WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1998 Version: 10 July 2016 © Copyright Jos Heyman

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1998 001A (25131) Name: Lunar Prospector Country: USA Launch date: 7 January 1998 Re-entry: 31 July 1999 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Athena 2 Orbit: 99 x 100 km, inclination: 90.1 °

The Lunar Prospector was the third mission in NASA's Discovery series of spacecraft and was built by Lockheed Martin. The mission objective was to place the spacecraft in a lunar orbit from which it spend a year mapping the surface of the Moon whilst at the same time looking for reservoirs of water which might be in the polar caps. The 126 kg spacecraft carried a series of instruments which evolved from Apollo instrumentation from the seventies: 1. the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GSR) which provided global maps of the elemental composition of the surface layer of the Moon; 2. the Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS) to detect radon outgassing on the lunar surface; 3. the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) to detect water ice; 4. the Electron Reflectometer (ER) to map the lunar magnetic fields; 5. the Magnetometer (MAG), another instrument to map the lunar magnetic fields; 6. the Doppler Gravity Experiment (DGE) to determine the lunar gravity field. Also carried was a small container with the ashes of Eugene Shoemaker, a famous discoverer of comets who had passed away in 1997. This container was designated as Celestis-2 and the payload was also known as Luna 1 flight. The spacecraft did not carry a control computer, instead it was fully controlled by a team on Earth. On 11 January 1998 the spacecraft reached lunar orbit and by 15 January 1998 it was placed in a lunar orbit of 99 x 100 km and 90.1 o inclination. After the completion of the primary mission, it was placed in a 40 km orbit on 19 December 1998 to provide higher resolution data, followed by a 25 x 35 km orbit on 29 January 1999. On completion of the scientific programme, the spacecraft was impacted on 31 July 1999 onto the lunar south pole, at 44 oE, 88 oS, in an attempt to provide evidence of water ice in that region.

1998 002A (25134) Name: Skynet-4D Country: United Kingdom Launch date: 10 January 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: geostationary at 6 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1990 001A. In spite of the satellite’s name, it is the first of an improved version with steerable antennas and increased power. It was fitted with 2 UHF transponders and 3 SHF transponders

--- Name: Ofeq-4 Country: Israel Launch date: 22 January 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Palmachim Launch vehicle: Shavit 1 Orbit: failed to orbit

Basically a technology satellite to further prove Israel's launch capability, the 250 kg satellite carried imaging instruments. It was also known as EROS-A. The second stage of the launch vehicle failed.

1998 003A (25143) Name: STS-89 Country: USA Launch date: 23 January 1998 Re-entry: 31 January 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 379 x 385 km, inclination: 51.7 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts T. Willcutt (Cmdr.), J. Edwards (Pilot), B. Dunbar (Payload Cmdr), J. Reilly, M. Anderson, S. Sharipov (Russia) and A. Thomas (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The primary objective of the mission was to dock with the Mir (1986 017A) space station, which took place on 24 January 1998. The orbiter, which carried a double Spacehab module (FU2 and FU3) as described for 1993 037A, brought 3830 kg of goods to the Mir space station. Thomas remained on the space station as a member of the EO-25 crew. He relieved D. Wolf, who had arrived on the station on STS-86 (1997 055A). Thomas returned to Earth on STS-91 (1998 034A). The orbiter remained docked to the Mir space station until 29 January 1998. The payload consisted of: 1. the Microgravity Plant Nutrient Experiment (MPNE) to test a nutrient delivery technology that will support plant growth in space; 2. the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX)-4 experiment as described for STS-84 (1997 023A); 3. the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (CEBAS)-1, a habitat for aquatic organisms used for various gravity-related experiments in the areas of zoology, botany and developmental biology; 4. EarthKAM, a development of KidSat, as described for STS-76 (1996 018A) which allowed students from 51 middle schools in three nations to have the opportunity to experience the excitement of the space program; 5. the Mechanics of Granular Materials (MGM)-2 experiment as described for STS-79 (1996 057A); 6. the Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS)-3 experiment as described for STS-76 (1996 018A); 7. the Astroculture (ASC)-6 facility as described for STS-50 (1992 034A), which was transferred to Mir and was returned to Earth on STS-91 (1998 034A); 8. X-ray Detector Test (XDT), an element of the X-ray Crystallography Facility for the International Space Station, which was tested to establish the sensitivity of the device to background space radiation. The device was left on Mir and was returned to Earth on STS-91 (1998 034A); 9. RENAL, an experiment to study the risk of kidney stone formation in a space environment. The experiment was left on Mir and was returned to Earth on STS-91 (1998 034A); 10. the Diffusion-Controlled Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity (DCAM)-5 experiment as described for STS-73 (1995 056A), comprising six experiment trays with a total of 162 protein crystal test samples which were left on Mir and were retrieved by STS-91 (1998 034A); 11. the Gaseous Nitrogen Dewar (GND)-6 as described for STS-71 (1995 030A) and which transported over 200 protein samples to Mir for crystal forming. The samples were retrieved by STS-91 (1998 034A); 12. the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM)-10 experiment as described for STS-48 (1991 063A). The experiment was left on Mir and was returned to Earth on STS-91 (1998 034A); 13. the Telemedicine Instrumentation Pack to provide remote medical assessments of astronauts in orbit; 14. the Thermo-Electric Holding Module (TEHM) a temperature-controlled storage unit used to store large amounts of frozen or cooled non-hazardous samples at a selected temperature; 15. the Advanced Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (ACGBA), an improved version of the CGBA experiment described for STS-50 (1992 034A); 16. the Enhanced Orbiter Refrigerator/Freezer (EORF) a storage unit which can be configured into either a refrigerator or a freezer with a temperature range between minus-22 o and plus-10 o Celsius; 17. the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) as described for STS-63 (1995 004A); 18. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-258: Shuttle Proximity Operations with One Nose X Jet; • DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance; • DTO-700-11: Orbiter Space Vision System Flight Unit Testing; • DTO-700-12: Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System Test; • DTO-700-14: Single String Global Positioning System; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; • DTO-914: Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device Evaluation; • DTO-1118: Photographic and Video Survey of Mir Space Station; 19. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-331: Interaction of Shuttle Launch Entry Suits on Egress Locomotion; • DSO-334: In-Flight Evaluation of the Telemedicine Instrumentation Pack; • DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light; • DSO-496: Individual Susceptibility To Post-Spaceflight Orthostatic Intolerance; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; 20. a number of Risk Mitigation Experiments (RME) as described for STS-74 (1995 061A): • RME-1303: Shuttle/Mir Experiment Kit Transportation; • RME-1307: Optical Properties Monitor (return only); • RME-1312: Intra-Vehicular Radiation Environment Measurement Experiment; • RME-1324: Volatile Organic Analyser (VOA); • RME-1326: Volatile Removal Assembly (VRA); • RME-1331: Shuttle Condensate Collection for ISS; 21. four Getaway special payloads as described for STS-3 (1982 022A): • G093: Vortex Ring Transit Experiment (VORTEX), to investigate the propagation of a vortex ring through a liquid-gas interface in microgravity; • G141: a German experiment to study the Structure of Marangoni Convection in Floating Zones payload; • G145: a German experiment entitled Glass Fining, to gain further insight into the process of glass fining or the removal of all visible gaseous bubbles from a glass melt; and • G432: five Chinese experiments consisting of Super Cooling to measure the temperature difference between the melting point and the solidification temperature; Processing of High Critical Test, to investigate the behaviour of superconductors at high temperatures; the Growth of Gallium Animony experiment to grow and study crystals; the Liquid Phase Epitaxy experiment to grow a crystal rod in space, and, the Wetabiltiy Test to show how big a bubble forms in a liquid. During their stay, the crew participated in various space medicine experiments such as those described for STS-71 (1995 030A). After a flight of 8 days, 19 hours, 46 minutes the orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre with 1370 kg of materials from the space station. Wolf had been in space for 127 days, 20 hours, 5 minutes.

1998 004A (25146) Name: Soyuz TM-27 Country: Russia Launch date: 29 January 1998 Re-entry: 28 August 1998 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 198 x 202 km, inclination: 51.5 °

Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts T. Musabayev (Cmdr.), N. Budarin (Fl. Eng.) and L. Eyharts (France) (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Kristall and they were the twenty fifth permanent (EO-25) crew of the space station. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 31 January 1998. On 20 February 1998 it was moved from the rear port to the front port. The French participation in the mission was named Pegase and comprised several experiments: 1. Physiolab, which explored the cardiovascular system; 2. Cognilab, which investigated the role of the central nervous system in visual perception, muscular force and movements; 3. Fertile, an experiment to explore the development of vertibrate embryos in space; 4. Alice-2, an experiment to investigate critical fluid behaviour; 5. Dynalab, a technology experiment to measure space station dynamic movements; and 6. Tellis, a test of active and passive shock absorbers to dampen out space station movements. Eyharts returned to Earth on Soyuz TM-26 (1997 038A) after a flight of 20 days, 23 hours, 3 minutes. After that a planned EVA on 3 March 1998 was abandoned after 30 minutes because of a faulty hatch, Musabayev and Budarin made an EVA of 6 hours 40 minutes on 1 April 1998 to work on the solar array on Spektr. The continued this on 6 April 1998 during an EVA of 4 hours 23 minutes. On 11 April 1998 they made the first of three EVAs to remove the VDU attitude control unit at the end of the Sofera beam. The EVA lasted 6 hours 25 minutes, followed by EVAs on 17 April 1998, with a duration of 6 hours, 33 minutes, and 22 April 1998 with a duration 6 hours 21 minutes. On 25 August 1998 Soyuz TM-27 undocked and landed on 28 August 1998 40 km from Dzhezkazgan. The mission had lasted 210 days, 12 hours, 50 minutes.

1998 005A (25148) Name: SDS 3-1 Country: USA Launch date: 29 January 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas II Orbit: 320 x 38400 km, inclination: 63 °

Also known as USA-137, NROL-05 and Capricorn, this satellite was a development of the SDS 2 series satellite as described for 1996 038A. The series was also known by the code name Quasar. Its payload is understood to have included the Cobra Brass imaging system whilst it may also have carried the HERITAGE (Radiant Agate) infrared early warning system for detection of ballistic missile launches.Some references consider this satellite as an SDS 2 series satellite.

1998 006A (25152) Name: Brasilsat B-3 Country: Brazil Launch date: 4 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 65 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1994 049A. In April 2013 it was moved to 125 oE.

1998 006B (25153) Name: Inmarsat 3-5 Int. Agency: Inmarsat Launch date: 4 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 25 °E

Maritime communications satellite as described for 1996 020A. In February 2016 it was moved to 54 oW.

1998 007A (25157) Name: GFO Country: USA Launch date: 10 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 780 x 878 km, inclination: 108.0 °

The Geosat Follow-On satellites for the US Navy, which had a mass of 365 kg, provided real time data on the ocean topography as well as quantitative measurements of ocean circulations for use in climate and long range weather forecasting on a global basis. The satellite carried a passive radiometer, a pulse radar altimeter and a GPS receiver.

1998 007B (25158) Name: Orbcomm FM-3 Country: USA Launch date: 10 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 781 x 876 km, inclination: 108.0 °

Communications satellite as described for 1995 017A.

1998 007C (25159) Name: Orbcomm FM-4 Country: USA Launch date: 10 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 781 x 874 km, inclination: 108.0 °

Communications satellite as described for 1995 017A.

1998 007D (25160) Name: Celestis-3 Country: USA Launch date: 10 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 781 x 873 km, inclination: 108.0 °

Funeral capsule as described for 1997 017B. Also known as the Ad Astra Flight.

1998 008A (25162) Name: Globalstar FM-1 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1244 x 1259 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite owned by the Globalstar system, led by Loral Space & Communications. The constellation consisted of 48 satellites in low-Earth orbit and provided world wide services for cellular-sized hand held terminals. The satellites had a mass of 445 km.

1998 008B (25163) Name: Globalstar FM-2 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1237 x 1254 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 008C (25164) Name: Globalstar FM-3 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1240 x 1260 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 008D (25165) Name: Globalstar FM-4 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1244 x 1256 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 009A (25167) Name: Kosmos-2349 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 February 1998 Re-entry: 2 April 1998 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 204 x 293 km, inclination: 70.6 °

Kometa mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A. The satellite carried the United States’ Space Information 2 m (Spin-2) experiment which involved photography with a resolution of 2 m.

1998 010A (25169) Name: Iridium-50 Country: USA Launch date: 18 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 723 x 726 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 010B (25170) Name: Iridium-52 Country: USA Launch date: 18 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 768 x 773 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 010C (25171) Name: Iridium-53 Country: USA Launch date: 18 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 686 x 694 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 010D (25172) Name: Iridium-54 Country: USA Launch date: 18 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 766 x 771 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 010E (25173) Name: Iridium-56 Country: USA Launch date: 18 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 774 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 011A (25175) Name: Kakehashi Country: Japan Launch date: 21 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 2 Orbit: 249 x 1882 km, inclination: 30.0 °

Also known as the Communications and Broadcasting Engineering Satellite (Comets), Kakehashi was a communications research satellite to test advanced communications technologies between moving vehicles and satellites, using the Ka band. The satellite, which had a mass of 2000 kg, failed to achieve the intended geostationary orbit at 121 oE because of a premature close down of the second stage of the launch vehicle.

1998 012A (25233) Name: SNOE Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 1998 Re-entry: 13 December 2003 Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 535 x 580 km, inclination: 97.7 °

The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE), also known as Explorer-72, investigated the effects of energy from both the Sun and the magnetosphere on nitric oxide densities in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. The satellite was designed and built by students at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The 116 kg satellite carried an ultraviolet spectrometer to measure nitric oxide altitude profiles, a five channel solar soft X-ray photometer and a two channel auroral photometer to measure auroral emissions beneath the spacecraft. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft.

1998 012B (25234) Name: Teledesic T-1 Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 1998 Re-entry: 9 October 2000 Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 535 x 580 km, inclination: 97.7 °

The 45 kg satellite was a technology demonstrator for the Teledesic mobile communications system. Using a Microstar platform, the satellite carried a transponder operating in the Ka band. The satellite was also known as Batsat. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft. The Teledesic system was to consist of 30 medium Earth-orbit satellites. Development was suspended in October 2002.

1998 013A (25237) Name: Hot Bird-4 Int. Agency: ESA Launch date: 27 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42P Orbit: geostationary at 13 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1995 016B but built by Matra Marconi. In September 2005 the satellite was leased to Egypt as Nilesat-103 and located at 7 oE. It was returned to Eutelsat as Atlantic Bird-4 in June 2006. When moved to 16 oE it was renamed as Eurobird-16. In March 2012 it was renamed as Eutelsat 16-B. It was retired in February 2015.

1998 014A (25238) Name: Intelsat-806 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 28 February 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIAS Orbit: geostationary at 40 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1997 009A. In 1998 the ownership of the satellite was transferred to New Skies Satellites as NSS-806. It moved to 47.5 oW in September 2013.

1998 015A (25256) Name: Progress M-38 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 March 1998 Re-entry: 16 May 1998 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 192 x 245 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-38 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 15 March 1998. The spacecraft carried a VDU external maneuvering engine, as described for 1993 052A, which was to be installed on the Sofora boom of the space station. It undocked on 15 May 1998.

1998 016A (25258) Name: UHF-8 Country: USA Launch date: 16 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas II Orbit: geostationary at 172 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1993 015A. Also known as USA-138, the satellite carried two additional EHF transponder operating at 44/20 GHz offering a further 20 communications channels as well as a Global Broadcasting System for intelligence information.

1998 017A (25260) Name: SPOT-4 Country: France Launch date: 24 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 40 Orbit: 791 x 811 km, inclination: 98.8 o

Remote sensing satellite as described for 1986 019A. In addition to the same imagers carried on the three previous satellites, SPOT-4 carried the Vegetation payload, four imagers dedicated to the monitoring of the biosphere and vegetation (including oceanography) on a regular basis, using a low resolution (1 km) large area (2250 km swath) approach. SPOT-4, which had a mass of 2750 kg, also carried the 1. the Pastel terminal, which will establish a laser link with the Opale instrument on Artemis (to be launched in 2000) as part of the SILEX optical inter-orbital link experiment for the use of laser communications; 2. the ESBT experimental S band transponder to assess the quality of up- and downlinks between the control station and the satellite; 3. the Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (Doris) instrument to facilitate accurate orbit determination and radiopositioning; 4. the POAM-3 (S96-2) instrument which measured polar ozone and aerosols; 5. the Passanger Technologique (Pastec) ancillary payload which consisted of various scientific and technology experiments: • the Contamination et Degradation des Revetments de Control Termique dans l'Espace (CEDRE) experiment to test solar cells and thermal control systems; • the Therme package to test different thermal control systems; • the Experience Rayonnements Cosmiques (Ercos) instrument which will study cosmic radiation; • the Experience Radiations Dosimetrie (Erdos) experiment which will measure solar radiation; • the Mesure Dynamique d'un Satellite (Medy) instrument to measure the dynamic interface between the satellite and the launch vehicle during launch; • Micromedy, an instrument that will measure vibrations in space; and • Sillage, an instrument that will measure electrostatic charges in space.

1998 018A (25262) Name: Iridium-51 Country: USA Launch date: 25 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 775 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 018B (25263) Name: Iridium-61 Country: USA Launch date: 25 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 694 x 696 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 019A (25272) Name: Iridium-55 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 773 x 781 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 019B (25273) Name: Iridium-57 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 774 x 781 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 019C (25274) Name: Iridium-58 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 776 x 777 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 019D (25275) Name: Iridium-59 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 775 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 019E (25276) Name: Iridium-60 Country: USA Launch date: 30 March 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 775 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 020A (25280) Name: Trace Country: USA Launch date: 2 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 597 x 644 km, inclination: 97.8 °

The Transitional Region and Coronal Explorer (Trace) observed the Sun to determine the link between its magnetic fields and the plasma structures. The 250 kg satellite, also known as SMEX-3 and Explorer-73, carried an extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft off the Californian coast. NASA retired the spacecraft on 21 June 2010. By then it had obtained millions of images of the solar corona during an entire cycle of solar activity, the first time this was ever accomplished.

1998 021A (25285) Name: Iridium-62 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 776 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021B (25286) Name: Iridium-63 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 776 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021C (25287) Name: Iridium-64 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 775 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021D (25288) Name: Iridium-65 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 775 x 778 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021E (25289) Name: Iridium-66 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 772 x 782 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021F (25290) Name: Iridium-67 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 774 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 021G (25291) Name: Iridium-68 Country: USA Launch date: 7 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 775 x 778 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 022A (25297) Name: STS-90 Country: USA Launch date: 17 April 1998 Re-entry: 3 May 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 257 x 286 km, inclination: 39.0 o

Neurolab experiments

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Searfoss (Cmdr.), S. Altman (Pilot), R. Linnehan (Payl. Cmdr.), D. Rhys Williams (Canada), K. Hire (both Mission Specialists), J. Buckey and J. Pawelczyk (both Payload Specialists), using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS)-4 mission, also referred to as Neurolab, to concentrate on observing the behaviour of the neuro-sensory system in low gravity. Neurolab was contained in a Spacelab module (LM2) as described for 1983 116A. The space agencies of Canada, France, Germany, Japan as well as the European Space Agency, participated in this mission. On the flight, the crew served as both experiment subjects and operators. The mission also carried rats, mice, fish, snails and crickets. The Neurolab experiments were grouped into eight teams, each with a number of experiments: 1. Autonomic Nervous System Team, a series of experiments to uncover what changes in the control of blood pressure during spaceflight lead to the problems astronauts encounter after flight: • Artificial Neural Networks and Cardiovascular Regulation; • Integration of Neural Cardiovascular Control in Space; • Autonomic Neuroplasticity in Weightlessness; • Autonomic Neurophysiology in Microgravity; 2. Sensory Motor Performance Team, which measured the adaptation of the sensory motor system to zero gravity: • Frames of Reference and Internal Models; • Visuo-Motor Coordination during Spaceflight; • Role of Visual Cues in Spatial Orientation; 3. Vestibular Team, to understand the changes in the vestibular system located in the inner ear: • Visual-Otolithic Interactions in Microgravity; • Spatial Orientation of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex • the Vestibular Function Experiment Unit (VFEU)-3 as described for STS-47 (1992 061A); 4. Sleep Team, to evaluate the normal sleep patterns of crew members before, during and after space flight to identify the factors which contribute to sleep disturbances associated with spaceflight: • Sleep and Respiration in Microgravity; • Clinical Trial of Melatonin as Hypnotic for Neurolab Crew; 5. Mammalian Development Team, to provide information for understanding the effects of spaceflight on the normal development of the nervous system: • Neuro-Thyroid Interaction on Skeletal Isomyosin Expression in zero gravity; • Neuronal Development Under Conditions of Spaceflight; • Reduced Gravity: Effects in the Developing Nervous System; • Microgravity and Development of Vestibular Circuits; • Effects of Microgravity on Neuromuscular Development; 6. Neuronal Plasticity Team, to study neuronal plasticity of rats to understand how daily rhythms (such as sleep/wake cycles), and the control of movement change in microgravity: • Control of Rhythms and Homeostasis During Spaceflight; • Anatomical Studies of Central Vestibular Adaptation; • Multidisciplinary Studies of Neural Plasticity in Space; 7. Aquatic Team, to study the gravity-sensing system in fish and snails, known as statoliths, small rock-like particles of calcium carbonate which assist in the orientation of the body: • Chronic Recording of Otolith Nerves in Microgravity; • Development of Vestibular Organs in Microgravity; 8. Neurobiology Team, which studied the development of genes in crickets, using the German developed Botany Experiment Incubator (BOTEX): • Development of an Insect Gravity Sensory System. In addition the mission carried: 1. The Shuttle Vibration Forces (SVF) experiment, a Hitchiker payload to measure the dynamic forces acting between the Space Shuttle and a canister attached to the Shuttle sidewall; 2. three Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A): • G197: the Pulse Tube Refrigerator, to demonstrate the pulse tube cooling technology in zero gravity; • G772: the Collisions into Dust Experiment (COLLIDE) to analyse the gentle collisions of dust particles in space which may shed new light on the sources of dust in planetary rings; • G744: the Turbulent Gas jet Diffusion Flares (TGDF) experiment as described for STS-87 (1997 073A); 3. the Bioreactor Demonstration System (BDS)-4 as described for STS-62 (1994 015A), also referred to as the Biotechnology Specimen Temperature Controller (BSTC) experiment, which housed two experiments: • the Human Renal Cell experiment; • the Microgravity Induced Differentiation of HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia cells; 4. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-623: Cabin Air Monitoring; • DTO-667: Portable In-flight Landing Operations Trainer (PILOT); • DTO-700-16: S-Band Sequential Still Video (SSV) Demonstration; 5. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-331: Interaction of Shuttle Launch Entry Suits on Egress Locomotion; • DSO-497: Effects of Microgravity on Cell Mediated Immunity and Reaction of Latent Viral Infections; and • DSO-904: Assessment of Human Factors. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 15 days, 21 hours, 51 minutes.

1998 023A (25306) Name: Globalstar FM-6 Country: USA Launch date: 24 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1258 x 1265 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 023B (25307) Name: Globalstar FM-8 Country: USA Launch date: 24 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1256 x 1270 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 023C (25308) Name: Globalstar FM-14 Country: USA Launch date: 24 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1260 x 1263 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 023D (25309) Name: Globalstar FM-15 Country: USA Launch date: 24 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7420 Orbit: 1259 x 1269 km, inclination: 52.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A.

1998 024A (25311) Name: Nilesat-101 Country: Egypt Launch date: 28 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44P Orbit: geostationary at 7 oW

Communications satellite owned by the Egyptian Radio and Television Union and built by Matra Marconi. The 1700 kg satellite was fitted with 12 transponders in the Ku band.

1998 024B (25312) Name: B Sat-1B Country: Japan Launch date: 28 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44P Orbit: geostationary at 110 oE

Communications satellite as described for 1997 016B.

1998 025A (25315) Name: Kosmos-2350 Country: Russia Launch date: 29 April 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: geostationary at 80 °E

US-KMO military early warning satellite as described for 1984 031A.

1998 026A (25319) Name: Iridium-69 Country: USA Launch date: 2 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 775 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 026B (25320) Name: Iridium-71 Country: USA Launch date: 2 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 774 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 027A (25327) Name: Kosmos-2351 Country: Russia Launch date: 7 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 533 x 39823 km, inclination: 63.0 °

Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1998 028A (25331) Name: Echostar-4 Country: USA Launch date: 7 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-3 Orbit: geostationary at 119W °

Communications satellite as described for 1997 059A. After the satellite experienced problems with one of its solar panels, it was relocated at 148W °.

1998 029A (25336) Name: Orion-2 Country: USA Launch date: 9 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 401B Orbit: geostationary at 110E °?

Military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1995 022A. Also known as USA-139, Jack and NROL-06. It was believed to have been relocated to 27 oW in January 2012 and to 25.6 oW in November 2012..

1998 030A (25338) Name: NOAA-15 Country: USA Launch date: 13 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan II Orbit: 808 x 824 km, inclination: 98.7 °

NOAA-15 was the first of the next generation of NOAA meteorological satellites, built by Lockheed Martin. With a mass of 1454 kg, the satellite carried: 1. an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)\3, an improved version of the instruments carried on earlier satellites in the NOAA series and which provides image and radiometric data in the visible, near infrared and far infrared bands; 2. three Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU), of which AMSU-A1 and AMSU-A2 were 15 channel microwave radiometers and AMSU-B a 5 channel microwave radiometer to provide temperature and humidity sounding of the atmosphere; 3. the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV) which made measurements of the ozone concentrations in the atmosphere and of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone; 4. the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS)\3; 5. a Space Environment Monitor (SEM)\2 instrument to monitor solar particle energies in the vicinity of the satellite from which precipitation phenomena resulting from solar activity can be determined; 6. the Total Energy Detector (TED), to make low energy particle measurements; 7. the Sarsat-7 transponder; 8. the Medium Energy Proton/Electron Detector (MEPED); 9. a Search and Rescue Processor (SARP) instrument; 10. a Data Collection System (DCS)\2; and 11. an Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) instrument.

1998 031A (25340) Name: Progress M-39 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: 29 October 1998 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 371 x 378 km, inclination: 51.7 °

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-39 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 16 May 1998. It undocked on 12 August 1998 and redocked again at the rear port on 29 August 1998. The spacecraft undocked again on 25 October 1998 and was used for maneuvering tests until it re-entered.

1998 032A (25342) Name: Iridium-70 Country: USA Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 775 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 032B (25343) Name: Iridium-72 Country: USA Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 773 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 032C (25344) Name: Iridium-73 Country: USA Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 775 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 032D (25345) Name: Iridium-74 Country: USA Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 774 x 778 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 032E (25346) Name: Iridium-75 Country: USA Launch date: 14 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 692 x 695 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 033A (25354) Name: Zhongwei-1 Country: China Launch date: 30 May 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3B Orbit: geostationary at 88 °E

Communications satellite owned by the China Orient Telecommunications Satellite Co. and built by Lockheed Martin. The 2984 kg satellite was fitted with 24 transponders in the C band and 24 transponders in the Ku band. In 2010 the satellite was transferred to China Satcom as Zhongxing-5A. In October 2013 the satellite was moved to 142 oE and was renamed as Apstar-9A. It was moved again in April 2016, this time to 163 oE.

1998 034A (25356) Name: STS-91 Country: USA Launch date: 2 June 1998 Re-entry: 12 June 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 326 x 330 km, inclination: 51.7 o

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts C. Precourt (Cmdr.), D. Gorie (Pilot), W. Lawrence, F. Chang-Diaz, J. Kavandi and V. Ryumin (Russia) (all Mission Specialists), using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. The orbiter docked with the Mir space station (1986 017A) on 4 June 1998. It was the last of such dockings. Thomas, who was flown to the space station on STS-89 (1998 003A), returned on this flight. During their stay, the crew participated in various space medicine experiments such as those described for STS-71 (1995 030A). The orbiter, which carried a single Spacehab module (FU1) as described for 1993 037A, brought 2145 kg of goods to the Mir space station. In addition the orbiter carried: 1. the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) which searched for anti matter and dark matter in space as well as study astrophysics; 2. the Spacehab Universal Communications System (SUCS), which allows scientists to communicate directly with the astronauts that conduct their experiments; 3. the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE)-10 as described for STS-41 (1990 091A); 4. the Growth and Morphology, Boiling, and Critical Fluctuations in Phase Separating Supercritical Fluids (GMSF), three separate experiments to test theories and measure properties for the transition from vapor to liquid and vice versa; 5. Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX)-5 as described for STS-84 (1997 023A); 6. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-15 as described for STS-49 (1988 109B), on this flight growing parasitic enzyme crystals as well as a range of other proteins; 7. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-685: On Board Situational Awareness Displays for Ascent and Entry; • DTO-690: Urine Collection Device; • DTO-700-11: Orbiter Space Vision System Flight Unit Testing; • DTO-700-15: Space Integrated GPS/Inertial Navigation; • DTO-1118: Photographic and Video Survey of the Mir Space Station; 8. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A), including: • DSO-802: Educational Activities; 9. a number of Risk Mitigation Experiments (RME) as described for STS-74 (1995 061A): • RME-1312: Intra-Vehicular Radiation Environment Measurement Experiment; • RME-1319: Inventory Management System Test for the SPACEHAB; • RME-1320: Radiation Monitoring Experiment (RME) III; • RME-1331: Shuttle Condensate Collection for ISS; 10. four Getaway special payloads as described for STS-3 (1982 022A): • G648: the Atlantic Canada Thin Organic Semiconductors (ACTORS) experiment; • G765: the Microgravity Industry Related Research for Oil Recovery (MIRROR) set of experiments comprising the Diffusion Coefficient of Crude Oil (DCCO), the Foam Stability experiment and the Capillary Flow Experiment; • G090: the Chemical Unit Process (CUP) experiment, the Nucleic Boiling experiment, a crystal growth experiment and an experiment exposing popcorn and radish seeds to the space experiment, all experiments supplied by schools in Utah; • G743: the Genotoxicology and Radiation Dosimetry Experiment, to determine the degree by which plant seeds are affected by cosmic radiation; 11. a number of student experiments stored in Space Experiment Module canisters SEM-03 and SEM- 05 as described for STS-80 (1996 065A); • the Effect of Microgravity on Crossing Over in Sordaria Finnicola experiment; • the Crystal Growth in Microgravity experiment; • the Effect of Microgravity on development of Daphnia, Eubranchipus and Triops eggs; • Separation of Immiscible Fluids in Microgravity; • Merit Badge Madness, an experiment to investigate the effect of radiation on soil; • Magnetic Attraction In Space (MAVIS); • Big Experiments in Small Tubes, to investigate a series of samples which were exposed to space; • Cosmic Radiation Effects on Programmable Logic devices (CREPLD); • an experiment exposing seeds, soils and other organic materials to the space environment; • the Effects of Spaceflight on Food Yield; • the effects of the space environment on a range of organic and inorganic materials; • Comparartive Microgravity Response of Fungi and Moulds; • the Effects of Microgravity on Plant Seeds; • Flower Garden in Space, an experiment to study the effect of radiation on certain seeds; and • Effects of Microgravity on Sordardia Fimicoln. On the return flight the orbiter carried various material test samples as well as several experiments left on Mir by previous missions, including 1. Astroculture (ASC)-6 which had been delivered on STS-89 (1998 003A); 2. the RENAL experiment, which had been delivered on STS-89 (1998 003A); 3. the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM)-9 experiment which had been delivered on STS-86 (1997 055A); 4. the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM)-10 experiment which had been delivered on STS-89 (1998 003A); 5. the Queen’s University Experiment in Liquid Diffusion (QUELD) which had been delivered on STS- 81 (1997 001A); and 6. X-ray Detector Test (XDT) which had been delivered on STS-89 (1998 003A). The orbiter undocked on 8 June 1998 following which the Spektr module (1995 024A) of the space station was observed to detect fractures in the hull using trace gases. STS-91 was the first mission to carry a super lightweight external tank. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after 9 days, 19 hours, 54 minutes. Thomas had been in space for 141 days, 7 hours, 48 minutes.

1998 035A (25358) Name: Thor-3 Country: Norway Launch date: 10 June 1009 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: geostationary at 1 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1997 025A but fitted with 47 transponders in the Ku band.

1998 036A (25363) Name: Kosmos-2352 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1310 x 1875 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 036B (25364) Name: Kosmos-2353 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1300 x 1870 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 036C (25365) Name: Kosmos-2354 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1307 x 1872 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 036D (25366) Name: Kosmos-2355 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1302 x 1868 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 036E (25367) Name: Kosmos-2356 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1298 x 1867 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 036F (25368) Name: Kosmos-2357 Country: Russia Launch date: 15 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: 1294 x 1863 km, inclination: 82.6 °

Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A. The satellite failed to achieve the desired orbit.

1998 037A (25371) Name: Intelsat-805 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 18 June 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIAS Orbit: geostationary at 55 °W

Communications satellite as described for 1997 009A. In February 2016 it was moved to 169 oE.

1998 038A (25373) Name: Kosmos-2358 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1998 Re-entry: 22 October 1998 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 167 x 334 km, inclination: 67.1 °

Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1998 039A (25376) Name: Kosmos-2359 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 June 1998 Re-entry: 12 July 1999 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 192 x 300 km, inclination: 64.9 °

Neman military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1991 049A.

1998 040A (25379) Name: Molniya 3-49 Country: Russia Launch date: 1 July 1998 Re-entry: 2 February 2011 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 466 x 40770 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Communications satellite as described for 1974 092A.

1998 041A (35383) Name: Nozomi Country: Japan Launch date: 3 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kagoshima Launch vehicle: Mu 5 Orbit: 340 x 590000 km, inclination: 28.4 °

The 540 kg spacecraft was also known as Planet B. After launch it was placed in an orbit from which, using gravity assists of the Moon (18 December 1998) and the Earth (20 December 1998), it was sent on a trajectory to Mars. It was to be placed in a martian orbit of 200 x 27000 km with an inclination of 138 o, in October 1999. Over a two year period, it was to investigate the interaction of the atmosphere of Mars with the solar wind. Problems with the propulsion unit in early January 1999, forced the spacecraft to remain initially in a solar orbit. By making two Earth fly-bys, on 21 December 2002 and 19 June 2003, it eventually reached Mars on 14 December 2003. However, as the spacecraft had been hit by a large solar flare on 21 April 2002, equipment was damaged and the power system malfunctioned. As a result it could not be placed in a martian orbit and is believed to have passed Mars at a distance of 894 km, to enter into a solar orbit. The instruments were the: 1. Mars Imaging Camera (MIC); 2. Magnetic Field Measurement (MGF) instrument; 3. Probe for Electron Temperature (PET); 4. Electron Spectrum Analyzer (ESA); 5. Ion Spectrum Analyzer (ISA); 6. Energetic Ion and Electron Spectrometer (EIS); 7. Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (XUV); 8. Plasma Wave and Sounder Experiment (PWS); 9. Low Frequency Wave Analyzer (LFA); 10. Ultra Stable Oscillator (USO) provided by the USA; 11. Ion Mass Imager (IMI) provided by Sweden; 12. Thermal Plasma Analyzer (TPA) provided by Canada; 13. Mars Data Counter (MDC) provided by Germany; and 14. Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) provided by the USA.

1998 042A (25389) Name: Tubsat N Country: Germany Launch date: 7 July 1998 Re-entry: 22 April 2002 Launch site: off Kol’skiy Peninsula Launch vehicle: Sthil Orbit: 401 x 777 km, inclination: 78.9 °

Launched from K-407 Novomoskovsk, a Delfin type nuclear submarine, which was submerged in the Barents Sea, the 8 kg satellite was built by the Technical University of Berlin. It was fitted for store-forward communications to track vehicles and marine buoys.

1998 042B (25390) Name: Tubsat N-1 Country: Germany Launch date: 7 July 1998 Re-entry: 23 October 2000 Launch site: off Kol’skiy Peninsula Launch vehicle: Sthil Orbit: 400 x 771 km, inclination: 78.9 °

Store-forward communications satellite as described for 1998 042A, but with a mass of 3 kg.

1998 043A (25394) Name: Resurs O-2 Country: Russia Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 817 x 845 km, inclination: 98.8 °

Earth resources satellite as described for 1983 075A. The satellite also carried the European Space Agency’s Little LEO Messaging System (LLMS) payload to provide the International Retrieval of Information via Satellite (IRIS) e-mail service.

1998 043B (25395) Name: FAsat B Country: Chile Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 817 x 819 km, inclination: 98.8 °

Microsatellite as described for 1995 046A.

1998 043C (25396) Name: TM Sat Country: Thailand Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 817 x 818 km, inclination: 98.8 °

Based on the Uosat platform and owned by Thai Microsatellite Co. in cooperation with Thai Satellite Telecommunications and the Mahanakom University of Technology, the 50 kg satellite carried a communications payload as well as an Earth imaging camera. Also known as Oscar-31 and TO-31.

1998 043D (25397) Name: Gurwin-1b Country: Israel Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 816 x 818 km, inclination: 98.8 °

The satellite, which was a replacement for the one that failed on 28 March 1995, carried an ozone sensing ultraviolet spectral radiometer. Also known as Techsat-1B, Techsat-2, Oscar-32 and GO-32.

1998 043E (25398) Name: Westpac Country: Australia Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 817 x 819 km, inclination: 98.8 °

Geodetic satellite with a mass of 24 kg. Based on the GFZ-1 satellite (1986 017JE), Westpac was used by the Western Pacific Laser Tracking Network (WPLTN). The programme was undertaken by Electro Optics Systems, a Queanbeyan (ACT) based enterprise in cooperation with the Russian Space Agency and was initially known as Eossat. Optical communications make use of laser communications technology rather than microwave technology. The latter is restricted to a relatively restricted band width whilst laser technology will have an almost unlimited bandwidth, something that will required to meet the future communications demands.

1998 043F (25399) Name: Safir-2 Country: Germany Launch date: 10 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 815 x 819 km, inclination: 98.8 °

The 60 kg Safir-2 satellite carried a payload to relay environmental data as well as emergency data. It was similar to the Safir-R payload on Resurs O-1 (1994 074A).

1998 044A (25404) Name: Xinnuo-1 Country: China Launch date: 18 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3B Orbit: geostationary at 110.5 oE

Communications satellite owned by EurasSpace Communications and built by Aerospatiale using the Spacebus 3000. The 2820 kg satellite was fitted with 24 transponders operating in the C band and 14 transponders operating in the Ku band. Also known as Sinosat-1. Some transponders were leased by Intelsat as Intelsat APR-1. In 2010 the satellite was transferred to China Satcom as Zhongxing-5B. In June 2012 it was moved to 146 oE. In 2012 the satellite was transferred to Pasifik Satelite Nusantara as PSN-5 and was moved to 142 oE in January 2013.

1998 045A (25406) Name: Kosmos-2360 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 July 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: 850 x 878 km, inclination: 71.0 °

Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1998 046A (25413) Name: Orbcomm FM-13 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 813 x 825 km, inclination: 45.0 °

Communications satellite as described for 1995 017A. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft off the coast of Virginia after that the carrier aircraft had taken off from Wallops Island.

1998 046B (25414) Name: Orbcomm FM-14 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 813 x 826 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046C (25415) Name: Orbcomm FM-15 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 813 x 826 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046D (25416) Name: Orbcomm FM-16 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 813 x 827 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046E (25417) Name: Orbcomm FM-17 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 816 x 828 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046F (25418) Name: Orbcomm FM-18 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 816 x 828 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046G (25419) Name: Orbcomm FM-19 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 815 x 828 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 046H (25420) Name: Orbcomm FM-20 Country: USA Launch date: 2 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 816 x 828 km, inclination: 45.0 °

--- Name: Vortex 2-3 Country: USA Launch date: 12 August 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 401A Orbit: failed to orbit

Military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1994 054A. The upper stage of the launch vehicle exploded 42 seconds after the launch. It is believed the satellite was also known as NROL-07 and Elwood.

1998 047A (25429) Name: Soyuz TM-28 Country: Russia Launch date: 13 August 1998 Re-entry: 28 February 1999 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 362 x 364 km, inclination: 51.7 °

Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts G. Padalka (Cmdr.), S. Avdeyev (Fl. Eng.) and Y. Baturin (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Altair and they were the twenty sixth permanent (EO-26) crew of the space station. Baturin returned to Earth on Soyuz TM-27 (1998 004A) after a flight of 14 days, 19 hours, 40 minutes. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 15 August 1998. On 27 August 1998 the spacecraft was moved to the front port. On 10 November 1998 the two cosmonauts made an EVA of 5 hours, 54 minutes to install the French Comet meteoroid collection device. Earlier, on 15 September 1998 they had undertaken an internal spacewalk of 30 minutes in the Spektr module. On 8 February 1999 the spacecraft was moved to the rear port again. On 27 February 1999 Padalka, along with Soyuz TM-29 (1999 007A) cosmonaut Bella, left the space station and landed 58 km north of Arkalyk, the next day. Padalka had been in space for 198 days, 16 hours, 31 minutes. Avdeyev remained on Mir as a member of the EO-27 crew.

1998 048A (25431) Name: Iridium-78 Country: USA Launch date: 19 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 776 x 780 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 048B (25432) Name: Iridium-76 Country: USA Launch date: 19 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 775 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 049A (25460) Name: ST-1 Country: Singapore/Taiwan Launch date: 25 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44P Orbit: geostationary at 88 °E

The ST-1 communications was built by Matra Marconi using the Eurostar 2000 platform, and was jointly owned by Chunghwa Telecom International of Taiwan and Singapore Telecom. The 1502 kg satellite was fitted with 14 transponders in the C band and 16 transponders in the Ku band. In August 2013 the satellite was moved to 142 oE.

