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Home , Satellite state

1 The Disarmament and International Security Committee The Prohibition of States

Index

I. Letter from the Secretary General ------3

II. Letter from the Director Committee ------4

III. Introduction ------5

IV. History of the Committee ------6

V. Current Situation ------

7

VI. Past Actions ------9

VII. Case Studies

A. Placement of Ballistic Missiles in Romania…………………11

B. North and South Korean Dispute…………………………….13

VIII. Bloc Positions ------14

IX. Proposed Solutions ------15

X. QARMAs ------16

XI. Position Paper Guidelines ------16

XII. Closing Remarks ------17

XIII. Bibliography ------17

NewMUN 2021 Disarmament and International Security Committee 2 The Disarmament and International Security Committee The Prohibition of Satellite States

Letter from the Secretary General

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors,

It is my honor and pleasure to welcome you all to the 8th edition of Newton College Model United Nations! My name is Alvaro Estrella and I will be acting as the secretary-general of this edition!

I am a second year IB Diploma student at Newton College looking to major in Computer Science in the near future. Please do not feel confused if you have seen versions of myself in the corridors as I have an identical twin, which, ironically, would also like to study Computer Science. I feel my interests and hobbies were infuenced by my second brother (currently studying Computer Science at the University of Texas at Austin), However I have always enjoyed technology-related activities. I also enjoy non-technology-related activities such as playing football, listening to music, and discussing controversial topics.

My MUN career started as an usher in NewMUN 2015 when I was 11 years old. Shortly after the conference I was invited to join the MUN Club (I felt it was a huge privilege as at the time since the club was restricted to students under the age of 15). My frst formal conference was FDRMUN 2016 where, In conjunction with the former secretary-general, Carlos Urrunaga, we debated on the topic of the Carbon Tax as . Throughout the whole conference I did not speak once, so much so, in the funny awards I was highlighted as the most shy delegate. After the conference I thought MUN was not for me and I took a three year break. In 2019, I felt more prepared, and became an active participant of the club, primarily attending crisis committees. In the same year I became a member of the Secretariat and one year later I became the acting secretary-general.

Throughout the past year, MUN at Newton and MUN in general have been hit hard due to the COVID-19 pandemic; starting the year with NewMUN 2020 cancelled and other conferences migrating to Zoom there was certainly some doubt on how the club was going to move forward. However, the secretariat along with our faculty advisors managed to set a plan for the future of the club. Currently, MUN at Newton has continued to maintain its participants and has adapted due to the hard work of the secretariat.

This conference is not about me, or about the Newton Delegation, it is about you: delegates. Even during the pandemic you have kept participating in conferences and taking advantage of opportunities to discuss global issues. NewMUN has been specifcally built brick by brick in order to fulfll your needs and to overcome your expectations. We commit ourselves towards making NewMUN become a vessel for your own MUN story.

Yours in diplomacy,

ALVARO ESTRELLA

[email protected]

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Letter from the Director Committee

Dear Delegates,

I am honored to welcome you all to the Disarmament and International Security Committee of NewMUN 2021!

My name is Carlos Urrunaga and it is my utmost pleasure to be directing this year’s DISEC on the Prohibition of Satellite States. We’ll be looking forward to being shown just what the future leaders of the world can do when it comes to a problem concerning the very core values of a nation, such is the nature of a satellite .

I am currently 18 years old and a student of Newton College, participating as part of the secretariat of the M.U.N. club, and as such, I am eager to be presented new possibilities on such a fascinating topic.

Now, the prohibition of satellite states is not a topic that has been greatly discussed by the U.N., if at all. This is due to the very nature of the topic dwelling against the core values of the United Nations, which is respecting the sovereignty of each , and allowing them the right to self-govern. However, in the most dire of cases, being a satellite state can strip a nation of those very core values and rights.

This is defnitely not the type of topic you’ll fnd in your usual DISEC, as it is something that will likely never reach the platform of discussion that is the U.N., due to the clandestine nature of this issue, as previously mentioned. However, for that very reason, we’re looking forward to tapping into an issue that remains unexplored by the current generation of leaders. Following that logic, we expect completely original solutions that apply into the real world. As such, we are not looking for the complete solving of this topic, as that would be impossible, but rather, looking for advancements into the bettering of the condition of satellite states.

