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EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING : TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY AND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND

Zubaydova Nilufar Ne’matullayevna Senior Teacher of Samarkand State Institute of foreign languages, Uzbekistan

Zubaydova Nilufar Ne’matullayevna: Effective Ways Of Learning English Grammar: To Exploit Correctly Infinitive And Gerund-- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7). ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: Rules, trouble , sentences . (-ing ) , combinations , expressions without gerund , stuff , way and place, were modified by .

ANNOTATION In this , the person explores the peculiarities of the infinitive and gerund and also the proper use of them. The article describes the cases in which the horse-specific forms of the occur, as well as the differences and similarities.

1. Introduction and infinitives can replace a in a . Gerund = the present participle (-ing) form of the verb, e.., singing, dancing, running. Infinitive = to + the base form of the verb, e.g., to sing, to dance, to run. Whether use a gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the sentence. I expect to have the results of the operation soon. (Infinitive) I anticipate having the research completed eventually. (Gerund)

Body Gerunds can be used after certain verbs including enjoy, fancy, discuss, dislike, finish, mind, suggest, recommend, keep, and avoid. 1) After prepositions of place and time. I made dinner before getting home. looked unhappy after seeing his work schedule. 2) To replace the or of a sentence Lachlan likes eating coconut oil. Jumping off a cliff is dangerous, but a real thrill. Infinitives can be used after certain verbs including agree, ask, decide, help, plan, hope, learn, want, would like, and promise. 1) After many : is hard to make dinner this late. I find it difficult to describe my feelings about writing research essays. 2) To show purpose:

8502 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

I left for Russia to study Russian. I came to the office to solve the mystery of the missing keys. Imagine you are in an American city. While standing along the street, you hear someone asking for directions. The way, meaning the method in which something is done, is often used when asking questions or giving advice. So a student might ask a teacher, "Is there a better way to write this sentence?" Unstated and Stated Subjects You might notice there is something missing from our examples. One feature of adjectival infinitives – the technical term for today's program – is that the subject is not stated. The subject is understood; it is the object in a prepositional . This information comes from Martha Kolln, an expert on English grammar. Consider our earlier example: "That wasn't a nice thing to say." The understood, or unstated subject, is the word you. You is the object of an understood prepositional phrase, for you. The entire sentence, if it had all of these elements, would read: "That wasn't a nice thing [for you] to say." Our other example, ""This seems like a great place to eat!" could become "This seems like a great place [for me/for us] to eat!" Now you can understand why native speakers sometimes do not always state the subject. It makes the sentence longer, and it might not add much information. Infinitives in conversations Think back to the exchange you heard at the beginning of this program. "What's the best way to get to the airport?" "Continue straight and take the second right. It will only take about five minutes." Thanks! I'm running late - I hope I can find a place to park!. Take care! "Bye!" You will recognize that two of the we discussed, way and place, were modified by infinitives. The first speaker said, "What's the best way to get to the airport?" The speaker could have said "What's the best way [for me] to get to the airport?" But as you have heard, English speakers will leave out the subject when the meaning is clear. What can you do? The nouns and infinitives we have studied today can be used in almost any situation, with the exception of stuff. While it would be acceptable to use stuff when talking to friends or family, you would not use it when speaking with someone important, especially if you did not know the person well. Stuff is not an offensive word, but it is an informal one. The next time you are reading, watching, or listening to something in English, try to notice the noun + infinitive structures we have discussed today. Ask yourself how speakers use these structures in different situations. Try using these structures whenever you get the chance. Remember: practice is the best way to improve.

8503 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

2. Main part What is a gerund and why do you need to know? Maybe it would be better to answer the second part of the question first so that you have some motivation to identify gerunds. If you are able to pick the gerund(s) out in your sentence, you will avoid a grammar gaffe that often goes unnoticed even by seasoned editors. Is your curiosity at least somewhat piqued? Gerunds, also called verbal nouns, are formed when verbs have -ing added to them and are used as nouns. Examples: Walking is great exercise. Hiking up that steep mountain seems impossible. Talking more about this will not change my mind. Note that in each of the examples above, the -ing word—the gerund—acted as the subject of the sentence. Gerunds, like other nouns, may also act as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of the preposition. Examples: We like talking on the phone every night. (direct object) I give him credit for talking. (object of the preposition for) It is helpful to recognize gerunds because if a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it is usually best to use the form of that noun or pronoun. Correct: My running ahead bothered him. Incorrect: Me running ahead bothered him. Correct: Their separating does not mean won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Incorrect: Them separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Examples: Alex’s skating was a joy to behold. Ben’s walking improved once his ankle healed. The girl’s dancing won her a trip to Hawaii. What is a gerund and why do you need to know? Maybe it would be better to answer the second part of the question first so that you have some motivation to identify gerunds. If you are able to pick the gerund(s) out in your sentence, you will avoid a grammar gaffe that often goes unnoticed even by seasoned editors. Is your curiosity at least somewhat piqued? Gerunds, also called verbal nouns, are formed when verbs have -ing added to them and are used as nouns. Examples: Walking is great exercise. Hiking up that steep mountain seems impossible. Talking more about this will not change my mind. Note that in each of the examples above, the -ing word—the gerund—acted as the subject of the sentence. Gerunds, like other nouns, may also act as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of the preposition. Examples: We like talking on the phone every night. (direct object) I give him credit for talking. (object of the preposition for)

