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Home , Provisional Government, Satellite state

Topic 5: The Cold

Title and Author of Packet: Crozier 28,29,30,32

Major Theme: Origins of the

Ideological Differences Mutual Suspicion and Fear From Wartime Allies to Post-War Enemies Historiography

Major Theme: Nature of the Cold War

Ideological Opposition and Spheres of Influence Alliances and Diplomacy in the Cold War Historiography

Major Theme: Development and Impact of the Cold War

Global Spread of the Cold War from its European Origins 28: states were used within Eastern by the USSR to establish sovereignty with dominance. Essentially, these states pretended to be free but decidedly were not. This evolved when it came to Africa into something called a Friendship Treaty. This creates client-states. A client is a that is heavily dependent on the major power, economically, militarily, and/or culturally. This inhibits independent action while creating an illusion of sovereignty. The first use of friendship treaties was with and India. India, due to an insistence from Indria Ghandi, never came close to becoming a satellite because she insisted on neutrality. Anwar Al-Sadat, however, with Egypt, came closer. When Egyptian president Nasser died, soviet militia were present in Egypt to ensure their change to satellite. Direct Soviet command was installed. Sadat announced on March 7 that he would not renew a ceasefire with Israel, prompting action from Nixon, which Sadat saw as a great opportunity to pit one against another. Following meetings encouraged pro-Sadat sentiments in the US. From there, Sadat went on to relieve several soviets of duty, declaring his Coup was completed by May 14. Kremlin was thoroughly alarmed. This lead to the Treaty of Friendship and cooperation. In the week of July 19, the Soviets overthrew the in . Egypt broke the treaty and condemned this action. Soviets punished Sadat in their way. The friendship treaty with Somalia was a disaster. They established a presence, but it was not a hold. They poured in resources, especially and education. Most Somalian families made less than $60 a year, and they were severely undereducated, which lead to easy propaganda. The treaty was signed in 1974 and it had fell apart by 77. 29: Moscow committed itself to the communist side of the Indochina war 6 years after the war began in 1964. The Cuban Missile Crisis was making everyone fearful due to the proximity of war. This caused Khrushchev’s foreign policy to collapse. He was ousted. Brezhnev, his successor, got the USSR into the Indochina War. They were fighting on the side of in . This put a slight strain on resources. Moscow held a delegation in Hanoi that was deliberately interrupted in a guerrilla attack on American soldiers that occurred at the same time. This forced the Soviets into the war. It did not work. However, Johnson had authorized US combat troops in . By the withdrawal of American Troops in Vietnam, Cambodia had been ‘won’ but it was not significant. Nixon agreed to Vietnamization which put the Vietnamese people in charge of deciding their own government. In short, they were in charge. 30: and the concluded the biggest arms deal in history, making Libya a Client-State. Libya never became a for two reasons 1)Ghaddafi, Libya’s leader, was a Maverick in character 2) the vast oil wealth of Libya allowed it to be somewhat independent. At first Ghaddafi was believed to be anticommunist, doing his best to set up an independent state, but as the USSR backed terrorist groups, he changed his mind. “Carlos”, a famous terrorist, was trained in to cost damages. The Great Libyan Soviet Arms Deal was signed in Tripoli on 1976. It was worth about $12 billion. Quickly, soviet advisors within the government grew. Ghaddafi’s imperial designs clashed with the Soviet Union’s own. He wanted to own the entire Sahara desert area, which was just not realistic. Ghaddafi invaded in 1979ending fiercely and quickly with no good results for Libya. Afterwards he forced a visit to Moscow, that Moscow really wanted to not happen because they didn’t want to be seen as supporters of his expansionism. There was not great communication, and Moscow knew it could not quickly gain control of Libya if something were to go wrong. However, Ghadaffi feared a KGB assassination attempt. 32: Ethiopia was overthrown in a coup on February 28, 1974. By June 28, 1974, the new military rulers set up a (PMAC) and a false sense of calm ensued. This stopped when the Ethiopian launched in 1976. This underlying crisis came to a head when the military leader was executed. Afterwards, PMAC introduced Ethiopian . Banks, labor unions, etc. were nationalized. Land was nationalized Feb 3, 1975. The regime called for a Red Terror to eliminate the White Terror that had existed before. The Ethiopian friendship treaty was signed in Moscow on November 20, 1978. Two problems were faced: expansionism due to borders with Somalia and ethnic secessionism in the province of Eritrea. Regardless, Soviet policy was guided by simple power . Moscow sided with Ethiopia not Somalia because Ethiopia was bigger. They, as such, got mad at Somalia for expansionism. Cuba and South were also in disputes. All non-conformists were punished. To help the subjugated communist people the Soviet Union carried out the biggest airlift on record, amounting to nearly 5,000 flights total at around 24 a day. Despite Soviet and Cuban efforts the Mengitsu regime failed to stop Eritrean rebels. Ethiopia did not even have a proper communist party until 1984, however, making all of their prior events rather amazing. Mengistu created the Ministry of State and Public Security to keep communism within Ethiopia safe. Their order of targets went: The Eritrean People’s Liberation Front, The Tegray People’s Liberation Front, the Ethiopian Peoples’ Democratic Movement, The Omoro Liberation Front, The Western Somalia Liberation Front, and the Afar Liberation Front. The regime in general would not have lasted long without Soviet support. The aid given was costly to the USSR. Gorbachev was less than friendly. Cold War Policies of Containment, Brinkmanship, Peaceful Coexistence, Détente Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement Role and Significance of Leaders Arms Race, Proliferation and Limitation Social, Cultural, and Economic Impact Historiography 28: Within Client States, the author says that their inhibitions of power are freely accepted from the start. Any that tested would be punished. Sadat was pitting superpowers together deliberately and with great skill, ultimately showing the overall hand that the author believes Egypt had. Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation was noncommittal. 29: Cuban Missile Crisis caused great hesitation all around. Brezhnev was handsome and smart, but overall a puppet. The attacks forced the soviets into the war, and were a deliberate plan. Again, giving great foresight and responsibility to these . Said that Nixon had great restraint in his efforts within the , especially attacking Cambodia, and was thus punished unjustly. This is more historiography on ME but I could not possibly disagree more. The North would not have gotten control of the south without . 30: the two reasons Libya never became a satellite state are much less deliberate than the others mentioned. Not his, but I like that he chose to include it “a slit personality, both evil.” 32: Seems to see that Ethiopia was less independent and more inclined to shortcomings than the other states, allowing for a view that it was weaker. He is not wrong. Specifically, when looking at the balance and rebalance of power as well as the continual issues it had internally and externally.

Major Theme: End of the Cold War Break-Up of Soviet Union: Internal Problems and External Pressures Breakdown of Soviet Control Over Central and Historiography