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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency April 2016 No. 10

Special Features ’s Technical Prowess Technical excellence and team are manifested in such activities as the space station capture of the HTV5 , development of the , and reduction of sonic boom in supersonic transport International Cooperation JAXA plays a central role in international society and contributes through diverse joint programs, including planetary exploration, and the utilization of observation in the environmental and disaster management Japan’s Technical Prowess Contents No. 10 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Special Feature 1: Japan’s Technical Prowess 1−3 Welcome to JAXA TODAY Activities of “Team Japan” Connecting the Earth and Space The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is positioned as We review some of the activities of “Team the pivotal organization supporting the Japanese government’s Japan,” including the successful capture of H-II Transfer Vehicle 5 (HTV5), which brought overall space development and utilization program with world- together JAXA, NASA and the International Space Station (ISS). leading technology. JAXA undertakes a full spectrum of activities, from basic research through development and utilization. 4–7 In 2013, to coincide with the 10th anniversary of its estab- 2020: The H3 Launch Vehicle Vision JAXA is currently pursuing the development lishment, JAXA defined its management philosophy as “utilizing of the H3 Launch Vehicle, which is expected space and the sky to achieve a safe and affluent society” and to become the backbone of Japan’s space development program and build strong adopted the new corporate slogan “Explore to Realize.” Under- international competitiveness. We examine the H3’s unique features and the development program’s pinned by this philosophy, JAXA pursues a broad range of pro- objectives. grams in the aerospace and research and development fields. 8–9 With the aim of disseminating information about JAXA’s A Genuine Step toward the Realization of the Next Generation of Supersonic Transport activities and recent news relating to Japan’s space develop- With reduction of sonic boom being a critical ment programs to as wide an audience as possible, we launched issue in the realization of a new generation of supersonic transport, JAXA has conducted JAXA TODAY in January 2010. a successful flight test demonstration of its low-sonic-boom design concept. We explain the test and its potential contribution to the formulation of international sonic boom standards. Special Feature 2: To All Our Readers International Cooperation 10−11 My name is Yoshikazu Shoji, and on January 1, Japan and Europe Cooperate to Investigate the 2016, I was appointed as Director of the JAXA Mysteries of Mercury —An Unknown World Public Affairs Department. I wish to express my BepiColombo is a joint mission of the appreciation to all of you who have taken the (ESA) and JAXA to explore the planet Mercury, with each agency time to look at the latest issue of JAXA TODAY. taking responsibility for the development of a . We introduce the objectives and JAXA carries out a substantial amount significance of the mission. of its work in collaboration with many inter- 12–15 Yoshikazu Shoji national partners. From that perspective, I Special Feature 1: Director of the JAXA recognize the importance of achieving an Utilizing Earth Observation Satellites to Help Public Affairs Department Build a Better Future for Humankind even deeper understanding of the programs By utilizing data from Earth observation satellites in such fields pursued by JAXA among a broad range of people outside Japan. Japan’s Technical Prowess as disaster management and environmental conservation, JAXA is helping to build a The goal of JAXA TODAY is to provide an easy-to-understand, cur- safe and secure future for people the world over. Two JAXA managers discuss several of rent snapshot of some of the key activities of JAXA. I am happy when a Activities of “Team Japan” Connecting the key programs in which they have been new reader of JAXA TODAY gains a greater level of understanding of the involved. space development, space science research and aeronautical technology the Earth and Space 16–17 research undertaken by JAXA. Moving beyond Its First Decade, JAXA Sets With this as a starting point, nothing would give me greater pleasure Since the European Space Agency (ESA) retired the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) in February 2015, the mission of Course on a New Stage of Its Journey than this publication being helpful for generating a deeper knowledge of Since its establishment in October 2003, resupplying the International Space Station (ISS) has fallen on the three remaining programs. These are operated by and the transition in April 2015 to a new Japan as a country among our readers. legal status as a National Research and JAXA, NASA and , respectively. The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)—nicknamed “KOUNOTORI” (white stork) in Development Agency, JAXA has steadily Japanese—is Japan’s resupply spacecraft for the ISS. It has established a sound track record of safely transporting a built up a record of accomplishments in the aerospace field and in research and variety of large-scale equipment and high-volume supplies. Hence, the HTV program continues to grow in importance. In development. Internationally, JAXA has won a high level of trust as a space agency. We recap the challenges of JAXA’s first particular, Japan’s original technology for spacecraft rendezvous and capture has become one of the world standards in dozen years. this field. The technology involves using the ISS robotic arm (Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS); also known by its primary component, Canadarm2) to safely grapple and birth the HTV. 18 Cover Story In this special feature, we report on the activities of “Team Japan,” focusing on the capture of HTV5 in August Liaison Diary: Thailand H-II Transfer Vehicle 5 (HTV5) Awaits Separation from the International Masanobu Tsuji, director of the JAXA Bangkok Office, has returned Space Station (ISS) 2015. This rendezvous and capture involved close collaboration among personnel working at the JAXA Tsukuba Space to work in Thailand after a two-decade hiatus. He talks about the On September 28, 2015, in preparation for separation the following day, HTV5 is differences between his past and present roles, and his lifestyle grappled by Canadarm2 and detached from the ISS. Center (TKSC) in Japan, the NASA (JSC) in Texas and on the ISS. in Bangkok. (© JAXA / NASA) 1 JAXA TODAY No. 10 Japan’s Technical Prowess

Astronaut Yui operated the SSRMS to bring the tip of UNOOSA initiated collaboration on September 8, 2015, to the robotic arm near to the Flight Releasable provide opportunities for the deployment of . The “Team Japan” (FRGF)—a special-purpose component on the exterior of two parties will cooperate in efforts to offer opportunities the HTV. When the tip of the robotic arm got within a few to developing countries for CubeSat deployment from JEM meters, the HTV thrusters were shut off, put- Kibo. This aims to contribute to in space-related Leverages Its Strength in Unity ting the spacecraft into free drift. In this state, since the HTV technology in participating countries. gradually drifts in accordance with the law of inertia, it must be captured during a 90-second window. The excellent level of coordination among “Team Japan” members has been a crucial factor driving the success of In this brief time, Yui skillfully maneuvered the robotic arm to successfully capture the HTV. At 19:29 JST, as numerous important missions. Recent examples include the capture of HTV5—a particularly tension-filled operation— people around the world looked on in anticipation, the HTV and the deployment of small satellites from Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Kibo. was captured thanks to the unified strength of “Team Japan.”

