated Directive System (USAID) BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/National Development Planning Agency CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on Migratory Species CWT Countering wildlife trafficking DRG Democratic Resilience Governance (office) ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation ENV Environment (office) FAA Foreign Assistance Act, as amended FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FMU(s) Forest Management Unit(s) GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GOI Government of Indonesia ha hectare [10,000 square meters or 2.47 acres] HCP Human Capital and Partnership (office) HDI Human Development Index IBSAP Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (fishing) km2 square kilometers [1 km2 = 100 hectares or 247 acres] LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia/Indonesia Institute of Sciences MEA multilateral environmental agreement METT management effectiveness tracking tool MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry MPA(s) marine protected area(s) NGO(s) nongovernmental organization(s) PA(s) protected area(s) RPJMN Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional/National Medium-Term Development Planning UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development Indonesia Tropical Forest & Biodiversity Analysis – 2019 v 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. X 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 OVERVIEW OF INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 BIOPHYSICAL SETTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Climate and its dynamics ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Major ecosystem types ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 GOVERNANCE CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................... 5 3 STATUS OF INDONESIA’S FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ................................................................ 7 3.1 FORESTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA .............................................................................. 7 3.1.1 Land cover and land use classification ..................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Major forest types......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.3 Status and trends ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 MARINE AND OTHER AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA ...................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Major aquatic ecosystem types .............................................................................................................................................. 10 3.2.2 Status and trends of marine ecosystems ............................................................................................................................. 10 3.2.3 Status and trends of Freshwater ecosystems ..................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.4 Status and trends of semi-terrestrial ecosystems ............................................................................................................. 14 3.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES .................................................................................................................................................... 14 4 THREATS TO FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ....................................................................................... 17 4.1 PRINCIPAL DIRECT THREATS ......................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Overexploitation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.1.2 Land (habitat) conversion ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1.3 Illegal activities ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19 A PROMISING YET STILL IMPERFECT SOLUTION TO ILLEGAL LOGGING ............................................. 19 4.2 INDIRECT THREATS .......................................................................................................................................................
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