Index

´ (accent) character, cardinal number rules, 6 inequality comparisons, 238 ! and ! (exclamation point), emphasis, interrogatives, 185–186 191–192 irregular comparatives, 242 ! (inverted exclamation point) character, multiple modifi ers, 232 command emphasis, 136 non-adjective formations, 232–236 . (period) character, numeral punctuation, 5 phrases, 232 positioning rules, 237 abbreviations, ordinal number rules, 8 versus adjectives, 236–237 -able, infi nitive derivations, 164 affi rmative commands, 213 absolute superlatives, expressions, 240 animals, 35, 342–343 accent (´) character, cardinal number rules, 6 apparel, 25, 357–360 accents, 85, 118–119, 152 appliances, vocabulary, 341 active voice versus passive voice, 243 -ar verbs activities (leisure time), vocabulary, 353–357 past participles, 118 activities (schools), vocabulary, 351 regular verb conditional mood, 86 adjectives regular verb conjugations, 51–52 absolute superlatives, 240 regular verb future tense, 82 demonstrative, 28–29 regular verb imperfect tense, 76 equality comparisons, 238 regular verb present subjunctive gender issues, 219–225 mood, 89 indefi nite, 198–199 regular verb preterit tense, 67–68 inequality comparisons, 238 regular verbs, 258 infi nitive derivations, 164 stem-changing verbs, 57–58 infi nitive uses, 160 -ar with e→ie stem-changing verbs, 57, interrogatives, 185 287–288 invariable, 224–225 -ar with o→ue stem-changing verbs, 58, irregular comparatives, 241 289–290 letter change requirements, 219–222 -ar with e→ie stem-changing verbs, 57 meaning changes, 229 -ar with o→ue stem-changing verbs, 58 nationality, 222 arithmetic functions, cardinal number no letter change requirements, 223–224 rules, 7 plurals, 225–226, 228 articles, defi nite, 21–26 positioning rules, 227–228 articles, indefi nite, 27–28 possessive, 38–40 present subjunctive mood uses, 100–101 beverages, vocabulary, 346 relative, 206 COPYRIGHTEDbody parts, MATERIAL 25, 348 shortened forms, 229–230 breads, vocabulary, 346 superlative irregularities, 240 versus adverbs, 236–237 calendar, 11 adverbial expressions, 176 car parts, vocabulary, 362 adverbial phrases, formations, 232 -car spelling-change verbs adverbs imperatives, 137 absolute superlatives, 240 list, 261–262 demonstrative adjective rules, 29 present subjunctive mood, 90 equality comparisons, 238 preterit tense, 68–69 formations, 231–232 -car with o→ue stem-changing verbs, 291 indefi nite, 199–200 366 / Spanish Grammar Handbook cardinal numbers, 3, 5–10, 22 consonant + -cer spelling-change verbs, -cer verbs 274–275 infi nitive derivations, 162 consonant + -cer/-cir spelling-change verbs, spelling-change verbs, 54–55, 90–91 55, 90–91 -cir spelling-change verbs, 54–55, 90–91 consonant + -cir, spelling-change verbs, 280 classrooms (schools), vocabulary, 350–351 continents, vocabulary, 363 clothing, vocabulary, 357–360 contractions, 26, 169 colors, vocabulary, 360 contrary-to-fact conditions, conditional command forms, gerunds, 115 sentences, 133 commands, 136, 139–150 conventions, used in book, 1–2 comparatives, negative uses, 195 coordinating conjunctions, 178–179 comparisons, 238–239 countries, vocabulary, 362–363 compass points, masculine noun rules, 31 ¿cuál(es)? versus ¿qué?, 188 compound moods conditional perfect, 127–128 dairy products, vocabulary, 345 conditional sentences, 132–134 dates, 9, 11–14, 22 passive voice, 245 days of the week, 11, 22, 31 pluperfect subjunctive, 130–131 defi nite articles, 21–26 present perfect subjunctive, 128–129 demonstrative adjectives, expressions, 28–29 refl exive pronoun positioning, 213 demonstrative pronouns, expressions, 29–30 subjunctive tense sequence, 131–132 desserts, vocabulary, 346 compound nouns, 32, 37 diphthongs, accent placement rules, 152 compound tenses direct object pronouns, 45–46 future perfect, 124–126 double object pronouns, 50 passive voice, 245 past participles, 118–120 -eer spelling-change verbs, 286 pluperfect participle, 123–124 eggs, vocabulary, 346 preterit perfect, 121–123 electronics, vocabulary, 341 versus simple tenses, 117 equality comparisons, expressions, 238 compounds, present subjunctive mood, equipment (sports), vocabulary, 356 102–103 -er verbs computer terms, vocabulary, 354 past participles, 118 condiments, vocabulary, 345 regular