Please do not hesitate to send us an e-mail containing any questions, doubts or general misconceptions regarding the background guide, topic or committee as a whole! We’ll be glad to answer them. And without further ado, we wish you the best of luck and we’re looking forward to seeing you in committee!

Carlos Urrunaga Committee Director [email protected]

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During the cold and World War 2, Introduction satellite states were used the most in their history because of them acting as “bufer A satellite state is a nation which is under states”, or that would serve as heavy political, economic, or cannon fodder, preventing the advance of infuence of another state. It is an enemy troops into their own mainland, interchangeable term with while sacrifcing the least amount of and can be related to the use of bufer resources possible. Or, as during the Cold states. war, exterting military and political pressure from diferent angles and The term “Satellite State” frst came into locations. use in 1924, used to describe the east european countries belonging to the In cases of acting as bufer states in its during the . military context, these nations would serve their military and strategic purpose to deter the enemy from attacking or pose great difculty to the enemy’s advance. However, in return, the use of a nation as a satellite state would often leave the bufer state in dire conditions if the enemy decided to attack. Mainly because it usually wasn’t in the infuencer nation’s best interest to defend the satellite state with all of their resources available, rather than protecting their mainland.

The most prominent example of this, is once again, World War 2’s utilizing bufer states such as Poland, or Besides the Cold war, the term has also Romania to deter the enemy’s advance appeared when describing allies and into their mainland. heavily infuenced countries during World War 2, with countries under the infuence In modern day and age, we don’t see the of the U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Imperial Japan, same type of use on satellite states, but Fascist Italy, and others. rather a more complex version of their use during the Cold war. These countries were called as such, mainly because they acted as “” Nowadays, after the various “learning which is to say, they were under heavy experiences” with the , control and mainly lead by the respective War and Cuban Missile Crisis, infuencer. satellite states are mainly used to place military and political pressure on another state.

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most important committees. It was For example, the placement of military created by the United Nations Charter, bases on foreign states, or the under Chapter IV, with the intentions of engagement on one-sided joint security advocating, debating and solving matters agreements can lead to a state falling in the disarmament and security interests under the category of satellite state. This of the international community. From the 6 can lead to a state in which, on the General Assembly committees, all the 193 surface level, a nation is independent, nations which are recognized fully by the however, the infuencer nation is holding a international community are automatically nation’s best interests hostage to their eligible as representatives of in the own. committee and account for an equal vote. Even though the DISEC committee deals This is especially important nowadays, with international security issues, it seeing as with a nation seemingly, self cannot demand actions, and they must be sufcient and independent, a country passed by the UNSC. The frst committee which should normally not be allowed to always takes place every year, in the enter certain matters, can exert their month of October, in a series of 4 - 5 interests and gain international and local weeks. The work of the Disec committee support from these satellite states, has seven mandates for its function, causing disruption and overpowering which are the following: nuclear weapons, other nations’ interests. other weapons of mass destruction, outer space, conventional weapons, regional In the end, the subject of Satellite States disarmament and security, other has been widely considered a taboo issue disarmament measures and international in the United Nations due to its internationally appalling implications within the very essence of the United Nations, which is to say, sovereignty and a nation’s right of self-governance. As such, it is important to bear in mind, that while many countries are keeping satellite states, it is against the core values that the international community has set since founding the U.N. security and disarmament machinery. Currently, the chairperson of the frst committee is a romanian diplomat called History of the Ion Jinga. The DISEC committee works with three main stages, which are the Committee following: general debate, thematic discussions and the proposal for actions The Disarmament and in a draft resolution. Being the frst stage International Security Committee, also the general debate, the committee known as the United Nations General discusses about the items in the agenda, Assembly First Committee, is one of the while the thematic discussions relate to the 7 mandates of DISEC. On the fnal