CubeSat Deployment “KOUNOTORI” (White Stork) Flies to Its meters, HTV5 temporarily ceased its ascent to confirm safety. ISS Perch At 19:22 JST, HTV5 was in a stationary position relative to On September 17, 2015, using the JEM-Small Orbital the ISS, orbiting 10 meters directly below. Deployer (J-SSOD) on JEM Kibo of the ISS, two CubeSats HTV5 was launched from the The HTV Control Center reported to : “HTV is were deployed—SERPENS (developed by the University of (TNSC) on August 19, 2015. After a successful flight with no go for capture. HTV5 has arrived at its preassigned position, Brasilia and the ) and S-CUBE (de- major hitches, the resupply spacecraft arrived at its Approach and everything is proceeding veloped by the Chiba Institute of Technology). Among all of Initiation (AI) point, orbiting 5 km behind the ISS, on smoothly.” On hearing this, the ISS’ modules, only JEM Kibo—which has both an August 24 at 15:58 (Japanese Standard Time; JST). Astronaut Wakata immediately and a robotic arm—is able to deploy CubeSats in this way. The HTV Control Center at TKSC—spearheaded by sent the command to the ISS S-CUBE was deployed at 21:02 JST by Astronaut Yui op- HTV5 lead flight director Mayumi Matsuura—was already to “Go for capture.” The reply erating the deployment command aboard JEM Kibo. Then, at in joint operations with NASA’s International Space Station from the ISS came from NASA 21:12 JST, the JAXA Flight Control Team (JFCT) at TKSC Flight Control Room in Houston, Texas. In Houston, Astronaut Kjell Lindgren, who issued the command that deployed SERPENS. JAXA Astronaut had the role of Capsule was assisting Astronaut Yui. Communicator (CAPCOM)—the lead communicator tasked “We will now begin the capture Collaboration with the United Nations Office with conveying instructions to the ISS. Onboard the ISS, of HT V.” for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to Promote JAXA Astronaut was standing by in his role of the Use of Satellites operating the SSRMS to capture HTV5. The commands were sent from TKSC, and HTV5 com- As of March 2016, a total of 90 CubeSats have been deployed menced its final approach. At 17:01 JST, HTV5 arrived at a The SSRMS grasps the FRGF from JEM Kibo. Apart from Japanese satellites, teams from prior to berthing point 500 meters directly below the ISS. From here, the HTV a wide range of countries have utilized this service, including slowly ascended. At 250 meters from the ISS, and then at 30 the United States, Vietnam, Peru and Lithuania. JAXA and

Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) Johnson Space Center (JSC) International Space Station (ISS) H-II Transfer Vehicle (“KOUNOTORI”) 5 (HTV5) Deployment of the Chiba Institute of Technology’s Deployment of the University of Brasilia’s SERPENS Lead flight director Mayumi Matsuura watches intently JAXA Astronaut Koichi Wakata fulfills his role as JAXA Astronaut Kimiya Yui (left) and NASA Astronaut HTV5 berthed to the Harmony Module (Node 2) of S-CUBE (© JAXA / NASA) (© JAXA / NASA) as HTV5 is captured (© JAXA) CAPCOM at the International Space Station Flight Kjell Lindgren carry out training for operating the the ISS (© JAXA / NASA) Control Room, within the Johnson Space Center, SSRMS in preparation for the capture of HTV5 Houston (© JAXA / NASA)

Message from Astronaut Wakata Message from Astronaut Yui “Thanks to Japan’s manufacturing technology—underpinned by a spirit of “Thanks to the support I received from everyone, I was craftsmanship—along with the passion and wonderful teamwork of the entire able to do my job soundly, and the capture of HTV5 was international operational team, in space and on the ground, the HTV safely a success. I am proud to be Japanese, and I am proud of berthed at the ISS. It’s a fantastic result.” our team.”

Notes: Satellite development teams and others gathered at the TKSC to celebrate after witnessing the successful • HTV5 separated from the ISS on September 29, 2015, and reentered the atmosphere the following day. deployment of the right two satellites. Teams from the University of Brasilia (left) and the Chiba Institute of Technology (right) show their joy at the result. (© JAXA) 2 • After completing his long-duration mission as a member of ISS Expedition 44/45, Astronaut Kimiya Yui returned to earth on December 11, 2015. 3 JAXA TODAY No. 10 Japan’s Technical Prowess

JAXA is currently pursuing the development of Japan’s next-generation mainstay launch vehicle—the H3 Launch Vehicle. Aiming for a Launch Vehicle within Easy You have said that you The H3 is expected to become the backbone of Japan’s space development program from 2020 onward. This project aims to Reach of All Potential Customers while are planning for an develop a launch vehicle that is highly competitive internationally and establishes a strong commercial presence. Offering Peace of Mind initial test launch in 2020. At what stage of JAXA is taking the lead in the development of key technologies and ground facilities essential for securing a high level Masashi Okada development is the proj- of autonomy for Japan’s space program. Meanwhile, with the objective of developing a system with superior competitiveness Project Manager ect currently? in the commercial launch market, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (MHI), is taking the role of prime contractor and is H3 Project Team involved in system development from an early stage. Subsequently, at the operational stage, JAXA is aiming to realize a smooth Space Technology Directorate I In fiscal year 2015 (FY2015; ended transition to a structure based on the launch service provided by MHI. In this special feature, H3 Project Team Manager Masashi March 31, 2016), we were at the fun- Okada, along with key members of his project team, discuss their aspirations for the development of the H3. damental planning stage of the project. This is a vital phase in which the launch vehicle’s overall architecture is being determined. Special Feature 1: From FY2016 onward, we will enter a more detailed design phase. Since we are working with an extremely tight schedule, we have adopted a methodology for the H3 Japan’s Technical Prowess Improved 2nd-stage engine (LE-5B-3) development project under which we thoroughly identify all Enlargement of fuel tank capacity makes the 2nd stage’s potential risks at the design stage. We then implement strategies to operational flight time longer than that of the H-IIA. As well, we eliminate or minimize such risks. 2020: The H3 Launch Vehicle Vision are making improvements to the liquid-hydrogen turbo pump The H3 will be the main launch vehicle supporting Japan’s future to further increase durability. The mixer for high- space development program. This project aims to create a launch hydrogen gas and low-temperature liquid hydrogen will also be vehicle that incorporates all technical fields in which Japan excels, upgraded, with the objective of enhancing engine fuel efficiency. What are the key criteria driving the H3 development project? underpinned by launch vehicle technologies accumulated in Japan to date. Although there will be many critical periods during the develop- Our objective is to create a launch vehicle that is within easy reach for all potential customers ment process, together with our colleagues in the private sector we will and provides a high level of peace of mind. We also want the H3 to generate excitement and strive to maximize teamwork and the potential of our team to achieve enthusiasm among people globally. It will boast world-class reliability while maintaining a very the best results possible. affordable cost structure. The H3 Launch Vehicle will also be highly competitive in the satellite launch market. To achieve this goal, the starting point for our development study was the launch vehicle’s operational concept. All key aspects of the H3 development project have been deter- mined after careful consideration of customer opinions and needs. In addition to such design The H3 Launch Vehicle has a total length of 63 aspects as launch vehicle configuration and launch capability, we considered factors that would meters, and a two-stage core body with a diameter determine the flexibility of services provided by the H3. For example, this included a focus of 5.2 meters. The engine configuration for the H3 Launch Vehicle on shortening the lead time between receiving an order and launch, as well as 1st stage will be changeable—either two or three factors that would lead to an increase in available launch opportuni- units of the new LE-9 engine. The project is aiming ties by halving the time required between launches. for launch capability of 4.0 tons or greater for a 500-km altitude -synchronous , which is Approx. 63 m used for such applications as Earth observation Solid booster (SRB-3) satellites, and 6.5 tons or greater for satellites The project includes development of the SRB-3, which follows being placed into a geostationary transfer orbit. the SRB and SRB-A as Japan’s third generation solid rocket booster. Development will focus on further simplifying the SRB-A. This will include such innovations as reducing the number of attachment points to the core airframe and replacing the predecessor’s movable nozzle with a fixed nozzle. Through such modifications, development will aim for improved reliability and reduced costs.