8504 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

It is helpful to recognize gerunds because if a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it is usually best to use the possessive form of that noun or pronoun. Correct: My running ahead bothered him. Incorrect: Me running ahead bothered him. Correct: Their separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Incorrect: Them separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Examples: Alex’s skating was a joy to behold. Ben’s walking improved once his ankle healed. The girl’s dancing won her a trip to Hawaii.

It is a well-known problem today to identify ways to learn English and its grammar quickly and effectively, and to apply its use in practice. The reason is that English is a language in global demand, and every year more and more young people and adults want to learn it as a foreign language or a second language. Unfortunately, most elementary learners get confused in grammar. Although many manuals on English grammar have been found, learners have difficulty learning certain topics of grammar clearly and quickly. This condition is observed not only in schoolchildren but also in adults. One of the grammatical topics that confuses so many people is infinitive and gerund. These are not difficult topics. However, some learners make the mistake of using them in place of each other. In fact, it is necessary to study them thoroughly through certain procedures and rules. First clarify what the gerund and infinitive are. Making the gerund and infinitive. Gerund Infinitive (Not) doing (Not) to do Active Simple doing Simple to do having done Perfect to have done Continuous doing Continuous to be doing Passive Simple being done Simple to be done Perfect having been done Perfect to have been done

Active simple — indicates the name of the action performed by the owner. It belongs to the Permanent, the present and the future. I enjoy teaching English (gerund). He is strong enough to left that box (infinitive). Active perfect — it represents the name of the action action performed before the . He admitted having stolen the money (gerund). You seem to have finished (infinitive). Passive simple — represents the name of the action performed on the owner. The students enjoy being taught english by teachers (gerund). I didn't expect to be invited to his party (infinitive).

8505 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

Passive perfect — represents an action directed at the owner that occurred before the predicate. Children liked being taking to the zoo (gerund). He didn't deserve to have been fooled by his friends (infinitive). You acquainted with the formation of the infitive and the gerund. Most people make the mistake of using them in the right place. Using of the gerund.

Rule 1. The gerund is usually used when the action name is the owner of the sentence, and it is a third-person unit. For example: Drinking milk everyday is useful. Learning English is not easy for him.

Rule 2. After some verbs, a gerund is used. [Azar, page 318] Some of them: admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, finish, keep, mention, mind, postpone, practice, suggest, tolerate, understand... For example: suggested going to a movie.

Rule 3. Preposition + gerund. If the name of action take the or preposition, it will be gerund. For example: I am interested in playing football. But there are some expressions without gerund such as "to be about to do", "turn out to do", "to out to do", "grow up to be", "stop by to do". Some prepositional combinations which is used with gerund: Be excited/worried about doing it; Think/complain/dream/talk about/of doing it; Apologize/blame/thank/forgive/have a reason/be responsible/have an excuse for doing it; Keep/prevent/prohibit/stop from doing it; Believe/be interest/participate/succeed doing it; Instead/ be accused/be capable/be guilty/take advantage/be tired of doing it; Be accustomed/in addition/be committed/be devoted/object/look forward/ be opposed/ be used to doing it.

Rule 4. After special expressions or gerund comes. To be busy + doing; To be worth + doing; To be (no) good + doing; To be (no) use + doing; What is the use of + doing; There is no + doing; There is no point (in) + doing; To feel like + doing; How about + doing; What about + doing. For example: It is no good smoking. To have difficulty + doing; To have good/hard/difficult time + doing; To have trouble + doing; To have fun + doing. (But: to be fun + to do)

8506 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

To spend Time / money Doing To waste

To sit To stand Place Doing To lie

To find Somebody Doing To catch

Rule 5. Go + gerund. Course names are said with gerund. For example: I often go fishing. She usually goes hunting. When will we go shopping?

Rule 6. The titles are said in gerunds. For examples: Today's lecture is "Learning lexicology".

Rule 7. Attribute + gerund. The gerund may takes a determinant. This can be an , a pronoun, a possessive pronoun, or a noun with possessive pronoun. For example: I enjoyed your singing. She understood his saying no. We decided car's broken down. Good beginning is good ending.

