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Proquest Dissertations NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received 8V2! I This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1^=1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Universitt* canadienne Canada's university Alexandre Sawyer AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Histoire) GRADE/DEGREE Departement d'histoire FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT La Promotion de la Langue Francaise dans les Forces Armees Canadiennes : L'exemple des Generaux Jean Victor Allard et Jacques Alfred Dextraze TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Serge Durflinger DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Michel Bock Peter Bischoff Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies LA PROMOTION DE LA LANGUE FRANCHISE DANS LES FORCES ARMEES CANADIENNES : L'EXEMPLE DES GENERAUX JEAN VICTOR ALLARD ET JACQUES ALFRED DEXTRAZE par Alexandre Sawyer These presentee a la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales a titre d'exigence partielle en vue de l'obtention de la maitrise en histoire Universite d'Ottawa © Alexandre Sawyer, Ottawa, Canada, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-61296-5 Our We Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-61296-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada RESUME Cette these examine revolution de la situation des francophones et de leur langue dans les Forces armees canadiennes pour la periode 1945-1977. Ce travail evalue la contribution dans ce domaine des deux premiers chefs d'etat-major canadiens-francais, Jean Victor Allard et Jacques Alfred Dextraze. Aucune autre etude academique n'a traite specifiquement de cette question. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la presence des militaires canadiens- francais est modeste. lis ne representent que 6,9 % de tous les officiers et 15,3 % des hommes de troupe, alors que leur poids demographique dans la population canadienne est d'environ 29 %. Suite a quelques changements dans les annees 1950, la situation des francophones et de leur langue s'ameliore quelque peu. Mais, il faudra attendre 1'arrivee d'un premier, puis d'un deuxieme francophone au poste militaire supreme pour que le sort des Canadiens francais change. Le premier, Jean V. Allard, a fait des militaires francophones et de leur langue une question de la plus haute importance, determinant les objectifs prioritaires de la reforme linguistique et developpant les unites de langue francaise. Le deuxieme, Jacques A. Dextraze, a consolide certains acquis obtenus par les militaires canadiens- francais, en mettant plus ou moins d'emphase selon ce qu'il considerait comme important ou secondaire. L'analyse detaillee de ces themes nous procure une comprehension plus approfondie de la presence francophone et du francais dans les Forces canadiennes. Le but de ce travail est d'aj outer une etude innovatrice a la litterature deja parue sur les militaires canadiens-francais et d'ameliorer nos connaissances sociomilitaires de cette periode. REMERCIMENTS Ce projet a pris racine, il y a deja quelques annees, alors que je venais de decouvrir certains pans de 1'histoire militaire des Canadiens francais. II serait impossible de deposer ma these sans exprimer toute ma gratitude aux gens devoues qui m'ont guide dans chacune des etapes de ce present ouvrage. D'abord et avant tout, il me faut remercier sincerement mon directeur de these, le professeur Serge Durflinger, de l'Universite d'Ottawa, qui a dirige mes travaux de maitrise. M. Durflinger a su me transmettre ses nombreuses connaissances, sur la methodologie, sur 1'histoire militaire, et c'est avec generosite qu'il a partage avec moi sa passion pour 1'histoire. Je remercie aussi les archivistes et les historiens de la Direction Histoire et patrimoine, en particulier M. Yves Tremblay. lis m'ont accueilli et aide, patiemment et efficacement, a trouver les documents pertinents. Un merci tout special est aussi destine au major-general Claude LaFrance qui a eu la generosite de partager avec moi son experience personnelle de la vie militaire. Je desire souligner la contribution financiere de l'Universite d'Ottawa, qui m'a permis de realiser ma these de maitrise. Enfin, un merci du plus profond du coeur a Veronique, a mes parents et amis, qui m'ont appuye et m'ont soutenu dans Faccomplissement de ce projet. Je vous dedie cet ouvrage. TABLE DES MATIERES RESUME i REMERCIMENTS ii TABLE DES MATIERES iii LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS v INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPITRE UN: LA SITUATION DES MILITAIRES FRANCOPHONES AU LENDEMAIN DE LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE 12 1.1 Un contexte difficile 12 1.2 La Guerre froide : rearmement et renforcement des effectifs militaires 15 1.3 La question de la sous-representation des francophones : nouvelle perspective? 17 1.4 Les trois grands rapports 20 1.5 Le College militaire royal de Saint-Jean (CMR) 26 1.6 Les unites francophones et la francisation des titres et des honneurs de guerre 30 1.7 Les etudes du Conseil de Recherche pour la Defense 32 1.8 Le contexte sociopolitique des annees 1960 et l'enquete sur le bilinguisme et le biculturalisme 37 1.9 Un bilan mitige 39 CHAPITRE DEUX : JEAN VICTOR ALLARD 42 2.1 Jeune officier de milice 43 2.2 La Seconde Guerre mondiale 46 2.3 D'une guerre a l'autre 53 2.4 La guerre de Coree 58 2.5 Une decennie marquee par une serie de premieres 59 2.6 Un Canadien francais : premier soldat du pays! 65 2.6.1 Le comite d'etude sur les francophones et le Secretariat au bilinguisme 71 IV 2.6.2 Les unites de langue francaise, le centre d'instruction et F education des enfants des militaires francophones 77 2.6.3 Le plan de B & B des Forces canadiennes 91 2.7 Depart des Forces canadiennes 96 CHAPITRE TROIS : JACQUES ALFRED DEXTRAZE 110 3.1 La Seconde Guerre mondiale 111 3.2 De retour sous les drapeaux! 117 3.3 Vers le sommet 123 3.4 Le bilinguisme 125 3.4.1 Chef adjoint du Personnel (militaire) 126 3.4.2 Chef du personnel 128 3.4.3 Chef del' etat-maj or de la Defense 141 3.5 Depart des Forces canadiennes 148 CONCLUSION 154 ANNEXE 164 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 165 LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS ARC Aviation royale du Canada BAOR British Army of the Rhin B&B Bilinguisme et biculturalisme CBE Commandeur de l'Ordre de 1'Empire britannique CDEE Chef des institutions canadiennes d'education a la Defense CED Chef d'etat-major de la Defense CICS Commission internationale de controle et de supervision CMR College militaire de Saint-Jean CG Controleur general CP Chef du Personnel DAPB Direction - application des politiques de bilinguisme DGBB Direction generate du bilinguisme et du biculturalisme DGPBP Directeur general - Planification, besoins et production DEL Direction de l'enseignement des langues DI Direction de 1' Instruction DIF Division de l'instruction des francophones DSO Ordre du Service distingue ETA Escadron tactique aerien ETAH Escadron tactique aerien d'helicopteres ETFC Ecole technique des Forces canadiennes FMR Fusiliers Mont-Royal HMCS Her Majesty's Canadian Ship VI LLO Loi sur les langues officielles MARCOM Commandement maritime MDN Ministere (ou ministre) de la Defense nationale MRC Marine royale du Canada NCSM Navire canadien de Sa Majeste NORAD Commandement de la Defense aerienne (aerospatiale) de 1'Amerique du Nord OAFC Ordres administratifs des Forces canadiennes ODB Officer Development Board OTAN Organisation du traite de l'Atlantique Nord ONU Organisation des Nations unies PFAO Programme de formation des aspirants officiers PFOR Programme de formation des officiers de la Force
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