Simple separation mechanism New 1st-stage engine (LE-9) N -Ⅰ N-Ⅱ H -Ⅰ H-Ⅱ H-ⅡA H-ⅡB H3 The H-IIA and H-IIB launch 1975~ 1981~ 1986~ 1994~ 2001~ 2009~ The 1st stage will be configured with either two or three 150-ton vehicles use two diagonal 1981 1987 1992 1999 thrust struts to release (in vacuum) thrust LE-9 engines. The combustion chamber will be 10 MPa. This engine will generate the largest A three-stage launch A three-stage launch A two-stage launch Currently, this is Japan’s This large launch the boosters. In contrast, vehicle whose vehicle which drew on vehicle, with both stages mainstay large launch vehicle increases the the H3 will adopt a simple thrust capacity in the history of Japan’s liquid-propellant rocket- development was based the results of the N-I developed based on vehicle. Developed launch capability of on technology derived and N-II development Japan’s own technology. based on technologies the H-IIA. At present, it mechanism without struts. engine development. Development planning includes application from the American Delta projects. The 2nd-stage The 1st stage adopted cultivated during the is used to launch the of the expander bleed cycle—used in the 2nd-stage engine rocket. engine (LE-5), propulsion the newly developed development of the H-II Transfer Vehicle system, 3rd-stage solid LE-7—a large-capacity, H-II—the country’s (HTV), Japan’s resupply of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle—thereby reducing the number of rocket motor, and inertial high-efficiency engine. first fully domestically spacecraft servicing H-ⅡA H3 guidance system were The 2nd stage used the developed launch the International Space components needed. This will enable the H3 to achieve the twin products of Japan’s LE-5A—an upgraded vehicle—the H-IIA has Station (ISS). goals of high reliability and low manufacturing cost. independent technology. version of the LE-5 realized high reliability Thrust strut developed for the H-I and low cost for the that featured further launch of a diverse range Artist’s rendition of the LE-9 efficiency improvements of satellites and space 1st-stage engine and superior reliability. probes. 4 5 JAXA TODAY No. 10 Japan’s Technical Prowess

Japan’s Launch Vehicle Technology Takes On New Challenges The H3 will maintain a high level of reliability while realizing radical cost reductions and providing customers with a flexible launch service.

Fundamental Change in Thinking Drives H3 Development of a Simple and Low-Cost Development Engine Based on Original Technology

Shigeru Mori Akihide Kurosu Associate Senior Engineer Associate Senior Engineer Area of Responsibility: Project Management Area of Responsibility: 1st-Stage Engine

H3 Project Team H3 Project Team Artist’s rendition of the LE-9 Space Technology Directorate I Space Technology Directorate I 1st-stage engine

The commercial objectives of the H3 Launch Vehicle develop- The H3 Launch Vehicle’s new LE-9 engine is based on a sim- ment project put it on a fundamentally different footing from ple design concept and low cost. This engine adopts the “ex- Japan’s launch vehicle development to date. The develop- pander bleed cycle” method—an original technology devel- Striving for the World’s Most Comfortable Halving the Number of Operational Days ment partners are focusing on how the launch vehicle will be oped in Japan. Hydrogen gas is used to cool the combustion Ride for Satellite Payloads Needed at the Tanegashima Space Center operated and how it will be marketed to potential customers chamber, and heated up to a temperature of approximately worldwide. The H3 1st stage will offer the choice of either a 200°C. This heated gas activates a turbo pump to send pro- Keita Terashima Akito Hattori two- or three-engine configuration. There will also be flexibil- pellants to the combustion chamber. Compared with the LE- Associate Senior Engineer Manager ity in terms of solid rocket boosters—either none, two, or four 7A engine used in the H-IIA and H-IIB 1st stage, the LE-9 Area of Responsibility: Structural System Area of Responsibility: Launch Complex SRBs. This architecture will give customers access to a flexible has a simple structure, so the number of components is re- Development Development launch service, with a key consideration being the potential duced by around 20%. That helps to bolster reliability while H3 Project Team Range Technology Development Unit Space Technology Directorate I Kagoshima Space Center maximum number of launches annually. We want to leverage bringing down cost. I want to complete the development of Space Technology Directorate I Japan’s full technical capabilities to produce a truly state-of- an engine that will make the people of Japan proud. My area of responsibility is the development of the launch the-art launch vehicle. vehicle structure. This includes such components as the liquid With regard to the launch of the H3 Launch Vehicle, as hydrogen and liquid tanks, the central structure con- shown in the accompanying chart, it will be necessary to Aiming for Simplicity and the Realization of a necting the tanks, the interstage structure connecting the 1st build new facilities and upgrade existing facilities within the Enabling All Team Members to Put Their Heart Low-Cost Solid Rocket Booster and 2nd stages, and the fairing to protect satellite payloads. Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC). Our goal is to halve the and Soul into the H3 length of time needed between launches compared with the Eiichi Wada When receiving orders from overseas for satellite launches, H-IIA, which is the shortest achieved to date. By doing so, we Shinya Okubo key criteria considered by the customer are the measures taken Engineer will be able to provide a speedier service and reduce launch Area of Responsibility: Solid Rocket Booster to protect the payload from noise and vibration during liftoff Associate Senior Engineer costs. As a means of shortening the launch operation time, we Area of Responsibility: Systems Engineering H3 Project Team and shock during separation. These measures must be even H3 Project Team Space Technology Directorate I more robust than those undertaken to date. It is my responsi- are focusing efforts on simplifying the launch vehicle assem- Space Technology Directorate I bility to ensure that the satellite payload enjoys the most com- bly process and introducing automated inspection systems. If I were asked to describe our approach to the development fortable ride possible. Hence, I want to make the H3 a world While utilizing existing facilities efficiently, we will work to My job is in systems engineering—specifically, integrating of improved solid rocket boosters (SRBs) to be used with the leader in this area. ensure that the facilities have a long working life. systems throughout the launch vehicle and related facilities. H3 Launch Vehicle, I would say we are “aiming for simplic- I am tasked with ensuring that integrated systems match ity.” One of the key features of the new SRB-3 is the mecha- the mission requirements of the H3 Launch Vehicle. We are nism used for separation from the main rocket airframe. The Yoshinobu carrying out development using an integrated approach that SRB-A, which is used with the H-IIA and H-IIB launch ve- Launch Complex considers the optimal place to deploy each function necessary hicles, has six separation points—braces and struts—between to meet the mission requirements. This includes all aspects the main airframe and two separation motors. The separation of the project, from the launch vehicle to ground facilities. motors generate the power to detach the booster outward Key strengths of the H3 are its simplicity and high reliability. from the main body. This structure incurs considerable cost Vehicle Assembly Building (Refurbished) Hence, we are striving to create a launch vehicle that will at- in terms of both manufacturing and launch vehicle assembly Movable launcher / Systems Engineering tract satellite orders operations. Hence, for the SRB-3 we will reduce the number Dolly (Newly manufactured) from customers of separation struts to three, each of which is furnished with a Takesaki around the world. I simple mechanism called a “separation thruster.” This mecha- Area Launch Communications believe that it is my nism is equipped with a pyrotechnic actuator to separate the Vehicle System job to ensure that booster outward from the launch vehicle body. Yoshinobu Block House all team members I am working to fulfill my mission, which I believe is to de- (Launch Control Center; Satellite are able to put their velop a high-quality, low-cost SRB that will help to make the relocated to the Takesaki Area) Launch Range Flight Safety heart and soul into H3 an extremely competitive launch vehicle. Ground System Facilities the H3. Launch pad (Upgraded)