--- Name: Galaxy-10 Country: USA Launch date: 26 August 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 3 (8930) Orbit: failed to orbit

Communications satellite as described for 1983 065A but fitted with 24 transponders in the C band and 24 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite, which was based on the Hughes HS-601HP platform, was to be placed in a geostationary orbit at 123 oW but 75 seconds after the launch the launch vehicle was destroyed.

1998 050A (25462) Name: Astra-2A Country: Luxembourg Launch date: 30 August 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-3 Orbit: geostationary at 28 °E

Communications satellite owned by the Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES) and based on the Hughes HS-601HP platform. The 3500 kg satellite carried 32 transponders in the Ku band. As described for the Astra- 1 series (refer 1993 031A) the number ‘2’ refers to the geostationary location rather than to a spacecraft generation.

--- Name: Kwangmyongson-1 Country: Korea (North) Launch date: 31 August 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Musudan-ri Launch vehicle: Pekdosan 1 Orbit: failed to orbit

Technology satellite which carried scientific instruments as well as a beacon operating at 27 MHz and transmitting revolutionary hymns. North Korea sources claimed the satellite was placed in a 218 x 6979 km orbit with an inclination of 41 o, but no such object has been tracked, indicating that orbit insertion failed.

1998 051A (25467) Name: Iridium-82 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 703 x 707 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 051B (25468) Name: Iridium-81 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 776 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 051C (25469) Name: Iridium-80 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 776 x 779 km, inclination: 86.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 051D (25470) Name: Iridium-79 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1998 Re-entry: 29 November 2000 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 704 x 708 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 051E (25471) Name: Iridium-77 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 704 x 708 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-5 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-7 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-9 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-10 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-11 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-12 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-13 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-16 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-17 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-18 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-20 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

--- Name: Globalstar FM-21 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1998 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2 Orbit: failed to orbit

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1998 008A. The satellite failed to orbit as the second stage of the launch vehicle lost control after 280 seconds.

1998 052A (25473) Name: Panamsat-7 Country: USA Launch date: 16 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: geostationary at 68 °E

Communications satellite owned by Pan American Satellite and based on the Space Systems/Loral LS-1300 platform. The satellite, which had a mass of 3838 kg, carried 14 transponders in the C band and 30 transponders in the Ku band. On 1 February 2007 the satellite was renamed as Intelsat-7. It was relocated to 18 oW in November 2014.

1998 053A (25475) Name: Orbcomm FM-21 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 811 x 822 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053B (25476) Name: Orbcomm FM-22 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 810 x 818 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053C (25477) Name: Orbcomm FM-23 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 812 x 821 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053D (25478) Name: Orbcomm FM-24 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 812 x 821 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053E (25479) Name: Orbcomm FM-25 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 809 x 819 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053F (25480) Name: Orbcomm FM-26 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 809 x 819 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053G (25481) Name: Orbcomm FM-27 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 809 x 819 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 053H (25482) Name: Orbcomm FM-28 Country: USA Launch date: 23 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Wallops Island Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 810 x 819 km, inclination: 45.0 °

1998 054A (25485) Name: Molniya 1-91 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 September 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M Orbit: 457 x 40860 km, inclination: 62.8 °

Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.

1998 055A (25489) Name: STEX Country: USA Launch date: 3 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 697 x 716 km, inclination: 85.0 °

The Space Technology Experiments satellite military technology experiments included: 1. an electric thruster derived from Russian technology; 2. an autonomous star tracker; 3. high efficiency dual-junction experimental solar arrays; 4. high efficiency and lightweight ring laser gyro system; 5. a lightweight momentum wheel; 6. a composite concentrator solar array; 7. an experimental radiation hardened microprocessor; 8. an experimental low-shock release and separation mechanism; 9. a solid state recorder using commercial memory; 10. high density batteries; and 11. the Advanced Tether Experiment (ATEX), to be used for a series of dynamics experiments using a 6 km tether, which, after the tether line broke, became a free flying satellite (1998 055C). The satellite had a mass of 539 kg and was also known as NROL-08.

1998 055C (25615) Name: ATEX Country: USA Launch date: 16 January 1999 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110 Orbit: 742 x 761 km, inclination: 85.0 °

The Advanced Tether Experiment (ATEX), which had a total mass of 53 kg, was to be used for a series of dynamics experiments using a 6 km tether attached to STEX (1998 055A). During the experiments, on 16 January 1999, the tether line broke after 22 m wasdeployed and AXAF became a free flying satellite. Also known as USA-141.

1998 056A (25491) Name: Eutelsat W-2 Int. Agency: Eutelsat Launch date: 5 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 16 °E

Communications satellite owned by the Eutelsat organisation and built by Alcatel using the Spacebus 3000 platform. The 1375 kg satellite carried 24 transponders in the Ku band. In January 2010 the satellite had a partial power failure.

1998 056B (25492) Name: Sirius-3 Country: Sweden Launch date: 5 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 5 °E

Communications satellite owned by the Nordic Satellite Corporation. The satellite, which was built by Hughes using a HS-376HP platform, carried 14 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite had a mass of 630 kg. Sirius-3 was dissimilar to Sirius-1 (1989 067A) and Sirius-2 (1997 071A).

1998 057A (25495) Name: Hot Bird-5 Int. Agency: Eutelsat Launch date: 9 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas II Orbit: geostationary at 13 °E

Communications satellite as described for 1995 016B but built by Matra Marconi using the Eurostar 2000 platyform. It was later renamed as Eurobird-2. The satellite was relocated to 4 oE and used by Arabsat as Arabsat-2D, to be renamed as Badr-2 in February 2002. It eventually returned to Eutelsat in June 2006 and was located at 25 oE. In March 2012 it was renamed as Eutelsat 25-A. In March 2013 it was moved to 4 oE and renamed as Eutelsat 4-B.

1998 058A (25501) Name: UHF-9 Country: USA Launch date: 20 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIA Orbit: geostationary at 186 °E

Military communications satellite as described for 1993 015A. Also known as USA-140, the satellite carried two additional EHF transponder operating at 44/20 GHz offering a further 20 communications channels as well as a Global Broadcasting System for intelligence information.

1998 059A (25503) Name: Maqsat-3 Country: France Launch date: 21 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 5G Orbit: 1152 x 36612 km, inclination: 7.0 °

Built in Germany, Maquette Satellite (Maqsat)-3 was a payload representing the Eutelsat W satellite as described for 1998 056A. Its purpose was to qualify the Ariane 5G launch vehicle for launching such payloads. As there was no need to separate it, the 2600 kg payload remained attached to the upper stage.

--- Name: ADR Int. Agency: ESA Launch date: 21 October 1998 Re-entry: 21 October 1998 Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 5G Orbit: sub-orbital

ADR recovery near Hawaii

The Atmospheric Re-entry Demonstrator (ARD) was a 2800 kg spacecraft to study the aerodynamic problems of atmospheric re-entry and demonstrate the use of the materials required for this. It also provided operational experience in navigation, guidance and control of a spacecraft along a re-entry and recovery trajectory. A half scale test vehicle of the proposed European Crew Transfer Vehicle, the vehicle separated from the Ariane 5G at an altitude of 215 km. It then followed a sub-orbital trajectory with a maximum altitude of 830 km, which saw it re-enter south of Hawaii. The spacecraft was fitted with monitoring instruments as well as a GPS navigation system and a communications payload to test the feasibility for communications with a TDRS tracking satellite during the re-entry phase. The heatshield had been evolved from earlier Hermes technology and consists of 93 silica tiles. ARD was built by Aerospatiale.

1998 060A (25504) Name: SCD-2 Country: Brazil Launch date: 22 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 743 x769 km, inclination: 25.0 °

Remote sensing satellite as described for 1993 009B. In addition the Pegasus XL launch vehicle carried a secondary payload to collect data on the boundary layer crossflow transition in hypersonic flight regimes from Mach 5 to Mach 8. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft offshore from Cape Canaveral.

1998 061A (25508) Name: DS-1 Country: USA Launch date: 24 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7326 Orbit: interplanetary

Originally to perform a fly-by of the asteroid McAuliffe in January 1999 and the Comet West- Kohoutek-Ikemura in June 2000, the Deep Space (DS)-1 spacecraft was sent on an encounter with asteroid Braille (1992KD), which took place on 28 July 1999 at a distance of 25 km. It was followed by an encounter with Comet Borelly on 22 September 2001, which it passed as a distance of 2200 km. The 486 kg spacecraft was essentially a technology satellite to prove new technology. This included: 1. an ion thruster which was used during the fly-by; 2. the Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (Pepe), a plasma spectrometer; 3. a solar concentrator array; 4. the Remote Agent artificial intelligence programme to control the spacecraft’s operations; 5. the Beacon Monitor to monitor the spacecraft’s performance; 6. the Small Deep Space Transponder, which provided an integrated communication system; 7. a Ku band experiment to verify performance and weather effects; 8. an experimental power switching module; and 9. the Miniature Integrated Camera Spectrometer, to image the asteroid. On 18 December 2001 the ion thruster was switched off after operating 670 days, essentially ending the operational life of the spacecraft.

1998 061B (25509) Name: SEDSAT Country: USA Launch date: 24 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7326 Orbit: 547 x 1079 km, inclination: 31.4 o

Developed by students at the University of Huntsville, Alabama, the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space satellite (SEDSAT) carried two amateur radio transponders and an Earth sensing camera. The satellite, which was also known as Oscar-33 and SO-33, had a mass of 40 kg.

1998 062A (25512) Name: Progress M-40 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 October 1998 Re-entry: 5 February 1999 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 235 x 281 km, inclination: 51.7 °

Artist impression of unfolded Znamya space mirror

Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-40 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 27 October 1998. Its payload included a Znamya space mirror, as described for 1992 071A. The spacecraft also carried the experiments for the upcoming French mission as well as a scale model of Sputnik-1 called Sputnik 41 (1998 062C). The spacecraft undocked on 4 February 1999. The Znamya space mirror was deployed but failed to unfold fully. It was not separated from the Progress M-40 spacecraft.

1998 062C (25533) Name: Sputnik 41 Country: Russia Launch date: 10 November 1998 Re-entry: 11 January 1999 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 347 x 358 km, inclination: 51.6 °

A scale model of Sputnik-1 which was deployed from Mir (1986 017A) during an EVA on 10 November 1998. It also carried the RS-18 radio amateur transponder which operated at 1450 MHz. The satellite had a mass of 5 kg.

1998 063A (25515) Name: AfriStar Country: USA Launch date: 27 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 21 °E

Owned by WorldSpace, the 1216 kg satellite provides audio and video broadcasting services to the African continent. The satellite was built by Matra Marconi using the Eurostar 2000 platform and was fitted with 6 transponders in the 1470/1530 MHz band.

1998 063B (25516) Name: GE-5 Country: USA Launch date: 27 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L Orbit: geostationary at 79 °E

Communications satellite owned by GE Americom Communications. The 1698 kg satellite was built by Matra Marconi using the Eurostar 2000 platform and was fitted with 16 transponders in the Ku band. As part of a merger with SES as SES Americom, the satellite was renamed AMC-5 in November 2001. After that it became Nahuel-1B. It was relocated to 80.9 oW in January 2012.

1998 064A (25519) Name: STS-95 Country: USA Launch date: 29 October 1998 Re-entry: 7 November 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 551 x 561 km, inclination: 28.5 o

John Glenn

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts C. Brown (Cmdr.), S. Lindsey (Pilot), S. Parazynski, S. Robinson, P. Duque (ESA) (all Mission Specialists), C. Mukai (Japan) and J. Glenn (Payload Specialist) using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. The payload included a single Spacehab module (FU1) as well as the following instruments: 1. the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchiker (IEH)-3 as described for STS-69 (1995 048A), carrying the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchiker (SEH); the Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR), the STAR-LITE payload to study astronomical targets in the ultraviolet, the Solar Constant (SOLCON)-6 experiment as described for STS-9 (1983 116A), the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) (1998 064B) which was deployed, as well as two Getaway special as described below; 2. the Protein Crystal Growth/Single Locker Thermal Enclosure (PCHG/STES)–5 experiment as described for STS-66 (1994 073A); 3. the Space Experiment Module (SEM)-4 as described for STS-80 (1996 065A) which on this flight facilitated a student payload comprising an experiment to study the effect of microgravity and temperature on human tissue and human used and consumed items, an experiment on curing structural adhesives and solidifying low-melting point solders in a microgravity environment, a study into the effects of microgravity on an objects physical characteristics, an experiment on the effects of cosmic radiation on some plants, brine shrimp eggs and seeds, the study on plant growths, the analysis of three-dimensional sprag performance in microgravity, the effect of microgravity on mold growth and the effect of microgravity on seed growth and survival; 4. the HST Orbital Systems test (HOST) to validate certain components which will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope during the third servicing mission. They include the NICMOS cooling system, the DF-224 computer, the SSR solid state recorder and a fibre optic line; 5. the Biological Research In Canisters (BRIC)-13 experiment as described for STS-64 (1994 059A) which investigated how weightlessness affects the environment of plants by studying the effect of microgravity on embryogenesis in orchard grass; 6. the Advanced Gradient Heating Facility (AGHF)-2 as described for STS-78 (1996 036A); 7. the Advanced Organic Separations (ADSEP)-2 facility as described for STS-77 (1996 032A); 8. the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility (APCF)-5 as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 9. the Cryogenic Thermal Storage Unit (CRYOTSU), also known as S96-4, to demonstrate the functionality of thermal control devices in microgravity; 10. the Advanced Separation Space Bio-processing Facility which supported the Hernoglobin Separation experiment, the Microencapsulation experiment and the Phase Partitioning experiment; 11. the Aerogel experiment, which produced a low density, open pore foam; 12. the Astroculture (ASC)-7 experiment as described for STS-50 (1992 034A); 13. the Biobox incubator/refrigerator which contained various samples; 14. the Sleep-2 or Critical Trial of Melatonin as Hypnotic for Space Crew, which evaluated sleep patterns of crew members; 15. the Commercial BioDyn Payload, a commercial bioreactor used for research into recombinant proteins, microencapsulation research, research into tissue engineered heart patches and bone implants and research into the development of anti-cancer products from, plant cells; 16. the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)-12 as described for STS-50 (1992 034A), supporting eight separate experiments; 17. the Commercial ITA Biomedical Experiment (CIBX)-1 a materials processing facility studying urokinase and microencapsulation; 18. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-16 experiments as described for STS-49 (1992 026A); 19. the Electronic No (E-NOSE), a monitor to detect a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules in the cabin air; 20. the Enhanced Orbiter Refrigerator-Freezer (EORF) as described for STS-89 (1998 003A); 21. the Facility for Adsorption and Surface Tension (FAST) which investigated surface phenomena at liquid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces; 22. the Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System (MEPS), to improve the techniques of drug delivery; 23. the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MGBX) supporting the Internal Flows in a Free Drop (IFFD), Colloidal Disorder-Order Transition (CDOT) and Structural Studies of Colloidal Suspensions (CGEL) experiments; 24. the National Institute of Health Cell Culture Module (NIH-C)-9 experiment as described for STS-59 (1994 020A); 25. the Oceaneering Spacehab Refrigerator Freezer, supporting a number of the other experiments; 26. the Organic Crystal Growth (OCG)-3 facility as described for STS-42 (1992 002A) to investigate the anisotropic properties of organic ferromagnet; 27. the Osteoporosis Experiment in Orbit (OSTEO) to evaluate bone cell activity in microgravity; 28. the Protein Crystallisaton Apparatus for Microgravity (PCAM)-6 as described for STS-63 (1995 004A); 29. the Protein Turnover Experiment (PTO) to study the effect of spaceflight on the skeletal muscle protein metabolism; 30. the Morphological Transition and Model Substances (MOMO)-2 experiment as described for STS-84 (1997 023A); 31. the Space Acceleration Measurement System for Free Flyers (SAMS-FF)-1, a development of the SAMS experiment as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 32. the Vestibular Function Experiment Unit (VFEU)-4 as described for STS-47 (1992 061A); 33. four Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A): • G764: the Cosmic Dust Aggregation (CODAG) experiment to simulate the dust particle aggregration that occurred during the formation of the solar system; • G238: an experiment to study the effect of space on the life cycle of the American cockroach; • G467: the Capillary Pumped Loop (CPS) experiment as described for G557, as flown on STS- 51D (1985 028A); • G779: the Hearts in Space experiment as described for STS-85 (1997 039A); 34. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-700-11: Orbiter Space Vision System Flight Unit Testing; • DTO-700-14: Single String Global Positioning System; • DTO-700-15: Space Integrated GPS/Inertial Navigation System; • DTO-700-18: Space-to-Space Communications Flight Demonstration; • DTO-842: AutoTRAC Computer Vision System; • DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; • DTO-1215: Test of Color Printer; 35. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-206: Effects of Spaceflight on Bone and Muscle; • DSO-497: Effects of Microgravity on Cell Mediated Immunity and Reaction of Latent Viral Infections; • DSO-498: spaceflight and Immune Function; • DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress; • DSO-605: Postural Equilibrium Control During Landing/Egress; • DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight; • DSO-627: Bone Mineral Loss and Recovery; • DSO-628: Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Exposure To Microgravity; • DSO-630: In-flight Holter Monitoring; • DSO-802: Educational Activities; 36. a number of Risk Mitigation Experiments (RME) as described for STS-74 (1995 061A): • RME-1334: Wireless Network Connectivity Experiment; The orbiter also deployed and retrieved the Spartan-201-5 (1998 064C) satellite. The orbiter returned to Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 8 days, 21 hours, 44 minutes.

1998 064B (25520) Name: Pansat Country: USA Launch date: 30 October 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 541 x 565 km, inclination: 28.4 o

The Naval Post Graduate School in Monterey developed the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (Pansat). Based on the Pacsat series of satellites, the microsatellite employed a direct sequence spread-spectrum communications system operating at 436.5MHz. The principal purpose of the 70 kg satellite was to provide an educational project for the students at the school. The satellite, which was also known as S97-D, Oscar- 34 and PO-34, was released from STS-95 (1998 064A).

1998 064C (25521) Name: Spartan-201-5 Country: USA Launch date: 1 November 1998 Re-entry: 3 November 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS Orbit: 551 x 561 km, inclination: 28.5 °

Spartan-201-5 was the fifth use of the satellite bus as described for 1993 023B and was a reflight of the Spartan 201-4 (1997 073B) mission flown on STS-87 (1997 073A). The satellite was released from STS-95 (1998 064A) on 1 November 1998 and retrieved again on 3 November 1998.

1998 065A (25522) Name: Panamsat-8 Country: USA Launch date: 4 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-3 Orbit: geostationary at 166 °E

Communications satellite owned by Pan American Satellite and based on the Space Systems/Loral FS 1300 platform. The satellite, which had a mass of 3838 kg, carried 24 transponders in the C band and 24 transponders in the Ku band. On 1 February 2007 the satellite was renamed as Intelsat-8. In September 2012 it was moved to 169 oE.

1998 066A (25527) Name: Iridium-87 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 511 x 538 km, inclination: 85.4 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 066B (25528) Name: Iridium-86 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 706 x 712 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 066C (25529) Name: Iridium-85 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1998 Re-entry: 30 December 2000 Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 511 x 535 km, inclination: 86.0 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A. The satellite was abandoned in a lower orbit.

1998 066D (25530) Name: Iridium-84 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 707 x 712 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 066E (25531) Name: Iridium-83 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Delta 7920 Orbit: 777 x 778 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A.

1998 067A (25544) Name: ISS/Zarya Country: USA Launch date: 20 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K Orbit: 384 x 396 km, inclination: 51.6 °

The International Space Station (ISS) evolved in 1993 from the cancelled Freedom space station programme and, to a lesser extent, the cancelled Russian Mir-2 programme. ISS was a cooperative project of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency (ESA). The countries participation as part of ESA were Germany (41%), France (26.7%), Italy (19%), Belgium (3%), Switzerland (2.5%), Spain (2%), Denmark (1.2%), the Netherlands (1%) and Norway (0.5%). Russian sources sometimes refer to the space station as Meždunarodnaja Kosmičeskaja Stancija (MKS).

The station used 75% of the hardware designed for the Freedom space station. The USA provided the integrated truss, a habitation module and a laboratory module. Russia was responsible for a science power platform, a service module and a cargo block vehicle identified as FGB. ESA contributed its Columbus laboratory module, Japan the Japan Experiment Module (JEM) and an exposed facility, whilst Canada provided the remote manipulator system.

The Funktionalno Gruzovoy Blok (meaning Functional Cargo Block) (FGB), also known as Zarya, was the basic core of the International Space Station. Based on the TKS module, as described for Kosmos-929 (1977 066A), it was built by Energia but was fully owned by NASA. The self supporting active vehicle provided on-orbit propulsion and power through the early assembly stages and was fitted with two large orbital adjustment engines, 24 maneuvering engines and 16 vernier jets. It comprised a multiple docking adapter, a pressurized cabin section and a propulsion/instrument section, the latter with an additional docking port. Long term the Zarya module, which was also known as article 14F70 and had a mass of 20,700 kg, provided a fuel storage capability as well as rendez-vous and docking capability to the Service Module. The mission was also identified as International Space Station (ISS)-1A/R.

Pre-permanent crew period (20 November 1998-1 November 2000)

With Zarya in space it was time for the first Space Shuttle mission to meet up with it. STS-88 (1998 089A) was launched on 4 December 1998

Crewed by Robert Cabana (USA), Rick Sturckow (USA), Nancy Currie (USA), Jerry Ross (USA), James Newman (USA) and Sergei Krikalyov (Russia) and using the orbiter Endeavour, the objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-2A mission which attached the Unity module and the Pressurised Mating Adaptors (PMA)-1 and 2 to the Zarya core module.

Zarya and Unity in the STS payload bay

On 6 December 1998 the Zarya module was captured with the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) and attached to the Unity module whilst it was still in the payload bay. On 7 December 1998 Ross and Newman made their first EVA of 7 hours 22 minutes to connect various power cables and umbilicals, followed a further EVAs on 9 December 1998 of 7 hours, 2 minutes, during which antennas were installed. On 10 December the astronauts moved into the space station to install some internal fittings. A final EVA of 6 hours, 59 minutes was made by Ross and Newman on 12 December 1998. On 13 December 1998 the Zarya/Unity combination was released.

Unity

The original Node-1 had been completed by 1995 but some structural design flaws were uncovered which prevented its use in space and the module was instead used as the Structural Test Article (STA). The module then under construction as Node-2 was re-named Node-1. The remnants of the Structural Test Article were at one stage to be used as Node-4 to serve as the core of the US Propulsion Module (USPM). The purpose of this module was to provide an alternative propulsion capability in case Russian failed to deliver the Zvezda module. In March 2001, NASA cancelled the project. It had never been assigned an ISS sequence number.

The next Space Shuttle flight to dock with the ISS was STS-96 (1999 030A) that was launched on 27 May 1999. The orbiter was crewed by Kent Rominger (USA), Rick Husband (USA), Ellen Ochoa (USA), Tamara Jernigan (USA), Daniel Barry (USA), Julie Payette (Canada) and Valeri Tokarev (Russia). Designated as ISS-2A.1, it docked at the PMA-2 docking port of the ISS on 29 May 1999. STS-96 (1999 030A) carried equipment for the outfitting of the space station. Most of the supplies were carried in a Spacehab double module (FU2 and FU3). Other equipment included the Russian Strela crane and a US built crane designated as the ORU Transfer Device (OTD). In addition, the orbiter carried the Orbiter Docking System (ODS) and the External Airlock (EAL), which were used to dock with the PMA-2 docking port, which took place on 29 May 1999. On 30 May 1999 Jernigan and Barry undertook a 7 hours, 55 minutes EVA to install the crane systems. On the same day members of the crew entered the space station for the first time. On 3 June 1999 the orbiter undocked again.

On 19 May 2000 the STS-101 (2000 027A) flight was launched using the orbiter Atlantis. Crewed by James Halsell (USA), Scott. Horowitz (USA), Susan Helms (USA), Mary Weber (USA), James Voss (USA), Yuri Usachev (Russia) and Jeffrey Williams, the objective was to undertake the ISS-2A.2a mission and the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port of the ISS. The shuttle carried a double Spacehab module with logistics and cargo, as well as critical spares. On 22 May 2000 Voss and Williams performed an EVA of 6 hours, 44 minutes during which they secured the US crane brought to the space station on STS-96 (1999 030A), added components to the Russian Strela crane, replaced some antennas as well as installed additional EVA handrails. .

Zvezda

The Zvezda (Star) module (2000 037A) was launched on 12 July 2000 with a Proton K from Baikonour. Identified as ISS-1R flight and previously known as Service Module, the Russian built module was based on the Salyut design and, also known as Dolgovremennaya Orbitalnaya Stantsiya (DOS)-8, had a length of 13.10 m. It carried solar panels with a span of 29.56 m. The module, with a mass of 19,150 kg, comprised of the Perekhodniy Otsek (PkhO) (Transfer Compartment), the Rabochiy Otsek (RO) (Work Compartment) and the Agregatniy Otsek (AO) (Equipment Module) at the aft end. An unpressurised Assembly Compartment around the Equipment Module, held external equipment, propellant tanks, thrusters and communications antennas. Zvezda had four docking ports: three at the front (forward, up and down) and one at the end. Inside the module were the life support systems, including a water recycling system that turned waste water into oxygen, flight control systems, communications systems and propulsion systems. It also included living quarters with a kitchen, sleeping quarters for three, a toilet, a refrigerator and freezer, a table, a treadmill and a stationary bicycle. There were also 14 windows. After launch it was placed into a temporary orbit at an altitude of 350 km to conduct tests prior to the docking on 26 July 2000. On 27 May 2000 STS-101 (2000 027A) undocked.

Launched on 2 August 2000 the Progress M1-3 (2000 044A) cargo transfer spacecraft docked at the rear Zvezda port of ISS on 9 August 2000. The flight was also known as ISS-1P. The spacecraft carried supplies for the space station as well as fuel for attitude control. It undocked on 1 November 2000.

On 8 September 2000 the orbiter Atlantis was launched as STS-106 (2000 053A). It carried Terrence Wilcutt (USA), Scott Altman (USA), Daniel Burbank (USA), Edward Lu (USA), Yuri Malenchenko (Russia), Boris Morukov (Russia) and Richard Mastracchio (USA). The objective was to undertake the ISS-2A.2b mission and the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port of the International Space Station (1998 067A) on 10 September 2000. The flight carried a double Spacehab module (FU2 and FU3), as described for 1993 037A, with logistics and cargo, as well as the Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC) as described for 2000 027A. On 11 September 2000 Lu and Malenchenko made an EVA of 6 hours, 14 minutes during which they attached a magnetometer and boom to the Zvezda module as well as connected electrical, data and television cables between the Zvezda and Zarya modules. On 18 September 2000 the orbiter undocked.

The final ISS preparatory Space Shuttle flight was STS-92 (2000 062A) launched on 11 October 2000. Using the orbiter Discovery and also known as ISS-3A, the mission was crewed by Brian Duffy (USA), Pamela Melroy (USA), Leroy Chiao (USA), Michael Lopez-Alegria (USA), William McArthur (USA), Peter Wisoff (USA) and Koichi Wakata (Japan). The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-3A mission and the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 13 October 2000. The payload included the Z-1 truss, the Ku Band Antenna System, the Control Moment Gyros (CMGs) and the Pressurised Mating Adapter (PMA)-3 which was fixed on a Spacelab pallet (F005).

On 14 October 2000, the Z-1 truss, which measured 4.60 x 4.60 m, was unberthed and on 15 October 2000 McArthur and Chiao undertook an EVA of 6 hours, 28 minutes to attach Z1 to Node 1 to provide a temporary attachment for the Port 6 Photovoltaic (P6PV) module which will be brought to the space station on the ISS-4A mission. On 16 October 2000 Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria made an EVA of 7 hours, 7 minutes to attach the PMA-3 module. It will serve as a docking port for future STS flights to the space station. The third EVA by Chiao and McArthur took place on 17 October 2000 and lasted 6 hours, 48 minutes during which the astronauts connected Z-1 cables and installed other equipment. The final EVA, on 18 October 2000, was made by Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria. They undertook further tests of the Z-1 structure but then went on to test the SAFER spacesuit backpack propulsion units, allowing the astronauts to make semi-free flights (with a long tether). The EVA lasted 6 hours 56 minutes. On 20 October 2000 the orbiter undocked.

During this preliminary stage the Space Shuttle missions had been docked at the ISS for 33 days, 4 hours and 44 minutes. The various crews ventured inside the modules for a total of 20 days, 8 hours and 26 minutes.

At this point in time the permanent structure of the ISS consisted of Zarya, Unity, PMA-1, PMA-2 and Zvezda.

Expedition EX-1 (2 November 2000-19 March 2001)

The first permanent crew on the Space Station (Expedition (EX)-1) consisted of William Shepherd (USA, Commander), Yuri Gidzenko (Russia) and Sergei Krikalyov (Russia) arrived on 2 November 2000 on Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A) after having been launched on 31 October 2000. They docked at the Zvezda rear port.

Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A), which was also identified as ISS-1S and ISS-2R, docked at the rear Zvezda port on 2 November 2000 and the crew moved into the space station about 1 hour later. For the duration of the mission the space station was referred to as ‘Station Alpha’.

On 18 November 2000 the Progress M1-4 (2000 073A) cargo transfer spacecraft docked at Zarya nadir port. It had been launched on 16 November 2000 and was also referred to as ISS-2P. The spacecraft carried supplies for the space station as well as fuel for attitude control. It undocked on 1 December 2000 but remained in orbit for rendez-vous and docking tests until it redocked again on 26 December 2000. It finally undocked on 8 February 2001 and re-entered the same day.

Launched on 1 December 2000 the STS-97 (2000 078A) mission docked at the down facing PMA-3 docking port on 3 December 2000. Known also as ISS-4A and flown by the orbiter Endeavour it carried Brent Jett (USA), Michael Bloomfield (USA), Joe Tanner (USA), Carlos. Noriega (USA) and Marc Garneau (Canada). The objective of the ISS-4A mission the delivery and installation of the Integrated Truss Structure - Port (ITS P)-6, the Photovoltaic Module (PV) and the S-band antenna system. This established the initial photo voltaic power capabilities with solar arrays extending 240 feet. The ITS P-6 was temporarily installed on top of the Z-1 truss. It accommodated two PV thermal control radiators. The installation required three EVAs of which the first one took place on 3 December 2000. It was undertaken by Tanner and Noriega and lasted 7 hours, 34 minutes. The second EVA was made by the same astronauts on 5 December 2000, lasting 6 hours, 37 minutes. The third EVA, again by Tanner and Noriega was on 7 December 2000 and lasted 5 hours, 10 minutes.

On 7 December 2000, after the completion of the EVAs, the hatch separating the orbiter and the space station was opened and the crew transferred equipment and supplies. On 9 December 2000 the orbiter undocked and landed, after a flight of 10 days, 19 hours, 58 minutes, at the Kennedy Space Centre on 11 December 2000 STS-97 (2000 078A) was considered a crucial mission which prevented critical systems on the space station from freezing.

The next major step in the construction of the space station was the addition of the destiny module as part of the ISS-5A mission that was flown by STS-98 (2001 006A) using the orbiter Atlantis Launched on 7 February 2001 the flight carried Kenneth Cockrell (USA), Mark Polanski (USA), Robert Curbeam (USA), Thomas Jones (USA) and Marsha Ivins (USA). The orbiter docked at the PMA-3 docking port on 9 February 2001, following which three EVAs took place. On 10 February 2001 the PMA-2 docking port was unberthed from the Unity module and was berthed on the Z1 truss. This was followed by the docking of the Destiny module to the Unity module. The docking was assisted by Jones and Curbeam during the first EVA, on 10 February 2001, which lasted 7 hours, 34 minutes. They connected electrical, computer and cooling lines between the module and station. The second EVA took place on 12 February 2001 and was again undertaken by Jones and Curbeam. During the 6 hours, 50 minutes, they relocated the PMA-2 shuttle docking port from the temporary position on the Z1 truss, where it was placed during the first spacewalk, to a permanent location at the forward end of the Destiny lab. They also attached various equipment and fixtures to the exterior of the new module. The final EVA, on 14 February 2001, was used to attach a spare S band communications antenna and equipment, called the S Band Antenna Support Assembly (SASA), to the station; install an exterior shutter on the Destiny lab window; and connect electrical and data lines between the PMA-2 shuttle docking port and Destiny. This EVA lasted 5 hours, 25 minutes.

The Destiny module (2001 006B) was a facility for scientific research which had a length of 7.70 m and a diameter of 4.30 m. It was the first of six planned research modules of the station, and also served as the command and control center for the entire complex. At launch, Destiny was partially outfitted with five systems racks containing equipment to provide electrical power and cooling for future racks, and computers for control of the entire ISS. Destiny was attached to the Unity module on 10 February 2001.

The 14150 kg space laboratory eventually housed an additional 18 racks for crew support and scientific research that could be removed and replaced periodically as experiment operations warrant. This versatility allowed researchers from around the world to conduct experiments in the unique microgravity environment of space.

Atlantis undocked from the station on 16 February 2001 and landed at Edwards AFB on 20 February 2001 after a flight of 12 days, 21 hours, 17 minutes.

On 27 February 2001 the Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A) spacecraft was undocked from the Zvezda rear port and redocked at the nadir docking port of Zarya.

The next day, on 28 February 2001, the Progress M-44 (2001 008A) cargo transfer spacecraft docked at the rear Zvezda port after having been launched on 26 February 2001. The flight was also known as ISS-3P. It undocked on 16 April 2001 to re-enter the same day.

Destiny

On 10 March 2001 STS-102 (2001 010A) docked at the space station’s PMA-2 docking port delivering the Expedition-2 crew. Also known as ISS-5A.1 this mission used the orbiter Discovery and had been launched on 8 March 2001. The crew consisted of James Weatherbee (USA), James Kelly (USA), Yuri Usachov (Russia), James Voss (USA), Susan Helms (USA), Andrew Thomas (USA) and Paul Richard (USA). The payload included the Italian built Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM). The MPML was a cargo module that could be lifted out of the cargo bay and be attached to a docking port for unloading and reloading. Afterwards it would be returned to the orbiter’s payload bay again for the return flight to Earth. Three MPMLs were built, the Leonardo, the Rafaello and the Donatello. As these were not free-flying satellites, they did not receive an International designation. The Donatello never flew in space and was used for spares. On this flight the Leonardo module brought six systems racks to the space station including two robotic workstation racks, two DC-to-DC converter units, a US Lab Avionics rack and a Crew Health Care System. In addition there was the Human Research Facility #1 rack, also referred to as External Storage Platform (ESP)-1, that was installed in the US Destiny Laboratory Module. The ESP was an unpressurized external storage pallet with eight attachment sites capable of holding up to seven ISS spare parts and assemblies. The pallet also had handrails and attachment points for tethers and foot restraints that astronauts can use during EVAs.

The first EVA was performed on 11 March 2001 by Voss and Helms and lasted 8 hours, 56 minutes, during which the PMA-3 module was moved and relocated to an adjacent port on Unity’s left side. On 12 March 2001 the Leonardo module was attached to Node 1, using the RMS system of the orbiter, following which it was unloaded and eventually filled with unneeded equipment, dirty laundry etc. Following that the module was transferred back into the payload bay on 19 March 2001.

The second EVA took place on 13 March 2001 and was made by Thomas and Richard. During the 6 hours, 21 minutes EVA they installed equipment for Unity module as well as a platform that will eventually hold the Canadian robotic arm.

Usachov, Voss and Helms remained on board of the space station as the next permanent crew, whilst Shepherd, Krikalyov and Gidzenko, who had arrived on Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A), were carried back to Earth. Their mission duration had been 140 days, 23 hours, 41 minutes. When STS-102 (2001 010A) undocked on 19 March 2001 it carried the Expedition-1 crew members Shepherd, Gidzenko and Krikalyov back to Earth where they landed on 21 March 2001.

Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A) remained attached to the space station.

Expedition EX-2 (19 March 2001-20 August 2001)

The Expedition-2 crew, consisting of Yuri Usachov (Russia, Commander), James Voss (USA) and Susan Helms (USA), arrived on 10 March 2001 on STS-102 (2001 010A) and took over from the EX-1 crew on 19 March 2001

In preparation of the forthcoming Soyuz TM-32 (2001 017A) flight, Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A) was undocked from the Zarya nadir port on 18 April 2001 and docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on the same day.

The next flight to ISS was STS-100 (2001 016A) flown by the orbiter Endeavour. Crewed by Kent Rominger (USA), Jeffrey Ashby (USA), Scott Parazynski (USA), John Phillips (USA), Chris Hadfield (Canada), Umberto Guidoni (ESA, Italy) and Yuri Lonchakov (Russia), the flight was launched on 19 April 2001 and docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 21 April 2001.

The objective was to undertake the ISS-6A mission. The payload included the Rafaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) that carried nine scientific investigations to the space station. In addition the orbiter carried the Space Station Remote Manipulating System (SSRMS), fitted on a Spacelab pallet and consisting of the Canadarm2, the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) and the Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS).

The Canadarm2 had a length of 17.59 m and was able to move a mass of 100 tons. It also had the capability to move end-over-end about the station's exterior, in inchworm fashion, using either end to manipulate cargo. It provided electrical power and computer connections with the objects it moved.

STS Canadarm and Canadarm2 working together

The Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) was a smaller, highly advanced detachable two- armed robot that was placed on the end of the space arm to perform sophisticated operations including installing and removing small payloads, such as batteries, power supplies and computers. It also handled tools, such as specialized wrenches and socket extensions, for delicate maintenance and servicing tasks, provide power and data connectivity to payloads, as well as manipulate, remove and inspect scientific payloads. The SPDM was also equipped with lights, video, equipment, a tool platform and four tool holders. Finally, the Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS), was a movable platform for Canadarm2 and the SPDM that slid along rails on the Space Station’s main truss structure to transport Canadarm2 to various points on the Station. It was equipped with four Power Data Grapple Fixtures and a Latching End Effector to hold payloads (or alternatively, the SPDM).

Also fitted on the Spacelab pallet was the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) antenna which was attached to the Destiny module;

The first EVA, on 22 April 2001, by Hadfield and Parazynski, lasted 7 hours, 10 minutes, during which the UHF antenna was installed on the Destiny module and the Canadarm2 was prepared for deployment.

Parazynski and Hadfield made a second EVA of 7 hours, 40 minutes on 24 April 2001 during which they completed the attachment of the Canadarm2. In addition the crew unloaded the Rafaello module, including transfer of the two experiment racks, called Expedite the Processing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) racks which were installed in the station's Destiny module.

Later on 24 April 2001, the hatches between the orbiter and the space station were opened and the Canadarm2 was deployed and attached onto a fixture on the space station. After that the Rafaello module was attached to the docking port on the Unity module.

The Rafaello module was undocked again on 27 April 2001 and returned into the payload bay. The orbiter undocked on 29 April 2001 and landed at Edwards AFB on 1 May 2001 after a flight of 11 days, 21 hours, 30 minutes.

On 30 April 2001, a few days after the undocking of STS-100 (2001 016A), Soyuz TM-32 (2001 017A) docked at the Zarya nadir port. Also referred to as ISS-2S, it had been launched on 28 April 2001 and was crewed by Talgat Musabayev (Russia) and Yuri Baturin (Russia) whilst it also carried the American Denis Tito as a paying passenger. The purpose of the flight was to rotate the Soyuz TM spacecraft that could only stay in space for a limited time. And since only two crew members were required to fly the spacecraft, this offered the opportunity to carry paying passengers. After a short stay on ISS, Musabayev, Baturin and Tito returned to Earth in Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A). They undocked on 6 May 2201 and landed the same day after a mission of 5 days, 22 hours, 4 minutes.

The Progress M1-6 (2001 021A) was launched on 20 May 2001 and docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on 23 May 2001. The flight was also known as ISS-4P.

On 8 June 2001 Usachov and Voss donned spacesuits to make modifications to the Zvezda hatch that would allow the docking of the forthcoming Pirs module. The activity lasted 19 minutes and the crew, whilst working in a vacuum, did not leave the space station.

The objective of the ISS-7A mission was to deliver the Joint Airlock and High Pressure Gas Assembly. Flown by the orbiter Atlantis as STS-104 (2001 028A) and crewed by Steven Lindsey (USA.), Charles Hobaugh (USA), Janet Kavandi (USA), Michael Gernhardt (USA) and James Reilly (USA), the mission was launched on 12 July 2001. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 14 July 2001.

The Joint Airlock, a 6.14m long and 4.00m diameter unit was built by Boeing and provided an EVA capability from the space station for both US and Russian EVA suits. It was carried on two Spacelab pallets. In orbit it was renamed Quest. The High Pressure Gas Assembly augmented the Service Module’s gas re-supply systems.

On 15 July 2001 astronauts Gernhardt and Reilly made a spacewalk of 5 hours, 59 minutes during which they removed thermal covers from Quest and added handrails to it and to the O 2/N 2 tanks stored on the Spacelab pallets. The Station’s Canadarm 2 moved Quest from the payload bay and attached it to the Unity module.

The astronauts made a second spacewalk on 18 July 2001 during which they installed the various tanks to the Quest module. That spacewalk lasted 6 hours, 29 minutes.

