Types of Pronouns in English with Examples
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The Use of Demonstrative Pronoun and Demonstrative Determiner This in Upper-Level Student Writing: a Case Study
English Language Teaching; Vol. 8, No. 5; 2015 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Use of Demonstrative Pronoun and Demonstrative Determiner this in Upper-Level Student Writing: A Case Study Katharina Rustipa1 1 Faculty of Language and Cultural Studies, Stikubank University (UNISBANK) Semarang, Indonesia Correspondence: Katharina Rustipa, UNISBANK Semarang, Jl. Tri Lomba Juang No.1 Semarang 50241, Indonesia. Tel: 622-4831-1668. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 20, 2015 Accepted: February 26, 2015 Online Published: April 23, 2015 doi:10.5539/elt.v8n5p158 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n5p158 Abstract Demonstrative this is worthy to investigate because of the role of this as a common cohesive device in academic writing. This study attempted to find out the variables underlying the realization of demonstrative this in graduate-student writing of Semarang State University, Indonesia. The data of the study were collected by asking three groups of students (first semester, second semester, third semester students) to write an essay. The collected data were analyzed by identifying, classifying, calculating, and interpreting. Interviewing to several students was also done to find out the reasons underlying the use of attended and unattended this. Comparing the research results to those of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Paper (MICUSP) as proficient graduate-student writing was done in order to know the position of graduate-student writing of Semarang State University in reference to MICUSP. The conclusion of the research results is that most occurrences of demonstrative this are attended and these occurrences are stable across levels, similar to those in MICUSP. -
The Definite Determiner in Early Middle English
43 The defi nite determiner in Early Middle English: What happened with þe? Cynthia L. Allen Australian National University Abstract This paper offers new data bearing on the question of when English developed a defi nite article, distinct from the distal demonstrative. It focuses primarily on one criterion that has been used in dating this development, namely the inability of þe (Modern English the, the refl ex of the demonstrative se) to be used as a pronoun. I argue that this criterion is not a satisfactory one and propose a treatment of þe as a form which could occupy either the head D of DP or the specifi er of DP. This is an approach consistent with Crisma’s (2011) position that a defi nite article emerged within the Old English (OE) period. I offer a new piece of evidence supporting Crisma’s demonstration of a difference between OE poetry and the prose of the ninth century and later. 1. Introduction: dating the defi nite article A long-standing problem in historical English syntax is dating the emergence of the defi nite article. A major diffi culty here, noted by Johanna Wood (2003) and others, is defi ning exactly what we mean by an ‘article.’ Millar (2000:304, note 11) comments that we might say that Modern English does not have a ‘true’ article, but only a ‘weakly demonstrative defi nite determiner’ on Himmelmann’s (1997) proposed path of development for defi nite articles. However, no one can doubt that English has moved along this path from a demonstrative determiner to something that has become more purely grammatical, with loss of deictic properties. -
The Definite Article in Recent Grammatical Theory Rhonda Lee Schuller Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 The definite article in recent grammatical theory Rhonda Lee Schuller Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Schuller, Rhonda Lee, "The definite article in recent grammatical theory" (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The definite article in recent grammatical theory by Rhonda Lee Schuller A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: English Approved: Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 A TRADITIONAL LOOK AT THE 3 Philosophy and The 7 The Definite Article Conspiracy 10 TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR: A VERY DEEP THE 16 AN ARTICLE IS AN ARTICLE IS AN ARTICLE? 30 THE CONCLUSION 37 FOOTNOTES 40 A LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED 41 1 INTRODUCTION The definite article is more difficult to define than the native speaker of English might realize. I propose to survey various treatments of the definite article, noting their strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to reach an under standing of the function and meaning of the definite article in English. -
Day 17: Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives LESSON 17: Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives
Day 17: Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives LESSON 17: Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives We all know what adjectives can do (right??) These are the words that describe a noun. But their purpose is not limited to descriptions such as cool or kind or pretty. They have a host of other uses like providing more information about the noun they’re appearing with or even pointing out something. In this lesson, we’ll be talking about (or rather, breezing through) possessive adjectives and demonstrative adjectives. These are relatively easy topics that won’t be needing a lot of brain cell activity. So sit back and try to enjoy today’s topic. First, possessive adjectives. When you need to express that a noun belongs to another person or thing, you use possessive adjectives. We know it in English as the words: my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. In French, the possessive adjectives (like all other kinds of adjectives) need to agree to the noun they’re describing. Here’s a nifty little table to cover all that. Track 45 When used with When used with When used with plural What it means masculine singular feminine singular noun noun whether feminine noun or masculine mon ma (*mon) mes my ton ta (*ton) tes your son sa (*son) ses his/her/its/one’s notre notre nos our votre votre vos your leur leur leurs their Note that *mon, ton and son are used in the feminine form with nouns that begin with a vowel or the letter h. Here are some more reminders in using possessive adjectives: • Possessive adjectives always come BEFORE the noun. -
Demonstratives and Definite Articles in Plains Cree
Demonstratives and Definite Articles in Plains Cree DANIELLE E. CYR York University 1. Introduction It is the usage, in the grammatical description of Algonquian languages, to classify demonstratives within a single formal class, whether their func tional role may be that of a demonstrative pronoun, a demonstrative noun- determiner, or a definite article. This is the case with two Eastern Cree lan guages spoken in Quebec, Montagnais and James Bay Cree.1 For example for Montagnais Ford and Bacon say (1978:30): "Pour indiquer la possession d'un defini, il suffit de juxtaposer le demonstratif au nom possessif". And for James Bay Cree Vaillancourt (1978:31) says: "La ou le frangais fait us age d'un article defini, le cris fait usage d'un demonstratif". The situation seems to be the same for Plains Cree as we find in Wolfart and Carroll (1981:84): "For Cree it has been conventional to group words according to their form rather than their function. We call awa a pronoun even where it is used much like an English article". In other studies (Cyr 1993, and Cyr and Axelsson 1988), I have shown that, in Montagnais, the typology of textual functions and textual frequencies of the demonstratives corresponds more closely to that of definite articles in other article languages than to that of demonstrative noun-determiners. A study of textual data comprising 12,000 words of Montagnais narratives shows in fact that demonstratives are :The research for this paper was partly supported by Research Grant 410- 90-1056 from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by the Faculty of Arts of York University. -
English Pronouns
Will C. H. Possessive pronouns ENGLISH PRONOUNS: A LIST Mine First person singular Yours Second person singular English Pronouns List His Third person singular Below is a list of English pronouns Hers Third person singular Pronouns are words that are used as noun Its Third person singular and noun phrase replacements. Ours First person plural Subject pronouns Yours Second person plural I First person singular subject Theirs Third person plural pronoun You Second person singular subject Reflexive pronouns pronoun Myself First person singular He Third person singular subject Yourself Second person singular pronoun Himself Third person singular She Third person singular subject Herself Third person singular pronoun Itself Third person singular It Third person singular subject Ourselves First person plural pronoun Yourselves Second person plural We First person plural subject pronoun (includes the speaker) Themselves Third person plural You Second person plural subject pronoun Relative Pronouns Question words can also function as They Third person plural subject pronouns pronoun Who Can function as the Object personal pronouns subject, object Used as the object of a sentence Which Can function as the Me First person singular object subject, object pronoun That Can function as the You Second person singular subject, object Him Third person singular Whom Functions as Her Third person singular object* It Third person singular Where Functions as object Us First person plural in reference to time You Second person plural When Functions as object Them Third person plural referencing place Possessive adjectives Why / What Functions as object These are words that modify nouns referencing My First person singular explanation Your Second person singular Whose Possessive His Third person singular Of which Possessive Her Third person singular *quite formal in American English Its Third person singular Demonstrative pronouns Our First person plural Points a thing out. -