Vehicle Assembly Building (Refurbised)Yoshinobu 6 Launch Complex 7 JAXA TODAY No. 10 Japan’s Technical Prowess

Special Feature 1: Japan’s Technical Prowess A Genuine Step toward the Realization of the Next Generation of Supersonic Transport

—Japan’s capabilities for developing original technologies gain high visibility thanks to the success of the flight test demonstration of the low sonic-boom design concept—

To realize a new generation of supersonic transport, the reduction of sonic boom is one of the most critical issues that must be addressed. JAXA is pursuing this objective through the D-SEND* project, which involves flight test demonstrations and evaluation of configuration design concepts and methods. In July 2015, JAXA carried out the second-phase D-SEND test (“D-SEND#2”) at the Esrange Space Center in . We discussed the significance of the success of this test with D-SEND project manager Kenji Yoshida. Kenji Yoshida *D-SEND: Acronym derived from the full project title, “Drop test for SimplifiedE valuation of Non-symmetrically Distributed sonic boom” Project Manager The moment at which the D-SEND#2 experimental aircraft—named the Silent SuperSonic Concept Model (S3CM)—was released from a balloon at an altitude of 30.5 km (© JAXA) D-SEND Project Team Aeronautical Technology Directorate

Flight Demonstration of Low Sonic Boom The experimental aircraft used for the flight test demon- compliance. It would be premature to say that these issues transport in such areas as the reduction of aerodynamic drag Concept for Supersonic Transport Design stration applied JAXA’s original configuration design concept. have been completely resolved. The next generation of super- and low sonic-boom design technology. Consequently, if we For example, the nose had non-axisymmetric upper and lower sonic transport envisaged by JAXA would be a relatively small can take the initiative from the design stage, I think that Please describe the research flow for reducing surfaces, the wings used an optimal combination of twist- airplane. It would have a passenger capacity of 50, cruising we should be able to expand our share of the development sonic boom. angle and camber distributions, and the aft fuselage had a at a speed of Mach 1.6, and the airplane would weigh some program. With this in mind, we are taking a leading-edge wide shape. The test was a world-first flight demonstration in 70 tons. Based on such a model, in terms of economic per- approach to technology development. I believe that one of Yoshida: Initially, in May 2011 we conducted the first- which nose and tail sonic booms were reduced while main- formance, its aerodynamic drag would be 13% lower than JAXA’s major roles is to lay the foundations for internationally phase test of D-SEND (“D-SEND#1”) as a preliminary taining aircraft stability. the Concorde. Furthermore, we believe that the lightweight competitive technologies, and then pass the baton to Japanese test. Based on the results of D-SEND#1, for the second- airframe and improved engines would potentially lower fuel enterprises at the appropriate time. phase demonstration test we released an experimental super- Contributing to the Formulation of consumption by around 20% compared with the Concorde. sonic aircraft from a large stratospheric balloon at an alti- International Standards In the area of environmental compliance, since the of tude of 30.5 km. The experimental aircraft—which utilizes the airframe has a bearing on sonic boom, we estimate that by JAXA’s original low sonic-boom design technology—had a How do you plan to apply the success of this flight applying JAXA’s low boom design technology to such model, Altitude 30 test? (km) D-SEND#2 Demonstration Test total length of 7.9 meters and weighed 1,000 kg. We mea- the sonic-boom would be reduced to approximately 25% of 25 sured the sonic boom generated by the aircraft to validate that of the Concorde. the design technology. Yoshida: The Committee on Aviation Environmental 20 When an aircraft flies at a speed greater than the speed Protection (CAEP) within the International Civil Aviation Staying at the Leading Edge of Technology 15 of sound—supersonic speed—shock waves are generated by Organization (ICAO) is currently deliberating on the formu- Development 1,000m many parts of the airframe. By the time these shock waves lation of international standards for sonic booms. The results 10 Microphone reach the ground, they become compressed with waves gener- of our second-phase demonstration test, which were reported What is JAXA’s role from here on? 5 750m Horizontal distance (km) ated by the nose and tail of the aircraft. This causes two large to the Supersonic Task Group under CAEP in October 2015, 650m 500m pressure fluctuations to occur. On the ground we hear this as received high technical evaluation. However, establishing -25 Yoshida: There are two aspects to our role—contributing -20 -15 an explosive sound, or “sonic boom.” environmental standards is a difficult process, and we believe through international cooperation and developing technology -10 -5 0 50m that debate is likely to continue regarding what would be an that is globally competitive. 5 138 seconds after release, a sonic boom acceptable level for the community and what constitutes an Providing the results of this demonstration test to the was measured by microphones installed objective parameter. ICAO is part of our international cooperation. We hope that along the line of a tethered blimp this will help to bring about the for supersonic A World of Supersonic Transport Just Moved a transport development. However, we estimate that the cost Low sonic-boom effect Step Closer to Reality of such development—even for an aircraft of the scale envis- aged by JAXA—will exceed one trillion yen ($8.3 billion). Of Have the issues standing in the way of a new gen- course, such a development project would take the form of a Low sonic-boom effect eration of supersonic transport been resolved? joint international effort. In other words, international com- Sonic boom N-type Low sonic-boom petitiveness would greatly depend on how far we could ex- pressure signature signature The D-SEND#2 experimental aircraft being lifted up by a mobile crane in preparation for the balloon launch. The aircraft was affixed to the balloon’s gondola for the drop test. Yoshida: Supersonic transport faces issues within two pand our share of the development program. Japan holds pat- (© JAXA) broad categories—economic viability and environmental ents related to the development of next-generation supersonic 8 9 JAXA TODAY No. 10 International Cooperation

Special Feature 2: International Cooperation Japan and Europe Cooperate to Investigate the Mysteries of Mercury—An Unknown World

BepiColombo is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and JAXA to explore the planet Mercury. JAXA TODAY spoke to JAXA’s BepiColombo project manager Professor Hajime Hayakawa about the unique technical aspects and scientific significance of the mission. Professor Hayakawa also discusses the importance of international Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) developed by JAXA. The rod-shaped component visible is the cooperation in interplanetary exploration. mast. (© JAXA)

Dr. Hayakawa received a Master of Science degree from the Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, The University of , in 1981. He participated in the development of the observation satellite , and the Mars Explorer . In 2006, he was appointed project manager for JAXA in the Mercury exploration mission BepiColombo.