This was finally followed by the first EVA through the Quest module, when Gernhardt and Reilly made a 4 hours, 2 minutes spacewalk to install some more equipment and undertake some other activities.

The orbiter undocked on 22 July 2001. It landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 24 July 2001 after a flight of 12 days, 18 hours, 35 minutes. 24 July

Quest

The ISS-7A mission completed Phase 2 of the ISS programme.

On 10 August 2001 the orbiter Discovery was launched as STS-105 (2001 035A) to conduct the ISS-7A.1 mission. Crewed by Scott Horowitz (USA), Rick Sturckow (USA), Daniel Barry (USA) and Patrick Forrester (USA), Also on board was the next permanent crew for ISS consisting of Frank Culbertson (USA), Vladimir Dezhurov (Russia) and Michael Tyurin (Russia). The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 12 August 2001.

The payload included the Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPML) which carried a range of experiment racks for installation in the Destiny laboratory as well as a range of other equipment. Leonardo was moved from the Shuttle’s payload bay with the Shuttle’s robotic arm and attached to the Unity module on 13 August 2001.

Barry and Forester made two EVAs on 16 August 2001 (6 hours, 16 minutes) and 18 August 2001 (5 hours, 29 minutes), during which they attached experiments and equipment to the space station, including the Early Ammonia Servicer, a tank with additional coolant in case the space station’s cooling system would fail. The EAS was installed on the P6 truss on 16 August 2007.

On 19 August 2001 the Leonardo module was returned into the payload bay and the orbiter undocked on 20 August 2001.

On the return to Earth, the orbiter carried the retiring Expedition-2 crew of Usachev, Helms and Voss who had spent 165 days, 4 hours and 10 minutes in space. STS-105 (2001 035A) landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 22 August 2001 after a flight of 11 days, 21 hours, 13 minutes.

Expedition EX-3 (20 August 2001-15 December 2001)

The third crew for ISS, EX-3 consisted of Frank Culbertson (USA, Commander), Vladimr Dezhurov (Russia) and Michael Tyurin (Russia) had arrived with STS-105 (2001 035A) on 12 August 2001. STS-105 (2001 035A) departed from the space station on 20 August 2011 with the EX-2 crew.

Two days later, on 22 August 2001, Progress M1-6 (2001 021A) undocked to make way for the Progress M- 45 (2001 036A) cargo spacecraft docked at the rear Zvezda port on 23 August 2001. Progress M-45 (2001 036A), also identified as ISS-5P, had been launched on 21 August 2001.

Launched on 14 September 2001, the Progress M-SO1 (2001 041A) spacecraft docked at the lower or Earth facing port of Zvezda on 16 September 2001. On this flight, also identified as ISS-4R, the normal cargo and fuel section of the Progress M spacecraft were replaced by the Stikovochniy Otsek (SO)-1 (Docking Module 1). The flight was also identified as International Space Station (ISS)-4R. SO-1 was also named Pirs and the airlock and docking module featured a large hatch, 1 m in diameter, allowing spacesuited cosmonauts and astronauts to exit and return to the station. The module also had a Soyuz TM/Progress M docking port that allowed an additional Soyuz TM or Progress M1 spacecraft to be docked. These docking ports were different the other ports on, for instance Zarya. Prior to the delivery of Pirs, the rotation of Soyuz TMs and the need to have one Soyuz TM permanently attached to the station, meant that any Progress M that was docked on the only available second docking port, had to be left floating in space for a while, until the Soyuz TM transfer was completed. On the flight to the space station, Pirs carried cargo, including a second Strela deployable boom and an additional Orlan M spacesuit. The Pirs module was originally developed for the Mir-2 space station in the early nineties. It had a diameter of 2.2 m to fit in the standard payload bay of a Soyuz launcher. The service module of Progress M-SO1 (2001 041A) undocked again on 26 September 2001.

Pirs

On 8 October 2001 Dezhurov and Tyurin made a spacewalk of 4 hours, 58 minutes during which they installed a Strela cargo boom on the International Space Station as well as fixed cabling and other equipment to the Pirs module. This was the first time the EVA hatch of the Pirs module was used.

On 15 October 2001 they made another EVA of 5 hours, 52 minutes during which they attached experiments to the Zvezda module.

In preparation of the forthcoming Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) launch and docking, Soyuz TM-32 (2001 017A) was moved from the Zarya nadir port to the Pirs nadir port on 19 October 2001 in a flight that took 16 minutes.

Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) was launched on 21 October 2001 and was also known as ISS-3S. It carried Viktor Afanasyev (Russia), Konstantin Kozeyev (Russia) and Claudie Haignere (ESA, France). The spacecraft docked at the Zarya nadir port on 23 October 2001. Afanasyev, Kozeyev and Haignere returned to Earth on 31 October 2001 with Soyuz TM-32 (2001 017A) Their flight duration had been 9 days, 18 hours, 59 minutes.

On 12 November 2001 Culbertson and Dezhurov made an EVA of 5 hours, 4 minutes during which they connected a range of cables between Zvezda and Pirs as well as checked the Strela cargo boom.

The Progress M1-7 (2001 051A) cargo transfer spacecraft docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on 28 November 2001. The flight was also known as ISS-6P and had been launched on 26 November 2001. Earlier, on 22 November 2001, Progress M-45 (2001 036A) had undocked. The docking of Progress M1-7 (2001 051A) partially failed because of a rubber seal left over from Progress M-45 (2001 036A) that blocked the docking mechanisms. To overcome this problem, Dezhurov and Tyurin made an EVA of 2 hours, 46 minutes on 3 December 2001, during which they cleared the docking port after which the docking was completed.

On 5 December 2001 STS-108 (2001 054A) was launched carrying its crew consisting of Dominic Gorie (USA), Mark Kelly (USA), Linda Godwin (USA), Daniel Tani (USA) as well as EX-4 crew Yuri Onufriyenko (Russia), Carl Walz (USA) and Daniel Bursch (USA). The orbiter Endeavour docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 7 December 2001.

The mission was also known as International Space Station (ISS)-Utilization Flight (UF)-1 mission and it marked the commencement of the scientific programmes on ISS. The payload included the Rafaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) carrying eight Resupply Stowage Racks and four Resupply Stowage Platforms with equipment and experiments to the space station.

On 8 December 2001 the Rafaello module was attached to the docking port on the Unity module. It was undocked again on 14 December 2001 and returned into the payload bay.

On 10 December 2001 Godwin and Tani made an EVA that lasted 4 hours, 11 minutes, during which they installed thermal blankets on solar arrays as well as undertook several other supplementary tasks.

The orbiter undocked on 15 December 2001 and landed at Edwards AFB on 17 December 2001 after a flight of 11 days, 19 hours, 35 minutes. On the return flight the orbiter took EX-3 crew member Culbertson, Dezhurov and Tyurin, who had arrived on STS-105 (2001 035A), back to Earth. They had been in space for 129 days, 7 hours, 45 minutes.

Expedition EX-4 (15 December 2001-15 June 2002

With the departure of the EX-3 with STS-108 (2001 054A) on 15 December 2001, Yuri Onufriyenko (Russia), Carl Walz (USA) and Daniel Bursch (USA) began their work as the EX-4 crew. At this point in time Progress M1-7 (2001 051A) and Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) were docked at the space station.

On 14 January 2002 Onufriyenko and Walz made an EVA of 6 hours, 3 minutes during which they moved the Strela-2 crane from PMA-1 to Pirs and also installed a radio amateur antenna on Zvezda. A further EVA was undertaken by Onufriyenko and Bursch on 25 January 2002 to mount equipment on Zvezda and retrieve a materials handling experiment. The EVA lasted 5 hours, 59 minutes. On 20 February 2002 astronauts Walz and Bursch made a spacewalk of 5 hours, 47 minutes through the airlock of the Quest module, using US equipment. Apart from checking the operation of the airlock, the astronauts disconnected several electrical cables and removed insulation blankets from the Z-1 truss.

After the undocking of Progress M1-7 (2001 051A) on 20 March 2002, the rear Zvezda docking port was occupied by Progress M1-8 (2002 013A) on 24 March 2002. Also known as ISS-7P the spacecraft had been launched on 21 March 2002.

STS-110 (2002 018A) was launched on 8 April 2002 carrying Michael Bloomfield (USA), Stephen Frick (USA), Jerry Ross (USA), Steven Smith (USA), Ellen Ochoa (USA), Lee Morin (USA) and Rex Walheim (USA). Using the orbiter Atlantis the objective was to undertake the ISS-8A mission. The payload included Integrated Truss Structure Starboard (ITS S-0) as well as the Airlock Spur and the Mobile Transporter (MT).

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 10 April 2002 and on 11 April 2002 Smith and Walheim made an EVA of 7 hours, 48 minutes during which they installed the S-0 truss on top of the Destiny module. The ITS S-0 provided attachments and umbilicals between the pressurised elements and permanent truss mounted systems and utilities of the space station. It was fitted with a number of supplementary components. The Airlock spur provided an EVA translation path from the Joint Airlock to the Integrated Truss Structure whilst the Mobile Transporter (MT) provided the truss translation for the Mobile Servicing System (MSS). On 13 April 2002 Morin and Ross made an EVA of 7 hours, 30 minutes to install the aft-facing tripod assemblies needed to complete S-0's structural attachment. The third spacewalk of 6 hours, 27 minutes was done by Smith and Walheim on 14 April 2002 during which they rewired the Canadarm2 spacecrane for its eventual mounting on the mobile transporter. Finally, on 16 April 2002, Ross and Morin made an EVA of 6 hours, 37 minutes to perform a variety of "get- ahead" tasks for upcoming assembly missions The orbiter undocked on 17 April 2002 and landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 19 April 2002 after a flight of 10 days, 19 hours, 42 minutes.

On 20 April 2002 the EX-4 crew moved Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) to the Pirs nadir port vacating the Zarya nadir port for Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) that was launched on 25 April 2002 and docked at the nadir port of Zarya on 27 April 2002. The Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) flight was also known as ISS-4S and carried Yuri Gidzenko (Russia), Roberto Vittori (ESA, Italy) and Mark Shuttleworth (South Africa), the latter as a ‘space touurist’. They returned to Earth on 5 May 2002 with Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) after undocking earlier that day. Their flight duration had been 9 days, 21 hours, 16 minutes. The primary purpose of the Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) flight had been to replace the Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) spacecraft before its expiry date.

The next crew, EX-5, was launched on 5 June 2002 with the STS-111 (2002 028A) mission, flown by the orbiter Endeavour. Also known as ISS-UF2, the STS-111 (2002 028A) crew consisted of Kenneth Cockrell (USA), Paul Lockhart (USA), Franklin Chang-Diaz (USA), Philippe Perrin (ESA, France) whilst Valeri Korzun (Russia), Peggy Whitson (USA) and Sergei Treschev (Russia) were the EX-5 crew members. The payload included the Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Modules (MPLM), the Mobile Remote Services Base System (MBS), the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) Wrist Roll Joint, the Power and Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF) and six Service Module Debris Panels (SMDP).

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 7 June 2002 following which the Leonardo module was attached to the Space Station on 8 June 2002.

On 9 June 2002 Chang-Diaz and Perrin made an EVA of 7 hours, 14 minutes during which the installed the PGDF grapple fixture on the P6 truss, stowed some space debris shields on the PMA-1 adapter and prepared the Mobile Base System in the cargo bay. On 11 June Chang-Diaz and Perrin made an EVA of 5 hours, 0 minutes to complete the setting up of the MBS. The third spacewalk of 7 hours, 17 minutes, also by Chiang-Diaz and Perrin, was done on 13 June 2002 to install the SSRMS Wrist Roll Joint.

The Leonardo Module was returned to the cargo bay on 14 June 2002 and the orbiter undocked on 15 June 2002, leaving the EX-5 crew on the space station and carrying the EX-4 crew back to Earth. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB on 19 June 2002 after a flight of 13 days, 20 hours, 35 minutes. The EX-4 crew had been in orbit for 195 days, 19 hours, 39 minutes.

Expedition EX-5: 15 June 2002-2 December 2002

The EX-5crew, consisting of Valeri Korzun (Russia, Commander), Peggy Whitson (USA) and Sergei Treschev (Russia) had flown to ISS on STS-111 (2002 028A). At that time the Progress M1-8 (2002 013A) cargo spacecraft and the Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) spacecraft were docked at the space station. The former, Progress M1-8 (2002 013A), undocked 25 June 2002 and its place at the Zvezda docking post was occupied by Progress M-46 (2002 033A) on 29 June 2002. That spacecraft had been launched on 26 June 2002 and the mission was referred to as ISS-8P. It stayed there until it undocked on 24 September 202, to be replaced by Progress M1-9 (2002 045A) or ISS- 9P on 29 September 2002. Progress M1-9 (2002 045A) had been launched on 25 September 2002. . In the mean time Korzun and Whitson made an EVA of 4 hours, 25 minutes on 16 August 2002. They worked on the Strela boom on the side of the Zvezda docking port and then installed six micrometeoroid shields to the Zvezda module. Work on the Kromka experiment was cancelled because of a delay in the start of the EVA.

On 26 August 2002 Korzun and Treschev made a further EVA of 5 hours, 21 minutes during which they installed a spare parts holder on the hull of the Zarya module, fixed tether guides to the station's hull, replaced Japanese experiment exposure panels on the hull of Zvezda, attached equipment for an experiment to measure rocket thruster residue on the station's hull as well as two additional ham radio antennas on the back end of Zvezda.

The next group of ‘visitors’ arrived with STS-112 (2002 047A) on 9 October 2002 when it docked at the PMA- 2 docking port. Also known as ISS-9A and flown by the orbiter Atlantis, the crew consisted of Jeffrey Ashby (USA), Pamela Melroy (USA), David Wolf (USA), Piers Sellers (USA), Sandra Magnus (USA) and Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia). It had been launched on 7 October 2002.

The payload included the Integrated Truss Structure Starboard (ITS S)-1 as well as the Crew and Equipment Translation (CETA) Cart A. ITS S-1 housed the US Central Thermal Control System (CTCS). ITS S-1 also extended the S band communications capability. The CETA Cart A provided EVA crew mobility along ITS. The orbiter also carried new experiments to ISS and returned old experiments back to Earth.

The mission involved three EVAs, all performed by Wolf and Sellers. Early 10 October 2002 the S-1 truss was lifted out of the payload bay with the ISS arm and positioned against the starboard side of the S-0 truss. A claw on the S-0 truss pulled the two units together whilst motorised bolts seal the connection.

The first EVA, later on 10 October 2002, concentrated on connecting cables and equipment to the S-1 truss, fixing CETA on the rails along S-1 as well as preparatory work for the subsequent EVAs. It lasted 7 hours, 1 minute. Both the second EVA, on 12 October 2002 of 6 hours, 4 minutes, and the third EVA of 6 hours, 36 minutes, on 14 October 2002, were used for the completion of the connections for S-1.

The orbiter undocked on 16 October 2002 and landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 18 October 2002 after a flight of 10 days, 19 hours, 57 minutes.

The need to replace the Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) spacecraft, saw Soyuz TMA-1 (2002 050A) launched on 29 October 2002. The Soyuz TMA spacecraft, also known as Soyuz 7K-STMA featured improvements to the seating to accommodate taller cosmonauts, hence A = Anthropometricheski. In addition the solar arrays were extended to a span of 10.7 m.

Soyuz TMA-1 (2002 050A0, also referred to as ISS-5S, carried cosmonauts Sergei Zaletin (Russia), Yuri Lonchakov (Russia) and Frank De Winne (ESA, Belgium) and docked at the Pirs nadir docking port on 1 November 2002. During his stay on board of ISS, de Winne carried out a programme of 23 experiments in the fields of life and physical sciences and education, including four in the station’s Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). His missions has also been referred to as Odissea.

The threesome returned to Earth on 10 November 2002 with Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A), leaving Soyuz TMA- 1 (2002 050A) behind. Their mission duration had been 10 days, 20 hours, 53 minutes.

On 24 November 2003 the orbiter Endeavour took off on the STS-113 (2002 052A) mission. Also known as ISS-11A, it carried James Wetherbee (USA), Paul Lockhart (USA), Michael Lopez-Alegria (USA), John Herrington (USA), as well as ISS EX-6 crew Kenneth Bowersox (USA, Commander), Donald Pettit (USA) and Nikolai Budarin (Russia). The payload included the Integrated Truss Structure Port (ITS P)-1 with its integrated hardware, as well as the Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) Cart B. ITS P-1 facilitated the port US Central Thermal Control System (CTCS). CETA Cart B provided crew transport along ITS. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 25 November 2002.

The mission involved three EVAs, all performed by Herrington and Lopez-Alegria. On 26 November 2002 the P-1 truss was lifted out of the payload bay with the ISS arm and positioned against the starboard side of the S-0 truss. A claw on the S-0 truss pulled the two units together whilst motorised bolts sealed the connection. On the first EVA of 6 hours, 45 minutes, on 26 November 2002, the astronauts concentrated on connecting cables and equipment to the P-1 truss as well as preparatory work for the subsequent EVAs. On the second EVA, on 28 November 2002, of 6 hours, 10 minutes, further work was performed on the P1 truss whilst the CETA cart was also moved into place. With the third EVA of 7 hours, 0 minutes, on 30 November 2002, the installation was completed. The orbiter undocked on 2 December 2002, carrying the EX-5 crew, consisting of Korzun, Treschev and Whitson, back to Earth and leaving the EX-6 crew on the space station. After a three days' delay due to weather conditions, the orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 13 days, 18 hours, 47 minutes on 7 December 2002. The EX-5 crew had been in orbit for 184 days, 22 hours, 14 minutes.

Expedition EX-6: 2 December 2002-3 May 2003

The EX-6 crew consisting of Kenneth Bowersox (USA, Commander), Donald Pettit (USA) and Nikolai Budarin (Russia) had arrived at ISS on STS-113 (2002 052A) which docked on 25 November 2002. They took over from the previous crew on 2 December 2002.

It had been intended for the crew to return to Earth in March 2003 on the STS-114, to be flown by the orbiter Atlantis. This flight would also have brought the EX-7 crew to ISS. However, the Columbia disaster (STS-107) that occurred on 1 February 2003, suspended Space Shuttle flights indefinitely and plans were amended to return the EX-6 crew in May 2003 using the Soyuz TMA-1 (2002 050A). The disaster had also an impact on the number of permanent crew members that would be deployed to the space station until the return of service of the space shuttle.

Earlier, on 15 January 2003 Bowersox and Pettit made an EVA of 6 hours, 15 minutes through the Quest airlock, during which they deployed a huge radiator panel whilst on 1 February 2003 Progress M1-9 (2002 045A) undocked. The Zvezda rear port was occupied again on 4 February 2003, this time by Progress M-47 (2003 006A) that had been launched on 2 February 2003 as the ISS-10P mission.

Bowersox and Pettit made another EVA on 8 April 2003. During the 6 hours, 26 minutes they reconfigured critical power cables and continued the external outfitting of the station.

On 28 April 2003 they were joined by the EX-7 crew members Edward Lu (USA) and Yuri Malenchenko (Russia) who had arrived at the space station with Soyuz TMA-2 (2003 016A) which had been launched on 26 April 2003. The mission was also known as ISS-6S and the spacecraft docked at the Zarya nadir port.

Bowersox, Budarin and Pettit left the space station on 3 May 2003 on board of Soyuz TMA-1 (2002 050A). They landed the same day and had been in space for 161 days, 1 hour, 17 minutes.

Expedition EX-7: 3 May 2003-27 October 2003

The EX-7 crew was originally to consist of Yuri Malenchenko (Russia, Commander), Sergie Moschenko (Russia) and Edward Lu (USA) who were to have been flown to the ISS in March 2003 on the STS-114, to be flown by the orbiter Atlantis. However, following the loss of the orbiter Columbia, and the suspension of Space Shuttle flights, the crew consisted of Malenchencko and Lu only. They were flown to the ISS by Soyuz TMA-2 (2003 016A) that had been launched on 26 April 2003 and docked at the Zarya nadir port. They were considered as a caretaking crew.

Soyuz TMA-2 (2003 016A) had originally been intended to be used as a routine exchange of a rescue vehicle for ISS and the crew would have spend a week on ISS before returning to Earth in Soyuz TMA.1 (2002 050A). This crew was to have been Gennady Padalka, as Commander, and ESA astronaut Pedro Duque. The third seat had initially been reserved for Chilean Klaus von Storch until Chile failed to find the funds for the mission. At one stage a Russian tycoon was to have taken the third seat and when that did not materialise Russia considered a third Russian crew members of lying a cargo container instead of the third seat.

On 11 June 2003 the Progress M1-10 (2003 025A) cargo transfer spacecraft docked at the Pirs nadir port of ISS. The flight was also known as ISS-11P and had been launched on 8 June 2003.

On 27 August 2003 Progress M-47 (2003 006A) undocked to make way for Progress M-48 (2003 039A) that had been launched on 29 August 2003 as ISS-12P and docked at the Zvezda port on 31 August 2003. The payload included experiments for ESA astronaut Duque who was to be launched on Soyuz TMA-3.

Progress M1-10 (2003 025A) undocked on 4 September 2003 following which it was used for several scientific experiments using the on-board television cameras to capture imagery of sites of ecological interest before it re-entered and burned up in the atmosphere.

Soyuz TMA-3 (2003 047A) was launched on 18 October 2003 with Alexander Kaleri (Russia), Michael Foale (USA) and Pedro Duque (ESA, Spain) on board. Also known as ISS-7S the spacecraft docked at the Pirs nadir docking port on 20 October 2003. During his stay on ISS Spanish ESA astronaut Duque, conducted a number of experiments which were collectively known as Cervantes.

On 27 October 2003 Soyuz TMA-2 (2003 016A) undocked with EX-7 crew members Malenchenko and Lu as well as Duque. They landed on 28 October 2003. Malenchenko and Lu had been in space for 184 days, 22 hours, 46 minutes, whilst Duque had been in space for 9 days, 21 hours, 2 minutes. Kaleri and Foale, who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-3 (2003 047A), stayed on ISS as the EX-8 crew.

Expedition EX-8: 27 October 2003-24 April 2004

The EX-8 crew consisting of Michael Foale (USA, Commander) and Alexander Kaleri (Russia) had arrived at the space station on 20 October 2003 with Soyuz TMA-3 (2003 047A). They took over from the EX-7 crew on 27 October 2003.

Progress M-48 (2003 039A), which was docked at the rear Zvezda port, undocked on 28 January 2004 to make room for Progress M1-11 (2004 002A) which was launched on 29 January 2004 and docked at the Zvezda port on 31 January 2004. Also known as ISS-13P, the spacecraft carried, in addition to the consumables and other regular supplies, equipment to fix a recent pressure leak that occurred on the space station as well as replacement parts for the oxygen-generating Elektron unit, an entire spare Elektron, new Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator candles, batteries for the Zarya and Zvezda modules, gas analyzer equipment, updated fire suppression and detection equipment, a new Russian Orlan spacesuit to replace one currently on the station, the Matryoshka experiment package set for installation on Zvezda's exterior during an upcoming spacewalk, film, cameras and cassettes. It also carried experiments for ESA astronaut A. Kuipers who was to be launched on Soyuz TMA-4.

On 26 February 2004 the cosmonauts made an EVA to collect and deploy scientific experiments. The EVA was intended to be for 5 hours, 40 minutes, but problems with Kaleri’s spacesuit forced them to curtail it to 3 hours, 55 minutes.

Soyuz TMA-4 (2004 013A), also known as ISS-8S, was launched on 19 April 2004 and docked at the Zarya nadir docking port on 21 April 2004. It carried the EX-9 crew consisting of Gennady Padalka (Russia) and Michael Fincke (USA) (USA), as well as Andre Kuipers (ESA, The Netherlands).

During his short stay at ISS, Kuipers conducted a number of experiments collectively known as the Dutch Expedition for Life Science, Technology and Atmospheric Experiments (Delta).

Kuipers returned to Earth on board of Soyuz TMA-3 (2003 047A), along with EX-8 crew members Kaleri and Foale. After undocking on 29 April 2004 and landing the next day, Kuipers had been in space for 11 days, 20 hours, 53 minutes. Kaleri and Foale had been in space for 194 days, 18 hours, 35 minutes. 30 April 2004

Expedition EX-9: 24 April 2004-23 October 2004

The caretaker crew pattern continued with the EX-9 crew comprising Gennady Padalka (Russia, Commander) and Michael Fincke (USA). They had arrived on the space station on 21 April 2004 with Soyuz TMA-4 (2004 013A) and took over on 24 April 2004.

Progress M1-11 (2004 002A) undocked on 24 May 2004 following which the spacecraft was used for engineering tests on the motion control systems and methods to preserve propellant. It re-entered on 3 June 2004. Its place at the Zvezda rear docking port was taken by Progress M-49 (2004 019A) on 27 May 2004. This spacecraft, also known as ISS-14P, had been launched on 25 May 2004.

On 24 June 2004 the crew attempted to make an EVA to replace a faulty electronic component associated with the gyroscope but, due to a leak in Fincke’s space suit, the duration was just 14 minutes, 22 seconds. They eventually executed the EVA on 30 June 2004 with a duration of 5 hours, 40 minutes.

On 31 July 2004 Progress M-49 (2004 019A) undocked again and left the docking port vacant for a while.

On 3 August 2004 Padalka and Fincke made a spacewalk of 4 hours, 30 minutes during which they prepared the space station for the future Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). The EVA involved the installation of two antennas and three laser reflectors to help the ATV dock to the rear of the Zvezda Service Module. They also replaced an SKK experiment container that exposes materials to the space environment as well as a Kromka experiment, which measured contamination from thruster firings. They also removed the Platan materials experiment and photograph the MPAC-SEEDS experiment, which studies micro- meteor impacts.

They made their final EVA on 4 September 2004. It lasted 5 hours, 21 minutes and during that time they completed the installation of antennas for the new Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) whilst they also replaced a pump panel of the cooling system atop the Zarya Control Module. They also installed fairleads on four Zarya handrails to keep Russian spacesuit tethers from touching delicate experiments or equipment during spacewalks.

By then Progress M-50 (2004 032A) had docked at the rear Zvezda port. It had been launched as ISS-15P on 11 August 2004 and the docking took place on 14 August 2004.

Soyuz TMA-5 (2004 040A), also known as ISS-9S, was launched on 14 October 20004. It docked at the Pirs nadir docking port on 16 October 2004 and carried Salizhan Sharipov (Russia), Leroy Chiao (USA) and Yuri Shargin (Russia). Sharipov and Chiao became the tenth permanent crew (EX-10) for ISS. On 23 October 2004 Shargin joined Padalka and Ficke for the return flight on Soyuz TMA-4 (2004 013A). After they landed on 24 October 2004 Padalka and Fincke had been in space for 187 days, 21 hours, 17 minutes whilst Shargin had been in space for 9 days, 21 hours, 30 minutes.

Expedition EX-10: 23 October 2004-24 April 2006

The now regular 6 months’ operational pattern continued with the EX-10 crew consisting of Leroy Chiao (USA, Commander) and Salizhan Sharipov (Russia). They had arrived on ISS on 16 October 2004 in Soyuz TMA-5 (2004 040A).

On 29 November 2004 they moved the Soyuz TMA-5 (2004 040A) spacecraft from the Pirs nadir port to the Zarya nadir docking port whilst on 20 December 2004 Progress M-50 (2004 032A) undocked to re-enter on 22 December 2004. The vacant space on the Zvezda port was taken up by Progress M-51 (2004 051A) on 25 December 2004 after having been launched on 23 December 2003. The flight was also known as ISS-16P.

On 26 January 2005 the crew made an EVA of 5 hours, 28 minutes during which they installed the German Rokviss robotics experiment and the Russian Biorisk experiment.

On 28 March 2005 Chiao and Sharipov made a second EVA through the Pirs docking module. During the 4 hours, 30 minutes they continued the external outfitting of the Station in preparation for the ATV crew transfer vehicle. Sharipov also deployed the 5 kg Russian Nanosputnik which tested satellite control techniques and new attitude control sensors.

Earlier, on 27 February 2005 Progress M-51 (2004 051A) undocked to re-enter on 9 March 2005 and the Zvezda docking port was taken up by Progress M-52 (2005 007A) which had been launched on 28 February 2005 as ISS-17P. The docking took place on 2 March 2005.

On 15 April 2005 Soyuz TMA-6 (2005 013A) was launched as ISS-10S and docked at the Pirs nadir port on 17 April 2005. It carried the EX-11 crew Sergei Krikalyov (Russia) and John Phillips (USA) as well as Roberto Vittori (ESA, Italy). During his stay on ISS Vittori undertook the Italian Eneide mission.It was named after the tale Eneide, written by the Latin poet Virgil in the 1st century BC. This story tells of the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Italy and the foundation of Rome.

On 24 April 2005 Soyuz TMA-5 (2004 040A) undocked and returned to Earth carrying Sharipov and Chiao, as well as visiting cosmonaut Vittori. They landed the same day and Sharipov and Chiao had been in space for 109 days, 19 hours, 2 minutes. Vittori had been in space for 9 days, 21 hours, 21 minutes.

Expedition EX-11: 24 April 2005-10 October 2005

Sergei Krikalyov (Russia, Commander) and John Phillips (USA), the EX-11 crew, arrived on the space station on 17 April 2005 with Soyuz TMA-6 (2005 013A). On 24 April 2005 they took over from the EX-10 crew. During their stay the Space Shuttle resumed flights.

On 15 June 2005 Progress M-52 (2005 007A) undocked and re-entered the same day. Its place at the Zvezda docking port was taken over by Progress M-53 (2005 021A) of ISS-18P on 19 June 2005, after it had been launched on 16 June 2005.

On 19 July 2005 the crew moved the Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft from the Pirs docking port to the Zarya docking port.

STS-114 (2005 026A) was used on 26 July 2005 using the orbiter Discovery. Crewed by Eileen Collins (USA), James Kelly (USA), Andrew Thomas (USA), Wendy Lawrence (USA), Charles Camarda (USA), Soichi Noguchi (Japan), Stephen Robinson (USA), its objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-Utilization Logistics Flight (ULF)-1 mission. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 28 July 2005. The payload included the Raffaello Multipurpose Logistics Modules (MPLM) for the ISS as well as a replacement Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) and the External Stowage Platform (ESP)-2. It was permanently attached to the ISS airlock and housed critical replacement parts for use by the astronaut crews. The Raffaello module was attached to the Unity module on 29 July 2005.

On 31 July 2005 Robinson and Noguchi performed a 6 hours, 50 minutes EVA during which they tested heat-shield repair techniques as well as hot wiring one of the space station's gyroscopes. They made a second EVA on 1 August 2005 during which they installed a new motion control gyroscope on ISS. This EVA lasted 7 hours, 14 minutes. The third EVA was performed on 3 August 2005 and lasted 6 hours, 1 minute during which Robinson and Noguchi installed the External Stowage Platform on the top of the P6 solar array truss. This included the Materials ISS Experiment-5 using a Passive Experiment Container (MISSE5/PEC), a suitcase sized container which exposed experimental solar cells developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. On the back side of this was an amateur satellite communication system developed by students at the US Naval Academy and referred to as PCSat-2. They also installed a large storage platform on the side of the Quest airlock module. In addition, Robinson ventured underneath the orbiter and removed gapfiller that was protruding from between insulation tiles. The planned installation of a camera mount and the retrieval of a radiator coupling were cancelled.

Briefly consideration was given to a fourth spacewalk to fix the loose insulation blanket near the cockpit window but this was not deemed critical. The Raffaello module was returned to the payload bay on 5 August 2005. Initially scheduled to return on 7 August 2005, the mission was extended by one day to give more in orbit time, resulting in undocking on 6 August 2005. The planned landing at the Kennedy Space Centre on 8 August 2005 was cancelled due to poor weather conditions and instead the orbiter landed at Edwards Air Force Base on 9 August 2005. The mission had lasted 13 days, 21 hours, 33 minutes.

On 18 August 2005 the EX-11 crew made an EVA of 4 hours, 58 minutes during which they changed a Russian biological experiment, retrieved some radiation sensors, removed a Japanese materials science experiment, photographed a Russian materials experiment and installed a TV camera.

Progress M-54 (2005 035A), or ISS-19P, was launched on 8 September 2005 and docked at the rear Zvezda port on 10 September 2005. This port had been vacated by Progress M-53 (2005 021A) on 7 September 2005 after which that spacecraft re-entered the same day. . The EX-11 mission began to come to an end with the arrival of Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) on 3 October 2005. Launched on 1 October 2005 and also known as ISS-11S, it carried the EX-12 crew consisting of Valeri Tokarev (Russia) and William McArthur (USA) along with Gregory Olson (USA). It docked at the Pirs nadir docking port.

On 10 October 2005 Soyuz TMA-6 (2005 013A) undocked at Krikalyov, Phillips and Olsen and landed the next day. Krikalyov and Phillips had been in space for 179 days, 0 hours, 23 minutes whilst Olsen had been in space for 9 days, 21 hours, 15 minutes.

Expedition EX-12: 10 October 2005-8 April 2006

The EX-12 crew, consisting of William McArthur (USA, Commander) and Valeri Tokarev (Russia), the members of the EX-12 crew had arrived with Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) on 3 October 2005, after having been launched on 1 October 2005. . On 7 November 2005 they made an EVA of 5 hours, 22 minutes using the Quest airlock. During this time they installed a large television camera on the Port 1 truss, removed a failed thermal radiator rotation joint motor controller, tossed overboard a failed science experiment and replaced a faulty circuit breaker for the Mobile Transporter railcar.

On 18 November 2005 they moved Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) from the Pirs docking port to the Zarya nadir docking port.

Progress M-55 (2005 047A), which had been launched on 21 December 2005, docked at the Pirs nadir port on 23 December 2005. The flight was also known as ISS-20P.

On 4 February 2006 the crew made another EVA of 5 hours, 44 minutes. During this spacewalk they moved a cargo boom adapter from one module to another and installed a safety bolt into a cable cutter on the Mobile Transporter truss rail car. They also deployed Radio Skaf (2005 035C). Radio Skaf, also referred to as Suitsat, Oscar-54 and AO-54, was a used Orlan spacesuit which had been fitted with a radio transmitter and internal sensors to measure the temperature and battery power. The payload was developed by NASA in cooperation with RSC Energia and Amsat and the various modules had been carried to the space station on Progress M-54 (2005 035A). The spacesuit concerned was Orlan M-14 which had been delivered to the space station on 17 September 2001 on board of Progress M-SO1 (2001 041A). It was last used on the EVA on 26 February 2004

Radio Skaf

. After the release the transmitter operated for more than two weeks. Radio Skaf burned up in the atmosphere on 7 September 2006

Progress M-54 (2005 035A) was undocked undocked on 3 March 2006 and re-entered the same day.

In preparation of the forthcoming Soyuz TMA-8 mission. McArthur and Tokarev moved Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) from the Zarya docking port to the rear Zvezda docking port on 20 March 2006.

Soyuz TMA-8 (2006 009A) was launched on 30 March 2006 and docked at the Zarya nadir docking port. Also known as ISS-12S it carried Pavel Vinogradov (Russia) and Jeffrey Williams (USA), the future EX-13 crew, as well as Marcos Pontes (Brazil).

On 8 April 2006 Pontos joined Tokarev and McArthur in Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) to go back to Earth. When they landed on the same day Tokarev and McArthur had been in space for 189 days, 18 hours, 51 minutes whilst Pontos had been in space for 9 days, 21 hours, 18 minutes. . Expedition EX-13: 8 April 2006-28 September 2006

Pavel Vinogradov (Russia) and Jeffrey WIlliams (USA) were the first two crew members of EX-13 who arrived by Soyuz TMA-8 (2006 009A) on 1 April 2006 after having been launched on 30 March 2006. They took over from the EX-12 crew on 8 April 2006 with Vinogradov as Commander.

On 26 April 2006 Progress M-56 (2006 013A), which had been launched on 24 April 2006, docked at the Zvezda rear port. The flight was also known as ISS-21P.

The two crew members made a 6 hour, 31 minutes EVA on 1 June 2006 during which they installed a vent valve for the Elektron oxygen system on the Zvezda module, cleared an obstruction on the WAL-2 antenna, and retrieved the Kromka and Biorisk experiments. On the station truss, they replaced a camera on the Mobile Base System.

Later that month Progress M-55 (2005 047A) undocked on 19 June 2006. Its position at the Pirs nadir port was taken over by Progress M-57 (2006 025A) on 26 June 2006. Also knwn as ISS-22P, this spacecraft had been launched on 24 June 2006.

The third member of the EX-13 crew, Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) arrived on board by STS-121 (2006 028A) on 6 July 2006. During his stay he took part in the operation of three experiment facilities developed by ESA, viz. the Pulmonary Function System, the European Microgravity Cultivation System and the Minus 80-degrees Laboratory Freezer (MELFI).

STS-121 (2006 028A) had been launched on 4 July 2006 and used the orbiter Discovery. Apart from Reiter, it was crewed by Steven Lindsey (USA), Mark Kelly (USA), Piers Sellers (USA), Michael Fossum (USA), Lisa Nowak (USA) and Stephanie Wilson (USA). The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-Utilization Logistics Flight (ULF)-1.1 mission. The payload included the Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPML) that carried experiments and supplies for the space station including the Oxygen Generation System (OGS), the Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI), the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) and the Percutaneous Electrical Muscle Stimulator (PEMS). Also carried in the payload bay was the Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC) on which an External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) and Trailing Umbilical System Reel Assembly (TUS-RA) were mounted. The final item in the payload bay was the Lightweight Multipurpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier (LMC) on which several items necessary for the spacewalks was mounted.

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port docking port on 6 July 2006. The Leonardo module was moved from the Shuttle’s payload bay with the Shuttle’s robotic arm and attached to the Unity module on 7 July 2006. Three spacewalks were undertaken by Sellers and Fossum using the Quest airlock. On the first EVA, on 8 July 2006, they tested the Robotic Arm Boom extension and also performed some maintenance on the Mobile Transporter. This EVA lasted 7 hours, 31 minutes. On the second EVA of 6 hours, 47 minutes, on 10 July 2006, they installed the thermal control systems of the pump module and replaced the nadir trailing umbilical system of the Mobile Transporter. The final EVA, on 11 July 2006, was devoted to testing techniques for in-orbit thermal system repairs to the orbiter. It lasted 7 hours, 11 minutes. The Leonardo module was returned to the orbiter’s payload bay on 14 July 2006 and the orbiter undocked on 15 July 2006. It landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 17 July 2006 and the mission had lasted 12 days, 18 hours, 37 minutes.

On 3 August 2006 Williams and Reiter made an EVA of 5 hours, 54 minutes. During this EVA the astronauts installed the Floating Potential Measurement Unit (FPMU), two materials on Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) containers, a controller for a thermal radiator rotary joint on the S1 truss, a starboard jumper and spool positioning device (SPD) on S1, a light on the truss railway handcart, and as well as replaced a malfunctioning GPS antenna. They also tested an infrared camera designed to detect damage in a shuttle's reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC).

The next space shuttle flight to the ISS, STS-115 (2006 036A), was launched on 9 September 2006. It was crewed by Brent Jett (USA), Christopher Ferguson (USA), Joe Tanner (USA), Daniel Burbank (USA), Steven MacLean (Canada) and Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (USA). Using the orbiter Atlantis and also known as ISS-12A mission, the objectives included the delivery and installation of the Integrated Truss Structure Port (ITS P)-3 and -4 which provide additional power arrays, deployment of the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) drive lock assemblies, the delivery and installation of four of four Alpha Joint Interface Structure (AJIS) struts and retrieve the Materials on the International Space Station Experiment (MISSE)-5 payload which had been installed by STS-114 (2005 026A). The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 11 September 2006.

Three spacewalks were undertaken using the Quest airlock. The first EVA on 12 September 2006, was undertaken by Tanner and Piper and involved the connection of the power cables of the P3 and P4 trusses, releasing the Solar Array Blanket Box and Beta Gimbal Assembly Restraints and preparing the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint for operations. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 26 minutes. The second EVA of 7 hours, 11 minutes, on 13 September 2006, was undertaken by Burbank and MacLean. They completed preparations for the activation of the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint. On 14 September 2006 the 73 m wide solar array was unfolded. The solar arrays provide one quarter of the station’s power requirements. The final EVA, on 15 September 2006, was again undertaken by Tanner and Piper and they completed the installation of the P3 and P4 solar arrays and the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint, retrieved the MISSE-5 experiment as well as some minor activities. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 42 minutes. STS-115 (2006 036A) undocked on 17 September 2006. The landing was delayed by one day when a few small objects were detected flying in close proximity of the orbiter. Whilst these objects were not further identified, and inspection of the orbiter’s heat shield with the robotic arm, indicated there was no damage of the heat shield. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 21 September 2006. The mission had lasted 11 days, 19 hours, 6 minutes.

Two days after STS-115 (2006 036A) undocked, on 19 September 2006, Progress M-56 (2006 013A) undocked and re-entered.

A day earlier, on 18 September 2006, Soyuz TMA-9 (2006 040A) had been launched carrying two members of the EX-14 crew, Mikhail Tyurin (Russia) and Michael Lopez-Alegria (USA). The flight also carried Anousheh Ansari as a passenger. Ansari, a US citizen who was born in Iran, had replaced Daisuke Enomoto (Japan) who was dropped from the mission because he failed to meet medical requirements. Also known as ISS-13S, the spacecraft docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on 20 September 2006.

Vinogrado and Williams left the space station on Soyuz TMA-8 (2006 009A) on 28 September 2006, to land the next day. Their mission had lasted 182 days, 22 hours, 44 minutes. Ansari also returned to Earth on Soyuz TMA-8 (2006 009A). She had been in space for 10 days, 20 hours, 56 minutes. Reiter became a member of the EX-14 crew.