Chapter 3 Basic Concepts
Monica Macaulay DRAFT last updated 3/8/13 1 Chapter 3 Basic Concepts 1. Introduction This chapter introduces some basic concepts and facts about Menominee that will be needed to understand the material in subsequent chapters. Here we look at parts of speech, person, animacy, obviation, and verb types. 2. Parts of speech Different languages have different inventories of parts of speech. It’s safe to say that virtually all languages have nouns and verbs, but beyond that we find a lot of differences. According to Bloomfield, Menominee has the following parts of speech: (1) Menominee Parts of Speech (Bloomfield 1962:25) • Nouns • Verbs • Pronouns • Particles • Negator There are also prefixes (which come before words) and lots of suffixes (which come after words). The prefixes are discussed briefly below, and both the prefixes and suffixes are discussed further in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. Brief discussion of each of the parts of speech appears in this chapter, and more detail is given in later chapters. 2.1. Nouns We all learn in school that nouns describe a “person, place, or thing.” That works for many nouns, but not necessarily all of them. For example, it leaves out abstract concepts like joy or independence. In Menominee, beyond looking at the meaning, you can tell if something is a noun by the following factors (among other things): (a) whether it can be pluralized (by -ak or -an), (b) whether it can have the locative ending -eh added, (c) whether it can be possessed (using the three person-marking prefixes discussed below) (d) whether it can have a demonstrative (like eneh ‘that (inan.)’ or enoh ‘that (an.)’) before it. -
Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish
Exam administrators Cover page Specialeteamet, tlf.nr. 8716 1178 [email protected] Exam information 132172E015 - Sara Sørensen - Speciale Assessors Sten Vikner Handed in by Examiner Sara Sørensen [email protected] [email protected] +4587162639 Steven Falkenberg Breunig Co-examiner [email protected] Hand-in information Title: Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison Title, english: Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison The sworn statement: Yes Does the hand-in contain confidential material: No Number of characters: 149078 Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison MA Thesis Name: Sara Sørensen Student identification number: 20112719 - Thesis supervisor: Sten Vikner - Master's Degree Programme In English Department of English, Faculty of Arts - Aarhus University - Submission date: June 3, 2019 i Table of Contents SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ ii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. BINDING THEORY ..................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Coindexation and c-command .............................................................................................. 3 2.2 The English Reflexive System (GB-Theory) .......................................................................... -
Influence of Animacy and Grammatical Role on Production and Comprehension of Intersentential Pronouns in German L1-Acquisition1
Influence of animacy and grammatical role on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns in German L1-acquisition1 Dagmar Bittner Centre for General Linguistics, Typology and Universals Research (ZAS) Berlin, Germany In anaphora resolution theory, it has been assumed that anaphora resolution is based on a reversed mapping of antecedent salience and anaphora complexity: minimal complex anaphora refer to maximal salient antecedents. In order to ex- amine whether and by which developmental steps German children gain com- mand of this mapping maxim we conducted an experiment on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns including the three pronoun types zero, personal, and demonstrative pronoun. With respect to antecedent salience, the ex- periment varied syntactic role (subject/object) and in/animacy. Six age groups of children (age range from 2;0 to 6;0) and an adult control group has been tested. The hypothesis arising from the mapping maxim is that zero pronoun correlates with more salient antecedents than personal and demonstrative pronoun, the latter correlating with the least salient antecedents. The results are: In production, chil- dren first establish the opposition of zero pronoun with animate antecedents vs. demonstrative pronoun with inanimate antecedents. In a next step, syntactic role comes into play and a more complex system opposing the three presented pronoun types is established. In comprehension, however, the effect of pronoun type re- mains weak and antecedent features remain a strong factor in reference choice. However, also adults employ pronoun type and antecedent features. The oldest children and the adults show variation in personal pronoun resolution according to the animacy pattern of the potential antecedents. -
Demonstrative Aids: Use Them!