The NASA MESSENGER spacecraft, which was the first probe to go into orbit around Mercury. Hajime Hayakawa Image courtesy of NASA / Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie Institution of Project Manager, BepiColombo Project Team Washington Professor, Department of Solar System Sciences

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA The BepiColombo mission will send two interplanetary probes to explore Mercury and its magnetosphere. This artist’s impression shows the two spacecraft, MMO (top) and MPO (bottom). Doctor of Science [Note: This illustration is for purposes only, and the actual distance between Mercury and the sun differs from that shown.] (© JAXA / ESA)

Why have there been relatively that could endure the severe heat condi- magnetosphere is much larger than the the Icy Explorer (JUICE) observations have led to numerous new will lead to the greatest possible output. few exploration missions to tions. After deliberating on the issue of corresponding ratio for Earth. Through project to explore Jupiter. discoveries. There have also been many I believe that the scientific value of the Mercury to date? heat dissipation, we decided to use - the BepiColombo mission, we will of results that diverged greatly from pre- mission is increasing substantially. rors on the spacecraft exterior to reflect course seek to elucidate the environment Please explain the relationship observation expectations. For example, Hayakawa: Mercury’s close proximity away sunlight. Hence, we thoroughly around Mercury. However, we also hope between BepiColombo and the the position of Mercury’s magnetic field In closing, is there anything you to the sun gives it a very scorching en- considered the thermal radiative proper- that through comparisons with other NASA MESSENGER mission, is offset by about 20% from the planet’s would like to say specifically to vironment. This means that not only is ties when designing the structure of the planets we will gain a deeper under- which completed surface obser- center, and the planet has a large inven- young researchers? it difficult to send a probe to Mercury, spacecraft. For example, the cell standing of the Earth’s environment. vations of Mercury in 2015. tory of volatile materials. Such discover- but achieving a high assurance that the panels covering the upper half of the ies have led to more questions, thereby Hayakawa: I think it is important to spacecraft and its instruments will sur- probe are fully covered with mirror ma- What is your view of the impor- Hayakawa: Initially, MESSENGER posing new mysteries to be investigated. maintain a strong sense of , and vive while orbiting the planet is also a terial on the reverse surface. tance of international coopera- was seen as a rival mission, but we Obviously, one of the major roles of be driven by the desire of “wanting to major challenge. Reaching Mercury and tion in the field of interplanetary are strengthening collaboration with BepiColombo is to seek answers to such know” the things that one does not yet putting a satellite into orbit around the What is the scientific significance exploration? MESSENGER. For example, since questions. At the moment, researchers understand. Mercury is a world full of planet requires a huge amount of energy. of the ? NASA began releasing observation from Japan and Europe are working to- unknowns, and new mysteries are being Furthermore, the amount of thermal en- Hayakawa: I think that international data from MESSENGER, we have gether to consider observation methods thrown up constantly. I believe that it is ergy received from the sun by Mercury Hayakawa: The entire Earth is a mag- cooperation is going to become ab- held joint workshops. MESSENGER’s using the project’s two space probes that an exploration field offering a wealth of is approximately 10.7 times that of net, and its magnetic field is stable. solutely indispensable from here on. intellectual curiosity and challenges. Earth. In addition, the very strong sun- Furthermore, if one compares the Within the BepiColombo project, JAXA light reflection and heat radiation from Earth’s magnetosphere and the size of and ESA each have their own space Mercury meant that in-orbit observa- the Earth itself, the ratio is approxi- probe. However, regardless of which or- BepiColombo Project tions were considered to pose extreme mately 10:1. Based on the flyby observa- ganization is developing the spacecraft, difficulties. tions of Mercury carried out by NASA’s the optimal scientific instruments were This is a joint project by JAXA and the ESA to explore the planet Mercury. Two interplanetary space probes will simultaneously spacecraft about 40 years selected as the payload for each probe orbit Mercury to carry out comprehensive observations of the planet. JAXA will send the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter What has been the most ago, scientists have understood that from among the proposals submitted by (MMO), while ESA will operate the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO). Launch of these spacecraft is planned for 2017. The mis- painstaking aspect of MMO’s Mercury’s magnetic field is quite weak. researchers in both Europe and Japan. development? Those observations also revealed that The BepiColombo project has become sion is named after Italian Giuseppe (Bepi) Colombo (1920–1984), a celestial mechanics scientist, mathematician and engineer when comparing the size of Mercury’s a model case for Japan–Europe interna- at the University of Padua. Professor Colombo is well-known for his contribution to NASA’s Mariner 10 mission in 1974, the first Hayakawa: The greatest challenge we magnetosphere and the planet itself, the tional cooperation, and new missions interplanetary probe of Mercury. faced was how to develop a space probe relative size of Mercury in relation to its are also getting under way, including

10 11 JAXA TODAY No. 10 International Cooperation

Special Feature 2: disaster-management agencies to ascer- Participants include JAXA, several space glad that we were able to respond to as- tain the extent and location of damage agencies in Europe, and the United sist with the emergency. Of course, we at an early stage. States Geological Survey (USGS), with cannot choose the timing or location International Cooperation more than 30 satellites operated by of a major natural disaster—it is some- Building a System to Monitor countries worldwide conducting disaster thing that we must deal with to the best Disasters from Space through observations. When necessary, Sentinel of our abilities. Programs for monitoring Utilizing Earth Observation Satellites to Help Build a Better International Cooperation Asia makes observation requests to the disasters from space should be built as Future for Humankind charter. an part of the social infrastruc- The Asia-Pacific region accounts The aforementioned emergency ob- ture to ensure that people are able to live for over 70% of the world’s natural servations carried out by ALOS-2 after secure lives with peace of mind. Hence, JAXA develops and operates a diverse array of satellites, including interplanetary probes, communications and global disasters. Sentinel Asia is a coopera- the Nepal earthquake and during other I think that it is essential to maintain navigation satellites, and Earth observation satellites. Among these, the main functions and roles of Earth observation tion framework that utilizes satellite disasters were conducted under the an operational system capable of im- satellites are particularly important in both the environmental and disaster management fields, which can have a observation data for disaster manage- Sentinel Asia framework. mediate response—24-hours-a-day, significant impact on society and people’s daily lives. In this article, two JAXA managers outline some of JAXA’s ment activities based on collaboration 365-days-a-year—to disasters that can capabilities for international cooperation that further utilize such observation data. between space agencies and disaster Disaster Monitoring from Space strike suddenly anywhere, at any time. management agencies in the Asia-Pacific as an Integral Part of the Social At present, JAXA positions Sentinel region. Sentinel Asia was launched in Infrastructure Asia as a project for demonstrating the Significant Contribution to 2006 as an initiative through the Asia- utilization of space technology. In the Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum The major earthquake that struck Nepal future, when Sentinel Asia completes (APRSAF), and at present has nearly April 25, 2015, occurred just before its demonstration phase, we want to Disaster Management 100 participating institutions from 25 a week-long holiday season in Japan. aim for the joint operation of a 24-hour countries and regions. The number of JAXA staff responsible for emergency system by participating countries and participating member organizations satellite observations gave up their vaca- organizations. We see the possibility of continues to grow. JAXA acts as the sec- tion time to respond to the earthquake, establishing such a framework—which Michio Ito retariat, and my role is that of secretariat and I believe that JAXA personnel had may be tentatively called “Sentinel Asia Manager director. to cope with considerable mental and Center”—to take over from the Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) Another initiative is the emotional pressure. However, JAXA demonstration project. To realize this Space Technology Directorate I International Charter on Space and received letters of gratitude from United goal, JAXA is committed to continuing Major Disasters, which is a global coop- Nations agencies and organizations in its leadership role in this sphere. Observing Natural Disasters from effective for conducting observations greatly shortened. Furthermore, the eration framework established in 2001. Nepal after the crisis, and I am sincerely Space following a disaster. For example, in ad- spacecraft can rapidly adjust its attitude dition to realizing very detailed observa- left and right about its roll axis to point • Myanmar Floods (July 2015) Recent years have witnessed the fre- tions, PALSAR-2 has “spotlight mode,” the PALSAR-2 antenna when making quent occurrence of major natural disas- which enables high-resolution observa- observations. ters in Japan and abroad. To minimize tions of specific targets. The satellite’s After the Nepal earthquake in the damage from such disasters, it is im- “revisit time”—referring to the number April 2015, and during frequent perative to accurately and rapidly ascer- of days necessary for the satellite to flooding disasters in Asia over the tain the damage situation. This is one orbit the Earth and return to the same period from July to September 2015, of the missions fulfilled by Advanced observation location—has also been rapid observations by ALOS-2 enabled Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2)— launched in May 2014 as the follow-on mission to Advanced Land Observing • Nepal Earthquake (April 2015) Earthquake Satellite (ALOS). ALOS-2 helps to se- epicenter cure people’s safety and livelihoods by providing observation data from space Direction of radar beam emission to support disaster management efforts. Katmandu

Direction of ALOS-2 is a radar satellite whose satellite flight Direction of radar primary payload instrument is beam emission PALSAR-2. This is a substantially Direction of satellite flight upgraded instrument compared with PALSAR, which was carried by ALOS.