Expedition EX-14: 28 September 2006-21 April 2007

With Thomas Reiter transferring from the EX-13 crew, the other two members of the EX-14 crew, Michael Lopez-Alegria (USA, Commander) and Mikhail Tyurin (Russia) arrived by Soyuz TMA-9 (2006 040A) on 20 September 2006 after a launch on 18 September 2006. The mission was also known as ISS-13S.

On 10 October 2006 Tyurin, Lopez-Alegria and Reiter moved the spacecraft from the rear Zvezda docking port to the Zarya nadir docking port.

Progress M-58 (2006 045A) was launched on 23 October 2006 as ISS-23P and docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on 26 October 2006.

On 23 November 2006 Lopez-Alegria and Tyurin made a 5 hours, 38 minutes EVA using the Pirs docking port. During the spacewalk they relocated a communications antenna, installed several new experiments on the Zvezda module and photographed a Kurs rendezvous system antenna on the Progress M-58 (2006 045A) spacecraft that was docked at the Zvezda module's aft docking port. Tyurin also conducted a commercial demonstration by hitting a replica golf ball teed up on the exterior of Pirs. This experiment was funded by the Canadian Element 21 Golf company. The 3 grams golf ball was to be sent in the direction opposite to the ISS at a velocity of 1 meter per second but actually went into a different orbit. It was expected to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere after three days. The golf ball did not receive an international designation.

Progress M-57 (2006 025A) undocked on 16 January 2007 and re-entered the next day.

Also known as ISS-12A.1, STS-116 (2006 055A), using the orbiter Discovery, was launched on 10 December 2006 and docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 11 December 2007. The shuttle was crewed by Mark Polansky (USA), William Oefelein (USA), Robert Curbeam (USA), Christer Fuglesang (ESA, Sweden), Joan Higginbotham (USA) and Nicholas Patrick (USA) as well as EX-14 crew member, Sunita Williams (USA). The mission was also know by ESA as Celsius. The payload included: 1. the Integrated Truss Structure Port (IST P)-5, which was attached to ITS P-3 and P-4; 2. the Integrated Cargo Carrier cargo module which on this flight consisted of an unpressurised flatbed panel carrying, amongst others, the STP-H2 satellite deployment facility; 3. the Spacehab logistics module (FU2) as described for 1993 037A which carried a variety of hardware and experiments for the space station;

The first EVA on 12 December 2006 was undertaken by Curbeam and Fuglesang. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 36 minutes and they installed the ITS P5 module. During the second EVA of 5 hours, 0 minutes, on 15 December 2006, Curbeam and Fuglesang configured the space station power to the permanent architecture. They also relocated two Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) carts from the starboard site of the station to the port side to make way for the station’s Mobile Transporter. In addition they performed two secondary tasks. The third EVA was on 16 December 2006 and was undertaken by Curbeam and Williams. The 7 hours, 31 minutes spacewalk was further devoted to configure the space stations electrical power system whilst the astronauts also installed three Service Module Debris Panels. Problems with a solar array that could not be fully retracted lead to a fourth EVA by Curbeam and Fuglesang on 18 December 2006. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 38 minutes, during which the solar array was successfully retracted.

The orbiter undocked on 19 December 2006 and Williams remained on board of the ISS to become a member of the EX-14 crew. In her place STS-116 (2006 055A) took Thomas Reiter, who had arrived on the space station on STS-121 (2006 028A), back to Earth. STS-116 landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 22 December 2006. The mission had lasted 12 days, 20 hours, 44 minutes. Reiter had been in space for 171 days, 4 hours, 10 minutes.

On 20 January 2007 Progress M-59 (2007 002A) docked at the Pirs nadir port. It had been launched on 188 January 2007.

On 31 January 2007 Lopez-Alegria and Williams made an EVA of 7 hours, 55 minutes using the Quest airlock. During the EVA they connected one of two critical ammonia coolant loops associated with the permanent cooling system of the Destiny module. They completed the task during a second EVA on 4 February 2007 which lasted 5 hours, 11 minutes.

On 8 February 2007 Lopez-Alegria and Williams made a further EVA of 6 hours, 40 minutes from the Quest airlock during which they deployed an external cargo mounting platform and finished a wiring modification that will route station power to docked space shuttles. They also dumped two sun shades that were no longer needed.

Lopez-Alegria and Tyurin made a 6 hours, 18 minutes spacewalk from the Pirs docking port on 22 February 2007 to free a jammed rendezvous antenna on a Russian Progress supply ship, to swap out a materials science experiment and to photograph targets on the back of the Zvezda command module to help calibrate the docking software that will be used by a new European Space Agency cargo ship.

On 27 March 2007 Progress M-58 (2006 045A) undocked from the Zvezda docking port and re-entered the same day. This was followed, on 29 March 2007 by the movement of Soyuz TMA-9 (2006 040A) again from the Zarya nadir docking port to the Zvezda rear docking port.

Two members of the EX-15 crew, Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia) and Oleg Kotov (Russia), were launched on Soyuz TMA-10 (2007 008A) on 7 April 2007 and docked at the Zarya docking port on 9 April 2007. The missions was also known as ISS-14S and carried Charles Simonyi (USA) as a passenger.

On 21 April 2007 the Soyuz TMA-9 (2006 040A) spacecraft undocked and returned Tyurin and Lopez-Alegria back to Earth along with Simonyi. It landed the same day and Tyurin and Lopez-Alegria had been in space for 215 days, 8 hours, 22 minutes whilst Simonyi had been in space for 13 days, 19 hours, 0 minutes. Williams transferred to the next crew.

Expedition EX-15: 21 April 2007-20 October 2007

The EX-15 crew consisted of cosmonauts Fyodor Yurchikin (Russia, Commander) and Oleg Kotov (Russia), who arrived on 9 April 2007 on Soyuz TMA-10 (2007 008A) whilst Sunita Williams (Russia) had transferred from EX-14 to EX-15. Progress M-60 (2007 033A), which had been launched on 12 May 2007, docked at the rear Zvezda docking port on 15 May 2007. This flight was also known as ISS-25P.

Yurchikin and Kotov made two EVAs from the Pirs airlock of the International Space Station during which they installed Service Module Debris Protection (SMDP) panels on the Zvezda module, rerouted a Global Positioning System antenna cable, installed a section of an Ethernet cable on the Zarya module and a Russian experiment called Biorisk on Pirs. The first EVA was on 30 May 2007 and lasted 5 hours, 25 minutes whilst the second EVA was on 6 June 2007 and lasted 5 hours, 37 minutes.

STS-117 (2007 024A), with Rick Sturckow (USA), Lee Archambault (USA), James Reilly (USA), Sleven Swanson (USA), John Olivas (USA), Patrick Forrester (USA) and Clayton Anderson (USA) was launched on 8 June 2007. Also known as ISS-13A and flown by the orbiter Atlantis, the objective was to assemble the Integrated Truss Structure Starboard (IST S)-3 and -4 for the International Space Station. In addition the remainder of the P6 array was to be retracted. The S3/S4 truss segment had a mass of 17.5 tons and was the starboard side truss of the station’s girder like backbone. It was a mirror image of the P3/P4 truss that was installed on the STS-115 (2006 036A) flight in September 2006. The new truss segment included a set of photovoltaic solar arrays. When unfurled, the 73 m arrays provided additional power for the station in preparation for the delivery of international science modules during the next two years. Each of the 82 active array blankets that were grouped into 31.5 “bays”, contained 16,400 silicon photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. The truss also contained a Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), which can rotate 360 o, clockwise or counterclockwise, to position the solar arrays to track the sun. The payload included also a Hydrogen (H²) Vent Valve that was installed on ISS during the third spacewalk; On 10 June 2007 the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port of ISS.

Once docked the orbiter’s insulation was inspected and a loose blanket was found. Although not considered threatening, it was subsequently decided to add a fourth EVA to the programme and extend the mission by two days.

On 11 June 2007 the ISS robot arm was used to install the S3/S4 truss on the S1 truss. Reilly and Olivas made a 6 hours, 15 minutes EVA from the Quest airlock on 11 June 2007 to connect the S1/S3 power cables, release launch restraints, release solar array blanket box restraints and install Solar Alpha Rotary Joint Drive Lock Assemblies. The next day, 12 June 2007, the new solar array wings were slowly unfurled by pulling them from their storage boxes by self-assembling masts.

On 12 June 2007 the Russian navigation system and command and control computers ceased functioning shortly after that the new cable for the yet to be launched S6 solar array was installed by the STS-117 (2007 024A) crew. The cable was eventually to route the power from the S6 array through the S3/S4 truss segments and onto electrical distribution boxes in the center of the power truss. Although the cable did not carry any electrical load it was decided to disconnect the cable to make sure it was not interfering in any way with the computers. Eventually a jumper cable was used to by-pass a suspect secondary power supply switch and the computers were successfully re-activated

On 13 June 2007 Forrester and Swanson conducted a 7 hours, 16 minutes EVA intended to release the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) locks and deploy braces in preparation for its initial rotation. However, the SARJ was not fully activated as flight controllers discovered that two drive motors were wired backward.

On 15 Jun 2007 Reilly and Olivas made an EVA of 7 hours, 58 minutes. During the EVA they replace a water valve with a hydrogen vent valve that was required for the operation of a US oxygen generation system. In addition Olivas, using the robot arm of the orbiter as a platform re-attached a loose part of the orbiters insulation blankets with a medical stapler and stainless steel pins. Reilly also disconnected a cable that was intended to route power from the yet to be installed S6 solar arrays as this cable may have been the cause of a computer malfunction in ISS.

On 17 June 2007 Forrester and Swanson undertook an unscheduled EVA of 6 hours, 29 minutes during which they completed the critical activation of a solar array rotation system and undertook a variety of space station assembly get-ahead tasks On 19 Jun 2007 the orbited undocked taking Williams, who had arrived on the station on STS-116 (2006 055A), back to Earth. Her place as a member of the ISS EX-15 crew was taken by Clay Anderson. After a one day delay because of bad weather at the Kennedy Space Centre, the orbiter landed at Edwards AFB on 22 June 2007. The mission had lasted 13 days, 20 hours, 11 minutes. Williams’ time in space was 194 days, 18 hours, 2 minutes.

On 23 July 2007 Anderson and Fyodor Yurchikhin performed an EVA of 7 hours, 42 minutes through the Quest airlock. During the EVA they installed a video camera support mast on the station’s solar array truss, replaced a faulty power control modules, undertook some other maintenance work and also dumped a 640 kg ammonia tank. The tank was placed on the station’s P6 solar array truss segments on 16 August 2001 during the STS-105 (2001 035A) mission to provide additional coolant in case of a leak of an interim coolant system that supported the initial stages of assembly. With a permanent cooling system in place, the additional ammonia was never needed. It was originally intended to return the tank back to Earth on a Space Shuttle flight, but with the reduced number of flights it was decided to dump it. The tank was expected to re-enter after about a year.

Progress M-59 (2007 002A) undocked on 1 August 2007 and re-entered the same day. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was taken by Progress M-61 (2007 033A) on 5 August 2007. Also known as ISS-26P this cargo spacecraft had been launched on 2 August 2007.

Scott Kelly (USA), Charles Hobaugh (USA), Richard Mastracchio (USA), David Williams (Canada), Tracy Caldwell (USA), Alvin Drew (USA) and Barbara Morgan (USA), using the orbiter Endeavour, were launched on 8 August 2007 as STS-118 (2007 035A). Drew was only added to the crew in May 2007 as a replacement for C. Anderson, who was to join the ISS crew but instead flew to the space station on STS-117 (2007 024A). The objective was to undertake the ISS-13A.1 mission to install the Integrated Truss Structure Starboard (IST S)-5 for which four spacewalks were planned. Apart from IST S-5 the payload included a Spacehab module (FU2) and an External Storage Platform (ESP)-3 which was installed on the Port 3 Truss and included a Control Moment Gyroscope (GMC) for station attitude as well as a Nitrogen Tank Assembly (NTA) for pressurising external thermal control.

On 10 August 2007 the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port. A detailed inspection of the orbiter’s heat shield revealed a deep crack in the heat shield that nearly penetrated two adjacent tiles on the orbiter's belly. The crack was caused by ice and foam that fell off the external tank during the launch. It was subsequently decided to extend the mission to 14 days to allow further analysis of the damage. Eventually the damage was not considered critical as it was right above an internal rib in the right wing called a stringer. Even if the tile was gouged out all the way to its base any unusual heat during re-entry that made it to the underlying aluminum skin would spread out in the structure and not result in a localized hot spot. In addition, there was no wiring or any other systems on the interior of the right wing in that area. No in-orbit repair was undertaken.

On 11 August 2007 the installation of the S5 truss was undertaken using the Canadarm on board of the orbiter as well as the remote arm on ISS. The first EVA took place on 11 August 2007 and was performed by Mastracchio and Williams. The principal task was to complete the installation of the S5 truss. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 17 minutes. On 13 August 2007 Mastracchio and Williams undertook another EVA to remove and replace the failed CMG. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 28 minutes. The ESP-3 equipment storage platform was installed on the P3 truss on 14 August 2007 using the Endeavour’s robot arm as well as the space station’s robot arm. Meanwhile Morgan, assisted by Drew and Williams, conducted a 25 minutes educational session with school children at the Discovery Centre at Boise, Idaho, demonstration zero gravity by, amongst others, throwing balls and swallowing floating bubbles of liquid.

Mastracchio and Anderson made the third EVA on 15 August 2007 during which they removed an antenna assembly from the P6 solar array truss and moved it to the P1 truss. After that they moved the two CETA carts to a different location to make room for future work to be undertaken by the STS-120 (2007 050A) mission. Towards the end of the EVA Mastracchio spotted a small hole in one of the outer layers of his right glove and the EVA was terminated. It had lasted 5 hours, 28 minutes.

The final EVA was performed on 18 August 2007 during Williams and Anderson (of the ISS EX-15 crew) installed orbital support equipment for the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) on the S1 truss. The 5 hours, 20 minutes EVA was cut back by about two hours because of the decision to return the orbited earlier due to weather conditions at Houston, the mission control centre. The orbiter undocked on 19 August 2007 and another inspection of the heatshield was made. Eventually the orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 21 August 2007 after a flight of 12 days, 17 hours, 55 minutes.

On 30 August 2007 the crew on board of the International Space Station moved the PMA-3 docking port from the Unity module’s left hatch to a downward-facing port using the Canadarm-2. This move was necessary in preparation for the Harmony module that was attached to Unity’s left port during the STS-120 (2007 050A) mission.

Progress M-60 (2007 017A) undocked on 19 September 2007 but remained in orbit for a five-day experiment to study the behavior of plasma particles in the exhaust from the spacecraft’s engines at various stages of flight. It re-entered on 25 September 2007.

On 27 September 2007 Soyuz TMA-10 (2007 008A) was undocked and redocked at rear Zvezda docking port. The Zarya nadir docking port was occupied again on 12 October 2007 when Soyuz TMA-11 (2007 045A) docked. This mission, also known as ISS-15S, was launched on 10 October 2007 and carried Yuri Malenchenko (Russia), Peggy Whitson (USA) and Muszaphar Shukor (Malaysia). Malenchenko and Whitson were the EX-16 crew.

EX-15 crew members Yurchikin and Kotov undocked in Soyuz TMA-10 (2007 008A) on 20 October 2007, along with Shukor. EX-15 crew member Anderson transferred to EX-16. They landed on 21 October 2007 and Yurchikin and Kotov had been in space for 196 days, 17 hours, 5 minutes. Shukor had been in space for 10 days, 21 hours, 13 minutes.

Expedition EX-16: 20 October 2007-18 April 2008

The period of the EX-16 Expedition saw some major expansion of the ISS through modules provided by the USA, European Space Agency and Japan. The crew itself went through various changes to reflect this. The EX-16 crew consisted of Peggy Whitson (USA, Commander) and Yuri Malenchencko (Russia) who arrived 20 October 2007 on Soyuz TMA-11 (2007 045A) whilst Clayton Anderson (USA), who had arrived on ISS on STS-117 (2007 024A) transferred from EX-15 to EX-16. Anderson returned to Earth on STS- 120, leaving the space station on 5 November 2007. His place in the EX-16 crew was taken up by Daniel Tani (USA) who arrived on the space station on STS-120 on 25 October 2007 and returned to Earth on STS-122 (2008 005A) on 18 February 2008. On 9 February 2008 Leopold Eyharts (ESA, France), who arrived on ISS on board of STS-122 (2008 005A) joined the EX-16 crew. He left on STS-123 (2008 009A) on 25 March 2008. The final member of the crew, Garrett. Reisman (USA) arrived on STS-123 (2008 009A) on 13 March 2008 and eventually transferred to the EX-17 crew.

The first new module, Harmony, was delivered by STS-120 (2007 050A). Using the orbiter Discovery, STS- 120 was launched on 23 October 2007 and carried Pamela Melroy (USA), George Zamka (USA), Scott Parazynski (USA), Douglas Wheelock (USA), Stephanie Wilson (USA), Paulo Nespoli (ESA, Italy) and Daniel Tani (USA) as crew. The objective was to undertake the ISS-10A mission to deliver and install the Harmony (Node 2) module. The mission was also known by ESA as Esperia. The orbiter also carried the hardware for the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE)-2 experiment to be conducted on board of the space station whilst, on the return journey, a number of samples from experiments conducted on the space station, were carried back to Earth. In addition to his tasks as an STS-120 mission specialist, ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli conducted the European Esperia mission for which he carried out a number of experiments on behalf of the European science community. Two of these experiments, Chromosome-2 and Neocytolysis, were sponsored by ESA. The other three experiments (HPA, FRTL5 and SPORE) were sponsored by the Italian Space Agency. Nespoli also conducted Educational Activities. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 25 October 2007.

The first EVA, on 26 October 2007, was undertaken by Parazynski and Wheelock through the Quest airlock and lasted 6 hours, 14 minutes and included the preparation of the Harmony module, whilst still in the payload bay, following which the module was removed from the payload bay and attached to the Unity module of the space station.

Harmony

Initially known as Node 2, the Harmony module provided attachment points for the European Columbus laboratory and the Japanese Kibo facility. The module, which had a length of 6.71 m, a diameter of 4.48 m and a mass of 14,365 kg, was built for NASA under an ESA contract with Alcatel-Alenia Space as prime contractor.

The second EVA on 28 October 2007 saw Parazynski and Tani undertake more activities related to connecting the module to the space station’s operating systems as well as disconnecting the P6 truss which was attached to the space station’s robotic arm. The astronauts also discovered metal shavings debris in the starboard solar alpha rotary joint (SARJ), a motorized gear used to turn outboard solar arrays to keep them faced towards the sun. This EVA from the Quest airlock lasted 6 hours, 33 minutes. This work was continued by Parazynski and Wheelock during the third EVA on 30 October 2007 which lasted 7 hours, 8 minutes. The principal activity was to bolt the P6 truss to the P5 truss. Following this the solar array was extended but the extension was stopped after two tears were discovered in one of the flexible blankets that made up one side of the solar array. The fourth EVA, by Parazynski and Wheelock, was to be undertaken on 1 November 2007. It had been added to the programme only about six weeks before the launch and the 4 hours EVA was intended to be entirely devoted to testing a heat-shield repair tool that could prove useful in the event of damage like the tile gouge experienced during the last shuttle mission. The tool was a caulk gun-like device called the TPS repair ablator dispenser, or T-RAD. In this test the astronauts were to use deliberately damaged tiles that were carried up inside the shuttle's crew cabin. The EVA was to take place inside the payload bay. However, because of the solar array problems detected during the third EVA, the fourth EVA was first postponed to 2 November 2007 and then again another day. The EVA finally took place on 3 November 2007 and lasted 7 hours, 19 minutes. Performed by Parazynski and Wheelock, Parazynski, whilst attached to the end of the space station’s robotic arm, successfully fixed the damaged solar array and, subsequently, the P6 array was fully deployed.

The orbiter undocked on 5 November 2007 and landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 7 November 2007 after a mission lasting 15 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes. With Tani remaining at the space station as a member of the EX-16 crew, the orbiter carried EX-16 crew member. Anderson, who had arrived on the space station on STS-117 (2007 024A), back to Earth. Anderson’s time in space had been 151 days, 18 hours, 23 minutes.

On 9 November 2007 Whitson and Malenchenko made an EVA of 6 hours, 55 minutes to prepare the PMA- 2 docking module that was moved from the forward hatch of Destiny to Harmony Node 2 forward hatch on 12 November 2007.

Following that the Harmony Node 2 with PMA-2 attached was moved from port side of Unity Node 1 to the forward hatch of the Destiny Laboratory on 14 November 2007. Next Whitson and Tani undertook two EVAs on 20 November 2007 (7 hours, 16 minutes) and 24 November 2007 (7 hours, 4 minutes) to hook up connections between Harmony Node 2 and Destiny. Tani also discovered more damage to the solar alpha rotary joint he first detected during the STS-120 EVA on 28 October 2007.

On 18 December 2007 Whitson and Tani made a further 6 hour, 56 minute spacewalk to inspect two critical solar array repositioning systems that were not working properly and were curtailing the lab's electrical power.

On 22 December 2007 Progress M-61 (2007 033A) undocked and remained in orbit until 22 January 2008 to conduct a number of experiments, including the Plazma-Progress experiment. Its place at the Pirs nadir docking port was taken up by Progress M-62 (2007 064A) on 26 December 2007. Also known as ISS-27P, it had been launched on 23 December 2007.

Whitson and Tani again made an EVA on 30 January 2008. During the 7 hours, 10 minutes spacewalk they installed a replacement solar array positioning motor and carried out additional inspections to help engineers troubleshoot problems with a large rotary joint.

Progress M-62 (2007 064A) undocked on 4 February 2008 and remained in orbit for another eleven days, until 15 February 2008, to conduct the Plasma-Progress experiment which investigated the reflective properties, as well as the size and density, of plasma particles formed in the spaceship's exhaust.

Progress M-63 (2008 004A) was launched on 5 February 2008 as ISS-28P. It docked at the Pirs nadir port on 7 February 2008.

Stephen Frick (USA), Alan Pointdexter (USA), Rex Walheim (USA), Stanley Love USA), Leland Melvin (USA), Hans Schlegel (ESA, Germany) and Leopold Eyharts (ESA, France) were launched on 7 February 2008 with the orbiter Atlantis as STS-122 (2008 005A). The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-1E mission, which involved the delivery and installation of the European Columbus Orbital Facility. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on 9 February 2008.

The first EVA was scheduled for 10 February 2008 and was to be performed by Walheim and Schlegel. However, because of undisclosed medical issues, Schlegel was replaced by Love and he spacewalk was delayed until 11 February 2008. This EVA, which lasted 7 hours, 58 min, involved the preparation of the Columbus module for installation on Harmony. The astronauts also began work to remove the Nitrogen Tank Assembly, a part of the station’s thermal control system, from the P1 truss. During the EVA the Columbus module was lifted out of the payload bay and attached to the starboard hatch of the Harmony module.

Columbus

The Columbus laboratory module was the European contribution to the ISS and was lifted out of the payload bay on 11 February 2008 to be attached to the starboard hatch of the Harmony module. The laboratory was built by European industries with EADS Astrium Space Transportation as the prime contractor. The Columbus programme commenced in 1985 and the initial configuration consisted of: • an Attached Pressurized Module (APM); • a Man-tended Free-Flyer (MTFF); and • a Polar Platform (PPF). After several budget cuts and the cancellation of the French Hermes programme, only the APM remained, which was later renamed as Columbus. The External Payload Facility (EPF) was added at a later stage of development.

The laboratory was a cylindrical module with two end cones. It had a length of 6.87 m and a diameter of 4.49 m. At launch it had a mass of 12,800 kg, which included a 2,500 kg experiment payload although the on-orbit mass could reach up to 19,300 kg with the addition of other experiments at a later date. The shape was similar to that of the European built Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules and was dictated by the need to fit in the Space Shuttle’s payload bay. Once in orbit, Columbus was attached to the starboard hatch of the Harmony module. The laboratory was fitted with twelve deck racks, six on each side of the deck, as well as four overhead racks. Eight of the deck racks and two overhead racks have been used as International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) which carried scientific payloads. 51% of these payloads, ie five racks, were used for European experiments whilst the other five were used for US experiments. Each rack was the size of a telephone booth and contained its own autonomous and independent laboratory, complete with power and cooling systems, and video and data links back to researchers on Earth.

In addition there were three deck racks that contained life support and cooling systems with another deck rack as well as two overhead racks being available for storage. The starboard cone contained most of the laboratory’s computing equipment whilst the port end was fitted with the Common Berthing Mechanism and provided the attachment point to Harmony. In addition, four external payloads with a maximum weight of 227 kg, were mounted on an adaptor outside the starboard cone. Operations on board of Columbus were being coordinated on the ground by the Columbus Control Centre, located in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, in cooperation with various User Support Operations Centres. It was expected that Columbus would have a useful life of 10 years.

The second EVA by the STS-122 (2008 005A) crew was on 13 February 2008 during which Walheim and Schlegel replaced the Nitrogen Tank Assembly and undertook several other tasks related to the Columbus module. The EVA lasted 6 hours 45 minutes. The final EVA was on 15 February 2008 and lasted 7 hours, 25 minutes. It was performed by Walheim and Love and during this EVA the astronauts installed the SOLAR and EuTEF payloads on the exterior of Columbus.

After the mission had been extended by one day, the orbiter undocked on 18 February 2008 and landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 20 February 2008 after a mission lasting 12 days, 18 hours, 21 minutes. The orbiter carried astronaut D. Tani, who had arrived on the space station on STS-120, back to Earth. Tani had been in space for 119 days, 22 hours, 29 minutes. Eyharts remained on the space station as a member of the EX-16 crew.

The next major event was the launch of the first Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), a cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency to deliver propellants, cargo and other supplies to the space station and to boost the orbit of the space station using the ATV's propulsion system. Built by a multinational consortium of thirty companies from ten European countries, as well as eight companies from Russia and the United States with EADS as the Prime Contractor, the modular design of ATV consisted of: 1. the ATV platform which contained the propulsion and attitude control unit comprising four main engines with a thrust of 490 N and 28 smaller thrusters, as well as other spacecraft systems; 2. a non pressurised compartment which was used for fuel storage; 3. a 48 m³ pressurised module for general cargo; and 4. an X shaped extended solar array with a span of 22.30 m.

The ATV could carry a maximum 7667 kg of cargo and had a length of 9.79 m and a diameter of 4.48 m and a dry mass of 10470 kg.

On 19 March 2008 ATV-1 (2008 008A), also named Jules Verne, reached a parking orbit 1900 km ahead of ISS, this was reduced to 2 km by 22 March 2008. It docked at the Russia Zvezda module on 3 April 2008 after a series of docking tests and waiting for the completion of the STS-123 (2008 009A) mission.

The STS-123 (2008 009A) mission was launched on 11 March 2008 with a crew consisting of Dominic Gorie (USA), Gregory Johnson (USA), Richard Linnehan (USA), Robert Behnken (USA), Michael Foreman (USA), Takao Doi (Japan) and Garrett Reisman (USA) using the orbiter Endeavour. The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-1J/A mission and the payload included the Japanese Experiment Logistics Module - Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre)

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port of ISS on 13 March 2008. On 13 March 2008 the station’s Canadarm2 was used to remove the pallet containing Dextre from the payload bay and attach it to a fixture on the station’s main truss where it was kept for further outfitting and tests. An initial problem to connect power to Dextre was fixed after two days. On 18 March 2008 Dextre was removed from the pallet and attached to the Destiny module whilst the pallet was returned to the orbiter’s payload bay.

Dextre complemented the mobile base and the robotic arm Canadarm2 already installed and operating on the station. Operated from inside the station, Dextre was capable perform delicate tasks such as removing and replacing small exterior components. Fitted to the Destiny module, the main component of Dextre (called the ‘shoulder’) had a width of 2.37 m and a height of 3.67 m. It was fitted with two arms with a length of 3.35 m each. The 1560 kg facility could handle a mass of 600 kg and could operate independently or attached to the end of Canadarm2. In the orbiter Dextre was carried on a Spacelab pallet (F004) which pallet was also referred to as Spacelab Pallet-Deployable (SLP-D)-1.

The first EVA took place on 14 March 2008 and was performed by Linnehan and Reisman. Their tasks included the preparation of ELM-PS for the installation as well as work on the Dextre assembly. During the EVA the ELM-PS was installed to the space facing side of the Harmony module. The EVA lasted 7 hours, 1 minute.

The Experiment Logistics Module - Pressurized Section (ELM-PS), was a 2,400 kg pressurised facility with a diameter of 4.25 m and a length of 4.1 m that was built by Mitsubishi and was used for storage. At launch it carried eight experiment racks;

ELM-PS

The second EVA of 7 hours, 8 minutes, on 16 March 2007, was performed by Linnehan and Foreman and focussed on the installation of the two arms of Dextre. During the third EVA, on 18 Mar 2008, Linnehan and Behnken performed more work on Dextre. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 53 minutes. EVA-4 on 20 March 2008 lasted 6 hours, 24 minutes and was performed by Behnken and Foreman. They undertook the replacement of a failed Remote Power Controller Module on the station’s truss and the performance of DTO-848, the heat shield repair demonstration. During the fifth and final spacewalk on 22 March 2008, Behnken and Foreman performed a number of tasks, including the installation of Trundle Bearing Assembly 5 in starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) and more SARJ inspection work. They also installed a 15 m long heat shield inspection boom on the front of the station's solar power truss and placed the MISSE-6A and -6B experiments on the exterior of the Columbus module. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 2 minutes.

The orbiter undocked on 25 March 2008, landing at the Kennedy Space Centre two days later on 27 March 2008. The mission had lasted 15 days, 18 hours, 11 minutes. The orbiter carried astronaut Eyharts, who had arrived on the space station on STS-122 (2008 005A), back to Earth. Eyharts had been in space for 48 days, 4 hours, 54 minutes. Reisman, who had come to the space station with STS-123 (2008 009A), became a member of the EX-16 crew.

Dextre

Progress M-63 (2008 004A) undocked on 7 April 2008 and re-entered same day.

The core of the next crew for the ISS arrived on 10 April 2008 with Soyuz TMA-12 (2008 015A) that was docked at the Pirs nadir port. Launched on 8 April 2008 and also known as ISS-16S, the spacecraft carried Sergey Volkov (Russia), Oleg Kononenko (Russia) and So Yeon Yi (South Korea). Volkov and Kononenko were members of the EX17 crew. Whitson, Malenchenko, along with So Yeon Yi, left the space station in Soyuz TMA-11 (2007 045A) on 18 April 2008. The spacecraft landed the next day about 470 km short of the target. Whitson and Malenchenko had been in space for 191 days, 19 hours, 17 minutes. So Yeon Yi had been in space for 10 days, 19 hours, 14 minutes.

Expedition EX-17: 18 April 2008-24 October 2008

Two members of the seventeenth crew were launched on Soyuz TMA-12 (2008 015A) on 8 April 2008. Sergey Volkov and Oleg Kononenko arrived at the space station by Soyuz TMA-12 (2008 015A) on 10 April 2008 after having been launched on 8 April 2008. They joined Garrett Reisman who had arrived at ISS on STS-123 (2008 009A) and was originally a member of the EX-16 crew. They took control of the space station on 18 April 2008.

The Zarya nadir docking port that had been vacated by Progress M-63 (2008 004A) on 7 April 2008, undocked on was occupied by Progress M-64 (2008 023A) on 16 May 2008. It had been launched on 14 May 2008 and was also known as ISS-29P.

The STS-124 (2008 027A) mission, also referred to as ISS-1J, was launched on 31 May 2008 using the orbiter Discovery. Its crew consisted of Mark Kelly (USA), Kenneth Ham (USA), Karen Nyberg (USA), Ronald Garan (USA), Michael Fossum (USA) and Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) as well as EX-17 crew member Gregory Chamitoff (USA).

The principal payload was the Japanese Experiments Module - Pressurized Module (JEM-PM) and the Japanese Remote Manipulator System (JRMS). . In addition the orbiter carried a number of experiments for the EX-17 crew. The orbiter docked at the ISS (1998 067A) PMA-2 port on 2 June 2008. The Japanese Experiments Module-Pressurised Module (JEM-PM), also known as Kibo, was a 15,900 kg facility, with a length of 11.2 m and a diameter of 4.4 m, was built by Mitsubishi and was fitted with ten experiments racks (ISPR), a work station and a workbench, enabling the crew to conduct material experiments and biotechnical experiments in a shirt sleeve environment;

JEM-PM

The JEM Remote Manipulator System (JRMS), a robotic arm built by Toshiba and mounted at the port cone of the PM. The JEMRMS serviced the EF and moved equipment from and to ELM. It had a main arm length of 9.8 m and a small arm length of 1.8 m and handled payloads of up to 7000 kg.

The STS-124 (2008 027A) mission included three spacewalks. The first one, on 3 June 2008, was conducted by Garan and Fossum and involved the transfer of the Orbiter Boom Sensor System back to the shuttle from its temporary location of the station’s truss following which the crew prepared the JEM-PM for its removal from the shuttle’s payload bay. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 48 minutes. On 4 June 2008, the JEM- PM was attached to the Harmony module. On 5 June 2008 Garan and Fossum undertook an EVA of 7 hours, 11 minutes to install covers and external television equipment on the JEM-PM and remove covers on the RMS, which was deployed on 7 June 2008. Earlier, on 6 June 2008, the ELM-PS had been moved from the Harmony module to the top of JEM-PM. On 8 June 2008 Garan and Fossum made the final EVA of 6 hours, 33 minutes during which they replaced a failed nitrogen tank assembly and retrieved a failed camera system on the truss.

The orbiter undocked on 11 June 2008. On the return journey it carried Garrett Reisman, who had arrived on STS-123 (2008 009A), back to Earth. The mission landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 14 June 2008 and had lasted 13 days, 18 hours, 14 minutes whilst Reisman had been in space for 95 days, 8 hours, 47 minutes.

Reisman’s place as an EX-17 crew member was taken by Gregory Chamitoff, who arrived on STS-124 (2008 027A) and eventually transferred to the EX-18 crew. Originally Chamitoff’s place was to be taken Sandra Magnus who was to arrive on STS-126 (2008 059A) which had scheduled for launch in September 2008 but was delayed. As such, Magnus never became a member of the EX-17 crew.

On 10 July 2008 Volkov and Kononenko made an EVA of 6 hours, 18 minutes using the Pirs airlock module. The cosmonauts accomplished the primary objectives of the spacewalk by removing one of two explosive bolts in one of the five connectors holding the Soyuz's propulsion and instrumentation module to its crew cabin. This redundant pyrobolt, was brought into the space station for return to Earth aboard the Soyuz at the end of October where it was inspected in the investigations into the ballistic re-entries of Soyuz TMA- 10 (2007 008A) and Soyuz TMA-11 (2007 045A).

On 15 July 2008 Volkov and Kononenko made another spacewalk during which they installed a docking target for a new airlock called MIM-2. They also attended to a number of experiments and installed a foot restraint on the Strela crane that holds crew members during spacewalks. The EVA lasted 5 hours, 54 minutes.

The Progress M-64 (2008 023A) cargo spacecraft undocked on 1 September 2008 and remained on orbit for another week to perform the Plazma-Progress experiment. It re-entered on 8 September 2008.

The ATV-1 (2008 008A) undocked on 5 September 2008. It was kept in orbit for a few weeks for further tests of the rendez-vous systems. It then burned up over the Pacific Ocean on 29 September 2008.

The next cargo spacecraft, Progress M-65 (2008 043A) or ISS-30P was launched on 10 September 2008. Its docking was delayed as Mission Control in Houston was closed due to adverse weather conditions, and the docking with the Zvezda port did not take place until 17 September 2008.

Soyuz TMA-13 (2008 050A), or ISS-17S, with EX-18 crew members Yuri Lonchakov (Russia) and Michael Fincke (USA), as well as Richard Garriott (USA), a ‘space tourist’, was launched on 12 October 2008 and docked at the Zarya nadir docking port on 14 October 2008.

EX-17 crew members Volkov and Kononenko returned to Earth with Soyuz TMA-12 (2008 015A) on 24 October 2008 and landed the same day. They had been in space for 197 days, 16 hours, 21 minutes. Participant Garriot, who had arrived on ISS on Soyuz TMA-13 (2008 050A), was also taken back to Earth. He had been in space for 11 days, 20 hours, 36 minutes.

EX-17 crew member Chamitoff transferred to the EX-18 crew.

Expedition EX-18: 20 October 2008-8 April 2009

On 12 October 2008 the eighteenth crew was launched on Soyuz TMA-13 (2008 050A). They were Michael Fincke (Commander) and Yuri Lonchakov (Commander). Gregory Chamitoff, who had arrived on the space station on STS-124 (2008 027A) and was a member of the EX-17 crew, joined them as the third crew member.

Progress M-65 (2008 043A) undocked on 14 November 2008 and remained in orbit to conduct observations in the Plasma-Progress program to explore the reflective properties, as well as the size and density, of plasma particles formed in the spacecraft's exhaust. It re-entered on 7 December 2008.

The STS-126 (2008 059A) mission was launched on 15 November 2008 and carried Christopher Ferguson (USA), Eric Boe (USA), Stephen Bowen (USA), Donald Pettit (USA), Shane Kimbrough (USA) and Heidimarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (USA) using the orbiter Endeavour. It also carried EX-18 crew member Sandra Magnus USA). The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-ULF2 mission to provide additional capability for ISS allowing for the increase in the number of permanent crew members from three to eight. The orbiter carried the Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Module that carried a range of equipment for the space station as well as a number of experiments. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port on 16 November 2008. On 17 November 2008 the Leonardo Module was lifted out of the payload bay and docked to the nadir port of the Harmony module.

The crew undertook four EVAs. The first took place on 18 November 2008 and was performed by Piper and Bowen. During the EVA, which lasted 6 hours, 52 min, they transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from external stowage platform 3 to the shuttle’s cargo bay for return to Earth, placed a new flex hose rotary coupler to external stowage platform 3, removed an insulation cover on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, began preparations for the repair of the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joints (SARJ).

The second EVA of 6 hours, 45 min took place on 20 November 2008 and was performed by Piper and Kimbrough. They relocated the two Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) carts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, serviced the station’s robotic arm’s latching end effector and continued work on the repair of the SARJ.

On 22 November 2008 Piper and Bowen undertook the third EVA to complete the work on the SARJ. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 57 min.

The final EVA of 6 hours, 7 min was performed by Bowen and Kimbrough on 24 November 2008. They lubricated the port SARJ, performed a number on activities on the Kibo facility, including the installation of handrails and a GPS antenna, and took a number of photos of external system. By then the mission had been extended for one day to allow more time for resolving problems with the Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC) rack in the Destiny laboratory.

On 27 November 2008 the Leonardo module was returned to the payload bay. In contained a number of experiments that were to be returned to Earth.

On 28 November 2008 the orbiter undocked leaving EX-18 crew member Magus behind whilst returning EX-18 crew member Chamitoff back to Earth. On landing at Edwards AFB on 30 November 2008, the mission had lasted 15 days, 20 hours, 29 min in space. Chamitoff, who had been in space for 182 days, 22 hours, 23 min.

On 26 November 2008 the Progress M-01M (2008 060A) cargo spacecraft was launched as ISS-31P. The spacecraft was similar to the earlier Progress vehicles but was fitted with a new on-board digital control system. It docked at the Pirs nadir port on 30 November 2008.

On 22 December 2008 Fincke and Lonchakov made a spacewalk of 5 hours, 38 minutes to install a navigation antenna on Zvezda for next year’s docking of the new Russian MRM2 research module. They made another EVA of 4 hours, 49 minutes on 10 March 2009 during which they installed the European Expose-R experiment, took inspection photos of the Zvezda module as well as did minor maintenance.

Progress M-01M (2008 060A) undocked on 6 February 2009 and re-entered on 8 February 2008. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was taken by Progress M-66 (2009 006A) on 13 February 2009. This spacecraft had been launched on 10 February 2009 as ISS-32P.

The ISS-15A mission was undertaken by STS-119 (2009 012A). This mission, flown by the orbiter Discovery, was launched on 15 March 2009 and carried Lee Archambault (USA), Tony Antonelli (USA), Joseph Acaba (USA), Richard Arnold (USA), John Phillips (USA) and Steven Swanson (USA). The mission also carried astronaut Koichi Wakata (Japan) who became a member of the EX-18 crew. The payload included the PV S-6 power array and the starboard CETA rails.

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 docking port on17 March 2009. On 18 March 2009 the S6 truss was lifted out of the payload bay by the Canadarm2 of ISS. The first of four EVAs took place on 19 March 2009. It was conducted by Swanson and Arnold who worked on the installation of the PV S-6 truss segment. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 7 minutes. Swanson and Acaba continued the work on 21 March 2009, during an EVA of 6 hours, 30 minutes. On 23 March 2009 Acaba and Arnold went for a third spacewalk of 6 hours, 27 minutes during which they relocated a Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) cart to be used with the future battery replacement activity. They also worked on the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator. A fourth planned EVA of 6 hours, 30 minutes to be performed on day 11 in orbit by Swanson and Arnold was deleted before the launch. During this EVA it was intended to install a GPS antenna, remove a cover from one of its electronics units on the exterior of the Japanese logistics module as well as perform some other activities.