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stage, the DISEC body creates some such as the Union of Soviet Socialist resolutions and vote for the resolution and Yugoslavia were taking which will be taken into action by the heavy controls into areas which were then United Nations Security Council. The formerly known independent. Yet, this Disarmament and International Security confict hasn’t been noticeable in the Committee has two reporting bodies: the present, but it still happens. It has Disarmament Commission (UNDC), and become the basis of many arising the Conference on Disarmament (CD). tensions, such as the - NATO The commission has the job to tackle tensions and the - South down one topic from many disarmament Korea DMZ tensions. Hong Kong is a very issue when a conference is taken into advanced state, where new technologies place. The Conference on Disarmament emerge and the future technology gets isn’t fully part of the United Nations, yet it nearer. But the population recognizes does send reports to the First Committee. themselves as independent, yet the It focuses on the following topics: People’s of has a heavy cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament, prevention of nuclear war, prevention of an arms race in outer space, efective international arrangements to assure nations without nuclear weapons against the use of threat of nuclear weapons, new types of weapons of mass destruction, and the comprehensive programme of disarmament and transparency in armaments.It is the frst time that the military control over the region. Recently, DISEC committee has touched this topic. the Russian has established It is important to discuss this global issue military bases and soldiers in Armenia, in the DISEC committee because we are bringing a dangerous threat to the NATO responsible for avoiding the existence of community. Also, a lot of controversy has any kind of armed confict. The creation been spreading about the United States satellite states has altered many armed of America, as some organizations believe conficts in the past, and it is our job to that big nations such as Japan and prevent any armed confict. Germany are satellite states of this power. In Africa, the Central African Republic became a puppet state of the Current of Chad, after an attempted coup in 2003. Namibia is a nation which is Situation also considered to be a satellite state of . In the Mediterranean sea, There have been many cases of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus satellite states in the past, in the years became a satellite state of Turkey, after when World War II, and also the Cold War, this nation took a heavy control in the were taking place. Many former nations, island which is presently known as Cyprus. Macau (China), Greenland

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(Denmark), Transnistria (Moldova), satellite nations of this nation were: Lakotah (USA), Abkhazia (Georgia), Poland, (now the Czech Nagorno - Karabakh (Azerbaijan) and Republic and Slovakia), , Balochistan (Pakistan), are yet some Romania, Bulgaria and examples of satellite states. Many nations (part of modern day Germany). Many around the world are involved, and it is a nations located in the caspian region have matter of discussion whether these satellite states, such as Abkhazia, South satellite states need to be provinces or Ossetia, Palestine, and many other independent states. In other words, there nations. China also has too many satellite are many examples of satellite states states, such as Taiwan, Macau and Hong currently, yet it isn’t recognized visibly Kong. Tibet could be hardly called a around the world. This issue has not been satellite state. The current situation of this covered in the 21st century, even if the confict has brought way too many importance is signifcantly big. As the consequences. One of them is the Disarmament and International Security creation of bufer zones, in which activity Committee, we must focus on the would be insulated. Supplies and international security of all nations and resources wouldn’t be able to pass through this region. The creation of a bufer zone could slow down the growth of business and in the region, even making it decline. In such inhabitable conditions, citizens worldwide could sufer. Another efect from the creation of satellite states is the threat of a war. When the Soviet Union was in power of Eastern , the creation of satellite states had brought rising tensions states. Every nation around the world between the eastern and western powers. agrees on prohibiting the existence of Many states were exposed and satellite states, but it must be discussed threatened from an attack from the United whether certain states must be States or the USSR, many of them being considered part of a nation, or a free caribbean nations or any state willing to state. This subject hasn’t been brought be the ally of the US. The creation of too often in the DISEC committee. Even satellite states could lead to confusion though the disputes between satellite and disputes between many nations. states and nations is an international Such example is Hong Kong, which is issue, there hasn’t been enough dialogue considered to be part of China, yet the nor action from the international people in this region recognize community. The existence of satellite themselves independent. Such dispute states could also bring a threat to the could bring the world to a division. Many whole world, as many historians believe nations believe that satellite nations that it could be a cause for World War III. should be independent, others believe The creation of these regions have been that these should be part of the nation dating back from the expansion of the claiming, and a very few remains neutral Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The to the matter. As the DISEC committee,