PALSAR is an acronym for Phased Earthquake epicenter Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Katmandu Radar. Radar satellites have the ability Land surface that has moved further away from the satellite to conduct observations anytime day Land surface that has risen up closer to the satellite or night, and the radio waves they emit April 3, 2015 (before flood) July 24, 2015 (after flood) can penetrate clouds and rain. ALOS-

2 has sophisticated maneuverability Based on observation data from ALOS-2, crustal mevement was detected following the April 25, 2015, Nepal earthquake. The pre-earthquake A comparison of the area prior to the floods (April 3, 2015) and following the floods (July 24). The areas In the left-hand image, the dark blue areas indicate the surface of floodwaters. The green areas are and observation capabilities, which are data was taken on March 31, and the post-earthquake data was captured on April 28. On the left-hand side is the overall image, while the right- that appear darker after the floods are thought to indicate inundation. thought to show forests in a normal state. In the processed image on the right-hand side, the light-blue hand side shows a zoom-in on a portion of the image. In the area east of Katmandu, the interference pattern visible reveals a large diastrophism areas indicate the surface of floodwater, while the red areas are thought to show flooding in forest areas that occurred as a result of the earthquake. and urban areas.

12 13 JAXA TODAY No. 10 International Cooperation

Special Feature 2: forecasting, analysis of the paths and Conference (COP21), held in Paris in issues across a variety of fields, includ- strengths of typhoons and other storms, December 2015. In accordance with this ing the water cycle and water resources, International Cooperation and in the preparation of high-resolution framework, JAXA and JICA will build a ecosystems and agriculture. sea surface temperature maps. forest monitoring system using ALOS-2. For example, in the agricultural Observation of the atmospheric Observation data from this monitoring field, by developing a new yield forecast- Playing a Key Role in the Environmental Field of and system relating to global deforestation ing system that integrates a grain yield methane—principal greenhouse gas- and forest loss will be regularly released forecasting model with observation data es—are carried out by the Greenhouse through the JAXA web site and other from ALOS-2, GCOM-W1, Global Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). resources. The partners hope that the Change Observation Mission–Carbon The effectiveness of data from GOSAT monitoring system will help to curb il- (GCOM-C), the GPM mission and was cited in the Fifth Assessment legal logging and contribute to limiting other sources, JAXA is engaging in Report (AR5) of the United Nations climate change. research that addresses such issues as fu- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ture tightness in the supply and demand Change (IPCC), and the data is proving Combining Observation Data of food. useful in assessing the effects of green- from Diverse Sources to house gas emission reductions, princi- Promote New Research Utilizing Satellites to Help Build pally carried out by developed countries. a Safe and Secure Society JAXA’s Earth Observation Research Collaborating with JICA in Center (EORC) is collaborating with Compared with manned Ongoing Efforts to Conserve national universities and research and the development of launch vehicles, Tropical Rain Forests institutions in Japan to promote multi- satellites may seem somewhat mundane. disciplinary applied research from However, using satellites to conduct The conservation of forests—which act FY2015 (commencing April 1, 2015) observations of the Earth’s environment as a sink absorbing carbon dioxide—is onward. This program aims to utilize offers the potential to find to an effective means of limiting global observation data in an integrated way, issues faced by all of humankind in the warming. However, frequent illegal log- not only from JAXA satellites but also future. Through satellite monitoring ging in Brazil’s forested regions has been from a broad range of other satellites, of the global environment, I hope that a major problem leading to deforesta- including 8—a geostationary we can identify the causes of extreme tion. From 2009 to 2011, JAXA col- operated by the Japan weather events and discover methods laborated with the Japan International Meteorological Agency. By combining for mitigating the damage from natural Cooperation Agency (JICA) in its proj- satellite data and a global environmental disasters. Hence, I hope that these ef- ects to protect forests in the Amazon model, the EORC aims to predict the forts will help to build a society of the basin. Images taken by Advanced Land process of change in the Earth’s envi- future in which people can lead safe and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) for 9:00 a.m., September 10, 2015 (JST), produced based on observation data Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) are ronment. The objective of the research secure lives. from the GPM satellite constellation, including GPM/DPR shown on page 13. Image data taken is to work toward finding solutions to by Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)—the predecessor of ALOS-2— was provided to the Brazilian Institute September 8, 2015 ~ October 23, 2015 Tackling Global Environmental constellation of satellites. GPM was of Environment and Renewable Natural Issues through International initiated by JAXA and NASA, and Resources (IBAMA). Even during the Cooperation comprises an international consortium rainy season—which persists for almost of agencies, including the European half the year near the equator—ALOS Humankind faces many environmental Space Agency (ESA), Centre National was able to carry out observations issues on a global scale. Hence, when d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the through cloud and rain. The image data viewing such problems, it is vital to Indian Space Research Organization proved to be a powerful tool in the bat- do so from an international perspec- (ISRO), the National Oceanic and tle against illegal logging, as ALOS data tive rather than from the perspective Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was able to identify the specific areas in

of a single country. For example, the and the European Organization for the which illegal logging was occurring. September 11, 2015 October 10, 2015 Global Precipitation Measurement Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites In April 2014, JAXA and JICA (GPM) mission is a joint international (EUMETSAT). signed a partnership agreement under Yutaka Kaneko mission to measure global precipita- Microwave radiometer observation which they plan to utilize aerospace Manager tion at frequent intervals with a high data from Global Change Observation technology with the objective of con- Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) level of precision. GPM aims to elu- Mission–Water (GCOM-W) is used by tributing to solutions to issues faced by Space Technology Directorate I cidate mechanisms leading to climate the Japan Meteorological Agency and developing regions as well as a range

change and changes in the global water other meteorological agencies world- of global-scale issues. Based on this Browsed image Polygon download cycle. The mission comprises the GPM wide, including in the United States, agreement, JAXA and JICA jointly an- Core Observatory—which carries the Europe and Australia. The data is used nounced the Initiative for Improvement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar in the preparation of daily weather fore- of Forest Governance at the 2015 Concept design of the format for deforestation data to be released via the web from the joint JAXA/JICA forest monitoring system. ALOS-2 will conduct observations of areas in which forest depletion is occurring, and data (DPR) developed by Japan—and a casts for such applications as numerical United Nations Climate Change will be updated approximately once every six weeks.