On 25 March 2009 the orbiter undocked. On the return flight the orbiter carried EX-18 crew member S. Magnus who had arrived at the space station on STS-126 (2008 059A). She had been in space for 132 days, 18 hours, 18 minutes. Koichi Wakata stayed on ISS as the next EX-18 crew member. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 28 March 2009 after a mission of 12 days, 19 hours, 33 minutes.

Two members of the EX-19 crew, Gennady Padalka (Russia), Michael Barratt (USA), arrived on the space station on Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A). Also known as ISS-18S this spacecraft was launched on 26 March 2009 and also carried Participant Charles Simonyi (USA). Simonyi made his second flight as a Participant. The spacecraft docked at the Zvezda docking port on 28 March 2009.

Soyuz TMA-13 (2008 050A) undocked on 8 April 2009 and landed the same day. Lonchakov and Fincke had been in space for 181 days, 0 hours, 15 minutes whilst Simonyi, who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A) and returned on this spacecraft had been in space for 11 days, 19 hours, 27 minutes. Wakata transferred to the EX-19 crew.

Expedtition EX-19/20: 8 April 2009-10 October 2009

Commencing with Expedition 19 (EX-19), the changes in crew composition led to the reporting as ‘double crews’, in this instance EX-19/20.

The first two members of the EX-19 crew, Gennady Padalka (Russia) and Michael Barratt (USA), had arrived at the Space Station with Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A) on 28 March 2009. Already on the space station was Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Koichi Wakata (Japan) who had arrived on STS- 119 (2009 012A) on 17 March 2009 and was a member of EX-18 for a short time.

Progress M-66 (2009 006A) undocked on 6 May 2009 but remained in orbit until 18 May 2009 to conduct the Plazam Progress experiment.

Progress M-02M (2009 024A), which had been launched on 7 May 2009, docked at the Pirs nadir port of ISS (1998 067A) on 12 May 2009. The flight was also known as ISS-33P.

On 29 May 2009 Soyuz TMA-15 (2009 030A) brought Roman Romanenko (USA), Robert Thirsk (Canada) and Frank de Winne (ESA, Belgium) to the space station and they joined the EX-19 crew to become the EX-20 crew. It was the first time that a crew comprised members of all five partner agencies. Soyuz TMA-15 (2009 030A) had been launched as ISS-19S on 27 May 2009 and docked at the Zarya nadir port. De Winne’s mission has also been referred to as OasISS.

Within days of the arrival of EX-20, Padalka and Barratt completed two spacewalks. On the first one, on 5 June 2009, they added hardware and reposition equipment on the Pirs Docking Compartment in preparation for the Mini Research Module (MRM)-2, a new Russian docking and research module that was to be delivered later in 2009. The EVA lasted 4 hours, 45 minutes. The second spacewalk took place on 10 June 2009 and lasted 12 minutes. On this spacewalk Padalka and Barratt did not leave the interior of the space station as they worked on the small docking module that connected Zvezda to the Russian Zarya module and swapped two hatches from its interior. One of the hatches had a docking cone attached to it that was be used to connect MIM-2 to the station.

Progress M-02M (2009 024A) undocked on 1 July 2009. It was kept into orbit for an automatic docking test at the newly activated zenith docking port of Zvezda on 12 July 2009, during which it approached to a distance of about 10 m but did not dock, as intended. After that it returned to an independent orbit and re-entered on 13 July 2009. Earlier, on 2 July 2009 Padalka, Barratt and Wakata boarded Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A) and undocked from the Zvezda aft port, redocking at Pirs.

The next event was the arrival of the orbiter Endeavour, launched on 15 July 2009 as STS-127 (2009 038A) or ISS-2J/A. The crew consisted of Mark Polansky (USA), Douglas Hurley (USA), Christopher Cassidy (USA), Thomas Marshburn (USA), David Wolf (USA) and Julie Payette (Canada) as well as EX-20 crew member Timothy Kopra who replaced Japan’s Wakata who had arrived at the space station on STS-119 (2009 012A). The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port of the International Space Station (1998 067A) on 17 July 2009.

The objective of the mission was to undertake the installation of the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM EF) and the Kibo Japanese Experiment Logistics Module - Exposed Section (JEM ELM-ES).

On 18 July 2009 Wolf and Kopra undertook an EVA of 5 hours, 32 minutes. During this EVA they prepared the JEM EF that was lifted out of the payload bay and was attached to the Kibo facility after the EVA was completed. The astronauts also attended to some other matters.

The Exposed Facility (JEM EF) was a platform with a mass of 3,200 kg, a length of 5.6 m, a width of 5.3 m and a height of 3.7 m, which provided room for up to ten experiments which were exposed to the space environment. This facility was built by IHI and Mitsubishi; The initial experiment facilities for the EF were: 1. Attached Payload BUS for Kibo Exposed Facility Payload (APBUS); 2. Space Environment Data Acquisition equipment-Attached Payload (SEDA/AP) 3. Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI); and 4. Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES).

JEM EF

The Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC), stacked with spare parts and fresh batteries for the International Space Station, was lifted out of shuttle Endeavour's payload bay on 19 July 2009. This was in preparation of an EVA on 20 July 2009 lasting 6 hours, 50 minutes performed by Wolf and Marshburn who unloaded the pallet and installed a replacement high-speed communications antenna, cooling system pump and railcar drive unit on an external stowage platform on the solar array truss. These items were for use, if needed, in the future post- shuttle era.

On 21 July 2009 the Experiments Logistics Module – Exposed Section (JEM ELM-ES) was lifted out of the payload bay and installed on the JEM EF. The JEM ELM-ES was a 4200 kg support facility built by Nissan and measuring 4.2 m in length, 4.9 m in width and 2.2 m in height (incl. payloads). The ELM-ES facilitated the transfer of up to three EF standard experiment payloads of up to 500 kg each.

On 22 July 2009 Wolf and Cassidy made an EVA of 5 hours, 59 minutes during which they replaced two out of six batteries in the Port 6 truss integrated electronics assembly. The replacement of another two of these batteries was cancelled as Cassidy’s space suit developed problems and the EVA was cut short by half an hour.

Cassidy and Marshburn undertook a further EVA of 7 hours, 12 minutes on 24 July 2009 to replace the final pair of batteries, plus the two left over from the previous EVA, on the Port 6 truss. Following this the ICC was returned to the payload bay.

On 27 July 2009 Cassidy and Marshburn undertook an EVA of 4 hours, 54 minutes to install two Japanese television cameras on a JEM EF, fix an insulation problem on the Dextre robot and re-wired a gyro control circuit. In addition they completed a variety of minor tasks after flight controllers decided there was not enough carbon dioxide absorbent available in Cassidy's spacesuit to permit the deployment of a cargo storage mechanism on the right side of the station's main truss. Undocking took place on 28 July 2009. On the return flight, STS-127 (2009 038A) carried Japanese astronaut Wakata. The STS-127 (2009 038A) mission landed on 31 July 2009 and had lasted 15 days, 16 hours, 44 minutes whilst Wakata had been in space for 137 days, 11 hours, 5 minutes.

JEM ELM-ES

On 29 July 2009 Progress M-67 (2009 040A) docked at the Zvezda port. It had been launched as ISS-34P on 24 July 2009.

On 7 August 2009 the crew used the RMS arm to move the PMA-3 docking port from the Unity module's nadir berth to the Unity's port hatch, leaving the nadir hatch free for the new Tranquility module.

On 29 August 2009 STS-128 (2009 045A) was launched to undertake the ISS-17A mission. The orbiter Discovery was crewed by Rick Sturckow (USA), Kevin Ford (USA), John Olivas (USA), Patrick Forrester (USA), Jose Hernandez (USA) and Christer Fuglesang (ESA, Sweden)) whilst it also carried EX-20 crew member Nicole Stott (USA). The mission was known by ESA as Alisse. The payload included the Leonardo Multipurpose Logistics Modules (MPLM) and the Lightweight Multi- Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier (LMC). The orbiter docked at the PMA2 port on 30 August 2009 and on 31 August 2009 the Leonardo Module was lifted from the cargo bay and attached on the Earth-facing port of the Harmony node.

The first EVA was undertaken by Olivas and Scott on 2 September 2009 and lasted 6 hours, 35 min. During the EVA they removed the old ammonia tank assembly, the EuTEF experiment and the MISSE-6 experiment which remained attached to the robotic arm until the second EVA. On the second EVA on 4 September 2009, Olivas and Fuglesang concentrated in the installation of the new ammonia tank assembly and the storage of the old ammonia tank assembly on the LMC. The duration of the EVA was 6 hours, 39 min. Finally, during the third EVA on 5 September 2009, Olivas and Fuglesang finished some of the work undertaken by previous missions as well as several minor tasks. This EVA lasted 7 hours, 1 minute. On 8 September 2009 the Leonardo module was placed back into the cargo bay following which the orbiter undocked on the same day. On the return flight EX-20 crew member T. Kopra, who had arrived on the space station on STS-127 (2009 038A) was taken back to Earth. The landing took place at Edwards AFB on 12 September 2009 and the flight had lasted 13 days, 20 hours, 53 min. whilst Kopra had been in space for 59 days, 2 hours, 50 min.

The STS-128 (2009 045A) mission marked the start of the transition from assembling ISS to using it for continuous scientific research. Whilst assembly and maintenance activities had dominated so far, the future activities of crew members were now expected to concentrate on research.

One of the major features of the EX-20 was the arrival of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)-1 (2009 048A) cargo craft. Launched from Tanegashima on 10 September 2009 the spacecraft used its propulsion module to maneuver to the space station. Once within reach, it was grappled by the Canadarm-2 and docked at the Harmony module of ISS (1998 067A) on 17 September 2009.

The HTV vehicle had a length of 9.8 m, a diameter of 4.4 m and a mass of 10,500 kg. It consisted of: 1. the Pressurized Logistics Carrier (PLC) that carried cargo for onboard use, such as experiment racks, food, and clothes. It had a volume of 4500 kg. The internal air pressure of the PLC was maintained at one atmospheric pressure; 2. the Unpressurized Logistics Carrier (ULC) which carried the Exposed Pallet (EP) during the flight to ISS. With a capacity of 1500 kg, the EP was removed from the ULC after docking; 3. the Exposed Pallet (EP) to carry external experiments and/or orbital replacement units (ORUs) to be used outside of the ISS. After docking the EP was removed with the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) and then handed over to the JEM Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS) and attached to the ISS Mobile Base System (MBS) or Kibo’s Exposed Facility (EF) for unloading of the carried payloads. Once the payloads were unloaded, the EP was re-stowed in the ULC by the SSRMS; 4. the Avionics Module which carried the communications, data handling, and electrical power subsystems for the HTV; and 5. the Propulsion Module with four propellant tanks with a capacity of 2 tons of Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (MON3) oxidizer to supply the HTV’s four main thrusters (two units x two strings) and 28 attitude control thrusters (14 units x two strings). The objectives of HTV-1 (2009 048A) were to deliver supplies to the ISS and to verify HTV’s rendezvous flight techniques and operability of the HTV onboard systems during its actual flight. It carried 4500 kg cargo to ISS. Unlike subsequent HTV missions, the spacecraft did not receive a separate name but was retrospectively known as Kounotori-1.

Progress M-67 (2009 040A) undocked on 21 September 2009 and re-entered 27 September 2009.

On 30 September 2009 Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A) was launched on the ISS-20S mission. It carried Maksim Surayev (Russia), Jeffrey Williams (USA) and Guy Laliberte (Canada), the latter as a Participant. Surayef and Williams were members of the EX-21 crew. The spacecraft docked at the Zvezda docking port 2 October 2009.

On 10 October 2009 Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A) undocked from the space station and landed the next day. Padalka and Barratt had been in space for 199 days, 16 hours, 21 minutes, whilst Laliberte, who had arrived on the space station on Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A) and returned on the same flight, had been in space for 11 days, 11 hours, 46 minutes.

Those remaining on the space station (De Winne, Romanenko, Thirsk and Stott) transferred to the EX-21 expedition.

Expedition EX-21/22: 10 October 2009-18 March 2010

The first members of the Expedition 21 (EX-21) Frank De Winne (ESA, Belgium), Roman Romanenko (Russia) and Robert Thirsk (USA), who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-15 (2009 030A), and Nicole Stott (USA), who had arrived on STS-128 (2009 045A), transferred from EX-20 to EX-21 on 10 October 2009, when De Winne took command. Jeffrey Williams (USA) and Maksim Surayev (Russia) had arrived on Soyuz TMA- 16 (2009 053A) on 2 October 2009.

On 18 October 2009 Progress M-03M (2009 056A) that had been launched on 15 October 2009 docked at the Pirs nadir port. The flight was also known as ISS-35P whilst HTV-1 (2009 048A) undocked on 30 October 2009 and re-entered the next day.

The Progress M-MIM-2 (2009 060A) was a modified Progress M cargo transfer and carried the Russian Malyj Ispytatel'nyj Modul' (Mini-Research Module) (MIM)-2, that was also known as Poisk (which means ‘search’) and formerly was known as Docking Module (SO)-2. The spacecraft was also known as ISS-5R and was launched on 10 November 2009 and docked at the Zvezda zenith docking port on 12 November 2009. On 8 December 2009 the spacecraft undocked leaving the Poisk module behind to become a new airlock and docking port for Russian vehicles. The module was developed by RSC Energia and had a diameter of 2.55 m and a length of 3.05 m. It provided up to 3m 3 of pressurised volume for cargo stowing and science hardware. It also provided an interface for two external scientific payloads to be developed by Russia. On its launch the 3670 kg module carried 800 kg of cargo, including Orlan space suits. Progress M-MIM-2 (2009 060A) re-entered on 8 December 2009.

The STS-129 (2009 062A) or ISS-ULF3 mission was launched on 16 November 2009 using the orbiter Atlantis. It was crewed by Charles Hobaugh (USA), Barry Wilmore (USA), Robert Satcher (USA), Michael Foreman (USA), Randolph Bresnik (USA) and Leland Melvin (USA). The orbiter carried the ExPRESS Logistics Carrier (ELC)-1 and -2.

Poisk

ELC

The ExPRESS Logistics Carrier (ELC) was a platform designed to support external payloads mounted to the International Space Station (ISS) starboard and port trusses with either deep space or Earthward views. Each platform served as a parking place for spare hardware that can be replaced robotically once on-orbit. It had a mass of 4445 kg and measured 4.30 x 4.90 m. Five ELCs were built with ELC-3 launched on STS- 134 (2011 020A) and ELC-4 on STS-133 (2011 008A). ELC-5 was not used as its mounting location was used for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer delivered to ISS by STS-134 (2011 020A).

The orbiter also carried a number of experiments for installation on ISS and took a number of other ISS experiments back to Earth.

The orbiter docked at the PMA2 port of ISS (1998 067A) on 18 November 2009. This was followed by moving the ELC-1 out of the payload bay and attaching it to the P3 truss lower outboard attachment point.

On 19 November 2009 Foreman and Satcher made an EVA of 6 hours, 37 minutes during which they installed the spare S-band antenna assembly on the Z1 truss, routed cables for the Space to Ground Antenna, lubricated the Payload Orbital Replacement System Attachment on the Mobile Base System and the end effector of the Kibo robotic arm along with several minor tasks for future missions.

21 November 2009 started with the relocation of the ELC-2 from the payload bay to the S3 truss upper outboard attachment point. This was followed by an EVA by Foreman and Bresnik to place the GATOR ham radio equipment installation on Columbus, relocate the Floating Point Measurement Unit and install a camera wireless system on the S3 truss. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 8 minutes.

On 23 November 2009 Satcher and Bresnik conducted the final EVA of 5 hours, 42 minutes during which they transferred the High Pressure Oxygen Gas Tank and MISSE-7 to Quest.

The orbiter undocked on 25 November 2009 and landed at the Kennedy Space Center 27 November 2009. The mission had lasted 10 days, 19 hours, 16 minutes. EX-21 crew member Nicole Stott returned to Earth on STS-129 (2009 062A). She had been in space for 90 days, 14 hours, 45 minutes.

After having been launched on 20 December 2009, Soyuz TMA-17 (2009 074A) docked at the Zarya nadir port on 22 December 2009. Also known as ISS-21S, it carried Oleg Kotov (Russia), Timothy Creamer (USA) and Soichi Noguchi (Japan). Along with EX-21 crew members Suraev and Williams, they became the EX- 22 crew. EX-21 crew members De Winne, Romanenko and Thirsk return to Earth on-board of Soyuz TMA- 15 (2009 030A) on 1 December 2009 and landed the same day. They had been in space for 186 days, 20 minutes and 46 seconds.

Suraev and Kotov made a 5 hours, 44 minutes EVA on 14 January 2010 to prepare the Russian MIM-2 (Poisk) for its use as an additional docking port.

On 21 January 2010 Suraev and Williams moved the Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A) spacecraft from the aft end of the Zvezda module to the Poisk docking port. The other three EX-22 crew members stayed aboard the station during the 21-minute relocation. Finally, on 23 January 2010, the crew used the Canadarm2 to relocate the PMA-3 from its port side location of the Unity module to the zenith port of the Harmony module.

Progress M-04M (2010 003A) was launched on 3 February 2010 and docked at the Zvezda rear port of ISS (1998 067A) on 4 February 2010. The flight was also known as ISS-36P.

The ISS-20A mission was flown by the orbiter Endeavour as STS-130 (2010 004A). Launched on 8 February 2010, it carried George Zamka (USA), Terry Virtst (USA), Robert Behnken (USA), Nicholas Patrick (USA), Kathryn Hire (USA) and Stephen Robinson (USA). The payload included Tranquility (Node-3) and the Cupola, a dome-shaped module that was attached to Tranquility. The Cupola (Italian for ‘dome’) observatory module was originally planned to be built by NASA and Boeing but was cancelled due to budget cuts. It was is then built under the auspices of ESA. The 1880 kg module had a maximum diameter of 2.95 m and a height on 1.50 m. It was fitted with seven windows, the largest being 80 cm in diameter, and allowed the crew to conduct experiments, visually monitor dockings and make observations of Earth.

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port on 10 February 2010.

Tranquility being installed

On 12 February 2010 Behnken and Patrick undertook a 6 hours, 32 minutes EVA during which they prepared Tranquility for undocking after which the Tranquility module was unberthed from Endeavour’s payload bay and installed on the port side of the Unity module. The next day the Tranquility module was accessed and prepared for operations.

On 14 February 2010 Behnken and Patrick undertook a second EVA during which they install ammonia jumper cables, thermal insulation and other outfitting items on Tranquility. This EVA lasted 5 hours, 54 minutes. On 15 February 2010 the Cupola was moved from the forward port of Tranquility to the nadir port of Tranquility whilst on 16 February 2010 the PMA-3 module was moved from the Harmony zenith port to the Tranquility front port.

Cupola

The final EVA on 5 hours, 48 minutes took place on 17 February 2010 during which Behnken and Patrick connected PMA-3 cables and prepared Cupola for operations. The orbiter undocked on 19 February 2010 and landed at the Kennedy Space Center on 22 February 2010 after a flight of 13 days, 18 hours, 6 minutes.

Williams and Surayev left the space station on 18 March 2010 in Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A). They landed the same day after a mission of 169 days, 4 hours, 10 minutes. The other EX-22 crew members transferred to the EX-23 crew.

Expedition EX-23/24: 18 March 2010-25 September 2010

EX-22 members Oleg Kotov (Russia), Thimoty Creamer (USA) and Soichi Noguchi (Japan), who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-17 (2009 074A), transferred to the EX-23 crew on 18 March 2010 when Kotov assumed command. On 4 April 2010 they were joined by Alexander Skvortsov (Russia), Mikhail Kornienko (Russia) and Tracy Caldwell (USA), who arrived on Soyuz TMA-18 (2010 011A) on 4 April 2010. Soyuz TMA-18 (2010 011A) had been launched on 2 April 2010 docked at the Poisk port.

On 5 April 2010 the STS-131 (2010 012A) or ISS-19A mission was launched using the orbiter Discovery. It carried Alan Poindexter (USA), James Dutton (USA), Richard Mastracchio (USA), Clayton Anderson (USA), Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger (USA), Stephanie Wilson (USA) and Naoko Yamazaki (Japan). The orbiter carried the Leonardo Multi Purpose Logistic Module (MPLM) to deliver a number of racks. In addition a replacement Ammonia Tank Assembly was carried on the Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier. On 7 April 2010 the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port of the International Space Station (1998 067A). The next day, 8 April 2010, the MPLM was taken out of the payload bay and attached to the Harmony module. The first EVA took place on 9 April 2010, when Mastracchio and Anderson prepared the new ammonia tank assembly for removal from the cargo bay and placement to the Space Station robotic arm for temporary storage, retrieved the MPAC/SEED from Kibo exposed facility, replace rate gyro assembly and prepared the P6 solar array batteries for replacement. The EVA lasted 6 hours 27 minutes. Mastracchio and Anderson made a second EVA of 7 hours, 26 minutes on 11 April 2010 during which they replaced the ammonia tank assembly on the S1 truss, installed two port radiator grapple fixture stowage beams and retrieved two debris covers from external stowage platform 2. The final EVA took place on 13 April 2010 when Mastracchio and Anderson installed the spent ammonia tank assembly in the payload bay and installed and retrieved a number of other fixtures. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 24 minutes. On 16 April 2010 the MPLM was returned to the payload bay followed by separation from the ISS on 17 April 2010. Landing took place at the Kennedy Space Center on 20 April 2010 and the mission duration was 15 days, 26 hours, 48 minutes.

Progress M-03M (2009 056A) undocked on 23 April 2010 and re-entered 27 April 2010. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was taken by Progress M-05M (2010 018A) on 1 May 2010, after having been launched on 28 April 2010. This flight was also known as ISS-37P.

The Progress M-04M (2010 003A) undocked on 10 May 2010 but remained in orbit until 1 July 2010 to take part in the Reflection geophysical experiment to study reflective characteristics of the freighter's hull and the transparency of the Earth's atmosphere.

On 14 May 2010 STS-132 (2010 019A) was launched using the orbiter Atlatis and carrying Kenneth Ham (USA), Tony Antonelli (USA), Stephen Bowen (USA), Michael Good (USA), Garrett Reisman (USA) and Piers Sellers (USA). The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-ULF4 mission. The flight carried a new pressurized component for Russia, the Mini Research Module (MRM-1), also known as Rassvet, was carried. The Rassvet module also carried US pressurized cargo. A radiator, airlock and European robotic arm for the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) were also payloads on the flight. On 16 May 2010 the orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port.

Three spacewalks took place. On 17 May 2010 Reisman and Bowen installed a spare space-to-ground Ku- band antenna on the station’s truss and installed a new tool platform on the Dextre robotic arm. They also did some preparatory work for the next two EVAs. The EVA lasted 7 hours, 25 minutes. On 18 May 2010 the Rassvet module was attached to the nadir port of the Zarya module of the International Space Station. The second EVA of 7 hours, 9 minutes, was on 19 May 2010 and Bowen and Good removed and replaced three of the six batteries on the port truss. The used batteries were installed on the ICC cargo for return to Earth. On 21 May 2010 Good and Reisman performed the final EVA of 6 hours, 46 minutes, and installed the final three new batteries on the truss and put the old batteries on the carrier. They also retrieved a grapple fixture from Atlantis payload bay and brought it inside the station for use as a spare. The ICC was placed in the payload bay on 22 May 2010. The orbiter undocked on 23 May 2010 and landed at the Kennedy Space Center after a mission of 11 days, 18 hours, 28 minutes on 26 May 2010.

On 1 June 2010 Kotov, Creamer and Noguchi left the space station in Soyuz TMA-17 (2009 074A). They landed on 2 June 2010 after a mission duration of 162 days, 5 hours, 33 minutes.

At the same time Skvortsov, Koornieko aand Caldwell became the EX-24 crew with Skvortsov as Commander.

On 17 June 2010 they were joined by Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia), Douglas Wheelock (USA) and Shannon Walker (USA)who had been launched with Soyuz TMA-19 (2010 029A) on 15 June 2010 and docked at the Zvezda aft port. The mission was also known as ISS-23S.

On 28 June 2010 Soyuz TMA-19 (2010 029A) was moved from the aft port of the Zvezda service module to the Rassvet Earth facing port. The docking was manually as the equipment for automatic docking was yet to be fitted to the Rassvet port.

Progress M-06M (2010 033A) was launched on 30 June 2010 for the ISS-38P flight. It docked at the Zvezda aft port on 4 July 2010.

Rassvet

A planned EVA on 8 July 2010 through the Quest airlock, during which Wheelock and Caldwell would have installed a power and data grapple fixture (PDGF) on the exterior of the Zarya module, was rescheduled for 8 August 2010 but eventually did not take place. It would have provided a handhold for the space station’s robotic arm on the Russian side of the station.

On 27 July 2010 Yurchikhin and Kornienko performed an EVA of 6 hours, 42 minutes through the Pirs Docking Compartment during which they replaced a camera on the Zvezda module and performed work on the KURS docking system of the Rassvet module.

On 31 July 2010, the crew was awoken by an alarm caused by a cooling pump that had failed and caused a Remote Power Controller to trip and cut power to some of the ISS.

On 7 August 2010 Wheelock and Caldwell made an 8 hours, 3 minutes spacewalk to replace the faulty ammonia cooling pump module in the International Space Station's external cooling system. In this EVA they disconnected three of the four coolant lines.

During a follow-up EVA on 11 August 2010 they disconnected the fourth coolant line, unbolted the pump module and moved it to a nearby attachment point. They also worked on the replacement pump which had been bolted on the S1 truss. This EVA lasted 7 hours, 26 minutes.

On a third EVA on 16 August 2010, the astronauts installed the new pump in an EVA that lasted 7 hours, 20 minutes.

A fourth spacewalk to wrap up loose ends and move the old pump to a permanent stowage location was deferred as additional maintenance work for the STS-133 (2011 008A) crew.

Progress M-06M (2010 033A) undocked on 31 August 2010 and remained in orbit for autonomous tests in the Radio Progress experiment until it re-entered on 6 September 2010.

A few days later, on 10 September 2010, Progress M-07M (2010 044A), also known as ISS-39P was launched and docked at the Zvezda rear port on 12 September 2010.

Following the return to Earth of Skvortsov, Dyson and Kornienko on Soyuz TMA-18 (2010 011A) on 25 September 2010 the remaining crew members transferred to EX-25 under the command of Wheelock. Soyuz TMA-18 (2010 011A) landed on 25 September 2010 and the mission had lasted 177 days, 1 hour, 19 minutes.

Expedition EX-25/26: 25 September 2010-16 March 2011

The first members of the EX-25 crew were Douglas Wheelock (USA) (Commander), Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia) and Shannon Walker (USA) who had arrived at ISS on Soyuz TMA-19 (2010 029A) and were initially members of the EX-24 crew. They changed over on 22 September 2010. They were joined on 10 October 2010 by Alexander Kaleri (Russia), Oleg Skripochka (Russia) and Scott Kelly (USA) who arrived at the space station on Soyuz TMA-01M (2010 052A).

Soyuz TMA-01 had been launched on 7 October 2010 and was also referred to as ISS-24S. The spacecraft was an improved version of the Soyuz TMA and carried improved avionics, data processing and cooling systems. The spacecraft docked at the Poisk docking port of ISS on 10 October 2010.

On 28 October 2010 the Progress M-05M (2010 018A) cargo transfer spacecraft undocked and continued flight in an independent science programme until it re-entered on 15 November 2010. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was taken on 30 October 2010 by Progress M-08M (2010 055A) that had been launched as ISS-40P on 27 October 2010.

On 15 November 2010 Yurchikhin and Skripochka made an EVA of 6 hours, 27 minutes during which they installed a multipurpose workstation on the starboard side of the Zvezda service module's large-diameter section and removed the Kontur experiment and installed a new materials experiment on a handrail on the Rassvet module.

On 25 November 2010 Yurchikhin, Wheelock and Walker left the space station with Soyuz TMA-19 (2010 029A). When they landed the same day, they had been in space for 163 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes. The same day Kelly, Skripochka and Kaleri became the EX-26 crew with Kelly as Commander.

They were joined by Dmitriy Kondratyev (Russia), Catherine Coleman (USA) and Paulo Nespoli (ESA, Italy) who arrived on Soyuz TMA-20 (2010 067A) on 17 December 2010 when it docked at the MRM-1 docking port. They had been launched on 15 December 2010 and the flight was also known as ISS-25S.

On 21 January 2011 Kondratyev and Skripochka performed a 5 hours, 27 minutes EVA from the Pirs airlock during which they installed a new high-speed data transmission system, removed an old plasma pulse experiment, installed a camera for the new Rassvet docking module and retrieved the Expose-R materials exposure package.

A few days later, on 24 January 2011 Progress M-08M (2010 055A) undocked to burn up in the atmosphere the same day.

On 27 January 2011 the Japanese HTV-2 (2011 003A) cargo transfer spacecraft was docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module. It had been launched on 22 January 2011 and was also known as Kounotori-2. It carried 5,300 kg of cargo/supplies to the ISS of which 4000 kg was in the Pressurized Logistics Carrier and 1300 kg on the Unpressurized Logistics Carrier.

On 1 February 2011 the Exposed Pallet (EP) was removed and relocated to the Kibo Exposed Facility (JEM- EF).

A few days earlier, on 30 January 2011, Progress M-09M (2011 004A), which had been launched on 28 January 2012 as ISS-41P, docked at the Pirs nadir port. The cargo of this spacecraft included the RadioSkaf-2 radio amateur satellite which was to be deployed on a later date.

On 16 February 2011 Kondratyev and Skripochka undertook a 4 hours, 15 minutes EVA during which they installed a number of experiments as well as uninstalled some old equipment.

Progress M-07M (2010 044A) undocked on 20 February 2011 and re-entered on 21 February 2012

The European ATV-2 (2011 007A) cargo spacecraft had been launched on 16 February 2011. It was named Johannes Kepler and the payload consisted of: 1. 4400 kg of propellant for reboost and attitude control; 2. 860 kg of refuelling propellant for the station’s propulsion system; 3. 100 kg of oxygen and nitrogen (air); and 4. 1760 kg of dry supplies like bags, drawers and fresh food. This made a total of 7120 kg. On 24 February 2011 ATV-2 docked at the rear port of the Zvezda module.

Earlier, on 18 February 2011, HTV-2 (2011 003A) was moved to the Harmony zenith port on 18 February 2011, to make room for the STS-133 (2011 008A) docking and Canadarm2 operations associated with STS- 133 (2011 008A). On completion of the STS-133 (2011 008A) mission the HTV-2 was relocated to the nadir port of Harmony again on 10 March 2011.

The STS-133 (2011 008A) mission was flown by the orbiter Discovery and was also known as ISS-ULF5. Launched on 24 February 2011 the orbiter carried astronauts Stephen Lindsey (USA), Eric Boe (USA), Peggy Whitson (USA), Alvin Drew (USA), Michael Barratt (USA), Nicole Stott (USA) and Stephen Bowen (USA). The orbiter carried the Express Logistics Carrier (ELC)-4 and the Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM), a modification of the Italian built Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)-Leonardo. The ELC-4 carried the Heat Rejection Subsystem (HRS) radiator that rejects thermal energy via radiation. The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port of the ISS on 25 February 2011 and on 27 February 2011 the ELC-4 was lifted out of the payload bay and attached to the Starboard 3 truss.

The first EVA was undertaken by Bowen and Drew on 28 February 2011 and lasted 6 hours, 34 minutes, during which the astronauts installed a backup power cable for the Tranquility module, stowed a failed ammonia coolant system pump and carried out a variety of maintenance tasks ranging from insulation repairs to installation of a wedge to provide needed clearance between an external television camera and a storage platform. The PMM was lifted out of the payload bay on 1 March 2011 and attached to the Earth facing port of the Unity module. The second EVA took place on 2 March 2011 during which Bowen and Drew vented ammonia from a failed pump module, installed the Dextre camera as well as undertook a number of other activities. The EVA lasted 6 hours, 14 minutes. A third EVA that was originally planned had been dropped before the launch. The mission was extended for an additional day, allowing the astronauts to help the Expedition crew with internal work inside the Permanent Multipurpose Module. The orbiter undocked on 7 March 2011 and landed on 9 March 2011 at the Kennedy Space Center after a mission of 12 days, 19 hours, 5 minutes.

On 16 March 2011 Soyuz TMA-01M (2010 052A), carrying Kelly, Skripochka and Kaleri undocked and landed the same day. Their mission duration was 158 days, 20 hours, 44 minutes. Earlier on 16 March 2011 Kelly had handed the command of the space station to Kondratyev which marked the start of the EX-27 crew.

Expedition EX-27/28: 16 March 2011-16 September 2011

Dmitriy Kondratyev (Russia), Catherine Coleman (USA) and Paulo Nespoli (ESA, Italy) became the EX-27 crew on 16 March 2011 with Kondratyev as Commander.

On 28 March 2011 HTV-2 (2011 003A) undocked and re-entered on 30 March 2011.

On 6 April 2011 the EX-27 crew was joined by Aleksandr Samokutyaev (Russia), Andrey Borisenko (Russia) and Ronald Garan (USA) who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-21 (2011 012A). This mission, also referred to as ISS-26S was launched on 4 April 2011 and docked at the Poisk docking port.

The next event was the undocking of Progress M-09M (2011 004A) on 22 April 2011. It re-entered on 26 April 2011. The position at the Pirs nadir docking port was taken up by Progress M-10M (2011 017A) on 29 April 2011. The spacecraft had been launched on 27 April 2011 as ISS-42P. STS-134 (2011 020A) was launched on 16 May 2011 and carried Mark Kelly (USA), Gregory Johnson (USA), Gregory Chamitoff (USA), Michael Fincke (USA), Roberto Vittori (ESA, Italy) and Andrew Feustel (USA). The flight, also identified as ISS-ULF6, used the orbiter Endeavour and docked at the PMA-2 port on 18 May 2011. The objective of the flight was to deliver the Express Logistics Carrier (ELC)-3 and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)-2. Originally STS-133 was to have been the last Space Shuttle mission with STS-134 (2011 020A) being the Launch On Need (LON) mission for STS-133 (2011 008A). Controversy over the cancellation of several International Space Station components, most notably the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, led to the funding of the STS-134 in 2008. By early 2010 it had become obvious that the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer cosmic ray experiment would not be available until August 2010. The delay was caused by the need to replace the 6917 kg experiment’s superconducting magnet. The initially proposed magnet, which would produce a field 17,000 times that at the Earth’s surface and allows scientists to determine the charge and momentum of particles by how their tracks bend, needed to be cooled to near absolute zero by liquid helium that would be depleted over a period of three years, leaving the AMS as deadweight on the space station. That was acceptable when it was planned to de-orbit ISS in 2015 but after it had been decided to extend the ISS lifetime, it was decided to install a less capable magnet that did not require cooling but would allow a longer running time. In addition, the new magnet made operation simpler and safer as liquid helium could boil explosively.

AMS-2 was carried on the ELC-3 along with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) which was stored on the S1 truss for future use as an extension to the Canadarm2; In addition the orbiter carried a number of experiments that were kept on ISS.

On 18 May 2011 the Shuttle robotic arm lifted ECS-3 from the payload bay and handed it to Canadarm2 which attached it to the Port 3 truss segment. On 19 May 2011 the AMS-2 was installed on the S3 upper inboard the Payload Attach System (PAS)-2 using both the Shuttle robotic arm and the Canadarm2. This position was originally intended for ECS-5. On 20 May 2011 Feustel and Chamitoff made an EVA of 6 hours, 19 minutes during which they retrieved two material exposure experiments and installed a new package of experiments on ELC2. Probles with Chamitoff’s space suit curtailed the EVA preventing them to install an external wireless communication antenna on the Destiny module to provide wireless communication to the ELCs mounted on the P3 and S3 truss segments. The Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) was lifted out of the payload bay on 21 May 2011.

The second EVA took place on 22 May 2011 and was performed by Feustel and Fincke. During the 8 hours and 7 minutes they refilled the P6 truss radiators with ammonia as well as undertook several other activities.

Feustel and Fincke also performed the third EVA on 25 May 2011. This EVA lasted 6 hours, 54 minutes and the astronauts installed a power and data grapple fixture on the Zarya module and installed additional cables to provide redundant power channels for Zarya. In preparation for this EVA the astronauts tested a new method of preparing them for the EVA, replacing the camp-out in the airlock with a series of specially designed exercises.

The final EVA of 7 hours, 24 minutes took place on 27 May 2011 and was undertaken by Fincke and Chamitoff. They attached the OBSS on the interface between the starboard 0 and starboard 1 trusses as well as a number of other tasks. The orbiter undocked from ISS on 30 May 2011 following which it performed a re-rendez vous with the Station about four hours later, coming to a distance of 290 m. The rendez vous demonstrated a coelliptic approach, familiar from Apollo days but not normally used with Shuttle and also tested the STORRM laser sensor developed for the Orion spacecraft. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre on 1 June 2011 and the mission had lasted for 15 days, 17 hours, 38 minutes.

Earlier, on 23 May 2011, Kondratyev, Coleman and Nespoli left on 23 May 2011 with Soyuz TMA-20 (2010 067A). After undocking the spacecraft positioned itself at a distance of about 200 m from the space station to take photos of the space station with the orbiter Endeavour docked to it. They landed the next day after having been in space for 159 days, 15 hours, 18 minuutes. Samokutyaev, Borisenko and Garan became Expedition EX-28 with Borisenko as Commander

Soyuz TMA-02M (2011 023A), also known as ISS-27S was launched on 7 June 2011 with Sergey Volkov (Russia), Michael Fossum (USA) and Satoshi Furukawa (Japan). On 9 June 2011 it docked at the Rassvet docking port and the threesome joined the EX-28 crew.

On 21 June 2011 ATV-2 (2011 007A) undocked and re-entered the next day. Also on 21 June 2011 Progress M-11M (2011 027A) was launched as ISS-43P. It docked at the Zvezda rear port on 23 June 2011.

On 8 July 2011 the last space shuttle flight was launched with Christopher Ferguson (USA), Douglas Hurley (USA), Rex Walheim (USA) and Sandra Magnus (USA). Flown by the orbiter Atlantis, STS-135 (2011 031A), referred to as the STS-335 Launch On Need (mission) until 20 January 2011, had been proposed in May 2010 by United States Senator Bill Nelson on the basis that, after its use as the potential ‘launch-on-need’ flight for, the STS-135 (2011 031A) mission be flown with a payload of supplies for the space station. The bill was approved by Congress in October 2010 and in February 2011 the mission was formally approved. The mission was then identified as ISS ULF7. STS-135 (2011 031A) carried the Rafaello MPLM, as described for 2001 010A, which carried six Resupply Stowage Racks, eight Resupply Stowage Platforms, two ISS Stowage Platforms and one Zero-G Stowage Rack. In addition the orbiter carried a Lightweight Multipurpose Carrier (LMC) on which the Robotic Refuelling Mission (RRM) was placed. The RRM was an external experiment to demonstrate and test the tools, technologies and techniques needed to robotically refuel and repair satellites in space, especially satellites that were not designed to be serviced. The RRM was placed on the space station’s ELC-4 platform during the EVA on 12 July 2011 from where it will be operated through the Dextre robot. During the descent, the LMC carried an ammonia pump that was to be analyzed to determine its cause for failure. The Advanced Recycle Filter Tank Assembly (ARFTA) was carried the orbiter’s middeck. It was transferred to ISS.

The orbiter docked at the PMA-2 port on 10 July 2011. On 11 July 2011 the Raffaello MPLM was lifted from the payload bay and docked at the nadir port of Harmony. On 12 July 2011 ISS astronauts Garan and Fossum performed an EVA of 6 hours, 31 minutes during which they removed the Robotic Refuelling Mission (RRM) from the Lightweight Multipurpose Carrier (LMC) and placed the failed Pump Module S/N 02 on the LMC for return to Earth. On 18 July 2011 the MPLM, now carrying some experiments to be returned to Earth, was transferred back into the orbiter’s bay. The orbiter undocked on 19 July 2011 and landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 12 days, 18 hours, 28 minutes. This was the last Space Shuttle flight to ISS.

Earlier, on 12 July 2011 EX-28 crew members Garan and Fossum perform an EVA of 6 hours, 31 minutes during which they removed the Robotic Refuelling Mission (RRM) from the Lightweight Multipurpose Carrier (LMC) carried by STS-135 (2011 031A) and placed the failed Pump Module S/N 02 on the LMC for return to Earth. The RRM experiment was placed on the EOTP location on the Station's Dextre robot arm. They also carried out some other minor tasks.

On 3 August 2011 cosmonauts Volkov and Samokutyaev conducted an EVA from the Pirs module of the International Space Station. During the 6 hours, 23 minutes period they installed the BTLS-N lasercom on the Zvezda module and the Biorisk-MSN package on the outside of the Pirs module. Finally they deployed the RadioSkaf-2 or ARISSat-1 (1998 067CK) amateur radio satellite although only one of the two antennas was deployed. This satellite had been brought to the ISS on board of Progress M-09M (2011 004A) and was originally to have been deployed during the EVA of 16 February 2011.

On 23 August 2011 Progress M-11M (2011 027A) undocked and re-entered on 1 September 2011. Its place at the Zvezda rear port was to be taken by Progress M-12M (ISS-44P) on 26 August 2011 but the launch on 24 August 2011 failed to place the spacecraft in orbit.

On 1 September 2011 Fossum and Furukawa made preparations for the first acitivity by Robonaut 2, but due to a technical issue the programme was prevented from being completed within the 2 hours allocated. Robonaut, brought to ISS on STS-133 (2011 008A) was to conduct powered operations for checking out two sensors and testing the Motion Stop button, both arms and vision via its left and right camera. The 2 hour limit was set to prevent overheating.