Demonstrative aids: Use them! * By: F. Dennis Saylor IV and Daniel I. Small ) July 12, 2018 As a rule, lawyers do not make enough use of demonstrative aids. That was probably true in 1975, when graphics were hard to create, often expensive, and cumbersome to use in the courtroom. It’s certainly true today, even though graphics can be easily created (for free) and easily displayed to juries. To be clear on what we’re talking about, demonstrative aids are not part of the evidence. They are created after the fact and for purposes of trial, and in order to help explain the evidence. (Sometimes demonstratives are referred to as “chalks,” dating back to when chalkboards were in regular use in trials.) Here are some typical examples: •Diagrams •Charts •Graphs •Maps • Timelines •Lists • Video animations A demonstrative aid is not evidence and does not usually go to the jury room. The basic rule is that a demonstrative aid can be used if: (1) it is based on the evidence, (2) it would help the jury understand the evidence, and (3) it is not unfair. Demonstrative aids should be used in virtually every trial. They are helpful, they provide visual interest, and they’re usually simple to make — and jurors like and expect them. Judge Saylor goes back to the jury room and speaks with jurors after every trial. It’s remarkable how often the jurors have created their own charts and lists and timelines — sometimes, those things are taped up all over the walls. That they find it so necessary and helpful shows that the lawyers have missed an important opportunity. -
English Weak Pronouns and Object Shift
English Weak Pronouns and Object Shift Joel C. Wallenberg University of Pennsylvania 1. Introduction Although it has been noticed from time to time in the literature that unstressed pronouns in English show some syntactic behavior that is not shared by their full DP counterparts, these differences have not yet been studied and accounted for in a systematic way.* This is not particularly surprising, as the special behavior of English pronouns is confined to only a few contexts, and so very few clues are provided to the analyst about the underlying processes involved (in contrast to, e.g., pronoun scrambling in German or Dutch). But this is only the case if we confine ourselves to data from the modern language. It is possible to learn a great deal more, however, by taking a broader, historical perspective of the phenomenon. With the help of corpus data from earlier stages of English, I will argue that the exceptional syntax of modern English object pronouns actually results from their status as “weak pronouns”, in the sense of Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), and their ability to undergo “Object Shift” of the Scandinavian type (Holmberg 1986, Holmberg 1999, inter alia). However, object shift is severely restricted in the modern language by a combination of Holmberg’s Generalization and an independent, but intersecting, phenomenon: the loss of movement of main verbs to Tense in the overt syntax. In this way, English is not the odd language out in Germanic, but rather patterns with the rest of the family in having a leftward movement process that applies to its unstressed object pronouns. -
The Definite Article and Demonstrative Determiners in Transitional
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE AND DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS IN TRANSITIONAL ICELANDIC: A CASE STUDY IN ODDUR GOTTSKÁLKSSON’S NEW TESTAMENT, MATTHEW 1-17 by JACKSON CRAWFORD (Under the direction of Jared S. Klein) ABSTRACT In this paper I address the use of demonstrative determiners in the first known translation of the New Testament into Icelandic - that of Oddur Gottskálksson, published in 1540. This thesis is chiefly concerned with what identifiable semantic purpose these determiners serve in the language of Oddur, and what this can tell us about this transitional period between Classical Old Icelandic and the Icelandic of today. However, I argue that this translation is heavily influenced by the language of the Vulgate Bible, and so caution must be exercised in attributing all its forms to the spoken Icelandic of the period. INDEX WORDS: Definite Article, Determiner, Icelandic, Oddur Gottskálksson, Norse, New Testament, Matthew THE DEFINITE ARTICLE AND DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS IN TRANSITIONAL ICELANDIC: A CASE STUDY IN ODDUR GOTTSKÁLKSSON’S NEW TESTAMENT, MATTHEW 1-17 by JACKSON CRAWFORD B.A., Texas Tech University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Jackson Crawford All Rights Reserved THE DEFINITE ARTICLE AND DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS IN TRANSITIONAL ICELANDIC: A CASE STUDY IN ODDUR GOTTSKÁLKSSON’S NEW TESTAMENT, MATTHEW 1-17 by JACKSON CRAWFORD Major Professor: Jared S. Klein Committee: Jonathan D. Evans Peter A. Jorgensen Electronic version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2008 iv DEDICATION To my grandparents, June and Dorothy Crawford, for making possible my education, by beginning it.