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we must avoid proxy . Satellite states alliance poses. Such situations are mainly, have often become puppets for period of but not limited to proxy wars, binding time to . As per the aftermath political agreements, or a detrimentally of this type of conficts, the stakeholder is threatening bufer state position. the satellite state itself, who has sufered a great devastation. We can take as an During the Russian-Afghan War, the UN example the Kosovo war, in which General Assembly passed a vote 104-18 Kosovo, once part of Serbia, was left in that requested Russia to remove their great devastation. This satellite state, troops from Afghanistan under the basis which was once a proxy state, was that the “nude aggression”, used by the completely annihilated by the nation who Russian state, did not refect their so was ruling over it. The only nation which called intention to “liberate the country has beneftted was the United States, as from the threat of imperialism” as they they were involved indirectly and claimed, the afghan government posed at collected too many resources from the time. Kosovo. For further information, read the case studies. A few satellite states do not This vote, lead to many covert operations keep a military army. Few nations without lead by the United States of America CIA a military capacity are Costa Rica, and other countries which ultimately led Monaco and Bhutan. These states rely on to Russia losing the war and retreating nations with a heavy military capacity, from Afghanistan. such as the United States, France and India. These nations sign a joint security The defeat resulted in multiple casualties agreement. Not having a military is very and economic loss for the USSR, dangerous, as a nation is exposed to an information that had been tried to be kept invasion. This could create a clash from the general public by the leaders of between a and a satellite it, but eventually had to be disclosed state. The reason for this committee is to because of the nature of the situation, this avoid these kind of clashes. Chapter 1: ended up hurting the USSR, as some of Article 2 of the UN Charter says how the allies and states over which it had every nation has their sovereignty over control interpreted this as a sign of their territory. But the UN has also weakness, and incompetence and the developed legislature for the freedom of union weakened, which would ultimately people in satellite states. The prohibition lead to its dissolution. of satellite states is an untouched topic, and it will be time to change history.

"U.N. Assembly Protests Afghan Thrust by Past Actions USSR, Calls For "TOTAL" Pullout." The Blade- (1980): 4. The UN has only taken action against the use, administration or exploitation of During the vietnam war, any attempt by satellite states in cases in which the the UNSC to stop the war was shortly cut possible consequences to the satellite thereafter as the Soviet Union, The United state greatly overwhelms the benefts its States of America, and the People's

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Republic of China, were all permanent The north invaded the south in 1950, on members of the UNSC, members with the the same day that the UNSC met, to power of veto, or put in other words, discuss these matters, however, the members with the power to prevent any russian delegation to the committee (A draft council resolution to be passed permanent member) did not attend the without regard of international backing, or meeting as they were boycotting the UN votes. This is especially important as the for not recognizing China's communist Vietnam war is considered to be one of regime as the ofcial government. the many proxy-wars to the Cold war, on Because of this absence, the veto Russia which the previously mentioned parties could have used, to prevent any advances fought with diferent interests. Essentially, from the UN to solve the confict, never this means that any attempt, by any happened, and thus 16 member states, country to pass a draft resolution that led mainly by the US but supervised by would contribute to resolving the confict, the United Nations ofered their support to could be immediately stopped by any of use force to try to remove North Korea these opposing parties. from the South under the premise that they had broken world peace by starting The secretary general of the UNSC at the the invasion. time, U Thant, tried to get the US and Vietnam to privately resolve the confict in Communist China, retaliated against UN’s a diplomatic way, however, all his eforts forces in support of Russia and North were abruptly put to a halt because of the Korea, and managed to weaken the lack of cooperation from the United South, however they reached a stalemate States, and thus, the UN became a mere and a ceasefre was made efective in observer of the confict. 1953. After this event, the US managed to pass Middleton, Drew. "U Thant Denounce resolution 377 A (“Uniting for Peace”) Vietnam War; Proposes Three Steps To under the UNGA, which states that if the 5 Peace."0 permanent members of the UNSC, New York Times- (1966): -. because of lack of unanimity between them, fails to act in order to keep peace in A similar situation happened in 1950 for the world, the General Assembly shall the Korean war. After world war II, Korea take the matter into consideration had been split into two parts, the north immediately and pronounce any being controlled by communist Russia recommendations it deems ft in order to and the south being held by the USA. maintain peace. The UN had previously discussed (1947) that fair elections were to be held and that Truenan, C N. "The United Nations And these would be supervised by the UN The Korean War. "The History Learning itself to ensure fairness. This was true for Site. 2019. Caboodle UX. February 17th south Korea, however, Russia did not 2019 allow the UN to oversee north Korean https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/mod elections and thus these were declared ern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-unite not valid. d-nations/the-united-nations-and-the-kore an-war/.

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strengths, including legitimacy, burden Even if this measure has been adopted as sharing, and an ability to deploy troops international customary law, it has been and police from around the world, harshly criticised by many as it gives the integrating them with civilian UNGA the power to ignore any veto peacekeepers to address a range of expressed by one or many of the UNSC mandates set by the UN Security Council permanent member states. and General Assembly.”