On 16 September 2011 Soyuz TMA-21 (2011 012A) undocked at Samokutyaev, Borisenko and Garan. They landed the same day and their mission had lasted 164 days, 5 hours, 42 minutes.

Expedition EX-29/30: 16 September 2011-27 April 2012

After Samokutyaev, Borisenko and Garan left the space station on 16 September 2011, Michael Fossum (USA), Satoshi Furukawa (Japan) and Sergey Volkov (Russia) became the EX-29 crew with Fossum as Commander

Progress M-10M (2011 017A) undocked on 29 October 2011 and re-entered the same day. Fresh supplies arrived at the space station with Progress M-13M (2011 062A) (ISS-45P), which had been launched on 30 October 2011. It docked at the Pirs nadir port on 2 November 2011.

On 16 November 2011 the EX-29 crew was joined by Anton Shkaplerov (Russia), Daniel Burbank (USA) and Anatolly Ivanishin (Russia), who had arrived with Soyuz TMA-22 (2011 067A). This spacecraft had been launched oon 14 November 2011 and the mission was also identified as ISS-28S. Soyuz TMA-22 (2011 067A) docked at the Poisk docking port.

Following this, on 21 November 2011, Soyuz TMA-02M (2011 023A) undocked and re-entered the next day. Fossum, Furukawa and S. Volkov had been in space for 167 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes. Shkaplerov, Burbank and Ivanishin had become the EX-30 crew with Burbank as Commander

They were joined Oleg Kononenko (Russia), Ander Kuipers (ESA, The Netherlands) and Donald Pettit (USA) who arrived on Soyuz TMA-03M (2011 078A) on 23 December 2012 with the spacecraft docking at the MRM- 1 docking port. Launched on 21 December 2011, the flight was also known as ISS-29S and PromISSe.

The next routine Progress cargo spacecraft exchange started with the undocking of Progress M-13M (2011 062A) on 23 January 2012, with the spacecraft burning up in the atmosphere on 25 January 2012. This was followed by the launch of Progress M-14M (2012 004A) on 25 January 2012 as ISS-46P, whch docked at the Pirs nadir port on 27 January 2012.

The absence of Space Shuttle flight may give the impression that activities on ISS had slowed down, however, this impression is far from true, giving the long list of experiments that were conducted by the EX-30 crew and subsequent crews.

For instance, on 14 and 15 February 2012 Burbank tested maneuvers with Robonaut 2 before being stored again. Then, on 16 February 2012 Kononenko and Shkaplerov made an EVA of 6 hours, 16 minutes during which they relocated the Strela 1 crane from Pirs to Poisk. In addition they installed two Vynoslivost experiment panels on Poisk and collecting one of two planned samples from the Test experiment.

Robonaut 2

Further operations with Robonaut took place on 13 March 2012, when additional heat sinks were installed to better dissipate heat and allow it to work for longer periods of time, and on 14 March 2012 during which it measured the air flow in front of vents inside the station to ensure that none of the ventilation ductwork gets clogged or blocked. R2 is able to hold the measuring instrument steadier than a human being, giving better readings.

The ATV-3 (2012 010A) cargo spacecraft was launched on 23 March 2012 and docked at the rear port of the Zvezda module on 28 March 2012. Named Edoardo Amaldi, it carried 6595 kg, comprising: 1. 3150 kg of propellant for reboost and attitude control; 2. 860 kg of refuelling propellant for the station’s propulsion system; 3. 285 kg of water; 4. 100 kg of oxygen and nitrogen (air); and 5. 2200 kg of dry supplies.

On 19 April 2012 Progress M-14M (2012 004A) undocked and re-entered on 28 April 2012. The undocking was followed on 20 April 2012 by the launch of Progress M-15M (2012 015A) as ISS-47P. This spacecraft docked at the Pirs nadir port on 22 April 2012.

Finally, on 27 April 2012 Shkaplerov, Burbank and Ivanishin left the space station with Soyuz TMA-22 (2011 067A) and landed the same day after a mission of 165 days, 7 hours, 31 minutes. The remaining three crew members became the EX-31 crew with Kononenko as Commander

Expedition EX-31/32: 27 April 2012-17 September 2012

When Shkaplerov, Burbank and Ivanishin left the space station on 27 April 2012, the remaining three crew members, Oleg Konenenko (Russia), Donald Pettit (USA) and Andre Kuipers (ESA, The Netherlands), became the EX-31 crew with Kononenko as Commander

They were joined by Gennady Padalka (Russia), Joseph Acaba (USA) and Sergey Revin (Russia) who arrived on 17 May 2012 by Soyuz TMA-04M (2012 022A). Their flight, also referred to as ISS-30S, had been launched on 15 May 2012 and docked at the Poisk docking port.

On 24 May 2012 the Dragon C-2+ (2012 027A) cargo transfer spacecraft approached the space station at a distance of 10 m at which point it was grapples by the Canadarm and docked at the Harmony module the next day. The Dragon C spacecraft had been developed by SpaceX as part of NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) programme.

Dragon C-2+, which had been launched on 22 May 2012, combined the objectives of the Dragon C-3 flight in the original Dragon C-2 flight. The original objective for Dragon C-2 was to only approach the space station and test communications and rendezvous systems before retreating and returning to Earth. The C-3 flight would actually have travelled to the station and link up.

The 4200 kg spacecraft carried a payload of 520 kg in the pressurized cabin, comprising 306 kg of food and other crew provisions, 21 kg for the Nanorack Cubelabs-9 experiment, 123 kg miscellaneous cargo, 10 kg computer supplies and 60 kg packaging material and 660 kg, comprising 143 kg crew items, 93 kg payloads, 345 kg systems hardware, 39 kg spacewalk hardware and 40 kg packaging on the return flight.

On 31 May 2012 the spacecraft undocked after having been docked for 6 days. About four hours after undocking the spacecraft performed the seven minutes de-orbit burn following which the spacecraft entered the Earth’s atmosphere for a splash down in the Pacific Ocean 450 km off the Californian coast.

On 1 July 2012 Kononenko, Kuipers and Pettit left the space station on Soyuz TMA-03M (2011 078A) and landed the same day. Their mission had lasted 192 days, 18 hours, 58 min. On the same day Padalka, Acaba and S. Revin became the EX-32 crew with Padalka as Commander. On 17 July 2012 they were joined by Sunita Williams (USA), Yuri Malenchenko (Russia) and Akihiko Hoshide (Japan), who arrived in Soyuz TMA-05M (2012 037A). Known also as ISS-31S, this mission had been launched on 15 July 2012 and docked at the MRM-2 (Rassvet) docking port.

On 22 July 2012 Progress M-15M (2012 015A) undocked and retreated approximately 160 km to test the Kurs-NA advanced autopilot rendezvous system. The first attempt to redock at the Pirs nadir port, on 23 July 2012, was aborted at a distance of 3 km due to a computer failure. The spacecraft was then placed in a parking orbit about 485 km away to allow the docking of HTV-3 (2012 038A) on 27 July 2012, before another attempt, this time successful, was made on 28 July 2012. The spacecraft undocked again on 30 July 2012 after which it conducted the Khlopushka experiment from 14 August 2012 and the Radar-Progress experiment from 15 to 20 August 2012. It re-entered on 20 August 2012.

On 20 July 2012 the HTV-3 (2012 038A) cargo spacecraft was launched and docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 27 July 2012. Also known as Kounotori-3, it carried 4600 kg of cargo/supplies to the ISS of which 3500 kg was in the Pressurized Logistics Carrier and 1100 kg on the Unpressurized Logistics Carrier. The HTV-3 pressurized module contained 8 HTV Resupply Racks with station supplies and equipment, The payload also included the JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD) which carried two containers for three 10x10x10 cm cubesats each. On this mission five cubesats were carried. RAIKO and WE-WISH were fitted in the first container whilst TechEdSat, F-1 and FITSAT-1 were fitted in the second container.

The J-SSOD was a platform for the deployment of small satellites through the Kibo airlock and subsequent release by the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). J-SSOD comprises two satellite install cases that hold up to 3 small one-unit (1U – 10 x 10 x 10 cm) small cubesats per satellite install case. Each pre-packed satellite install case is loaded by crewmembers onto the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) within the JEM habitable volume. The MPEP platform is then attached to the JEM Slide Table inside the JEM airlock for transfer to the JEMRMS and space environment. The JEMRMS grapples and maneuvers the MPEP and J-SSOD to a predefined deployment orientation and then jettisons the small CubeSat satellites.

J-SSOD

The HTV-3 unpressurized Exposed Pallet carried two packages: 1. the MCE (Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment) which included an ionosphere experiment (IMAP), a lightning study sensor (GLIMS), an inflatable membrane experiment (SIMPLE) and REXJ, a robotics experiment; and 2. the NASA-Glenn's SCAN Testbed which had S-band, Ka-band and L-band antennas to test out.

Launched on 1 August 2012, Progress M-16M (2012 042A) or ISS-48P docked at the Pirs nadir port on 2 August 2012 after performing only 4 orbits in 6 hours, rather than the previously used technique of 34 orbits over 50 hours.

On 20 August 2012 Padalka and Malenchenko made an EVA of 5 hours 51 minutes during which the relocated the the Strela 2 space crane from DC1 to FGB using Strela 1, deployed the Sfera-53 (1998 067CM) satellite, installed several experiments as well as removed some experiments. On 30 August 2012 Williams and Hoshide made an EVA of 8 hours, 17 minutes during which they installed two power cables between the Zarya and US segment for use by the Russian Nauka multi purpose laboratory that will be delivered in 2013. They failed to replace a Main Bus Switching Units (MBSU) when tools failed in the installation of the replacement unit.

On 5 September 2012 Williams and Hoshide made a further EVA of 6 hours, 28 minutes, during which they succeeded to install the replacement power switching unit.

To relieve the onboard timeline, the undocking of the HTV-3 (2012 038A) cargo spacecraft, that was scheduled for 6 September 2012, was delayed until a week later. It undocked on 12 September 2012. After undocking and just before the break-up of the of the spacecraft, the i-Ball re-entry recorder, a 22 kg, 40 cm diameter sphere developed by IHI Aerospace, was released from a container. The sphere descended whilst suspended from a parachute, and recorded data, including still images, during the HTV-3 re-entry in order to increase the knowledge on what happens during re-entry. On landing in the sea i-Ball stayed afloat for data transmission but eventually sank. HTV-3 re-entered on 14 September 2012.

On 17 September 2012 Soyuz TMA-04M (2012 022A), carrying Padalka, Revin and Acaba left ISS. They landed the same day and their mission duration was 124 days, 23 hours, 52 minutes. Williams, Malenchenko and Hoshide became the EX-33 crew with Williams as Commander

Expedition EX-33/34: 17 September 2012-15 March 2013

On 17 September 2012, Sunita Williams (USA) took command of the space station as part of the EX-33 crew, along with Yuri Malenchenko (Russia) and Akihiko Hoshide (Japan).

ATV-3 (2012 010A) undocked on 28 September 2012 and re-entered on 3 October 2012.

On 4 October 2012 the five cubesats in the J-SSOD were deployed after the module had been placed in the airlock of the Kibo module that was then depressurised and opened, following which the Kibo robotic arm grappled the J-SSOD and moved it away from the space station. The release of RAIKO (1998 067CN) and WE-WISH (1997 068CS) was initiated by Hoshide whereas the release of the other three satellites, TechEdSat (1998 067CQ), F-1 (1998 067CS) and FITSAT-1 (1998 067CP) was initiated by ground control about an hour later.

The Dragon CRS-1 cargo spacecraft was launched on 8 October 2012. It docked docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 10 October 2012 andt carried about 454 kg of supplies including materials to support the 166 investigations to be undertaken by the ISS EX-33 crew, as well as 63 new investigations. The spacecraft undocked on 28 October 2012 and, on the return flight, it carried 904 kg of scientific materials as well as space station hardware. It re-entered the same day.

A few days earlier, on 25 October 2012, the EX-33 was joined by Oleg Novitsky (Russia), Evgeniy.Tarelkin (Russia) and Kevin Ford (USA) who arrived with Soyuz TMA-06M (2012 058A). Also known as ISS-32S, this mission had been launched on 23 October 2012 and docked at the Poisk docking port.

Progress M-17M (2012 060A) was launched on 31 October 2012 as ISS-49P. It docked at the Zvezda port on 31 October 2012.

On 1 November 2012 astronauts Williams and Hoshide made an EVA of 6 hours, 38 minutes during which they isolated a small leak in the Channel 2B ammonia cooling system of the P6 solar arrays of ISS. The leakage was either caused by space debris or a component failure.

On 18 November 2012 Ford became the Commander of the EX-34 crew, after Williams, along with Hoshide and Malenchenko, left on Soyuz TMA-05M (2012 037A). The spacecraft landed on 19 November 2012 after a mission of 126 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes.

The EX-34 crew of Ford, Novitskiy and Taralkin was joined by Roman Romanenko (Russia), Chris Hadfield (Canada) and Thomas Marshburn (USA) who arrived by Soyuz TMA-07M (2012 074A) on 21 December 2012. They had been launched as ISS-33S on 19 December 2012 and docked at the Rassvet docking port.

During six days over the period from 14 January 2013 to 25 January 2013 the crew on ISS tested the Dextre system in a refueling demonstration that could change the way of managing fleets of orbiting satellites. Using equipment brought up as part of the Robotic Refueling Mission (2011 031A), Dextre grappled tools to open a fuel valve on a mock satellite and transfer liquid ethanol into a fuel tank.

On 9 February 2013 Progress M-16M (2012 042A) undocked and re-entered the same day. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was taken up by Progress M-18M (2013 007A) on 11 February 2013. This spacecraft had been launched as ISS-50P on 11 February 2013.

Another Dragon cargo spacecraft was launched on 1 March 2013 as Dragon CRS-2. It carried 575 kg of supplies and docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 3 March 2013 after a delay caused by problems with the thrusters of the spacecraft.

On 15 March 2013 Ford, Novitskiy and Taralkin returned to Earth where they landed on 16 March 2013. Their mission had lasted 143 days, 16 hours, 51 minutes.

Expedition EX-35/36: 15 March 2013- 10 September 2013

After Ford, Novitsky and Tarelkin left the spacestation on 15 March 2013 with Soyuz TMA-06M (2012 058A), Chris Hadfield (Canada), Roman Romanenko (Russia) and Thomas Marshburn (USA) became the EX-35 crew with Hadfield assuming the command of the space station.

On 26 March 2013 Dragon CRS-2 and re-entered the same day. On the return flight, it carried 1210 kg of scientific materials as well as space station hardware.

On 29 March 2013 they were joined by Pavel Vinogradov (Russia), Alexander Misurkin (Russia) and Christopher Cassidy (USA), who arrived on Soyuz TMA-08M (2013 013A). Soyuz TMA-08M had been launched on 28 March 2013 as ISS-34S and docked at the Poisk docking port. Instead of the previous two day flight profile to ISS, the flight used the six hours fast rendez-vous flight profile that had been first tested on Progress M-16M (2012 042A).

Progress M-17M (2012 060A) undocked on 15 April 2013 following which it remained in orbit for a few more days to undertake the Radar Progress experiment. It re-entered on 21 April 2013.

Vinogradov and Romanenko performed a spacewalk of 6 hours, 38 minutes on 19 April 2013, during which they set up and connected the Obstanovka plasma wave experiment to investigate space weather in the upper atmosphere. They also removed containers from the Biorisk experiment and a sample panel from the Vynoslivost experiment.

On 24 April 2013 Progress M-19M (2013 017A) was launched and docked at the Zvezda port on 26 April 2013. The flight was also known as ISS-51P.

An ammonia leak in the system that cools avionics in one of eight electrical channels powered by the space station's main solar panel, saw astronauts Cassidy and Marshburn undertake an unscheduled EVA on 11 May 2017 to detect the exact location of the leak in the P6 truss section and to correct the problem by installing a new pump. The EVA, which took place through the Quest port, lasted 5 hours, 30 minutes.

Vinogradov, Misurkin and Cassidy became the EX-36 crew after Hadfield, Romanenko and Marsburn left on 13 May 2013, at which point in time Cassidy became the ISS Commander Soyuz TMA-07M (2012 074A) landed on 14 May 2013 after a mission that had lasted 144 days, 21 hours, 19 minutes.

Soyuz TMA-09M (2013 025A) was launched as ISS-35S on 28 May 2013 and carried Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia), Karen Nyberg (USA) and Luca Parmitano (ESA, Italy). The spacecraft docked at the Rassvet docking port on 29 May 2013. Parmitano’s participation was also referred to as Volare.

The European ATV-4 (2013 027A) cargo spacecraft docked at the rear port of the Zvezda module on 15 June 2013, after having been launched on 5 June 2013. Named Albert Einstein, the payload consisted of: • 2380 kg of propellant for reboost and attitude control; • 860 kg of refuelling propellant for the station’s propulsion system; • 570 kg of water; • 100 kg of oxygen and nitrogen (air); and • 2697 kg of dry supplies. This made a total of 6607 kg.

Progress M-19M (2013 017A) undocked on 11 June 2013 and re-entered on 19 June 2013.

Yurchikhin and Misurkin made a spacewalk of 6 hours, 34 minutes on 24 June 2013 during which they replaced a fluid flow regulator on the Zarya module and remove the Photon-Gamma unit of the Molina-Gamma experiment. They also tested the space stations Kurs equipment that

On 9 July 2013 astronauts Cassidy and Parmitano made an EVA of 6 hours, 7 minutes that focussed on routing power cables in preparation for the planned Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM), which was to replace the Pirs Docking Compartment in due course. They also removed and replaced a Space-to- Ground Transmitter Receiver Controller, installed a radiator grapple bar and retrieved a mast camera from the Mobile Base System. Finally they retrieved samples from the MISSE-8 and the Optical Reflector Materials Experiment.

On 16 July 2013 Cassidy and Parmitano made another EVA but, after that water built up in Parmatino’s spacesuit helmet, the EVA was cut short to 1 hour, 32 minutes. It had been intended that during the 6.5 hours spacewalk they would work through a backlog of maintenance and assembly tasks. Of these they completed work at the Z1 truss to install a second set of jumper cables and began the further installation of wiring between the US and Russian segments of the station. The remaining tasks, including additional cable routing, moving a wireless camera antenna on the station's power truss and the replacement of a camera on the external deck of the Japanese Kibo lab module, were not considered critical and may be rescheduled for another EVA.

Progress M-18M (2013 007A) undocked on 25 July 2013 and re-entered the next day. Its position at the nadir port of Pirs was taken up by Progress M-20M on 28 July 2013, which had been launched as ISS-52P on 27 July 2013.

The Japanese HTV-4 (2013 040A) or Kounotori-4 had been launched on 3 August 2013 and docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 9 August 2013. The cargo spacecraft carried 5400 kg of cargo/supplies to the ISS of which 3900 kg was in the Pressurized Logistics Carrier and 1500 kg on the Unpressurized Logistics Carrier. The HTV-4 pressurized module contained 8 HTV Resupply Racks with station supplies and equipment. The payload also included four cubesats which were fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD) and were to be launched through the Kibo module at a later date. These satellites were PicoDragon, Ardusat-1, Ardusat-X and TechEdSat-3. Finally the pressurised cargo included Kirobo, a 34 cm tall humanoid robot to interact with Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata who was to arrive at ISS on Soyuz TMA-11M (2013 061A) as part of the EX-37/38 crew. The unpressurised cargo included the Space Test Program-Houston (STP-H)-4, a suite of seven experiments to investgate space communications, Earth observation and materials sciences. Two orbital replacement units (ORU), comprising a spare Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) and a spare Utility Transfer Assembly (UTA), both to keep the space station’s electrical system operating smoothly, were also carried as unpressurised cargo.

On 16 August 2013 cosmonauts Yurchikhin and Misurkin made an EVA of 7 hours, 29 minutes during which they installed equipment and routed power cables for the arrival of the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM). They also installed a panel of experiments on the Poisk module to collect data on the effects of the microgravity environment in low-Earth orbit.

They made a second EVA of 5 hours, 59 minutes on 22 August 2013, during which they removed a space laser communications system from the hull of the Zvezda service module and installed a pointing platform on which a small optical telescope will be installed on a future Russian spacewalk.

HTV-4 (2013 040A) undocked on 4 September 2013 at which time it carried the Space Test Program-Houston (STP-H)-3 experiment towards destruction in the atmosphere on 7 September 2013.

After the departure of Soyuz TMA-08M (2013 013A) and its crew, on 10 September 2013, Yurchikhin, Nyberg and Parmitano became the EX-37 crew with Yurchikin as Commander. Soyuz TMA-08M landed on 11 September 2013 and the mission had lasted 165 days, 6 hours, 15 minutes.

Expedition EX-37/38: 10 September 2013- 11 March 2014

After the departure of Soyuz TMA-08M (2013 013A) and its crew, on 10 September 2013, Fyodor Yurchikhin (Russia), Karen Nyberg (USA) and Luca Parmitano (ESA, Italy) became the EX-37 crew with Yurchikhin as Commander.

On 26 September 2013 they were joined by Oleg Kotov (Russia), Sergey Ryazansky (Russia) and Michael Hopkins (USA) who arrived by Soyuz TMA-10M (2013 054A). Also known as ISS-36S, this mission had been launched on 25 September 2013 and docked at the Poisk docking port.

Cygnus OrbD-1 (2013 051A), also referred to as G. David Low, was the first demonstration flight of the Cygnus commercial cargo spacecraft that had been developed by Orbital Sciences and Thales Alenia to meet NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS). Launched on 18 September 2013, the spacecraft consisted of a Service Module (SM) and a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM). The SM was based on Orbital’s STAR space platform that incorporated a propulsion system fuelled by N2H4/NTO or N2H4. It also had two fixed wing solar arrays. The PCM was based on the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) and developed by Thales Alenia Space for NASA. The module had a pressurized volume of 18.9 m3 and was capable to carry 2000 kg of crew supplies, spares and scientific experiments. The length was 3.66 m and the diameter 3.07 m. The mass, without cargo, was 1500 kg whilst the spacecraft carried only 700 kg of cargo. On approach to the ISS the Cygnus spacecraft was grappled by the Canadarm2 robotic arm and was berthed at the Harmony module on 29 September 2013 after an aborted attempt on 22 September 2013. Cygnus OrbD-1 (2013 051A) undocked on 22 October 2013 and re-entered the next day.

ATV-4 (2013 027A) undocked on 28 October 2013 and re-entered on 2 November 2013.

On 7 November 2013 the crew was expanded by the arrival of Michael Tyurin (Russia), Richard Mastracchio (USA) and Koichi Wakata (Japan) who flew up in Soyuz TMA-11M (2013 061A) which had been launched as ISS-37S earlier that day. It docked at the Rassvet docking port. At that point in time the EX-37 crew consisted of 9 persons. Earlier, on 1 November 2013, Soyuz TMA-10M (2013 054A), had been moved to the Zvezda docking port in an operation that lasted 21 minutes.

On 9 November 2013 Kotov and Ryazanskiy made a 5 hours, 50 minutes spacewalk through the Pirs airlock during which they took the (unlit) Olympic Torch outside the space station. The torch had been carrier up on Soyuz TMA-11M (2013 061A). They conducted a photo and video session with the torch outside the station after which they stowed it back inside the airlock after which they performed a number of other activities including setting up an extravehicular activity workstation and biaxial pointing platform outside the Zvezda module. They also de-activated the Radiometria experiment package on Zvezda.

The torch returned to Earth on 11 November 2013 along with the Soyuz TMA-09M (2013 025A) which had undocked the previous day. The mission duration was 166 days, 5 hours, 18 minutes. After Soyuz TMA-09M (2013 025A) left the space station, the remaining six crew members, Kotov, Ryazansky, Hopkins, Tyurin, Mastracchio and Wakata, became the EX-38 crew with Kotov as Commander

On 19 November 2013 PicoDragon (1998 067DA), Ardusat-1 (1998 067DB) and Ardusat-X (1998 067DC) were deployed from the JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD) that had been lifted outside the Kibo module. This was followed the next day by TechEdSat-3 (1998 067DD).

Launched on 25 November 2013 as ISS-53P, Progress M-21M (2013 069A) docked at the Zvezda docking port on 29 November 2013. Earlier, on 27 November 2013 the spacecraft had flown within a few kilometers of ISS to test new equipment for the Kurs rendez-vous system.

On 11 December 2013 one of two ammonia coolant loops on the space station's external thermal control system failed due to a faulty flow control valve inside a pump module mounted on the right side of the space station’s truss. To fix this problem NASA planned for Mastracchio and Hopkins to make several EVAs to inspect the faulty pump module and, if necessary, replace it by a spare that has been stored on the external stowage platform. As a consequence of this the launch of the Cygnus supply spacecraft, that was scheduled for 19 December 2013, was delayed until early January 2014. During the first of these EVAs, on 21 December 2013, they disconnected the faulty ammonia pump module, removed it from its rack on the truss and maneuvered it to a mounting fixture to clear the way for installation of the replacement pump module. This EVA lasted 5 hours, 22 minutes. During a second EVA of 7 hours, 30 minutes on 24 December 2013 the two astronauts removed the spare pump module from External Stowage Platform 3 and bolted it in its place before they connected the ammonia fluid lines and electrical cables. Both EVAs were through the Quest air lock. A planned third EVA was not required.

On 27 December 2013 Kotov and Ryazanskiy made an EVA of 8 hours, 7 minutes through the Pirs airlock to install photographic and scientific equipment on the hull of the Zvezda module of the space station. The installation failed and the equipment was taken back inside. They made a further EVA of 6 hours, 8 minutes on 27 January 2014 during which the succeeded installing a high resolution video camera but failed to instal a low-resolution video camera. These cameras had been provided by UrtheCast, a Canadian firm.

Cygnus Orb-1 (2014 003A), also known as SS C. Gordon Fullerton was launched on 9 January 2014 and docked at the Harmony module on 12 January 2014. The spacecraft carried 1261 kg of supplies, including several scientific experiments, 23 student experiments, crew provisions, spare parts and experimental hardware. In addition it carried a number of cubesats that were to be ejected with the NanoRack CubeSat Deployer located in the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS. These cubesats were 28 Flock 1, SkyCube, UAPSAT, LitSat, LituanicaSAT-1 and Ardusat-2.

NRCSD

The NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) cubesat deployment system consisted of a rectangular tube of anodized aluminum plates, base plate assembly, access panels, and deployer doors. The NRCSD deployer doors were located on the forward end, the base plate assembly was located on the aft end, and access panels were provided on the top. It could hold up to six 1U cubesats or combinations thereof. For a deployment, the platform was moved outside via the Kibo Module’s Airlock and slide table that allowed the JEMRMS to move the deployers to the correct orientation for the satellite release and also provided command and control to the deployers. The ejection system was not powerful and was aimed backwards, opposite to ISS velocity. As such the satellites ended up at very slightly lower perigee than ISS with drag soon widening that gap.

Progress M-20M (2013 039A) undocked on 4 February 2014. It remained in orbit for several additional days to undertake the Izgib programme to evaluate the thermal effects of space on its attitude control system. It re- entered on 11 February 2014.

Another cubesat, Chasqui-1, arrived at ISS with Progress M-22M (2014 005A) (ISS-54P), which had been launched on 5 February 2014 and docked at the Pirs nadir port the same day.

Cygnus Orb-1 (2014 003A) undocked on 18 February 2014 and re-entered the next day.

Between 11 and 28 February 2014 28 Flock 1 satellites were deployed as 1998 067DG/EK, as well as SkyCube (1998 067EL), UAPSAT (1998 067EM), LitSat (1998 67EN), LituanicaSAT-1 (1998 067E) and Ardusat-2 (1998 067EQ), also on 28 February 2014.

On 11 March 2014 Soyuz TMA-10M (2013 054A) undocked returning Kotov, Ryanzanski and Hopkins back to Earth where they landed the same day. The mission duration was 165 days, 6 hours, 28 minutes. Wakata, Tyurin and Mastracchio became the first members of the EX-39 crew with Wakata as Commander

Expedition EX-39/40: 11 March 2014-10 September 2014

After that Soyuz TMA-10M (2013 054A) left on 11 March 2014, Michael Tyurin (Russia), Richard Mastracchio (USA) and Koichi Wakata (Japan) became the EX-39 crew, with Wakata as Commander. They were joined by Alexander Skvortsov (Russia), Oleg Artemyev (Russia) and Steven Swanson (USA) who arrived with Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A). Also known as ISS-38S, Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A) had been launched on 25 March 2014 and docked at the Poisk docking port on 27 Marcvh 2014 after an attempt on 25 March 2014 had been aborted.

Progress M-22M (2014 005A) undocked on 7 April 2014 but remained in orbit to conduct Radar-Progress ionospheric studies until it re-entered on 18 April 2014. On 9 April 2014, Progress M-23M (2014 018A) was launched as ISS-55P and docked at he Pirs nadir port the same day.

The Dragon CRS-3 (2014 022A) resupply mission had been launched on 18 April 2014. It docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 20 April 2014 and carried about 1518 kg of supplies in the pressurized module and 571 kg in the unpressurised module.

On 23 April 2014 Mastracchio and Swanson made an EVA of 1 hour, 36 minutes to replace a failed backup computer relay box in the S0 truss. On the same day, 23 April 2014, Progress M-21M (2013 069A) undocked after which it docked again at the Zvezda port on 25 April 2014 in a test of the Kurs docking system.

When the Soyuz TMA-11M (2013 061A) with M. Tyurin, R. Mastracchio and K. Wakata, left on 13 May 2014, the Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A) crew consisting of A. Skvortsov, O. Artemyev and S. Swanson became the Expedition (EX)-40 crew with Skvortsov as Commander. Soyuz TMA-11M re-entered the same day and the mission had lasted 187 days, 11 hours, 44 minutes.

Dragon CRS-3 (2014 022A) undocked on 18 May 2014 and, on the return flight, it carried 1563 kg of scientific materials as well as space station hardware. The spacecraft splashed down about 400 km off the coast of California on the same day and was successfully recovered.

On 28 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-13M (2014 031A), also known as ISS-39S, was launched with Maksim Surayev (Russia), Gregory Wiseman (USA) and Alexander Gerts (ESA, Germany). They docked at the Rassvet docking port on 29 May 2014 and joined the EX-40 crew.

Progress M-21M (2013 069A) undocked on 9 June 2014 and re-entered the same day.

On 19 June 2014 Skvortsov and Artemyev made a 7 hours, 23 minutes EVA through the Pirs airlock to instal a telemetry antenna, reposition an experiment and jettison a mounting fixture after moving another experiment to a recently installed payload boom.

The Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) cargo spacecraft had been launched on 13 July 2014. Also known as the SS Janet Voss, docked at the Harmony module on 16 July 2014. The spacecraft carried 1,494 kg of cargo and supplies, including crew supplies, hardware for ISS, computer resources, EVA equipment as well as scientific equipment. Included in this were a number of cubesats that were to be ejected with the NanoRack Cubesat deployers located in the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS. These were 28 Flock 1b satellites as well as TechEdSat-4, GEARRSAT, MicroMAS and Lambdasat.

Progress M-23M (2014 018A) undocked on 21 July 2014 and spent the next ten days undertaking tests as part of the Radar-Progress experiment program before it re-entered on 31 July 2014.

In the meantime Progress M-24M (2014 042A) had been launched on 23 July 2014 and docked at the Pirs nadir port on 24 July 2014. It was also known as ISS-56P.

The European Space Agency’s ATV-5 (2014 044A), named Georges Lemaitre, had been launched on 29 July 2014. The payload of 6600 kg payload included experiments, spare parts, clothing, food, fuel, air, oxygen and water to the ISS. In addition the spacecraft conducted two experiments: 1. Laser InfraRed Imaging Sensors (LIRIS), a demonstration version of a new autonomous rendezvous sensor set that enables future spacecraft to dock with uncooperative targets, ATV-5 tested it around the ISS docking port; and 2. Break-Up Camera, to record the re-entry of ATV-5 in infrared as it breaks up over the Pacific Ocean to as far low as 40 km altitude. The data will be transmitted live via an Iridium satellite. ATV-5 conducted the experiments with LIRIS before it docked at the rear port of the Zvezda module of ISS (1998 067A) on 12 August 2014.

The Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) spacecraft undocked on 15 August 2014 and re-entered two days later on 17 August 2014.

On 18 August 2014 Skvortsov and Oleg Artemyev made another EVA of 5 hours, 11 minutes during which they deployed the Peruvian Chasqui-1 (1998 067ET) cubesat as well install and retrieve science experiments on the exterior of Russian station modules, including the ESA EXPOSE-R2 experiment package installed on the exterior of the Zvezda module and the Plume Impingement and Deposit Monitoring unit installed on the Poisk Mini Research Module-2.

Twelve of the 28 Flock 1b 3U cubesats were ejected in batches of two between 20 August 2014 and 5 September 2014 as1998 067EU/FF. The remaining 16 satellites could not be deployed because of the failure of the deployment mechanism.

On 10 September 2014 Skvortsov, Artemeyev and Swanson left the space station on Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A). The spacecraft landed the next day and the mission had lasted 198 days, 5 hours, 6 minutes.

Expedition EX-41/42: 10 September 2014-11 March 2015

On 10 September 2014 the Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A) crew undocked and Gregory Wiseman (USA) became the Commander of the EX-41 crew which, in addition to himself, included Maksim Surayev (Russia) and Alexander Gerst (ESA, Germany).

On 23 September 2014 Dragon CRS-4 (2014 056A) was docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module. It had been launched on 21 September 2014 and carried about 2216 kg of supplies. The payload included, amongst others: 1. the RapidScat experiment; 2. the Space Station Integrated Kinetic Launcher for Orbital Payload Systems (SSIKLOPS), also known as Cyclops, a means to release small satellites; 3. a 3D Print device; 4. the Bone Densitometer (BD) payload to provide a bone density scanning capability on ISS to measure bone mineral density (and lean and fat tissue) in mice; and 5. SpinSat which was to be deployed at a later date.

The Space Station Integrated Kinetic Launcher for Orbital Payload Systems (SSIKLOPS) was a deployment mechanism for larger satellites of different shapes up to a mass of 110 kg. The flat structure incorporated grapple fixtures for the robotic arms of the Space Station and a single grapple fixture for the satellite that was to be deployed. The structure was 127 x 61 x 7.6 cm and included clamps and springs for the deployment of the satellite. For the deployment of satellites SSIKLOPS would be installed on the JEM Airlock Slide Table before crew members would install the satellite on the platform. The table was then slid inside the airlock and depressurization took place. Once the external hatch was opened, the platform would be grappled by either the Japanese Robotic Arm or Canadarm2, depending on the selected deployment position, and the robotic arm would move the platform into position to deploy the satellite.

SSIKLOPS

The EX-41 crew was joined by the crew of Soyuz TMA-14M (2014 057A) on 26 September 2014. They were Aleksander Samokutyayev (Russia), Yelena Serova (Russia) and Barry Wilmore (USA) who had been launched on 25 September as ISS-40S. They docked at the Poisk docking port. . On 7 October 2014 Wiseman and Gerst made an EVA of 6 hours, 13 minutes to replace a failed power regulator and relocate a failed cooling pump. They also installed a new relay system to provide backup power for the mobile transporter that moves the large robotic arm. A second EVA on 15 October 2014 was undertaken by Wiseman and Wilmore to replace a sequential shunt unit electronics box and a voltage

On 22 October 2014 Surayev and Samokutyayev made a 3 hours, 38 minutes EVA during which they removed a no longer operational seismic activity monitor from the Zvezda module. The 94 kg instrument was allowed to float away. They then removed a set of no longer needed Kurs antennas from the Poisk modules and collected particulate samples from a window in the Pirs compartment for the investigation of the effect of rocket plumes on various surfaces.

On 25 October 2014 Dragon CRS-4 (2014 056A) undocked and, on the return flight, it carried 1486 kg of scientific materials as well as space station hardware. The spacecraft splashed down about 400 km off the coast of California on the same day.

The next US cargo spacecraft, Cygnus Orb-3, was launched on 28 October 2014 but the launch vehicle exploded seconds after the commencement of the launch. Also known as SS Deke Slayton it would have docked at the Harmony module on 3 November 2014 and would have undocked on 3 December 2014, The spacecraft carried 2215 kg of supplies for ISS, including several scientific experiments, crew provisions, spare parts and experimental hardware. In addition it carried 26 Flock 1d Earth observation satellites along with Arkyd 3, RACE and GOMX-2, that would have been ejected with the NanoRack Cubesat deployers in early 2015.

The previous day, on 27 October 2014, Progress M-24M (2014 042A) undocked and remained in orbit until 20 November 2014. Its place at the Pirs nadir port was occupied by Progress M-25M (2014 067A) that had been launched on 29 October 2014 and docked on 29 October 2014. This flight was also known as ISS-57P.

When the Soyuz TMA-13M (2014 031A) crew departed on 10 November 2014, Samokutyayev, Serova and Wilmore became the EX-42 crew, with Wilmore as Commander. The Soyuz TMA-13M landed the same day with a mission duration of 164 days, 4 hours, 1 minute.

On 24 November 2014 the EX-42 crew was joined by Anton Shkaplerov (Russia), Samantha Cristoforetti (ESA, Italy) and Terry Virts (USA), who arrived on Soyuz TMA-15M (2014 074A) that had been launched on 23 November 2014 as ISS-41S. The docked at the Rassvet docking port.

SpinSat, the satellite that had been brought to the space station by Dragon CRS-4, was deployed on 28 November 2014 as 1998 067FL.

The Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) cargo spacecraft, that had been launched on 10 January 2015, docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 12 January 2015. The spacecraft carried about 2317 kg of supplies. The payload included, amongst others the Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a laser remote sensing experiment that was installed on the International Space Station as well as an IMAX camera and tools to be used in future spacewalks to prepare the station for the installation of new international docking adapters. In addition it carried three cubesats that were to be ejected with the NanoRack Cubesat deployers located in the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS. These were Flock 1d’-1 and Flock 1d’-2 as well as AESP-14. On 14 January 2015 a possible ammonia coolant leak in the Harmony module forced the crew to move to the Russian Zarya module of the space station and the hatch between Zarya and the Unity module was closed. However, within a few hours, it was concluded that a computer glitch most likely was to blame and that there was no leak.

The NanoRacks deployer on ISS that malfunctioned in August 2014 was repaired by the crew in January 2015. The problem was traced to screws that were not tightened correctly as well as issues with a power feed. The repair hardware had been delivered with the Dragon CRS-5. The repaired deployer was tested on 5 February 2015 with the deployment of the AESP-14 cubesat (1998 067FM).

Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) undocked on 10 February 2015 and, on the return flight, it carried 1332 kg of scientific materials as well as space station hardware. It also carried the Flock 1b-03, Flock 1b-04, Flock 1b- 13, Flock 1b-14, Flock 1b-19 and Flock 1b-20 which had been sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 and were to have been ejected from the Kibo module but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented their deployment. The spacecraft splashed down about on 11 February 2015 was successfully recovered.

ATV-5 (2014 044A) undocked on 14 February 2015 and re-entered the next day. This was the last flight of the ATV spacecraft.

On 17 February 2016 Progress M-26M (2015 008A) docked at the Zvezda port of ISS after having been launched earlier the same day as ISS-58P.

On 21 and 25 February 2015 ISS EX-42 crew members Wilmore and made two EVAs to prepare the International Space Station for the future US manned spacecraft. The EVAs, which lasted 6 hours, 41 minutes and 6 hours, 43 minutes respectively, concentrated on installing cables or the International Docking Adapters (IDAs) that were to be installed on the Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMA)-2 and -3 in June and December 2015. In addition the astronauts performed maintenance of the robotic arm. Finally, work was performed on the Node 3 Aft port which was to be occupied by the Bigelow Expandable Module (BEAM) in April 2016 for a two-year stay. All these activities will allow the following changes to be made to the ISS configuration at a later date during 2015: • The Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) will be relocated from Node 1 Nadir to Node 3 Forward using robotic capabilities. This will allow Node 1 Nadir to be used for future docking of cargo spacecraft, adding to the Node 2 Nadir that has been used to date and allowing two cargo spacecraft being docked simultaneously. • The existing Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMA), previously used by the Space Shuttle will be outfitted with International Docking Adapters that will be delivered to ISS later this year. • The Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA)-3 will be moved from Node 3 Port to Node 2 Zenith for future commercial crew vehicle dockings.

After repairs to the NanoRack deployer deployments of the remaining 10 Flock 1b satellites were conducted between 27 February 2015 and 4 March 2015 as 1998 067FN/FT, 1998 067FW/FX and 1998 067GC and GD. Other cubesats that could not be deployed for the same reason and had remained on board of ISS, were TechEdSat-4 (1998 067FY), GEARRSAT (1998 067FZ), MicroMAS (1998 067GA) and Lambdasat (1998 067GB). They were eventually deployed on 4 March 2015. The previous day, 3 March 2015, Flock 1d’-1 (1998 067FU) and Flock 1d’-2 (1998 067FV), that had arrived with Dragon CRS-5, were deployed.

A further 5 hours, 38 minutes EVA by Wilmore and Virts on 1 March 2015 made preparations for the installation of the Common Communications for Visiting Vehicles (C2V2) to be installed on the exterior of the Space Station and to become the standard communications system between ISS and visiting vehicles during proximity operations.

On 11 March 2015 the Soyuz TMA-14M (2014 057A) crew departed and Shkaplerov, Cristoforetti and Virts became the EX-43 crew with Virts as the Commander. Soyuz TMA-14M landed the next day and its mission had lasted 167 days, 4 hours, 43 minutes.