14 15 Moving beyond Its First Decade, JAXA Sets Course on a New Stage of Its Journey

Since JAXA’s establishment in October 2003 through the merger of three predecessor organizations, and the transition in April commander of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014, and the successful capture of Japan’s HTV5 resupply spacecraft 2015 to a new legal status as a National Research and Development Agency, JAXA has steadily built up a record of accom- when it made its rendezvous with the ISS in 2015—showcasing the capabilities of “Team Japan.” Let’s recap some of the plishments in the aerospace field and in research and development. In just over a decade, internationally JAXA has won a high highlights of the first dozen years of JAXA’s continuing journey. level of trust as a space agency, reflected in such milestones as Astronaut Koichi Wakata’s appointment as the first Japanese

Precipitation data captured by Astronaut Kimiya Yui carries out DPR from an extratropical training for operation of the ISS’ Astronaut carries Images showing the “Earth-rise” cyclone. The data is shown as a robotic arm out ISS assembly work during taken by SELENE’s HDTV The completed JEM Kibo A photograph taken by miniature three-dimensional (3D) (© JAXA / NASA) extra-vehicular activity (EVA) cameras (© NASA) deployable camera DCAM2 distribution (© JAXA/NASA) (© JAXA / NHK) shows IKAROS’ fully unfurled The June 2, 2006, edition of (© JAXA / NASA) X-ray astronomy satellite Science contained the first (© JAXA) ASTRO-H, which was developed feature articles on a Japanese through a large-scale, joint H-IIA F6 rocket immediately following launch. After separation of interplanetary exploration The observation by SHIZUKU of international project (computer the solid strap-on booster (SSB; right), the vehicle failed to jettison mission Arctic sea ice cover on graphic image) one of its two solid rocket boosters (SRB-A; left). The launch vehicle A map showing crustal September 16, 2012, is shown (© Akihiro Ikeshita) was subsequently destroyed via a command from the ground, as it movement caused by the Great on the bottom. The extent of sea was unable to gain planned altitude owing to the jettison failure. The ISS crew, including East Japan Earthquake based ice cover is much smaller than Epsilon Launch Vehicle lifts off Astronaut Takao Doi (lower on observation data provided by that shown on the top, which is from the Uchinoura Space right) gather in Kibo’s ELM-PS ALOS based on the average minimum Center in Kagoshima, Japan (© JAXA / NASA) Arctic sea ice cover in (© JAXA) September during the 1980s. HTV approaches the ISS The final image of Earth taken (© NASA) by An artist’s rendition of touching down on An image of taken by an 162173 Ryugu (computer graphic image) (© JAXA) (© Akihiro Ikeshita)

PLANET-B (NOZOMI) abandons A photograph of the Earth taken A far- image of the The two sub-satellites separate Astronaut Astronaut Akihiko Hoshide Astronaut Koichi Wakata attempt to go into orbit around from Hayabusa Large Magellaniccaption Cloud (LMC) from SELENE installs experiment racks in prepares an experiment in operates the Space Station Mars (computer graphic image) (© JAXA) observed by (computer graphic image) Kibo’s PM JEM Kibo Remote Manipulator System (© Akihiro Ikeshita) (© JAXA) (© JAXA / NASA) (© JAXA / NASA) (SSRMS) to assist an EVA (© JAXA / NASA) JAXA Astronaut NEXST-1 is launched from the Astronaut (© JAXA / GCTC) Woomera Test Range in serves a long-duration mission Australia aboard the ISS from June 2011 (© JAXA) (© JAXA / NASA)

The first launch of the H3 Launch Vehicle scheduled to After its Earth swing-by, The glowing trail made by take place in 2020 (computer Hayabusa headed for Asteroid Hayabusa and its sample-return graphic image) Itokawa (computer graphic Eruptive phenomena in the WINDS (computer graphic capsule as they re-enter the (© JAXA) image) vicinity of solar flares observed image) atmosphere FTB “Hisho” prepares for takeoff (© Akihiro Ikeshita) by (© JAXA) (© JAXA) (© JAXA) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 New Organization Hayabusa Heads for Flights Recommence Four Satellites KAGUYA Heads for Assembly of JEM JEM Kibo and HTV Hayabusa Returns Assisting Disaster- SHIZUKU Observes of a New Era for Continuation and New Organizational Strengthening of Suffers Three Early Asteroid Itokawa In 2005, several successful Launched into Orbit her Lunar Home Kibo Begins Extend Manned Space to Earth Affected Areas from the Earth’s Water Launch Vehicles Expansion of Form Aims for World- International Failures Asteroid explorer MUSES-C launches marked JAXA’s re- This was the year in which Japan’s lunar explorer space- The mission to assemble JEM Activities After successfully touching Space Cycle On September 14, JAXA suc- Planetary Exploration Leading Research and Cooperation The newly inaugurated JAXA (later renamed Hayabusa) commencement of space JAXA made a full-fledged craft, Selenological and Kibo got under way after the In July, Astronaut Koichi down on Asteroid Itokawa, After the Great East Japan JAXA launches a satellite cessfully launched its new Using the Dual-frequency Development Structure, Including got off to a bumpy start with lifted off in May 2003, and in flight. In February, there was return to its core role as a Engineering Explorer module was transported to Wakata installed the Exposed Hayabusa overcame a myriad Earthquake struck on March called Global Change Epsilon rocket, which realizes Precipitation Radar (DPR) car- In April, JAXA’s organizational form Joint Projects with three setbacks in its first May 2004 successfully exe- the launch of H-IIA F7, and space agency with the launch (SELENE), was launched in the ISS aboard the Space Facility (EF) onto the JEM of difficulties to make a trium- 11, control of JEM Kibo was Observation Mission 1st–Water lower operational costs and ried by the Core Observatory was transitioned from its previous Universities and three months. H-IIA Launch cuted an Earth swing-by July saw the safe insertion into orbit of four satellites— September. SELENE com- Shuttle. In March, Astronaut Kibo PM, thus completing the phant return to Earth after an temporarily transferred from (GCOM-W1; Japanese nick- high performance. The launch satellite of the Global status as an Independent Research Institutions Vehicle No. 6 (H-IIA F6) was using Earth gravity assist to into orbit of X-ray astronomy Advanced Land Observing prised the main orbiter and Takao Doi installed the assembly of Kibo. In epic seven-year journey the Kibo Mission Control Room name: “SHIZUKU”), which aims vehicle carried into orbit Precipitation Measurement Administrative Agency, to become a In February, JAXA launched satellite (ASTRO-EII). destroyed after a launch fail- put it on course for a rendez- Satellite (ALOS; “DAICHI”), two sub-satellites. The orbit- Experiment Logistics Module September, the HTV resupply through deep space. Long (MCR) at the Tsukuba Space to enhance understanding of SPRINT-A (Japanese nick- (GPM) mission, JAXA began National Research and X-ray astronomy satellite vous with Asteroid Itokawa. Suzaku’s predecessor, Engineering Test Satellite VIII er’s Japanese nickname, Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) ure, and two spacecraft— spacecraft made a successful lines of people waited to see Center (TKSC) to NASA. ALOS the global water cycle. name: “”), an providing precipitation data Development Agency. This reform ASTRO-H, which will conduct Meanwhile, in the aftermath ASTRO-E, had been lost (ETS-VIII; “KIKU-8”), Infrared KAGUYA, was selected by the onto the ISS, and in June ADEOS-II (Midori II) and rendezvous and docking with the sample-return capsule carried out emergency obser- SHIZUKU began observations astronomy satellite tasked with with even higher precision than is aimed at maximizing the benefits high-sensitivity observations PLANET-B (NOZOMI)— of the H-IIA F6 rocket failure shortly after launch in 2000, Imaging Satellite (ASTRO-F; general public, and comes Astronaut Akihiko Hoshide the ISS. The original method when it was put on public dis- vations to ascertain the extent using the giant revolving an- observing Solar System bodies. was possible to date. In generated by JAXA’s research and over a very broad wavelength ceased operation. in 2003, JAXA implemented hence this new mission “Akari”) and Solar Physics from the name of a lunar installed the Pressurized used for rendezvous and play. Other milestones, such of damage from the earth- tenna of its main instrument, The first Epsilon launch herald- December, Hayabusa2 was development programs. JAXA newly range, from X-rays through a thorough review of all proj- aimed to make up for the Satellite (SOLAR-B; princess in the ancient Module and the JEM Remote docking was developed in as MICHIBIKI—the first satel- quake and tsunami. Astronaut Advanced Microwave Scanning ed the start of a new era in launched on its journey to ex- developed the ASTRO-H X-ray as- ects currently in progress. earlier setback. Also in July, “Hinode”). In June, observa- Japanese folktale, The Tale Manipulator System Japan and was subsequently gamma rays, as part of a joint lite of the Quasi-Zenith Satoshi Furukawa—serving a Radiometer 2 (AMSR2). Japanese solid-fuel rocket plore Asteroid 162173 Ryugu. tronomy satellite, which is expected the tion results from Hayabusa of of the Bamboo Cutter. After (JEMRMS), marking the start used as the model for a international mission led by Satellite System (QZSS)—and long-duration mission aboard Astronaut Akihiko Hoshide development. In November, The mission hopes to bolster Discovery—with JAXA Asteroid Itokawa featured their successful release, the of operations for Kibo. system employed by a to be launched during FY2015 Japan. Astronaut Takuya the Small Solar Power Sail Astronaut Koichi Wakata began Astronaut Soichi Noguchi in a set of articles in the jour- sub-satellites Rstar and Vstar Wideband Inter- Networking U.S.-manufactured resupply the ISS—sent messages of used the JEM Airlock and understanding of the evolution (ending March 2016). ASTRO-H will Onishi is scheduled to begin a aboard—was launched on nal Science. were renamed Okina and Engineering Test and spacecraft. Demonstrator IKAROS, also support and encouragement to JEMRMS (robotic arm) to a long-duration mission aboard of the Solar System and matter make possible high-sensitivity ob- long-duration mission aboard the Return to Flight mission Ouna, respectively. These Demonstration Satellite helped fuel an unprecedented people in the disaster-affected deploy “CubeSat” small satel- the ISS. He subsequently that led to the origins of life. servations over a very broad wave- the ISS in June. for the Space Shuttle pro- names are also derived from (WINDS; Japanese nickname: level of interest in space areas. lites during his long-duration became Japan’s first ISS length range, from X-rays through gram following the Space characters in the tale. “KIZUNA”) was launched as among the general public. ISS mission. JAXA commenced Commander in March 2014. gamma rays. JAXA is taking a lead Shuttle Columbia disaster. In SELENE carried a payload of part of a mission to realize operation of the Flying Test role in this joint international mis- October, JAXA conducted 15 instruments used in its high-speed, wideband tele- Bed (FTB) “Hisho,” which is sion. During his mission aboard the a successful flight test for scientific mission, including communications. used for experiments and ISS, Astronaut Kimiya Yui conduct- the National Experimental high-definition television demonstration of cutting-edge ed a successful capture of the Supersonic Transport (HDTV) cameras. Detailed aircraft technology and instru- HTV5 resupply spacecraft. (NEXST-1) scaled aircraft, observations of the ments. December saw the Earth swing-by thus overcoming the first test included magnetic fields, to- of Asteroid Explorer Hayabusa2, failure in 2002. pography, the lunar elemental and Venus Climate Orbiter Akatsuki composition and plasma. (PLANET-C) successfully placed into orbit around Venus. 16 17 Liaison Diary: Thailand