Hunt, Cameron. "The ‘veto’ charade." UNITED NATIONS. "Peace and Security. ZnetNovember 7, 2006: -. Znet. February "UNITED NATIONS. -. UNITED NATIONS. 16th, 2019 February 16th, 2019 https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/the-veto-ch http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-dep arade-by-cameron-hunt/. th/peace-and-security/.

Moreover, the UNGA, developed a UNITED NATIONS. "WHAT response mechanism called “emergency PEACEKEEPING DOES. "United Nations special session” in case the permanent Peacekeeping. -. UNITED NATIONS. member states of the UNSC cannot reach February 16th, 2019 a consensus. This can be called upon by https://peacekeeping.un.org/en. procedural voting or after 24 hours of the majority of the member states requesting it to the secretary general. What this Case Studies response mechanism does is take away the P5s power to block the passing of Romanian draft resolutions, so in case a confict of Placement of interest arises, and the permanent member states are not cooperating Ballistic Missiles towards peace, draft resolutions can be passed by procedural voting without their During early August of 2018, Romanian consent. minister of defence, Mihai Fifor, openly declared to a media outlet known as The UNSC will always try to solve confict “Antena 3” that a an american base near by recommending the parties involved to Russia was in possession of ballistic try to reach an agreement in a peaceful missiles. manner, however, in some cases it does These ballistic missiles were supposedly get involved directly via investigations and ftted in Deveselu, in the south of Romania mediation. as part of NATO’s Aegis Ashore Missile Moreover, in case the negotiations turn Defence, thus causing major confict to hostile, agressive and the confict only arise with Russian president, Vladimir seems worsened, the council may order Putin and the entirety of the Russian ceasefre directives, and/or may deploy leadership. peacekeeping operations, whose main aim is to: Russia has been calling the American “(...) navigate the difcult path from base in Romania a threat to their security confict to peace. We have unique for years now, and the recent ftting of the

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Naval Support Facility with ballistic The reason why this matter has to do with missiles has defnitely not improved the the committee, and the prohibition and situation. regulation of satellite states as a whole, comes from the incident of Russia’s On Romania’s behalf, the minister claims of Crimea, the former that the missiles are merely to “defend” Ukrainian territory which lies across the and aid NATO if a situation in the shore of the Black Sea from Romania. middle-east were to arise. However, the missiles are situated in Romania, causing Ever since the annexation, Russia and people to speculate whether its purpose US-led NATO have been progressively at is really to deter the confict in the odds. This mainly lies in the fact that, at middle-east at all, when they’re so close the time, a Ukrainian court labeled a and efective against Russia’s capital, Crimean referendum as illegal and the UN Moscow. also declared: “that the referendum having no validity, cannot form the basis Of course, this didn’t sit right with for any alteration of the status of Crimea”. Russian leadership, as one would expect, and just a few hours after the minister’s Since then, Romania decided to join claim, a Russian Diplomat, Mr. NATO in 2014, and then receiving the Alekseenko, openly declared to social advanced Aegis Ashore Missile Defence media: “Fifor’s statement is another proof Facility in 2015. that the American shield in Deveselu is a direct and immediate threat to Russian Russia has been clear in its condemning national security.” of the Aegis system and other advanced US anti-missile installations across What really drove the, already Europe and since then, branding unsatisfactory, placement of missiles from them as “Part of a bellicose global shield a simple disruption between two designed to block a Russian attack in the countries into an international event of a confict”. disagreement and political tension between Russia and the entirety of NATO, “How could president Putin ever be was that these actions were taken under thrilled by the fact that Romania has a the full awareness that Russia would be military base at Deveselu, with ballistic unwilling to allow missiles to be placed missiles, how could president Putin ever within the proximity NATO was beckoning be thrilled that at the Mihail Kogalniceanu for. military base there are American and we insist in the strategic partnership with the This was further driven by Mr. Fifor US to ensure the permanent stationing of claiming to social media: “Obviously, American soldiers on Romanian territory. President Putin will not be extremely How could the Russian Federation ever delighted that very serious military be thrilled by the fact that Romania is capabilities are being developed in developing its naval capacities?” Romania. In the end, the Romanian minister of defence, mocked Russian authorities for