Rule 8. Time + gerund. When the same person is in time clause and main part, the predicate changes into gerund. For example: He has made a few friends, since he moved here. Since moving here, he has made a few friends.

Rule 9. Hear/listen/see/observe/notice/watch/feel + smbd/smth + doing or do (without to). For example: I watched the kids playing in the garden. Gerunds have four types in sentence. They mean subject, direct object, object of preposition and subject . Using of the Infinitive

Rule 1. The infinitive is used to say what the name of the action is by having a fake "it". “It" is that infinitive itself. For example: It is dangerous to fit crocodile. It is easy to learn English.

Rule 2. Some verbs + Infinitive. Infinitive refers to the name of an action that represents a goal. "To do", "in order to do", "so as to do" are infinitives. For example: I went to University to become a doctor. I went to the store in order to buy some bread.

Rule 3. Somebody is adjective to do something. Feeling something out of doing something. For example: I am glad to see you. To be + glad/ sure/ certain/ happy/ pleased/ lucky/ sorry/ rude/ afraid/ likely/ surprised/ amazed/ shocked/ careful/ upset + to do

Rule 4. Too adjective/ + to do. Adjective enough + to do. Enough noun + to do. For example: Granpa Joe too old to work. I am not rich enough to buy this car. I don't have enough money to buy this car.

8507 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

Rule 5. Any passive verb + Infinitive. For example: He was advised to give up smoking. Verbs in passive are utilized with infinitive besides listen, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, feel, drinking.

Rule 6. Causative verbs + Infinitive. When one person wants the other person to do something from him or her, Infinitive can be used. For example: I have a lot of homeworks to do. Smbd + verb + smbd + to do: Somebody + advise/ ask/ get/ permit/ allow/ force/ beg/ encourage/ warn somebody + to do something. Sometimes without "to": Somebody + let/have/make + somebody + to do something.

Rule 7. There are some expressions used Infinitive. To tell the truth... To be honest... To begin with... Needless to say...

Rule 8. To be the first / second... / last /next / the best + Infinitive. Karima is the best to sing. Rule 9. Some verbs + Infinitive. Infinitive is used after some verbs such as advice, attempt, chance, design, desire dream, gowl, motivation, need, opportunity, order, permission, plan, propose, recommendation, refusal, request, time, suggestion, wish, way. For example: One way to improve your English reading stories.

Rule 10. When the noun clause has meanings of need, necessity, advice, ability, please, you can put an infinitive after the conjunctions of noun clause. The conjunctions of noun clause are "what", "where", "how", "where", "whether". But infinitive is never used with "if". For example: You must know how to fix it.

Rule 11. When changing the direct speech, infinitive can be used. For example: Mother: "Do not go there". Mather asked me not to do it. "Not" is in the infinitive and gerund have nothing to do with the main verb in the sentence. It only denies the infinitive or the gerund, not the sentence. Trouble verbs are verbs that can be used either infinitive or gerund. Sometimes it depends on the meaning, but sometimes it does not. These verbs are "start", "begin", "intent", "continue", "bother", "cease". For example: Soon it will start raining / to rain. If these verbs are in or with -ing form, they will be used infinitive. For example: It is starting to rain. [Myrphy 3, page 56] In addition, gerund and infinitive can used after the same verbs. It depends on meaning. These verbs include "go", "remember", "regret", "try", "need", "prefer", "love", "like", "hate", "mean", "consider", "image", "to be afraid", "to be sorry", "to stop", "to find", "to miss", "used".

8508 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

3. Conclusion In conclusion, other grammatical topics need to be explored before learning an infinitive and gerund. The rules given above must be followed. Then understanding will not be a problem for learners.

References About Gerunds and Infinitives - Learn English and Foreign .. Thomas Celentano English Gerunds and Infinitives for ESL Learners; Using Them Correctly After Common 4 . English Gerunds and Infinitives for ESL Learners: Using Gerunds and Infinitives Correctly After Common 5.English Verbs Kindle Edition Gerund vs. Infinitive Verbs (Brookgarbolt's Lexicology Book 1) Kindle Edition Xidirberdiyevich, A. E., Ilkhomovich, S. E., Khurramov, A., & Rustamov, D. (2020). Investment activities of insurance companies: The role of insurance companies in the financial market. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(6), 719-725. doi:10.5373/JARDCS/V12SP6/SP20201086 Karshievna, U. D., Ziyovuddinkhon, B., Shaxriyorovich, S. B., & Baxtishodovich, S. B. (2020). Creating free tourism zones as a major feature of the economic development of a region. evidences from uzbekistan. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(8 Special Issue), 2274-2281.

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