The JAXA Bangkok Office plays an important liaison role in JAXA’s communica- tions and coordination with space agencies in the Southeast Asia region. In addi- tion, the office functions as a base for Sentinel Asia—a disaster management sup- port system in the Asia–Pacific region. In this interview, director of the JAXA Bangkok Office, Masanobu Tsuji, discusses the main roles of his office as well as his lifestyle in the Thai capital.

Please briefly introduce yourself. November 2016, the 23rd Session of APRSAF launched in countries across the Asia–Pacific (APRSAF-23) will be held in the Philippines, region. For example, Earth observation satel- I joined NASDA in 1985. From 1987, I was and we anticipate an increase in opportunities lite data is used to support disaster manage- responsible for the development and opera- for communication with the Philippines over ment, and a global navigation satellite system tion of image processing equipment for Earth the coming months. (GNSS) underpins vehicle dispatching sys- observation satellites. Part of my job involved tems, such as those used for taxis. converting data sent from Thailand into im- Please tell us about your lifestyle away The Bangkok Office will continue to ages at the (EOC) in from work. serve as an interface for JAXA to enhance its Hatoyama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. After cooperation with space agencies and institu- NASDA launched Japanese Earth Resources Thailand is in the midst of a cycling boom. tions that use satellite data in the Asia–Pacific Satellite (JERS-1) in 1992, it was decided that In late-December 2015, a 23.5 km-long cy- region. from 1993 we would carry out image process- cling path was opened in the area around ing in Thailand as well as Japan. I was tasked Suvarnabhumi International Airport. On week- with installing the image processing equip- ends, I enjoy riding around the course on the ment in Thailand, and subsequently I was dis- bike I brought over from Japan. patched to the Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC) to instruct NRCT Has living in Thailand affected your self- staff on how to use the equipment. This as- identity as a Japanese person? signment involved me living in Thailand for approximately 18 months. I returned to work The travel sections of local bookstores in in Bangkok in March 2015 to take up my cur- Bangkok feature guidebooks in Thai for a rent role. range of Japanese cities, such as Tokyo, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai and Fukuoka. From left to right: Bangkok Office deputy director What is the role of the Bangkok Office? Sapporo, in particular, is a popular destination Mr. Taku Ujihara, director Mr. Masanobu Tsuji, for Thai tourists, since they can experience and local staff member Ms. Wasineetip Rainvalee In 2006, Sentinel Asia was launched as an ini- snow. Here in Thailand, Japanese restaurant tiative through the Asia-Pacific Regional Space chains are expanding their store networks, Agency Forum (APRSAF) for disaster manage- and when I go to these restaurants I see far ment support utilizing satellite data. A Sentinel more Thai customers than Japanese. The Asia Project Office was established within things I have mentioned are quite typical in JAXA’s Bangkok Office. JAXA and GISTDA my neighborhood, so my self-identity as a jointly hold operational training sessions, and a Japanese person has not really changed. mirror server has been installed within GISTDA to improve the system’s data access. Is there anything you would like to say to Since JAXA was established in 2003, our readers in closing? there has been an increase in the office’s role in handling liaison and coordination with space New technologies are helping to make soci- The JAXA Bangkok Office is located in a building that agencies in several Southeast Asia countries, ety more affluent. A wide array of new ser- houses many Japanese companies, and is within close including Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. In vices based on space technology are being walking distance of two Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations.

Public Affairs Department JAXA Web Site ochanomizu sola city, 4-6 Kandasurugadai, http://global.jaxa.jp/ Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8008, Japan Phone: +81-3-5289-3650 Fax: +81-3-3258-5051 Printed in Japan on recycled paper