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being so “worked up” by the ftting of the war, the United States of America and Aegis missile system, claiming that there South Korea would call North Korea a were no ballistic missiles placed. “As for puppet state of the Soviet Union and vice the statements of some ofcials, I versa. This branding has remained watched them yesterday - they are funny partially true, seeing as, since the fall of - that's all I can say, what is important is the Soviet Union, the “puppeteer” of the following: that from a North Korea seems to have become misunderstanding of my words on a show China, according to recent allegations by two nights ago we have reached a furry the U.S.A. of interpretations, some more interesting than others.” However, it is still uncertain With North Korea at odds with South whether or not the american base is ftted Korea, the status of South Korea as a with ballistic missiles or not, but the puppet state of the U.S., under the pretext ofcial public statement has rejected the of american bases being at risk due to possibility. North Korea’s threats and military actions against South Korea, the american nation “I want to emphasise something as clear has been intermingling with the and frm as possible: Romania, and I peninsula’s interests since the very emphasise, Romania does not have beginning. At the end of the day, North ballistic missiles at Deveselu base, and I Korea’s dissatisfaction by U.S. playing think it's time for us to stop with these “World Police” and the beginning of speculations because they are not things China’s involvement in the confict is what that should reach the political dialogue brings this confict into the discussion of area.” satellite states.

North and South In order for a confict to be considered a proxy war, there must be a direct, Korean Dispute long-term relationship between external actors and the direct nations involved. It is true that after the multitude of peace This dispute could very well be summits during June of 2018, the confict considered a proxy confict, with South of the North and South Korean dispute Korea acting in behalf of the U.S. and has reached a far more stable point, in North Korea acting in behalf of China. which the leaders can actually hold negotiations. However, this is a perfect Now, South Korea isn’t just a puppet example of ulterior motives at play when state for military purposes. And, in fact, at satellite states are involved. surface level, one may think that the U.S. and South Korea simply hold good Having ftted South Korea with a variety of relationships, but upon closer inspection military weapon systems and american this is revealed as untrue. South Korea is military bases, namely Camp Humphreys, the leading buyer of American agricultural it is safe to say that South Korea is under products and military equipment, they pay heavy infuence from the U.S. This could nearly 0.9 billion dollars to fnance the very well be rooted to the nature of the american military presence in South Korean countries, as during the Korean Korea, they participate in american

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military operations and they are one of the dispute, a warning for the possibility of an most “pro-american” nations in the world all-out nuclear war. with 68% of their population being in favor of the U.S.A. This is besides the fact that the U.S.A. has permanently stationed Bloc Positions troops in South Korea that as a measure to “keep peace”. Countries in favor of Satellite States:

China on the other hand holds diferent Most of the nations that desire the interests from North Korea. Namely, independence of satellite states are political leverage. China is arguably the superpowers that want to develop single largest trade partner that North bilateral relations in order to extract Korea has relations with. This one-sided resources from the areas. Nations that are relationship has allowed China to lead enemies of nations claiming satellite trade as they wish, seeing as China states also endorse the creation of these virtually monopolises the entry of food states and to make them independent. and resources into the Korean country. Some satellite states allow the entrance of Since 2000 until 2015, due to Chinese infuence of some nations, making the leadership, trade with North Korea has infuential nations be in favour of the increased tenfold. However, the purpose independence of these satellite nations. that could be considered the most Superpower nations endorsing proxy important by China would be the use of states often do endorse the independent North Korea as a bufer state against the, of satellite states, being it for fnancial american-controlled, South Korea. and/or military purposes. Then, there are nations which aren’t involved in these China is believed to hold the Korean matters, but still endorse the peninsula’s stability high in its priority list independence of satellite states in order mainly because of the american presence to stop any further conficts. It is also that exists within the two countries. China more probable for satellite states to seems to believe that if North Korea were endorse the independence of other to stabilize, South Korea would weaken its satellite states. ties with the U.S. as it no longer would need protection and the stationed american troops would cease to be.

Due to the U.S. holding a satellite state too close to China, the threatened China decided to take a violent, less powerful country and support it for its own interests and protection. As such, similarly to the Romanian placement of Missiles, we’re able to see that the simple holding of a satellite state can result in political tension, and in the case of the Korean