Expedition EX-43/44: 11 March 2015-11 September 2015

The EX-43 crew of Terry Virts (USA), as Commander, Anton Shkaplerov (Russia) and Samantha Cristoforetti (ESA, Italy) was joined by Gennady Padalka (Russia), Mikhail Kornienko (Russia) and Scott Kelly (USA) on 28 March 2015 when the latter’s spacecraft, Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A), docked at the Poisk docking port. The spacecraft had been launched the previous day, 27 March 2015 and the mission was also known as ISS- 42S. Korneinko and Kelly were to remain on the space station for close to a year, to study how the human body responds to lengthy exposure to microgravity and space radiation. The choice of Scott Kelly was appropriate as he had an identical twin brother, Mark, who was also an astronaut and this would enable the comparison for the genetic changes Scott may have encountered during his stay in space. On 17 April 2015 the Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) cargo spacecraft docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module. It had been launched on 14 April 215 and carried about 2015 kg of supplies that was carried internally. This included a number of cubesats that were to be ejected with the NanoRack Cubesat deployers located in the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS. These cubesats were Flock 1e-1 to -14, Arkyd- 3R and Centennial-1. There was no external payload.

Progress M-25M (2014 067A) undocked on 25 April 2015 and re-entered the next day.

Launched on 28 April 2015, the Progress M-27M cargo spacecraft was intended to dock with the International Space Station later that day. Problems with communications with the spacecraft initially forced a fall back to a 34-orbit rendezvous scenario. Following this on-board television showed that the spacecraft was rapidly spinning. Attempts to gain control were unsuccessful and it was decided to abandon the spacecraft and it re- entered on 8 May 2015 over the Pacific Ocean. Progress M-27M would have docked at the Pirs nadir port of ISS (1998 067A) and would have remained there until October 2015. As an immediate consequence the Soyuz TMA-17M (2015 035A) mission was delayed and, to minimise the period of the space station having a crew of three the undocking of Soyuz TMA-15M (2014 074A), with crew members Shkaplerov, Cristoforetti and Virts, was delayed from 12 May 2015 to 11 June 2015.

Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) undocked on 21 May 2015 and the spacecraft splashed down off the coast of California the same day.

. On 27 May 2015 the Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) of ISS was moved from its location on the Earth facing port of the Unity module to the forward port of the Tranquility module. This move is the first step towards the usage of the Unity port as the primary docking port for the US cargo spacecraft and the preparation of the Harmony docking modules for future crewed spacecraft. This will involve the attachment of the International Docking Adapters (IDA) to the two Harmony module’s docking ports. The PMM move was executed using the robotic arm. PMM was originally the Leonardo cargo module and, since it attached itself to ISS on 29 February 2011, it had been used as a storage place.

On 11 June 2015 Virts, Shkaplerov and Cristoforetti left the space station with Soyuz TMA-15M (2014 074A) and Padalka became the commander of the EX-44 crew consisting of Padalka, Kornienko and S. Kelly. Soyuz TMA-15M landed the same day and the mission had lasted 198 days, 17 hours, 42 minutes.

The launch of the Dragon CRS-7 cargo spacecraft failed on 28 June 2015. It had been expected to dock at the nadir port of the Harmony module on 30 June 2015. It carried about 1952 kg of supplies internally, including including more than 35 experiment for ISS and eight Flock 1f Earth observation satellite. It also carried externally the first International Docking Adapter (IDA) that was to be installed on PMA-2 to establish the first docking port on ISS that could be used by Commercial Crew Vehicles. IDA-1 was to be installed on PMM during a spacewalk by Kelly and Lindgren in early July 2015. The spacecraft was intended to undock after five weeks at which time it would have carried 675 kg of cargo.

On 3 July 2015 Progress M-28M (2015 031A) was launched as ISS-60P. It docked at the Pirs nadir port on 5 July 2015.

Between 13 July 2015 and 16 July 2015 the 14 Flock 1e satellites were deployed through the Kibo module as 1998 067GF/GT. Arkyd-3R (1998 067GU) and Centennial-1 (1009 067GV) were also deployed on 16 July 2015.

On 22 July 2015 Soyuz TMA-17M (2015 035A) or ISS-43S was launched carrying Oleg Kononenko (Russia), Kjell Lindgren (USA) and Kimiya Yui (Japan). The spacecraft docked at the Rassvet docking port on 23 July 2015 and they joined the EX-44. Crew.

On 10 August 2015 Padalka and Kornienko made a 5 hours, 31 minutes EVA to complete a long list of small tasks on the exterior of the space station.

Progress M-26M (2015 008A) undocked on 14 August 2015 and re-entered the same day.

On 19 August 2015 the Japanese HTV-5 (2015 028A) or Kounotori-5, cargo spacecraft was launched. It carried 6057 kg of cargo/supplies to the ISS of which 1000 kg on the Unpressurized Logistics Carrier. In addition it carried eighteen cubesats which were to be launched through the Kibo module at a later date. These were SERPENS, S-CUBE, AAUSAT-5, GOMX-3 and fourteen Flock-2b cubesats. HTV-5 docked at the nadir port of the Harmony module of ISS (1998 067A) on 24 August 2015.

Cosmonauts Sergey Volkov (Russia), Andreas Mongensen (ESA, Denmark) and Aldyn Aimbetov (Kazakhstan) were launched with Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A) on 2 September 2015. The primary purpose of the mission, identified as ISS-44S was to provide a fresh spacecraft and Mongenson and Aimbetov were to be on the space station for only a short time. Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A) was originally to carry Sarah Brightman as the Participant but she withdrew from the training for ‘personal family reasons’ in May 2015. Her back-up Satoshi Takamatsu, a Japanese advertising executive, withdrew as an art project that he would carry out in space would not have been ready in time. This allowed Aimbetov to join the crew.

Mongenson and Aimbetov left the space station on 11 September 2015 on Soyuz TMA-16M (2015 016A), along with Padalka. When the spacecraft landed the next day, Padalka had been in space for 168 days, 5 hours, 8 minutes whilst Mongensen and Aimbetov had been in space for 9 days, 20 hours, 14 minutes.

Kelly, Kornienko, Konokenko, Yui, Lindgren and Volkov became the EX-45 crew on 11 September 2015 with Kelly as Commander.

Expedition EX-45/46: 11 September 2015-2 March 2016

After Padalka left on 11 September 2015 Scott Kelly (USA) assumed the command of the space station and the remaining EX-44 crew members, Mikhael Kornienko (Russia), Oleg Kononenko (Russia), Kjell Lindgren (USA) and Kimiya Yui (Japan) became the EX-45 crew and were joined by Sergey Volkov (Russia) who had arrived on Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A).

The SERPENS (1998 067GX) and S-CUBE (1998 067GY) satellites were deployed through the Kibo module on 17 September 2015. This was followed on 5 October 2015 by AAUSat-5 (1998 067GZ) and GOMX-3 (1998 067HA). Twelve 12 Flock 2b satellites were deployed in batches of two, on 6 October 2015 and 7 October 2015 as 1998 067HB/HN. Two Flock 2b satellites failed to deploy.

HTV-5 (2015 038A) undocked on 28 September 2015 and re-entered the next day. .

Progress M-29M (2015 055A), or ISS-61P, was launched on 1 October 2015 and docked at the Zvezda port the same day.

On 28 October 2015 Kelly and Lindgren undertook an EVA of 7 hours, 16 minutes during which they installed cables needed for a new docking mechanism, mounted insulation panels on a physics experiment to improve cooling and lubricated the latching mechanism of the station’s robot arm.

On 6 November 2015 Lindgren and Kelly made an EVA of 7 hours, 48 minutes during which they completed reconfiguring the ISS’ P6 Photovoltaic Thermal Control System (PVTCS 2B) cooling system on the outermost truss segment to return the system to its original configuration, essentially reversing work done in a 2012 spacewalk. This system that circulated ammonia through Photovoltaic Radiators (PVRs) to dissipate excess heat generated by solar power generation in the Solar Array Wings and keep the EPS (Electrical Power System) at a stable temperature, developed leaks in 2006 that increased by 2012 when the crew members Williams and Hoshide completed an EVA on 1 November 2012 during which the deployed an older radiator that was part of the Station’s Early External Thermal Control System and bypassed the P6 radiator so that the 2B channel was running its ammonia through the older radiator, thus bypassing any leaks suspected in the radiator area which was known to be susceptible to debris and micrometeoroid hits. Another rise in the rate of the leaks rate occurred in May 2013 when almost all of the coolant was lost in a matter of hours and the system had to be shut down. Then crew members Cassidy and Marshburn then conducted an EVA on 11 May 2013 to replace a Pump Flow Control Subassembly which had been confirmed to be the source of the leak. After the 6 November 2015 EVA the PVTCS 2B was now fully functional again.

The Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) cargo spacecraft, which had been launched on 6 December 2015, docked at the nadir port of the Unity module on 9 December 2015. This spacecraft was the first to be fitted with an enhanced PCM, allowing a larger payload to be carried. The spacecraft carried 3349 kg of provisions to the station, comprising: 1. Crew supplies: 1181 kg 2. Vehicle hardware: 1007 kg 3. Science utilization: 847 kg 4. EVA gear: 227 kg 5. Computer resources: 87 kg With packing materials this came to 3513 kg. The payload also included 12 Flock 2e, MinXSS, Cadre, Node-1, Node-2, SIMPL and STMSat-1 cubesats as well as AggieSat-4 which incorporated Bevo-2.

Soyuz TMA-17M (2015 035A) undocked on 11 December 2015 taking Kononenko, Lindgren and Yui back to Earth. The spacecraft landed the same day and the cosmonauts had been in space for 141 days, 10 hours, 9 minutes.

Kelly, Kornienko and Volkov, became the forty sixth crew (EX-46) with Kelly still as Commander. They were joined by Yuri Malenchenko (Russia), Timothy Peake (ESA, Uniited Kingdom) and Timothy Kopra (USA) who had been launched on 15 December 2015 with Soyuz TMA-19M (2015 076A) (ISS-45S) and docked at the Rassvet docking port on 15 December 2015.

On 21 December 2015 Kelly and Kopra made an unscheduled EVA of 3 hours, 16 minutes to release the brakes of the Mobile Transporter that had become stuck in between work sites on the central truss of ISS. In addition they used the opportunity to perform a few other tasks.

EVA 6 November 2015

Earlier, Progress M-28M (2015 031A) had undocked on 19 December 2015 and re-entered the same day. An improved version of the Progress cargo spacecraft, Progress MS-01 (2015 080A), was launched on 21 December 2015. This version was fitted with a new rendez-vous and docking system identified as Kurs NA, a new antenna system identified as EKTS, a new computer, identified as TsVM-101, a smaller digital telemetry system as well as additional protection against space debris and micrometeorties. Through the use of lighter instrumentation, the cargo mass capacity was increased. Progress MS-01 (2015 080A) docked at the Pirs nadir port on 23 December 2015. The flight was also known as ISS-62P.

On 15 January 2016 Kopra and Peake made an EVA to replace a shorted out Sequential Shunt Unit (SSU), at the far right end of the station’s solar power truss that failed in November 2015 and knocked one of the lab’s eight electrical channels out of action. After that Peake began laying out cables needed for the new docking mechanisms for the Boeing and SpaceX crew ferry craft and the re-installation of a non-propulsive vent on the hull of the Tranquility module that was removed in 2015. The EVA was scheduled for six and a half hours but had to be terminated when Kopra’s spacesuit had water leaking into his helmet. The EVA had lasted for 4 hours, 43 minutes.

AggieSat-4 (1998 067HP) was deployed on 29 January 2016 with Bevo-2 (1998 067HQ) being released from AggieSat-4.

On 3 February 2016 Volkov and Malenchenko made an EVA of 4 hours, 45 minutes to get some practice fixing screen-vacuum thermal insulation onto the exterior of the International Space Station. They also practiced methods of detecting leaks and controlling the outer surface of the ISS and successfully retrieved the EXPOSE-R astrobiology experiment that exposed a number of samples and experiments to the space environment for one and a half years. They collected another space exposure experiment and installed a new one in its place, deployed a materials science payload, configured a plume-sensing payload and installed gap spanners on the Russian segment, also collecting surface samples from different areas and taking engineering photos of various areas on the aft segment of ISS.

Fleshka

During the EVA they also jettisoned a small package consisting of a bag of towels attached to a commemorative flash drive with videos about World War II to celebrate the 70 th anniversary of 'Victory Day'. Identified as Fleshka (Flash Drive) and believed to have been sent to ISS on board of Progress MS- 01 (2015 080A).

Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) undocked on 19 February 2016 and re-entered on 20 February 2016.

Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A) undocked on 2 March 2016 landing the same day. On the return flight it carried Volkov as well as Kornienko and Kelly. Volkov had been in space for 181 days, 23 hours, 49 minutes whilst Kornienko and Kelly had been in space for 340 days, 8 hours, 43 minutes. Whilst Kelly and Kornienko’s mission has been the longest on ISS longer mission were completed three times on the Mir space station with Valeri Polyakov having the longest mission of 438 days. But those missions did not gather as much data as is possible with current technology and experiment facilities established on ISS.

Expedition EX-47/48: 2 March 2016 - (to be determned)

With the departure of Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A) on 2 March 2016 Kopra, Malenchenko and Peake became the forty seventh EX-47 crew with Peake as Commander. They were joined by A. Ovchinin, O. Skripochka and J. Williams who arrived with Soyuz TMA-20M (2016 018A) on 19 March 2016.

On 26 March 2016 Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) docked at Unity nadir port. Having been launched on 23 Mach 2016, it carried 3513 kg of cargo comprising 1157 kg of crew provisions, 98 kg of computer resources, 1108 kg of vehicle hardware, 157 kg of EVA equipment and 777 kg of scientific and reseach equipment, including 20 Flock 2e’ Earth observation satellites, 5 Lemur 2 satellites as well as the Diwata-1 satellite.

On 30 March 2016 Progress M-29M undocked and its place at the Zvezda port was taken up by Progress MS-02 (2016 022A) on 2 April 2016, after having been launched on 31 Mach 2016.

Dragon CRS-8 (2016 024A) docked with the nadir port of the Harmony module on 10 April 2016 after having been launched on 8 April 2016. It carried 3,136 Kilograms of cargo, including 640 kg of science investigations, 547 kg of crew supplies, 306 kg of systems hardware including maintenance equipment and replaceable parts, 12 kg of spacewalk equipment, 108 kg of computer resources and cameras, 33 kg of Russian Hardware, whilst 1413 kg accounted for the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) was carried as external cargo.

BEAM was an expandable module that would be attached to the ISS for a period of two years as part of a test of an expandable space habitat in the actual mission environment over a longer time scale. The module was 4.4 m long and had a diameter of 3.2 m once it was deployed, providing a volume of 16 m2. It consisted of a central rigid cylindrical structure housing spacecraft equipment around which the flexible hull made of Vectran shielding fabric was stowed. It also had a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) that allowed it to be docked with ISS, as well as a rigid forward bulkhead that provided the mounting structure for two grapple fixtures for the Station’s robotic arm to allow the module to be handled in space. On 16 April 2016. the Canadarm2 robotic arm took the pallet that carried BEAM and attached it to the aft Common Berthing Mechanism on the Tranquility module (Node-3). On 26 May 2016 the space station crew activated the BEAM's pressurization system to inflate it. Inflation was halted after the structure did not inflate as predicted when air was released into it. It inflated to about 13 cm axially instead of the expected 1.75 m. The inflation was completed on 28 May 2016.

Williams entered the module for the first time on 6 June 2016. During the next two years a range of instruments monitored the structural integrity and leak rate, along with temperature and radiation levels. During this time the hatch leading into the module remained closed except for seven periodic visits each year by crew members for inspections and data collection. At the end of the two years, the BEAM will be detached and jettisoned from the station.

Dragon CRS-8 undocked on 11 May 2016.

After deploying Diwata-1 (1998 067HT) on 27 April 2016, a number of satellites were deployed on 16 May 2016, comprising. MinXSS (1998 067HU), Cadre (1998 067HV), STMSat-1 (1998 067HW), Nodes-1 (1998 067HX) and Nodes-2 (1998 067HY). Flock 2e'-01 (1998 067HZ), Flock 2e'-03 (1998 067JA), Flock 2e'-02 (1998 067JB ), Flock 2e'-04 (1998 067JC), Flock 2e-01(1998 067JD) and Flock 2e-02 (1998 067JE) were deployed on 17 May 2016, followed on 18 May 2016 by Lemur 2-5 (1998 067JF), Flock 2e-03 (1998 067JG), Flock 2e-04 (1998 067JH), Lemur 2-6 (1998 067JJ), Lemur 2-7 (1998 067JK) and Lemur 2-8 (1998 067JL).

Following a short break satellite deployment continued on 30 May 2016 with Flock 2e-05 (1998 067JM) and Flock 2e-06 (1998 067JN). The next day, 31 May 2016, saw the deployment of Flock 2e-07 (1998 067JP), Flock 2e-08 (1998 067JQ), Flock 2e'-05 (1998 067JR), Flock 2e'-06 (1998 067JS), Flock 2e'-07 (1998 067JT), Flock 2e'-08 (1998 067JU), Flock 2e-09 (1998 067JV) and Flock 2e-10 (1998 067JW). This was followed on 1 June 2016 by Flock 2e-11 (1998 067JX), Flock 2e-12 (1998 067JY), Flock 2e'-09 (1998 067JZ) and Flock 2e'-10 (1998 067KA whilst Flock 2e'-11 (1998 067KB) and Flock 2e'-12 (1998 067KC) were deployed on 2 June 2016.

Cygnus Orb-6 undocked on 14 June 2016 whilst Soyuz TMA-19M, carrying Kopra, Malenchenko and Peake, undocked on 18 June 2016. On the same day, Williams, Ovchinin and Skripochka became the EX-48 crew with Williams as commander.

On 1 July 2016 Progress MS-01 (2015 080A) was undocked and, after a free flight of 12 minutes re-docked again under manual control as part of a test of the remote-controlled Telerobotically Operated Rendezvous System (TORU) rendezvous system. It undocked again on 3 July 2016.

On 9 July 2016 the EX-38 crew were joined by A. Ivanishin, T. Onishi and K. Rubins who qarrived with Soyuz MS-01 (2016 044A) after having been launched on 7 July 2016.

Configuration

The permanent configuration of the space station complex, as at 31 December 2015, consisted of the Zarya module, the Unity (1998 069F) module, the Zvezda (2000 037A) module, the Destiny (2001 006B) module, the Harmony module, the Columbus module, the Kibo (JEM) module and the Rassvet module.

Configuration as at May 2011

The docking ports of the space station were identified as the Zvezda rear port, the MIM-1 Rassvet docking port, the PMA-2 docking port, the PMA-3 docking port, the DC-1 Pirs nadir port and the MIM-2 Poisk docking port. The Zarya nadir docking port, formerly used for dockings, was permanently occupied by the Rassvet module from 18 May 2010. Ultimately the space station was to have a mass of 453,600 kg and 1302 m 3 of pressurised working space but, due to cancelled modules, the mass as at 31 December 2012, was 370,290 kg and 837 m 3 of pressurized working space. The space station had a module length of 51 m and a truss length of 109 m. The length of the solar arrays was 73 m.

Deployment dates

20 November 1998 Zarya module launched 13 December 1998 Unity module with PMA-1 and PMA-2 docking ports (1998 069F) attached to front port of Zarya

Zarya and Unity

29 May 1999 STS-96 (1999 030A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 3 June 1999 STS-96 undocked 21 May 2000 STS-101 (2000 027A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 27 May 2000 STS-101 undocked 26 July 2000 Zvezda (2000 037A) attached to rear port of Zarya 9 August 2000 Progress M1-3 (2000 044A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 September 2000 STS-106 (2000 053A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 18 September 2000 STS-106 undocked 13 October 2000 STS-92 (2000 062A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 16 October 2000 PMA-3 docking port attached to Unity nadir hatch 20 October 2000 STS-92 undocked 1 November 2000 Progress M1-3 undocked 2 November 2000 Soyuz TM-31 (2000 070A) docked at Zvezda rear port 18 November 2000 Progress M1-4 (2000 073A) docked at Zarya nadir port 1 December 2000 Progress M1-4 undocked 3 December 2000 STS-97 (2000 078A) docked at downfacing PMA-3 docking port 9 December 2000 STS-97 undocked 26 December 2000 Progress M1-4 redocked at Zarya nadir port 8 February 2001 Progress M1-4 undocked 9 February 2001 STS-98 (2001 006A) docked at downfacing PMA-3 docking port 10 February 2001 PMA-2 docking port moved from Unity module to Z1 truss 10 February 2001 Destiny (2001 006B) docked at Unity module 12 February 2001 PMA-2 docking port moved from Z1 truss to Destiny forward port 16 February 2001 STS-98 undocked 27 February 2001 Soyuz TM-31 undocked and redocked at Zarya nadir port 28 February 2001 Progress M-44 (2001 008A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 March 2001 STS-102 (2001 010A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 11 March 2001 PMA-3 docking port moved from Unity nadir hatch to Unity port hatch 19 March 2001 STS-102 undocked 16 April 2001 Progress M-44 undocked 18 April 2001 Soyuz TM-31 undocked and redocked at Zvezda rear port 21 April 2001 STS-100 (2001 016A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 29 April 2001 STS-100 undocked 30 April 2001 Soyuz TM-32 (2001 017A) docked at Zarya nadir port 6 May 2001 Soyuz TM-31 undocked 23 May 2001 Progress M1-6 (2001 021A) docked at Zvezda rear port 14 July 2001 STS-104 (2001 028A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 22 July 2001 STS-104 undocked 12 August 2001 STS-105 (2001 035A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 20 August 2001 STS-105 undocked 22 August 2001 Progress M1-6 undocked 23 August 2001 Progress M-45 (2001 036A) docked at Zvezda rear port 16 September 2001 Progress M-SO1 (2001 041A) with the Pirs module, docked at Zvezda nadir port 26 September 2001 Service module of Progress M-SO1 undocked. Pirs remained attached to Zvezda nadir port 19 October 2001 Soyuz TM-32 moved to Pirs nadir port 23 October 2001 Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) docked at Zarya nadir port 31 October 2001 Soyuz TM-32 undocked 22 November 2001 Progress M-45 undocked 28 November 2001 Progress M1-7 (2001 051A) docked at Zvezda rear port 7 December 2001 STS-108 (2001 054A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 15 December 2001 STS-108 undocked 20 March 2002 Progress M1-7 undocked 24 March 2004 Progress M1-8 (2002 013A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 April 2002 STS-110 (2002 018A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 17 April 2002 STS-110 undocked 20 April 2002 Soyuz TM-33 (2001 048A) moved to Pirs nadir port 27 April 2002 Soyuz TM-34 (2002 020A) docked at Zarya nadir port 5 May 2002 Soyuz TM-33 undocked 7 June 2002 STS-111 (2002 028A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 15 June 2002 STS-111 undocked 25 June 2002 Progress M1-8 undocked 29 June 2002 Progress M-46 (2002 033A) docked at Zvezda rear port 24 September 2002 Progress M-46 undocked 29 September 2002 Progress M1-9 (2002 045A) docked at Zvezda rear port 9 October 2002 STS-112 (2002 047A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 16 October 2002 STS-112 undocked 1 November 2002 Soyuz TMA-1 (2002 050A) docked at Pirs nadir port 9 November 2002 Soyuz TM-34 undocked 25 November 2002 STS-113 (2002 052A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 2 December 2002 STS-113 undocked 1 February 2003 Progress M1-9 undocked 4 February 2003 Progress M-47 (2003 006A) docked at Zvezda rear port 28 April 2003 Soyuz TMA-2 (2003 016A) docked at Zarya nadir port 3 May 2003 Soyuz TMA-1 undocked 11 June 2003 Progress M1-10 (2003 025A) docked at Pirs nadir port 27 August 2003 Progress M-47 undocked 31 August 2003 Progress M-48 (2003 039A) docked at Zvezda rear port 4 September 2003 Progress M1-10 (2003 025A) undocked 20 October 2003 Soyuz TMA-3 (2003 047A) docked at Pirs nadir port 27 October 2003 Soyuz TMA-2 undocked 28 January 2004 Progress M-48 undocked 31 January 2004 Progress M1-11 (2004 002A) docked at Zvezda rear port 21 April 2004 Soyuz TMA-4 (2004 013A) docked at Zarya nadir port 29 April 2004 Soyuz TMA-3 undocked 24 May 2004 Progress M1-11 undocked 27 May 2004 Progress M-49 (2004 019A) docked at Zvezda rear port 31 July 2004 Progress M-49 undocked 14 August 2004 Progress M-50 (2004 032A) docked at Zvezda rear port 16 October 2004 Soyuz TMA-5 (2004 040A) docked at Pirs nadir port 23 October 2004 Soyuz TMA-4 undocked 29 November 2004 Soyuz TMA-5 undocked and redocked at Zarya nadir port 20 December 2004 Progress M-50 undocked 25 December 2004 Progress M-51 (2004 051A) docked at Zvezda rear port 27 February 2005 Progress M-51 undocked 2 March 2005 Progress M-52 (2005 007A) docked at Zvezda rear port 17 April 2005 Soyuz TMA-6 (2005 013A) docked at Pirs nadir port 24 April 2005 Soyuz TMA-5 undocked 15 June 2005 Progress M-52 undocked 19 June 2005 Progress M-53 (2005 021A) docked at Zvezda rear port 19 July 2005 Soyuz TMA-6 undocked and redocked at Zarya nadir port 28 July 2005 STS-114 (2005 026A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 6 August 2005 STS-114 undocked 7 September 2005 Progress M-53 undocked 10 September 2005 Progress M-54 (2005 035A) docked at Zvezda rear port 3 October 2005 Soyuz TMA-7 (2005 039A) docked at Pirs nadir port 10 October 2005 Soyuz TMA-6 undocked 18 November 2005 Soyuz TMA-7 undocked and redocked at Zarya nadir port 23 December 2005 Progress M-55 (2005 047A) docked at Pirs nadir port 3 March 2006 Progress M-54 undocked 20 March 2006 Soyuz TMA-7 undocked and redocked at Zvezda rear port 1 April 2006 Soyuz TMA-8 (2006 009A) docked at Zarya nadir port 8 April 2006 Soyuz TMA-7 undocked 26 April 2006 Progress M-56 (2006 013A) docked at Zvezda rear port 19 June 2006 Progress M-55 undocked 26 June 2006 Progress M-57 (2006 025A) docked at Pirs nadir port 6 July 2006 STS-121 (2006 028A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 15 July 2006 STS-121 undocked 11 September 2006 STS-115 (2006 036A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 17 September 2006 STS-115 undocked 19 September 2006 Progress M-56 undocked 20 September 2006 Soyuz TMA-9 (2006 040A) docked at Zvezda rear port 28 September 2006 Soyuz TMA-8 undocked 10 October 2006 Soyuz TMA-9 undocked and redocked at Zarya nadir port 26 October 2006 Progress M-58 (2006 045A) docked at Zvezda rear port 11 December 2006 STS-116 (2006 055A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 19 December 2006 STS-116 undocked 16 January 2007 Progress M-57 undocked 20 January 2007 Progress M-59 (2007 002A) docked at Pirs nadir port 27 March 2007 Progress M-58 undocked 29 March 2007 Soyuz TMA-9 undocked and redocked at Zvezda rear port 9 April 2007 Soyuz TMA-10 (2007 008A) docked at Zarya nadir port 21 April 2007 Soyuz TMA-9 undocked 15 May 2007 Progress M-60 (2007 017A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 June 2007 STS-117 (2007 024A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 19 June 2007 STS-117 undocked 1 August 2007 Progress M-59 undocked 5 August 2007 Progress M-61 (2007 033A) docked at Pirs nadir port 10 August 2007 STS-118 (2007 035A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 19 August 2007 STS-118 undocked 30 August 2007 PMA-3 moved from Unity port hatch to Unity nadir hatch 19 September 2007 Progress M-60 undocked 27 September 2007 Soyuz TMA-10 undocked and redocked at Zvezda rear port 12 October 2007 Soyuz TMA-11 (2007 045A) docked at Zarya nadir port 20 October 2007 Soyuz TMA-10 undocked 25 October 2007 STS-120 (2007 050A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 26 October 2007 Harmony attached to Unity port hatch 5 November 2007 STS-120 undocked 12 November 2007 PMA-2 moved from Destiny to Harmony forward hatch 14 November 2007 Harmony and PMA-2 moved from Unity to Destiny forward hatch 22 December 2007 Progress M-61 undocked 26 December 2007 Progress M-62 (2007 064A) docked at Pirs nadir port 4 February 2008 Progress M-62 undocked 7 February 2008 Progress M-63 (2008 004A) docked at Pirs nadir port 9 February 2008 STS-122 (2008 005A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 11 February 2008 Columbus attached to starboard hatch of Harmony 18 February 2008 STS-122 undocked 13 March 2008 STS-123 (2008 009A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 14 March 2008 JEM ELM-PS attached to top of Harmony 25 March 2008 STS-123 undocked 3 April 2008 ATV-1 (2008 008A) docked at Zvezda rear port 7 April 2008 Progress M-63 undocked 10 April 2008 Soyuz TMA-12 (2008 015A) docked at Pirs nadir port 18 April 2008 Soyuz TMA-11 undocked 16 May 2008 Progress M-64 (2008 023A) docked at Zarya nadir port 2 June 2008 STS-124 (2008 027A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 4 June 2008 JEM PM attached to Harmony 6 June 2008 JEM ELM-PS moved to the top of JEM PM 11 June 2008 STS-124 undocked 1 September 2008 Progress M-64 undocked 5 September 2008 ATV-1 undocked 17 September 2008 Progress M-65 (2008 043A) docked at Zvezda rear port 14 October 2008 Soyuz TMA-13 (2008 050A) docked at Zarya nadir port 24 October 2008 Soyuz TMA-12 undocked 14 November 2008 Progess M-65 undocked 16 November 2008 STS-126 (2008 059A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 28 November 2008 STS-126 undocked 30 November 2008 Progress M-01M (2008 060A) docked at Pirs nadir port 6 February 2009 Progress M-01M undocked 13 February 2009 Progress M-66 (2009 006A) docked at Pirs nadir port 17 March 2009 STS-119 (2009 012A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 25 March 2009 STS-119 undocked 28 March 2009 Soyuz TMA-14 (2009 015A) docked at Zvezda rear port 8 April 2009 Soyuz TMA-13 undocked 6 May 2009 Progress M-66 undocked 12 May 2009 Progress M-02M (2009 024A) docked at Pirs nadir port 29 May 2009 Soyuz TMA-15 (2009 030A) docked at Zarya nadir port 1 July 2009 Progress M-02M undocked 2 July 2009 Soyuz TMA-14 moved from Zvezda rear port to Pirs nadir port 17 July 2009 STS-127 (2009 038A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 18 July 2006 JEM-EF attached to Kibo (JEM) 28 July 2009 STS-127 undocked 29 July 2009 Progress M-67 (2009 040A) docked at Zvezda rear port 7 August 2009 PMA-3 moved from Unity nadir hatch to Unity port hatch 30 August 2009 STS-128 (2009 045A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 8 September 2009 STS-128 undocked 17 September 2009 HTV-1 (2009 048A) docked at Harmony 21 September 2009 Progress M-67 undocked 2 October 2009 Soyuz TMA-16 (2009 053A) docked at Zvezda rear port 11 October 2009 Soyuz TMA-14 undocked 18 October 2009 Progress M-03M (2009 056A) docked at Pirs nadir port 30 October 2009 HTV-1 undocked 12 November 2009 Progress M-MIM-2 and Poisk (2009 060A) docked at Zvezda zenith port 18 November 2009 STS-129 (2009 062A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 25 November 2009 STS-129 undocked 30 November 2009 Soyuz TMA-15 undocked 8 December 2009 Progress M-MIM-2 undocked. Poisk remained attached to Zvezda zenith port 22 December 2009 Soyuz TMA-17 (2009 074A) docked at Zarya nadir port 21 January 2010 Soyuz TMA-16 moved from Zvezda rear port to Poisk docking port 23 January 2010 PMA-3 moved from Unity port hatch to Harmony zenith hatch 4 February 2010 Progress M-04M (2010 003A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 February 2010 STS-130 (2010 004A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 12 February 2010 Tranquility attached to Unity port hatch 16 February 2010 PMA-3 moved from Harmony zenith hatch to Tranquility front port 19 February 2010 STS-130 undocked 18 March 2010 Soyuz TMA-16 undocked 4 April 1010 Soyuz TMA-18 (2010 011A) docked at Poisk docking port 7 April 2010 STS-131 (2010 012A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 17 April 2010 STS-131 undocked 23 April 2010 Progress M-03M undocked 1 May 2010 Progress M-05M (2010 018A) docked at Pirs nadir port 10 May 2010 Progress M-04M undocked 12 May 2010 Soyuz TMA-17 moved from Zarya nadir port to Zvezda aft port 16 May 2010 STS-132 (2010 019A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 18 May 2010 Rassvet attached to nadir port of the Zarya module 23 May 2010 STS-132 undocked 1 June 2010 Soyuz TMA-17 undocked 17 June 2010 Soyuz TMA-19 (2010 029A) docked at Zvezda rear port 28 June 2010 Soyuz TMA-19 moved from Zvezda rear port to Rassvet docking port 4 July 2010 Progress M-06M (2010 033A) docked at Zvezda rear port 31 August 2010 Progress M-06M undocked 12 September 2010 Progress M-07M (2010 044A) docked at Zvezda rear port 25 September 2010 Soyuz TMA-18 undocked 10 October 2010 Soyuz TMA-01M (2010 052A) docked at Poisk docking port 28 October 2010 Progress M-05M undocked 30 October 2010 Progress M-08M (2010 055A) docked at Pirs nadir port 25 November 2010 Soyuz TMA-19 undocked 17 December 2010 Soyuz TMA-20 (2010 067A) docked at Rassvet docking port 24 January 2011 Progress M-08M undocked 27 January 2011 HTV-2 (2011 003A) docked at Harmony nadir port 30 January 2011 Progress M-09M (2011 004A) docked at Pirs nadir port 18 February 2011 HTV-2 moved to Harmony zenith port 20 February 2011 Progress M-07M undocked 24 February 2011 ATV-2 (2011 007A) docked at Zvezda rear port 25 February 2011 STS-133 (2011 008A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 1 March 2011 PMM docked at Earth facing Unity port 7 March 2011 STS-133 undocked 10 March 2011 HTV-2 moved to Harmony nadir port 16 March 2011 Soyuz TMA-01M undocked 28 March 2011 HTV-2 undocked 6 April 2011 Soyuz TMA-21 (2011 012A) docked at Poisk docking port 22 April 2011 Progress M-09M undocked 29 April 2011 Progress M-10M (2011 017A) docked at Pirs nadir port 18 May 2011 STS-134 (2011 020A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 23 May 2011 Soyuz TMA-20 undocked 30 May 2011 STS-134 undocked 9 June 2011 Soyuz TMA-02M (2011 023A) docked at Rassvet docking port 21 June 2011 ATV-2 undocked 23 June 2011 Progress M-11M (2011 027A) docked at Zvezda rear port 10 July 2011 STS-135 (2011 031A) docked at PMA-2 docking port 19 July 2011 STS-135 undocked 23 August 2011 Progress M-11M undocked 16 September 2011 Soyuz TMA-21 undocked 29 October 2011 Progress M-10M undocked 2 November 2011 Progress M-13M (2011 062A) docked at Pirs nadir port 16 November 2011 Soyuz TMA-22 (2011 067A) docked at Poisk docking port 21 November 2011 Soyuz TMA-02M undocked 23 December 2011 Soyuz TMA-03M (2011 078A) docked at Rassvet docking port 23 January 2012 Progress M-13M undocked 27 January 2012 Progress M-14M (2012 004A) docked at Pirs nadir port 28 March 2012 ATV-3 (2012 010A) docked at Zvezda rear port 19 April 2012 Progress M-14M undocked 22 April 2012 Progress M-15M (2012 015A) docked at Pirs nadir port 27 April 2012 Soyuz TMA-22 undocked 17 May 2012 Soyuz TMA-04M (2012 022A) docked at Poisk docking port 25 May 2012 Dragon C-2+ (2012 027A) docked at Harmony nadir port 31 May 2012 Dragon C-2+ undocked 1 July 2012 Soyuz TMA-03M undocked 17 July 2012 Soyuz TMA-05M (2012 037A) docked at Rassvet docking port 22 July 2012 Progress M-15M undocked 27 July 2012 HTV-3 (2012 038A) docked at Harmony nadir port 28 July 2012 Progress M-15M redocked at Pirs nadir port 30 July 2012 Progress M-15M undocked 2 August 2012 Progress M-16M (2012 042A) docked at Pirs nadir port 12 September 2012 HTV-3 undocked 17 September 2012 Soyuz TMA-04M undocked 28 September 2012 ATV-3 undocked 10 October 2012 Dragon CRS-1 (2012 054A) docked at Harmony nadir port 25 October 2012 Soyuz TMA-06M (2012 058A) docked at Poisk docking port 28 October 2012 Dragon CRS-1 undocked 31 October 2012 Progress M-17M (2012 060A) docked at Zvezda rear port 18 November 2012 Soyuz TMA-05M undocked 21 December 2012 Soyuz TMA-07M (2012 074A) docked at Rassvet docking port 9 February 2013 Progress M-16M undocked 11 February 2013 Progress M-18M (2013 007A) docked at Pirs nadir port 3 March 2013 Dragon CRS-2 (2013 010A) docked at Harmony nadir port 15 March 2013 Soyuz TMA-06M undocked 26 March 2013 Dragon CRS-2 undocked 29 March 2013 Soyuz TMA-08M (2013 013A) docked at Poisk docking port 15 April 2013 Progress M-17M undocked 26 April 2013 Progress M-19M (2013 017A) docked at Zvezda rear port 13 May 2013: Soyuz TMA-07M undocked 29 May 2013 Soyuz TMA-09M (2013 025A) docked at Rassvet docking port 11 June 2013 Progress M-19M undocked 15 June 2013 ATV-4 (2013 027A) docked at Zvezda module 25 July 2013 Progress M-18M undocked 28 July 2013 Progress M-20M (2013 039A) docked at Pirs nadir port 9 August 2013 HTV-4 (2013 040A) docked at Harmony nadir port 4 September 2013 HTV-4 undocked 10 September 2013 Soyuz TMA-08M undocked 26 September 2013 Soyuz TMA-10M (2013 054A) docked at Poisk docking port 29 September 2013 Cygnus OrbD-1 (2013 051A) docked at Harmony nadir port 22 October 2013 Cygnus OrbD-1 undocked 28 October 2013 ATV-4 undocked 1 November 2013 Soyuz TMA-09M undocked and re-docked at Zvezda module 7 November 2013 Soyuz TMA-11M (2013 061A) docked at Rassvet docking port 10 November 2013 Soyuz TMA-09M undocked 29 November 2013 Progress M-21M (2013 069A) docked at Zvezda module 12 January 2014 Cygnus Orb-1 (2014 003A) docked at Harmony nadir port 4 February 2014 Progress M-20M undocked 5 February 2014 Progress M-22M (2014 005A) docked at Pirs nadir port 18 February 2014 Cygnus Orb-1 undocked 11 March 2014 Soyuz TMA-10M undocked 27 March 2014 Soyuz TMA-12M (2014 013A) docked at Poisk docking port 7 April 2014 Progress M-22M undocked 9 April 2014 Progress M-23M (2014 018A) docked at Pirs nadir port 20 April 2014 Dragon CRS-3 (2014 022A) docked at Harmony nadir port 23 April 2014 Progress M-21M undocked 25 April 2014 Progress M-21M redocked at Zvezda module 13 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-11M undocked 18 May 2014 Dragon CRS-3 undocked 29 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-13M (2014 031A) docked at Rassvet docking port 9 June 2014 Progress M-21M undocked 16 July 2014 Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) docked at Harmony nadir port 21 July 2014 Progress M-23M undocked 24 July 2014 Progress M-24M (2014 042A) docked at Pirs nadir port 12 August 2014 ATV-5 (2014 044A) docked at Zvezda module 15 August 2014 Cygnus Orb-2 undocked 10 September 2014 Soyuz TMA-12M undocked 23 September 2014 Dragon CRS-4 (2014 056A) docked at Harmony nadir port 26 September 2014 Soyuz TMA-14M (2014 057A) docked at Poisk docking port 25 October 2014 Dragon CRS-4 undocked 27 October 2014 Progress M-24M undocked 29 October 2014 Progress M-25M (2014 067A) docked at Pirs nadir port 11 November 2014 Soyuz TMA-13M undocked 24 November 2014 Soyuz TMA-15M (2014 074A) docked at Rassvet docking port 12 January 2015 Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) docked at Harmony nadir port 10 February 2015 Dragon CRS-5 undocked 14 February 2015 ATV-5 undocked 17 February 2015 Progress M-26M (2015 008A) docked at Zvezda module 11 March 2015 Soyuz TMA-14M undocked 28 March 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M (2015 016A) docked at Poisk docking port 17 April 2015 Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) docked at Harmony nadir port 25 April 2015 Progress M-25M undocked 21 May 2015 Dragon CRS-6 undocked 27 May 2015 PMM moved from Earth facing Unity port to Tranquility forward port 11 June 2015 Soyuz TMA-15M undocked 5 July 2015 Progress M-28M (2015 031A) docked at Pirs nadir port 23 July 2015 Soyuz TMA-17M (2015 035A) docked at Rassvet docking port 14 August 2015 Progress M-26M undocked 24 August 2015 HTV-5 (2015 038A) docked at Harmony nadir port 28 August 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M moved from Poisk docking port to Zvezda port 4 September 2015 Soyuz TMA-18M (2015 043A) docked at Poisk docking port 11 September 2015 Soyuz TMA-16M undocked 28 September 2015 HTV-5 undocked 1 October 2015 Progress M-29M (2015 055A) docked at Zvezda port 9 December 2015 Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) docked at Unity nadir port 11 December 2015 Soyuz TMA-17M undocked 15 December 2015 Soyuz TMA-19M (2015 076A) docked at Rassvet docking port 19 December 2015 Progress M-28M undocked 23 December 2015 Progress MS-01 (2015 080A) docked at Pirs nadir port 19 February 2016 Cygnus Orb-4 undocked 2 March 2016 Soyuz TMA-18M undocked 19 March 2016 Soyuz TMA-20M (2016 018A) docked at Poisk docking port 26 March 2016 Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) docked at Unity nadir port 30 March 2016 Progress M-29M undocked 2 April 2016 Progress MS-02 (2016 022A) docked at Zvezda port 10 April 2016 Dragon CRS-8 (2016 024A) docked at Harmony nadir port 16 April 2016 BEAM attached to the aft Common Berthing Mechanism on the Tranquility module 11 May 2016 Dragon CRS-8 undocked 14 June 2016 Cygnus Orb-6 undocked 18 June 2016 Soyuz TMA-19M undocked 1 July 2016 Progress MS-01 undocked and redocked at Pirs nadir port 3 July 2016 Progress MS-01 undocked 9 July 2016 Soyuz MS-01 (2016 044A) docked at Rassvet port

Refer also to descriptions of future assembly missions.