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Prohibiting Satellite States: Proposed On the other hand, there are nations that do not endorse the independence of Solutions satellite states. Most of the nations that do not endorse the creation of satellite The solutions to the problem are as states have regions that desire complex as the problem itself, the independence. These are the nations that subordinate countries may remain that have satellite states in their territory. It is way for a variety of diferent reasons. way too evident that nations having These could be the use of military force, satellite states in their sovereignty would control of the trade market or main trade ban the existence of such regions, as the routes, need of funding, lack of resources would take serious action if to do anything about it, etc. part of their territory would desire independence. Similarly, nations who are To be able to resolve this issue, the allies of nations having clashes with subordinates should know and satellite states also are more probable to understand before anyone else that they vote for banning satellite states. As allies are being puppeteered, as they are the of nations that clash with satellite states, frst line of response. Awareness in the past, allies most often lend support campaigns focused around third world in order to try to avoid the independence countries or countries prone to be of such nations. Nations that avoid proxy puppeteered is a pacifc non intrusive way wars have a high probability to endorse of mediation towards resolving these independent states rather than satellite kinds of confict. states. Then, there are nations which aren’t involved in these matters, are Moreover, it is presence in one country, probable to avoid satellite states. albeit physical or political the responsible for having a country turn into a satellite state of another. In countries such as Neutral States: Afghanistan, where the U.S. has long been present, the risk of said country There are a few nations who decide to growing roots and wanting to remain in remain neutral in the matter, although place is real, and should be taken into these states do have the ambition to fnd consideration by member states, a solution. These are the nations who especially third world country ones decide to not get involved in these without a strong enough economy or conficts. One main reason for this is that military force to be self sustainable and the government decides to not get fght their own fghts. Some sort of involved in problems to stay safe. But mechanism limiting big economic giants there are are nations that have legislature action in vulnerable countries could help in not getting involved in problems. Some alleviate the situation and contribute to countries want to solve this problems peace in general. through dialogue, to solve this issue in a peaceful and simple way.

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Furthermore, a special division could be rival nations, what measures developed to ensure no ulterior motives should the U.N. take to protect on the helping countries side. This these bufer states, if any at all? division could be in charge of screening 5. Seeing as the U.N. has a hard time the helping countries political records and entering situations of confict, what history as well as their interests to try and measures can it take to detect a uncover if the help has any strings proxy war’s interests? attached to it. This would not only make 6. Should the U.N. apply penalties to the aid process to countries that need it countries involved in proxy wars? faster, as similar political backgrounds and if so, what should these could work better together, but also make penalties be? it safe for the country being helped by 7. In cases of countries with no preventing proxy wars. military forces being involved in a binding mutual security Being a satellite of another country is not agreement, what actions can the necessarily a detrimental state for a U.N. take to lessen the military country, however, it is important that the infuence of a country over subordinate has the opportunity and another? means to break ties with the country they 8. What should be the role of the are under. A restructuration of a joint infuencer nation if a satellite state security agreement could help favor those wishes to cease the infuencer’s countries that don't have the means to grasp on the satellite state? leave alliances they no longer fnd favorable. Position Papers Q.A.R.M.A.s Guidelines

1. What are the criteria in which the For NewMUN 2021, delegates should U.N. should classify a nation as submit their position papers to having “too much [email protected] by April 17th until economical/political/military 11:59 pm. Remember that those infuence over another”? delegations that submit their position 2. What should be the role of the papers late, will not be eligible for an U.N. in the addressing of satellite award. The Position paper must be states? presented in Times New Roman 11 and a 3. Should the U.N. apply penalties or maximum of a page (Not counting sanctions for states that are bibliography). Each delegate must cite all keeping satellite states for military sources used. If not, it will be considered advantages or economical plagiarism. purposes? 4. In situations in which satellite Position papers are recommended to states are posing a grave danger abide by the following format, however it due to their geographical location, is, by no means, compulsory: acting as bufer states between

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on their country’s beliefs and ideals. 1. Header: Delegate Name, Having said this, it is not enough to read Delegation, School, Committee, the study guide as this is a simplifed Topic overview of the matter and there are more 2. First Paragraph: Your country’s aspects which you should explore when stance on the topic, as well as a dealing with satellite states and their general overview on your country’s repercussions. Even though research may history with the topic (if it holds seem heavily exhausting and not the most any) fun aspect of a conference, if you take the 3. Second Paragraph: Relevant past time to put efort in it, it will pay of U.N. actions or actions performed throughout the conference as a whole. by your country towards the resolution of this issue. (If At the end of the day, the most that us, as information is lacking, you can chairs, will be looking at, is your ability to also tap upon your country’s future cope with opposing beliefs and drive your actions or what your close allies country’s ideals to their fulfllment using have performed) feasible, original and grounded solutions. 4. Third Paragraph: The solutions, programmes, plans and overall strategy your delegation proposes. Bibliography