1998 067CK (37772) Name: ARISSat-1/Radio Skaf-2 Country: Russia Launch date: 3 August 2011 Re-entry: 4 January 2012 Launch site: n.a. Launch vehicle: n.a Orbit: 373 x 391 km, inclination: 51.6 o

The Amateur Radio satellite housed in a Russian spacesuit (ARISSat)-1 or RadioSkaf-2 satellite was launched on board of Progress M-09M (2011 004A) and was originally to be deployed from the ISS during the EVA of 16 February 2011. Instead it was decided by Roscosmos on 11 February 2011 that the satellite, which was also known as Kedr, the call sign of Yuri Gagarin, was to be switched on on 12 April 2011, in order to commemorate the jubilee of Gagarin’s mission. Weak batteries of the RF-amateur satellite would not allowed it to have flown and transmit signals until that date if the satellite would have been deployed on 16 February 2011. Instead it was deployed during the EVA of 3 August 2011 although only one of the antennas unfolded. Originally named SuitSat-2, as a follow on from the SuitSat-1 (2005 035C), the flight was to consist of a radio amateur transponder fitted in an old Orlan space suit. Batteries were to be mounted inside the suit, solar panels attached to the extremities with the electronics, video cameras and antenna mounted on the helmet by the ISS crew prior to deployment during a spacewalk. But earlier in 2010 two surplus Orlan space suits in storage on the ISS were discarded through a Progress spacecraft. One of these suits was to be used for the SuitSat-2 mission. With the suit now no longer available, the team decided to mount the equipment in a more conventional satellite structure with solar panels on all six sides. The change in name reflected the new configuration.

1998 067CM (38751) Name: Sfera-53 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 August 2012 Re-entry: 24 November 2012 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: 400 x 461 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Sfera-53 (also known as Vektor T) was an 8 kg satellite to calibrate air density by tracking and measuring its drag. It did not carry any instruments. It was flown to ISS (1998 067A) as cargo on Progress M-16M (2012 042A). On 20 August 2012 it was deployed during an EVA by Padalka and Malenchenko.

1998 067CN (38852) Name: RAIKO Country: Japan Launch date: 4 October 2012 Re-entry: 6 August 2013 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 425 km, inclination: 51.6 °

RAIKO was a double cubesat built at the Wakayama University in Japan that took images of the Earth through a fish-eye lens camera, measured relative movement when deployed from the ISS, tested an experimental star sensor and performed an orbit descending experiment using membrane deployment. The 2 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-3 (2012 038A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067CP (38853) Name: FITSAT-1 Country: Japan Launch date: 4 October 2012 Re-entry: 4 July 2013 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 403 x 422 km, inclination: 51.6 °

FITSAT-1, also known as Niwaka, was developed by the Fukuoka Institute of Technology in Japan to demonstrate high speed data transfer and to tests a high output LED light that can be observed with the unaided eye or small binoculars; The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-3 (2012 038A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067CQ (38854) Name: TechEdSat Country: USA Launch date: 4 October 2012 Re-entry: 5 May 2013 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 402 x 422 km, inclination: 51.6 °

TechEdSat was a single cubesat built by San Jose State University in the USA to evaluate a Space Plug-and- play Avionics (SPA) designed in Sweden by ÅAC Microtec, and to perform a communications experiment utilizing the Iridium and Orbcomm satellite phone network. The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-3 (2012 038A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067CR (38855) Name: F-1 Country: Vietnam Launch date: 4 October 2012 Re-entry: 9 May 2013 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 401 x 423 km, inclination: 51.6 °

F-1 was an educational single cubesat developed by FSpace laboratory, FPT Technology Research Institute, FPT University in Hanoi, Vietnam that carried a low-resolution camera, a 3-axis magnetometer and several temperature sensors. The project was started in late 2008 and was to be placed in orbit in 2012 by means of an Interorbital Systems Neptune 30 launch vehicle that was not developed in time. The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-3 (2012 038A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067CS (38856) Name: WE-WISH Country: Japan Launch date: 4 October 2012 Re-entry: 11 March 2013 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 425 km, inclination: 51.6 °

WE-WISH was a single cubesat developed by Meisei Electric Co., to take IR images of the Earth surface. The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-3 (2012 038A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067DA (39412) Name: PicoDragon Country: Vietnam Launch date: 19 November 2013 Re-entry: 28 February 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

PicoDragon was a single cubesat that carried two amateur radio downlinks and had been developed by the Vietnam Natonal Satellite Centre. The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-4 (2013 040A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067DB (39413) Name: Ardusat-1 Country: USA Launch date: 19 November 2013 Re-entry: 16 April 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

The Arduino Satellite (Ardusat) -1 was a 1U cubesat developed by NanoSatisfi Inc., as a crowd funded project to provide a platform on which students and DIY space enthusiasts to run their own space - based Arduino experiments. The primary payload was a bank of Arduino processors which could sample data from the satellite’s imaging payload, and on board sensors. Arduino was an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It was intended for artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-4 (2013 040A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067DC (39414) Name: Ardusat-X Country: USA Launch date: November 2013 Re-entry: 16 April 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

1U cubesats as described for Ardusat-1 (1998 067DB). The 1 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-4 (2013 040A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067DD (39415) Name: TechEdSat-3 Country: USA Launch date: 20 November 2013 Re-entry: 16 January 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 415 x 411 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Technical and Educational Satellite (TechEdSat)-3 was a 3U cubesat that had been developed at the San Jose State University (SJSU) and the University of Idaho. The satellite tested the Exo-Brake passive de-orbit system which has been mounted in two of the three cubesat units. After deployment of the satellite the ExoBrake system was be activated and it was expected that it would de-orbit the satellite within 10 days. The 3 kg satellite had been brought to the space station as part of the cargo on HTV-4 (2013 040A) and was fitted in a JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD). It was deployed through the airlock of the Kibo module of ISS (1998 067A), using the Kibo robotic arm.

1998 067DG (39512) Name: Flock 1-1 Country: USA Launch date: 11 February 2014 Re-entry: 15 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Flock 1-1 was the first of 28 3U cubesats in the first generation of an Earth observation constellation that was operated by Planet Labs. The 5 kg satellites provided 3-5 m resolution images of the Earth from the equator to 52 o latitude. The satellites have also be referred to as Dove-5 to -33, whilst some references give an alternative sequence of the individual satellites.. Flock 1-1, also known as Dove 074B, was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DH (39513) Name: Flock 1-2 Country: USA Launch date: 11 February 2014 Re-entry: 9 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 073C. Flock 1-12 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DJ (39514) Name: Flock 1-3 Country: USA Launch date: 11 February 2014 Re-entry: 25 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 073D. Flock 1-3 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DK (39515) Name: Flock 1- 4 Country: USA Launch date: 11 February 2014 Re-entry: 18 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0740. Flock 1-4 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DL (39518) Name: Flock 1-5 Country: USA Launch date: 12 February 2014 Re-entry: 2 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 072C. Flock 1-5 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DM (39519) Name: Flock 1- 6 Country: USA Launch date: 12 February 2014 Re-entry: 15 June 2014t Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0735 Flock 1-6 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DN (39520) Name: Flock 1- 11 Country: USA Launch date: 13 February 2014 Re-entry: 6 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 074D. Flock 1-11 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DP (39521) Name: Flock 1- 12 Country: USA Launch date: 13 February 2014 Re-entry: 25 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0730. Flock 1-12 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DQ (39525) Name: Flock 1- 13 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 2014 Re-entry: 6 July 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0737. Flock 1-13 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DR (39526) Name: Flock 1-14 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 2014 Re-entry: 14 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 406 x 420 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 073B. Flock 1-14 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DS (39527) Name: Flock 1- 15 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 2014 Re-entry: 13 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0721. Flock 1-15 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DT (39528) Name: Flock 1-16 Country: USA Launch date: 14 February 2014 Re-entry: 26 October 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0727. Flock 1-16 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DU (39529) Name: Flock 1-7 Country: USA Launch date: 15 February 2014 Re-entry: 2 July 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 413 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0736. Flock 1-7 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DV (39530) Name: Flock 1-8 Country: USA Launch date: 15 February 2014 Re-entry: 20 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0742. Flock 1-8 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DW (39531) Name: Flock 1-9 Country: USA Launch date: 15 February 2014 Re-entry: 21 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 072E. Flock 1-9 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DX (39532) Name: Flock 1- 10 Country: USA Launch date: 15 February 2014 Re-entry: 20 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0741. Flock 1-10 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DY (39555) Name: Flock 1- 17 Country: USA Launch date: 25 February 2014 Re-entry: 19 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 074C. Flock 1-7 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067DZ (39556) Name: Flock 1- 18 Country: USA Launch date: 25 February 2014 Re-entry: 29 October 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0734. Flock 1-18 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EA (39557) Name: Flock 1- 21 Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 2014 Re-entry: 25 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 406 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 072B. Flock 1-21 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EB (39558) Name: Flock 1- 22 Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 2014 Re-entry: 5 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0728. Flock 1-22 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EC (39559) Name: Flock 1- 19 Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 2014 Re-entry: 3 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 417 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 073A. Flock 1-19 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067ED (39560) Name: Flock 1-20 Country: USA Launch date: 26 February 2014 Re-entry: 9 October 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0743. Flock 1-20 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EE (39561) Name: Flock 1- 23 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2014 Re-entry: 10 July 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0722. Flock 1-23 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EF (39562) Name: Flock 1- 24 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2014 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 407 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0725. Flock 1-24 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EG (39563) Name: Flock 1- 25 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2014 Re-entry: 24 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 414 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0744. Flock 1-25 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EH (39564) Name: Flock 1- 26 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2014 Re-entry: 10 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 414 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0723. Flock 1-26 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EJ (39565) Name: Flock 1-27 Country: USA Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 3 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 403 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0729. Flock 1-27 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EK (39566) Name: Flock 1- 28 Country: USA Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 3 June 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 403 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0720. Flock 1-28 was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EL (39567) Name: SkyCube Country: USA Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 8 November 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 407 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

SkyCube was a 1U cubesat developed by Southern Stars and funded by thousands of sponsors and mobile app users around the world. Its objective was to facilitate global grass-roots public outreach and educational effort whose purpose is to make space exploration accessible as never before by allowing participants to send simple broadcasts - "tweets from space". The satellite was also fitted with a camera for on-demand pictures of Earth. At the end of the 90 days mission SkyCube inflated an onboard balloon that made it visible to the unaided eyes and assisted in de-orbiting the satellite cleanly through atmospheric drag; SkyCube was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EM (39568) Name: UAPSAT Country: Peru Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 22 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

UAPSAT was a 1U cubesat developed by Universidad Alas Peruanas as a student educational project. Once in orbit the satellite was accessed by radio amateurs and UAPSAT tested the behavior of electronic design communication, orientation and stabilization and verified the implementation of the technology and methodology used in the manufacture of the satellite. UAPSAT was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EN (39569) Name: LitSat Country: Lithuania Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 28 July 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 408 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

LitSat was a 1U cubesat developed by the Lithuanian Space Federation. The satellite carried an onboard VGA camera and a GPS receiver; It was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EP (39570) Name: LituanicaSAT-1 Country: Lithuania Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 23 May 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 406 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

LituanicaSAT-1 was a 1U cubesat that carried a VGA camera, a GPS receiver and a voice transponder. The satellite was developed at the Vilnius University (Lithuania) and was named after the aircraft named Lituanica that flew across the Atlantic Ocean 80 years ago. The satellite was also known as Lithuania-Oscar (LO)-78 or Oscar-78. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EQ (39571) Name: Ardusat-2 Country: USA Launch date: 28 February 2014 Re-entry: 1 July 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 410 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Ardusat-2, a 1U cubesat as described for 1998 067DB. It was sent to ISS on Cygnus CSR Orb-1 (2014 003A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067ET (40117) Name: Chasqui-1 Country: Peru Launch date: 18 August 2014 Re-entry: 15 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Chasqui-1 was a 1U cunbesat developed at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú. It was powered by fixed solar cells on each side to charge the batteries. The payload consisted of a camera operting in the visible and infra-red spectrum. The satellite was sent to ISS on Progress M-22M (2014 005A) and was deployed during an EVA.

1998 067EU (40122) Name: Flock 1b-24 Country: USA Launch date: 19 August 2014 Re-entry: 15 March 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0801. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EV (40123) Name: Flock 1b-23 Country: USA Launch date: 19 August 2014 Re-entry: 4 March 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 080B. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EW (40124) Name: Flock 1b-26 Country: USA Launch date: 20 August 2014 Re-entry: 14 December 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 413 x 416 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0814. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EX (40125) Name: Flock 1b-25 Country: USA Launch date: 20 August 2014 Re-entry: 1 February 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 413 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0818. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EY (40126) Name: Flock 1b-16 Country: USA Launch date: 20 August 2014 Re-entry: 7 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0812. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067EZ (40127) Name: Flock 1b-15 Country: USA Launch date: 20 August 2012 Re-entry: 13 December 2014 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 411 x 419 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 081D. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FA (40131) Name: Flock 1b-01 Country: USA Launch date: 21 August 2014 Re-entry: 1 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0813. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FB (40132) Name: Flock 1b-02 Country: USA Launch date: 21 August 2014 Re-entry: 14 March 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 080C. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FC (40133) Name: Flock 1b-08 Country: USA Launch date: 23 August 2014 Re-entry: 5 March 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 419 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0811. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FD (40134) Name: Flock 1b-07 Country: USA Launch date: 23 August 2014 Re-entry: 20 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 419 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 080F. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FE (40139) Name: Flock 1b-18 Country: USA Launch date: 5 September 2014 Re-entry: 16 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 418 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 080E. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FF (40140) Name: Flock 1b-17 Country: USA Launch date: 5 September 2014 Re-entry: 4 March 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 418 km, inclination: °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 081E. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FL (40314) Name: SpinSat Country: USA Launch date: 28 November 2014 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 409 x 415 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Carried to the ISS (1998 067A) on Dragon CRS-4 (2014 056A) Special Purpose Inexpensive Satellite (SpinSat) was a 56-centimeter diameter sphere built by the Naval Research Lab (NRL).to test electric solid propellant (ESP) thrusters physically arranged on the exterior of the satellite to provide basic maneuvers as spin-up (de-spin) maneuver and a normal thrust maneuver. The 57 kg satellite also performed a calibrated drag experiment to monitor total neutral atmospheric density. The satellite was released through the Kibo airlock using the SSIKLOPS microsatellite deployment system fitted to one of the robotic arms.

1998 067FM (40389) Name: AESP-14 Country: Brazil Launch date: 5 February 2015 Re-entry: 11 May 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 386 x 390 km, inclination; 51.6 °

AESP-14 was a 1U cubesat developed as a scientific and technological cooperation of Space and Atmospheric Sciences department of INPE in Brazil. It carried a Langmuir probe to measure the electron density and temperature of the ionospheric plasma. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

Name: Flock 1b-03 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 080D. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

--- Name: Flock 1b-04 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0810. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

--- Name: Flock 1b-13 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0825. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

--- Name: Flock 1b-14 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0821. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

--- Name: Flock 1b-19 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 081A. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

--- Name: Flock 1b-20 Country: USA Launch date: not deployed Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: n.a.

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0816. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system prevented deployment. It was eventually returned to Earth on 10 February 2015 with Dragon CRS-5.

1998 067FN (40422) Name: Flock 1b-27 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2015 Re-entry: 14 October 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 404 km, inclination; 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0823. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FP (40423) Name: Flock 1b-28 Country: USA Launch date: 27 February 2015 Re-entry: 7 August 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 404 km, inclination; 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0818. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FQ (40427) Name: Flock 1b-21 Country: USA Launch date: 2 March 2013 Re-entry: 12 October 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 400 km, inclination; 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0817. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FR (40428) Name: Flock 1b-22 Country: USA Launch date: 2 March 2015 Re-entry: 1 October 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 081F. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FS 940429) Name: Flock 1b-10 Country: USA Launch date: 2 March 2015 Re-entry: 23 August 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 393 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 081C. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FT (40430) Name: Flock 1b-09 Country: USA Launch date: 2 March 2015 Re-entry: 28 June 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 414 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0819. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FU (40451) Name: Flock 1d’-1 Country: USA Launch date: 3 March 2015 Re-entry: 13 October 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 393 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0A16. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FV (40452) Name: Flock 1d’-2 Country: USA Launch date: 3 March 2015 Re-entry: 27 December 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 394 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C02. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-5 (2015 001A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067FW (40453) Name: Flock 1b-05 Country: USA Launch date: 3 March 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0822. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FX (40454) Name: Flock 1b-06 Country: USA Launch date: 3 March 2015 Re-entry: 16 October 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0901. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067FY (40455) Name: TechEdSat-4 Country: USA Launch date: 4 March 2015 Re-entry: 3 April 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 389 x 401 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Technology satellite continueing the Exo Brake experiments conducted by TechEdSat-3 (1998 067DD). The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment. The Exo Brake experiment was successfully deployed.

1998 067FZ (40456) Name: GEARRSAT Country: USA Launch date: 4 March 2015 Re-entry: 8 November 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 403 x 412 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Globalstar Experiment And Risk Reduction Satellite (GEARRSAT) was a 3U cubesat built by NearSpace Launch to investigate the feasibility of using the Globalstar satellite communications network for the command and control of a small satellites. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067GA (40457) Name: MicroMAS Country: USA Launch date: 4 March 2015 Re-entry: 1 August 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 407 x 419 km, inclination: 51.6 o

The Micro-sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (MicroMAS) was a 3U cubesat developed at the MIT Lincoln Space Systems Laboratory to test a multispectral passive microwave radiometer for weather observation in combination with a new three-axis control system. The satellite had a mass of 5.5 kg. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067GB (40458) Name: Lambdasat Country: USA Launch date: 4 March 2015 Re-entry: 16 May 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 393 x 405 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Lambdasat was a 1U cubesat built by a group of Greek scientists and students based in San Jose, CA, The 1 kg satellite was fitted with deployable solar arrays that unfolded to a 3U size for increased power. The satellite carried four technology experiments: 1. an experiment to measure the radiation effects on the graphene material in low-Earth orbit; 2. an experimental Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver for tracking ships; 3. an Iridium Short Burst Data (SBD) modem for communications; and 4. a UHF transmitter and a UHF receiver to supplement the uplinks and downlinks of the satellite. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067GC (40459) Name: Flock 1b-11 Country: USA Launch date: 5 March 2015 Re-entry: 7 September 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0815. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067GD (40460) Name: Flock 1b-12 Country: USA Launch date: 5 March 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 405 km, inclination: 51.6o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0824. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-2 (2014 039A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) but technical difficulties with the NanoRack deployment system delayed deployment.

1998 067GE (40722) Name: Flock 1e-2 Country: USA Launch date: 13 July 2015 Re-entry: 5 March 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B10. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GF (40723) Name: Flock 1e-1 Country: USA Launch date: 13 July 2015 Re-entry: 18 May 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B1A. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GG (40724) Name: Flock 1e-4 Country: USA Launch date: 14 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0306. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GH (40725) Name: Flock 1e-3 Country: USA Launch date: 14 July 2015 Re-entry: 29 May 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 401 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C03. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GJ (40726) Name: Flock 1e-7 Country: USA Launch date: 14 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B0E. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GK (40727) Name: Flock 1e-8 Country: USA Launch date: 14 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B0D. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GL (40728) Name: Flock 1e-5 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2015 Re-entry: 20 June 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B07. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GM (40729) Name: Flock 1e-6 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B0B. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GN (40736) Name: Flock 1e-9 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2018 Re-entry: 8 February 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B1F. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GP (40737) Name: Flock 1e-10 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B09. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GQ (40738) Name: Flock 1e-11 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B1E. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GR (40739) Name: Flock 1e-12 Country: USA Launch date: 15 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B0A. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GS (40740) Name: Flock 1e-13 Country: USA Launch date: 16 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C07. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GT (40741) Name: Flock 1e-14 Country: USA Launch date: 16 July 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0B07. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GU (40742) Name: Arkyd-3R Country: USA Launch date: 16 July 2013 Re-entry: 23 December 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Arkyd-3R was a replacement for the Arkyd-3 satellite that failed to be launched on 28 October 2014. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GV (40743) Name: Centennial-1 Country: USA Launch date: 16 July 2013 Re-entry: 6 January 2015 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Centennial-1 was a 1U cubesat developed by Booz Allen Hamilton corporation as an technology demonstration for a small optical sensor package including small photodetectors and a small camera in partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory for use in the calibration of a 3.5-meter-diameter ground telescope. The name marks the 100 th year of the company. The satellite was sent to ISS on Dragon CRS-6 (2015 021A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GX (40897) Name: SERPENS Country: Brazil Launch date: 17 September 2015 Re-entry: 27 March 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 o

SERPENS was a 3U Cubesat built by the SERPENS (Sistema Espacial para Realização de Pesquisa e Experimentos com Nanossatélites) university consortium. It carried a transponder to test VHF and S-band communications for store and forward messaging as well as a UHF transponder for store and forward messaging and a pulsed plasma thruster (PPT). The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GY (408998) Name: S-CUBE Country: Japan Launch date: 17 September 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 408 km, inclination: 51.6 o

S-CUBE or Shootingstar Sensing Satellite (S3), was a 3U cubesat built by the Planetary Exploration Research Center of Chiba Institute of Technology and the Tohoku University. It carried a CCD camera and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to observe meteors from low-Earth orbit. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067GZ (40948) Name: AAUSat-5 Country: Denmark Launch date: 5 October 2015 Re-entry: 15 March 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 o

AAUSat-5 was a 1U cubesat designed and built by students at the University of Aalborg in Denmark to test an improved receiver for detecting Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals emitted by ships. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HA (40949) Name: GOMX-3 Country: Denmark Launch date: 5 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Led by Gomspace in Denmark, GOMX-3 was a 3U cubesat developed by Gomspace to demonstrate aircraft ADS-B signal reception and geostationary telecommunication satellite spot beam signal quality using The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HB (40950) Name: Flock 2b-01 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C70. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HC (40951) Name: Flock 2b-02 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 407 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C18. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HD (40952) Name: Flock 2b-03 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 406 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C53. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HE (40953) Name: Flock 2b-04 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 406 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C72. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HF (40954) Name: Flock 2b-05 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C73. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HG (40955) Name: Flock 2b-06 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C69. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HH (40956) Name: Flock 2b-07 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C66. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HJ (40957) Name: Flock 2b-08 Country: USA Launch date: 6 October 2015 Re-entry: 22 May 2016 Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C55. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HK (40958) Name: Flock 2b-10 Country: USA Launch date: 7 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 408 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C64. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HL (40959) Name: Flock 2b-09 Country: USA Launch date: 7 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 409 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C68. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HM (40979) Name: Flock 2b-13 Country: USA Launch date: 7 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 410 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C74. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HN (40980) Name: Flock 2b-14 Country: USA Launch date: 7 October 2015 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 395 x 410 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C47. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

--- Name: Flock 2b-11 Country: USA Launch date: --- Re-entry: --- Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: ---

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C71. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) on 7 October 2015 but failed due to problems with the deployer. It was returned to Earth on board of Dragon CRS-8 (2016 024A) on 11 May 2016.

--- Name: Flock 2b-12 Country: USA Launch date: --- Re-entry: --- Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: ---

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C51. The satellite was sent to ISS on HTV-5 (2015 038A) and was to be ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) on 7 October 2015 but failed due to problems with the deployer. It was returned to Earth on board of Dragon CRS-8 (2016 024A) on 11 May 2016.

1998 067HP (41313) Name: AggieSat-4 Country: USA Launch date: 29 January 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 408 km, inclination: 51.6 o

AggieSat-4 was part of NASA’s Low-Earth Orbiting Navigation Experiment for Spacecraft Testing Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking (LONESTAR)-2 programme and was built by students at the Texas A&M University. With a mass of 55 kg, the satellite demonstrated three-axis attitude determination and control using a DRAGON GPS unit as well as a camera system to capture visuals of various mission events while in orbit. It also was to release the Bevo-2 (1998 067HQ) satellite after one month and captured this release on video and computed and crosslinked relative navigation solutions through tracking Bevo-2 but it seems that Bevo- 2 was released prematurely although the date has not bee published. AggieSat-4 also carried an amateur radio payload. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) using the SSIKLOPS facility.

1998 067HQ (41314) Name: Bevo-2 Country: USA Launch date: 29 January 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 396 x 405 km, inclination: 51.6 o

The Bevo-2 satellite was released prematurely from AggieSat-4 (1998 067HP) on a date after 29 January 2016. Built by students at the University of Texas at Austin, the 4.2 kg satellite carried an amateur radio payload. It was also fitted with a cold gas thruster module holding 90 grams of Dupont R-236fa refrigerant stored at pressure to be released for maneuvers of the satellite for stationkeeping and rendezvous exercises with AggieSat-4. As a consequence of the early deployment, Bevo-2 was not activated The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) as part of AggieSat-4 which was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A) using the SSIKLOPS facility.

1998 067HT (41463) Name: Diwata-1 Country: Philippines Launch date: 27 April 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 408 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Diwata-1 was a 50 kg satellite developed by Filipino researchers and engineers under the guidance of the Hokkaido and Tohoku Universities in Japan. It was also known as PHL Microsat-1. Its objective was to provide real-time images for disaster risk management and other applications. For this it carried: 1. a high precision telescope (HPT) with a resolution of 3 meters to determine the extent of damages from disasters, like typhoons and volcanic eruptions; 2. a multispectral imager (SMI) with LCTF to monitor changes in vegetation and monitor oceans productivity with a resolution of 80 m; 3. a wide field camera with 7 km resolution to help scientists and weather forecasters better observe cloud patterns and more accurately predict weather disturbances; and 4. a middle field camera with a resolution of 185 m to assists in determining the locations of images captured using the HPT and SMI. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HU (41474) Name: MinXSS Country: USA Launch date: 16 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Miniature X-Ray Solar Spectrometer Nanosatellite (MinXSS) was a 3U cubesat developed at the University of Colorado at Boulder to gather scientific data to further the current understanding of the energy distribution of Solar Flare Soft X-Ray emissions and the associated impacts on the Earth’s Ionosphere, Thermosphere and Mesosphere. The primary payload was a X123 X-Ray Spectrometer. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HV (41475) Name: CADRE Country: USA Launch date: 16 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 309 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

The CubeSat investigating Atmospheric Density Response to Extreme driving (CADRE) was a 3U cubesat developed at the University of Michigan’s Student Space Systems Fabrication Lab (S3FL). The primary mission objective was to demonstrate the technology for the future Amanda multi-satellite mission, in particular testing the Wind Ion Neutral Composition Suite (WINCS) instrument in an operational environment.

The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HW (41476) Name: STMSat-1 Country: USA Launch date: 16 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

STMSat.1, St. Thomas More Satellite (STMSat)-1, was a 1U cubesat built by elementary school students at St. Thomas More Cathedral School, Arlington, VA, becoming the first ever satellite designed entirely by elementary school students with support by technical advisers from NASA. The satellite carried an amateur radio payload, an Earth imaging system and a number of symbolic items. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HX (41477) Name: Nodes-1 Country: USA Launch date: 16 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

The two Nodes satellites were an extension to the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Network (EDSN) that failed to be deployed on 4 November 2015. The Nodes satellites were almost identical to the EDSN satellites except for modifications associated to their deployment from ISS. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HY (41478) Name: Nodes-2 Country: USA Launch date: 16 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Technology satellite as described for Node-1. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067HZ (41479) Name: Flock 2e’-1 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0D05. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JA (41480) Name: Flock 2e’-3 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0D06. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JB (41481) Name: Flock 2e’-2 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C1B. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JC (41482) Name: Flock 2e’-4 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C22. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JD (41483) Name: Flock 2e-1 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C37. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JE (41484) Name: Flock 2e-2 Country: USA Launch date: 17 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 401 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C78. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JF (41485) Name: Lemur 2-5 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Meteorological and navigational satellite as described for 2015 052D. It was also known as Theresacondor. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JG (41486) Name: Flock 2e-3 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C60. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JH (41487) Name: Flock 2e-4 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C41. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JJ (41488) Name: Lemur 2-6 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 401 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Meteorological and navigational satellite as described for 2015 052D. It was also known as Kane. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JK (41489) Name: Lemur 2-7 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Meteorological and navigational satellite as described for 2015 052D. It was also known as Nick-Allain. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JL (41490) Name: Lemur 2-8 Country: USA Launch date: 18 May 2018 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Meteorological and communications satellite as described for 2015 052D. It was also known as Jeff. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JM (41563) Name: Flock 2e-5 Country: USA Launch date: 30 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 401 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C43. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JN (41564) Name: Flock 2e-6 Country: USA Launch date: 30 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 400 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C75. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JP (41565) Name: Flock 2e-7 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C24. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JQ (41566) Name: Flock 2e-8 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 405 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C2B. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JR (41567) Name: Flock 2e’-5 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C59. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JS (41568) Name: Flock 2e’-6 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C46. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JT (41569) Name: Flock 2e’-7 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C42. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JU (41570) Name: Flock 2e’-8 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C76. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JV (41571) Name: Flock 2e-9 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C14. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JW (41572) Name: Flock 2e-10 Country: USA Launch date: 31 May 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C82….. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JX (41573) Name: Flock 2e-11 Country: USA Launch date: 1 Jun 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 397 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C13. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JY (41574) Name: Flock 2e-12 Country: USA Launch date: 1 Jun 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C70. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-4 (2015 072A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067JZ (41575) Name: Flock 2e’-9 Country: USA Launch date: 1 June 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C19. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067KA (41576) Name: Flock 2e’-10 Country: USA Launch date: 1 June 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 403 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C65. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067KB (41577) Name: Flock 2e’-11 Country: USA Launch date: 2 June 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 398 x 404 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C27. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 067KC (41578) Name: Flock 2e’-12 Country: USA Launch date: 2 June 2016 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: ISS Launch vehicle: --- Orbit: 399 x 402 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Earth observation satellite as described for 1998 067DG and also known as Dove 0C81. The satellite was sent to ISS on Cygnus Orb-6 (2016 019A) and was ejected from the Kibo module of ISS (1968 067A).

1998 068A (25546) Name: Bonum-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 22 November 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925 Orbit: geostationary at 36 °E

Bonum-1 was a Hughes HS-376 satellite owned by Media Most, a Russian media group. The satellite will provide direct to home digital television services in western Russia using 8 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite had a mass of 1425 kg.

1998 069A (25549) Name: STS-88 Country: USA Launch date: 4 December 1998 Re-entry: 18 December 1998 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 382 x 399 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Cabana (Cmdr.), F. Sturckow (Pilot), N. Currie, J. Ross, J. Newman and S. Krikalyov (Russia) (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The objective was to undertake the International Space Station (ISS)-2A mission which attached the Unity module and the Pressurised Mating Adaptors (PMA)-1 and 2 to the space station as described for 1998 067A. On 6 December 1998 the Zarya module (1998 067A) was captured with the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) and attached to the Unity module whilst it was still in the payload bay. On 7 December 1998 Ross and Newman made their first EVA of 7 hours 22 minutes to connect various power cables and umbilicals, followed a further EVAs on 9 December 1998 of 7 hours, 2 minutes, during which antennas were installed. On 10 December the astronauts moved into the space station to install some internal fittings. A final EVA of 6 hours, 59 minutes was made by Ross and Newman on 12 December 1998. On 13 December 1998 the Zarya/Unity combination was released. The Unity module received a separate designation as 1998 069F. In addition the mission released SAC-A (1998 069B) on 14 December 1998 and MightySat-1 (1998 069C) on 15 December 1998. Other experiments carried were: 1. the Space Experiment Module (SEM)-7 as described for STS-80 (1996 065A) which on this flight facilitated student experiments to investigate the growth of butterfly garden seeds, to study the effect of space flight on bread, light bulbs, popcorn, peanut butter, play putty, and bubbles, to investigate the germination and growth of pine seeds, to study mold growth on common fresh foods, to investigate the redistribution of minerals and organic matter in soils, and sand, to measure the level of solar energy, a study on the exposure of water based paint, gelatin, chlorophyll, magnets, seeds, films and computer disks to the space environment, and to study the density and behaviour of various fluids; 2. Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX)-6 as described for STS-84 (1997 023A); 3. G093, a Getaway special as described for STS-3 (1982 022A), with the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEEDS) or the Vortex Ring Transit Experiment which studied the propagation of a vortex ring through a liquid gas interface; 4. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DTO-257: Structural Dynamics Model Validation; • DTO-689: USA Safer Flight Demonstration; • DTO-691: Low-Iodine Residual System; • DTO-700-14: Single String Global Positioning System; • DTO-700-15: Space Integrated GPS/Inertial Navigation System; 5. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A): • DSO-331: Interaction of Shuttle Launch Entry Suits on Egress Locomotion; • DSO-496: Individual Susceptibility To Post Spaceflight Orthostatic Tolerance; • DSO-497: Effects of Microgravity on Cell Mediated Immunity and Reaction of Latent Viral Infections; and • DSO-904: Assessment of Human Factors; The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 10 days, 19 hours, 43 minutes.

1998 069B (25550) Name: SAC-A Country: Argentina Launch date: 14 December 1998 Re-entry: 25 October 1999 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + HHcan Orbit: 378 x 395 km, inclination: 51.6 o

Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas (SAC)-A was a technology satellite to test five separate experiments: 1. the Differential Global Positioning System Receiver, to provide real time autonomous attitude measurements for a satellite; 2. the Charged Coupled Device Camera, used for Earth imaging; 3. a magnetometer to investigate the Earth’s magnetic field; 4. a series of new solar cells; and 5. the Whale Tracker experiment to tack the movement of endangered whale species. The .. kg satellite was spring released from a Hitchiker canister on STS-88 (1998 069A).

1998 069C (25551) Name: MightySat-1 Country: USA Launch date: 15 December 1998 Re-entry: 21 November 1999 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + HHcan Orbit: 380 x 392 km, inclination: 51.6 °

MightySat-1 was a 60 kg satellite to test advanced technologies for autonomous micro satellites. The experiments were: 1. the Advanced Solar Cell Experiment (ASCE) which tested the performance of a new type of solar cell; 2. the Microsystem and Packaging for Low Power Electronics (MAPLE) demonstration of advanced electronics and electronics packaging systems; 3. the Shape-Memory Actuated Release Device (SMARD) to demonstrate a new class of low shock release devices; 4. the Micro-Particle Impact Detector (MPID) to measure the impact of orbital debris. Also known as P97-2, the satellite was spring released from a Hitchiker canister on STS-88 (1998 069A).

1998 069F (25575) Name: Unity Country: USA Launch date: 13 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: 390 x 410 km, inclination: 51.6 °

Previously known as Node-1, the Unity module, with a mass of 11,600 kg, was a six sided connecting module and passageway which provided connecting points for further modules. It was built by Boeing. The Pressurised Mating Adaptors (PMA)-1 and –2 were attached to each end of Unity prior to launch and allow attachment to other modules as well as docking of the Space Shuttle. On 6 December 1998 Unity was attached to the Zarya module (1998 067A) whilst it was still in the payload bay of STS-88 (1998 069A). On 13 December 1998 the Zarya/Unity combination was released.

Built by Boeing, the original Node-1 was completed by 1995 but some structural design flaws were uncovered which prevented its use in space and the module was instead used as the Structural Test Article (STA). The then under construction as Node-2 was re-named Node-1. The remnants of the Structural Test Article were at one stage to be used as Node-4 to serve as the core of the US Propulsion Module (USPM). The purpose of this module was to provide an alternative propulsion capability in case Russian failed to deliver the Zvezda (2000 037A) module. In March 2001, NASA cancelled the project. It had never been assigned a ISS sequence number.

1998 070A (25558) Name: Satmex-5 Country: Mexico Launch date: 6 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42L Orbit: geostationary at 117 °W

Satmex-5 was the first third generation communications satellite for Mexico’s Satellites Mexicanas. The 4135 kg satellite was based on the Hughes HS-601HP platform and carried 24 transponders operating in the C band and 24 transponders operating in the Ku band. The satellite was later located to 114.9 oW and was renamed as Eutelsat 115 West-A in May 2014.

1998 071A (25560) Name: SWAS Country: USA Launch date: 6 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: 638 x 651 km, inclination: 69.9 °

The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) was built by the Ball Corp. to measure the chemistry of dense interstellar clouds to help determine how stars and planets are formed when these clouds collapse. The satellite had a mass of 283 kg and was also known as SMEX-4 and Explorer-74. The payload consisted of a submillimeter radio receives to detect frequencies in 500 GHz and an acousto-optical spectrometer which converted radio frequency information into optical signals. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft.

1998 072A (25567) Name: Nadezhda-5 Country: Russia Launch date: 10 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 977 x 1013 km, inclination: 83.0 °

Civilian navigational satellite as described for 1989 050A. The satellite also carried the Kospas-8 search-and-rescue transponder as described for 1982 066A.

1998 072B (25568) Name: Astrid-2 Country: Sweden Launch date: 10 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 978 x 1013 km, inclination: 83.0 °

The scientific mission of the 35 kg satellite was to measure the radiation in the auroral regions of the upper atmosphere. It carried: 1. the Electrical and Magnetic Field Monitoring of the Aurora (EMMA) experiment which measured electrical and magnetic fields; 2. the Langmuir Interferometer and Density Experiment for Astrid-2 (LINDA) to measure the fine structure of the plasma density irregularities and distinguish between temporal and spatial effects; 3. the Miniaturised Electrostatic Dual-tophat Spherical Analyser (MEDUSA), a combined electron and ion spectrometer; and 4. three Photometers for Imaging the Aurora (PIA), two of which were spin scanning and one was sunward looking.

1998 073A (25571) Name: Mars Climate Orbiter Country: USA Launch date: 11 December 1998 Re-entry: 23 September 1999 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7425 Orbit: trans-martian

The Mars Climate Orbiter was to be placed in an orbit around Mars to observe climatic changes in the martian atmosphere. The instrumentation on board of the 338 kg spacecraft consisted of: 1. the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR), which developed a vertical profile of the atmospheric temperature, dust, water vapour and condensate clouds; and 2. the Mars Color Imager (MARCI), a camera system fitted with a wide angle system as well as a medium angle system. The Mars Climate Orbiter reached Mars on 23 September 1999 and was to achieve an operational orbit of 373 x 437 km and an inclination of 92.9 o by 23 November 1999. However, a navigation error brought the spacecraft in at a distance of 60 km and it is believed to have burned up in the Martian atmosphere.

1998 074A (25577) Name: Iridium-88 Country: USA Launch date: 19 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 688 x 713 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A. Also referred to as Iridium-11A.

1998 074B (25578) Name: Iridium-89 Country: USA Launch date: 19 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C-III SD Orbit: 686 x 715 km, inclination: 86.5 °

Mobile communications satellite as described for 1997 020A. Also referred to as Iridium-20A.

1998 075A (25585) Name: Panamsat-6B Country: USA Launch date: 22 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42L Orbit: geostationary at 43 °W

Communications satellite owned by Pan American Satellite and based on the Hughes HS-601HP platform. The satellite had a mass of 3475 kg and carried 36 transponders operating in the Ku band. It replaced Panamsat-5 (1997 040A). On 1 February 2007 the satellite was renamed as Intelsat-6B.

1998 076A (25590) Name: Kosmos-2361 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M Orbit: 969 x 1013 km, inclination: 82.9 °

Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1998 077A (25594) Name: Kosmos-2364 Country: Russia Launch date: 30 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 19126 x 19129 km, inclination: 64.8 °

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1998 077B (25595) Name: Kosmos-2363 Country: Russia Launch date: 30 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 19119 x 19133 km, inclination: 64.8 °

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1998 077C (25593) Name: Kosmos-2362 Country: Russia Launch date: 30 December 1998 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: 19123 x 19128 km, inclination: 64.8 o

Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.