The quality of the position paper will 1. “Satellite State” Edited by n.a., infuence our choice in awards, so please Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, bear in mind the quality and presentability 10 Dec. 2018, of your position papers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelli te_state 2. Ereli, Adam. “Putin’s Newest Closing Satellite State” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 8 Mar. 2016, Remarks https://www.forbes.com/sites/real spin/2016/02/24/putins-newest-sa It is crucial to bear in mind that your tellite-state/#17bf72127412 success in committee will highly depend 3. Anonymous “Are Germany and on how well you prepare yourself Japan satellite states of United beforehand and the level of research States? - Quora” Quora, 23 Nov. carried out. While this can be said on a 2014, variety of committees, this is one of the https://www.quora.com/Are-Germ core aspects you will need to fulfll if any-and-Japan-satellite-states-of- you’re yearning for success in this United-States committee. This topic is not one which 4. “Talk:Puppet state/the list” Edited can be easily discussed or one which can by n.a., Wikipedia, Wikimedia reach a consensus that all countries will Foundation, 29 May 2018, agree on. As such, every delegate needs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk to be prepared to meet ferce opposition %3APuppet_state/the_list

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5. Alltime10s “10 Countries You 12. Posirca, Ovidiu. “Romania's Didn’t Know Existed” Youtube, 23 Minister of Defense: ‘At Deveselu Sep. 2016, Base We Deal with Ballistic https://www.youtube.com/watch? Missiles; We Don't Have Them v=RyCPpptCj68 There.’” Business Review, 6. “UN General Assembly - First Business Review, 1 Aug. 2018, Committee - Disarmament and business-review.eu/news/romania International Security” Edited by s-minister-of-defense-at-deveselu- n.a., United Nations, base-we-handle-ballistic-missiles- http://www.un.org/en/ga/frst/ we-dont-have-them-there-178869. 7. Rose, Caroline “Research Binder 13. Editors, History.com. “Korean Friday: DISEC” bestdelegate, 22 War.” History.com, A&E Television Jan. 2016, Networks, 9 Nov. 2009, https://bestdelegate.com/research www.history.com/topics/korea/kor -binder-friday-disec/ ean-war. 8. “United Nations General Assembly 14. “Understanding the China-North First Committee” Edited by na., Korea Relationship.” Council on Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Foreign Relations, Council on 2 Feb. 2019, Foreign Relations, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china- d_Nations_General_Assembly_Firs north-korea-relationship. t_Committee 15. UNITED NATIONS. "Peace and 9. Sivan, Misha “Are there any Security. "UNITED NATIONS. -. countries that act as Putin’s UNITED NATIONS. February 16th, satellite states?” Quora, 1 Jul. 2019 2016, http://www.un.org/en/sections/iss https://www.quora.com/Are-there- ues-depth/peace-and-security/. any-countries-that-act-as-Putins-s 16. UNITED NATIONS. "WHAT atellite-statesl PEACEKEEPING DOES. "United 10. Leitch, Grace “The Creation of Nations Peacekeeping. -. UNITED Soviet Satellite States - Causes NATIONS. February 16th, 2019 and efects table in GCSE History” https://peacekeeping.un.org/en. GetRevising, 25 Jan. 2018. 17. Truenan, C N. "The United Nations https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/the- And The Korean War. "The History creation-of-soviet-satellite-states Learning Site. 2019. Caboodle UX. 11. Stevenson, Sam. “Russia-NATO February 17th 2019 Tensions Hit BOILING Point as https://www.historylearningsite.co. Moscow RAGES at Secret US uk/modern-world-history-1918-to- 'Ballistic Missiles'.” Express.co.uk, 1980/the-united-nations/the-unite Express.co.uk, 3 Aug. 2018, d-nations-and-the-korean-war/. www.express.co.uk/news/world/9 18. "U.N. Assembly Protests Afghan 98277/Russian-NATO-Tensions-M Thrust by USSR, Calls For oscow-Ukraine-Romania-US-ballis "TOTAL" Pullout." The Blade- tic-missiles-US-military. (1980): 4.

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19. Middleton, Drew. "U Thant Denounce Vietnam War; Proposes Three Steps To Peace."0 20. New York Times- (1966): -. 21. Hunt, Cameron. "The ‘veto’ charade." 22. ZnetNovember 7, 2006: -. Znet. February 16th, 2019 https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/the- veto-charade-by-cameron-hunt/.

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