verb conditional mood, 86 conditional mood, 86–88 regular verb conjugations, 51–52 conditional perfect, expressions, 127–128 regular verb future tense, 82 conditional progressive tense, 114–115 regular verb imperfect tense, 76 conditional sentences, 132–133 regular verb present subjunctive conjugations mood, 89 irregular verbs, 63–64 regular verb preterit tense, 67–68 refl exive verbs, 52–53 regular verbs, 259 regular verbs, 51–52 spelling-change verb imperatives, 136 spelling/stem-changing verbs in present stem-changing verbs, 58–59 tense, 62 -er with e→ie stem-changing verbs, 58–59, conjunctions 302–303 coordinating, 178–179 -er with e→ue stem-changing verbs, 304–305 negative, 200–201 estar (“to be”), 66, 100–101, 112–115 present subjunctive mood uses, 101–102 exclamation point (! and ¡), emphasis, subordinating, 179–182 191–192 Index / 367 exclamations, 25, 191–192 regular verbs, 109–110 expressions, present subjunctive mood uses, stem-changing verbs, 110–112 95–98 -gir spelling-change verbs list, 55, 281–282 family, vocabulary, 339 present subjunctive mood, 91 feminine nouns -gir with e→i stem-changing verbs, distinct forms, 33 312–313 expressions, 32–33 -guar spelling-change verbs, 265 gender markers, 33 -guir spelling-change verbs masculine noun equivalents, 33 list, 285 meaning changed by gender, 33 present subjunctive mood, 91 possessive adjective modifi ers, 39–40 -guir with i→ie stem-changing verbs, possessive pronoun modifi ers, 40–41 314–315 fi sh, vocabulary, 343–344 foods, vocabulary, 343–347 hobbies, vocabulary, 353–354 formal commands, 135–139 house, vocabulary, 340–342 fractions, rules, 9–10 household chores, vocabulary, fruits, vocabulary, 344–345 341–342 furnishings, vocabulary, 340–341 how expressions, defi nite articles, 26 future perfect participle, expressions, 124–126 -iar verbs future progressive tense, expressions, 114 present subjunctive mood, 93 future tense, 81–83 spelling-change verbs, 268–269 stem-changing verbs, 60–61 -gar spelling-change verbs idiomatic expressions, refl exive verbs, imperatives, 137 217–218 list, 263–264 imperative present subjunctive mood, 90 formal commands, 135–139 preterit tense, 68, 70 indirect commands, 150–152 -gar with i→ie stem-changing verbs, 292–293 informal commands, 139–150 -gar with o→ue stem-changing verbs, stem-changing verbs, 137–138 294–295 imperfect subjunctive mood, 105–107 -gar with u→ue stem-changing verbs, 296 imperfect tense, 75–81 gender impersonal expressions, present adjectives, 219–225 subjunctive mood uses, 95–98 animal kingdom references, 35 indefi nite adjectives, expressions, common noun markers, 33 198–199 indefi nite article rules, 28 indefi nite adverbs, expressions, masculine/feminine nouns, 30–35 199–200 possessive adjectives, 38–40 indefi nite articles, 27–28 geographical locations, defi nite article rules, indefi nite pronouns, negatives, 23–24 197–198 -ger spelling-change verbs indefi nites, present subjunctive mood, list, 55, 276–277 102–103 present subjunctive mood, 91 indirect commands, object pronouns, gerunds 150–152 command forms, 115 indirect object pronouns, 46 irregular verbs, 110–112 inequality comparisons, expressions, progressive tenses, 112–116 238 pronoun rules, 115–116 refl exive pronoun positioning, 213 368 / Spanish Grammar Handbook infi nitives gerunds, 110–112 adjective uses, 160 imperfect tense, 76 defi nite article rules, 25 negative tú commands, 144 derivations, 160–164 negative vosotros commands, 149 imperfect subjunctive mood uses, past participles, 119–120 105–106 present subjunctive mood, 93–94 negating, 153 present tense, 63–64 noun uses, 153–159 preterit tense, 73–74 object of a preposition, 155–159 i→y spelling-change verbs, preterit, 71 object of a verb, 154–155 perfect, 134, 165 jewelry, vocabulary, 360 predicate nouns, 155 jewels, vocabulary, 361 refl exive pronoun positioning, 213 subject of a sentence, 153 lakes, masculine noun rules, 31 subjunctive rules, 159 language names, defi nite article rules, 23 verb accents, 85 last names, defi nite article rules, 25 informal commands, 139–150 leisure time, vocabulary, 353–357 information questions, 184–190 lo, neuter pronoun insects, vocabulary, 342–343 abstract subject creation, 230 interrogatives, 183–190 demonstrative pronoun rules, 30 invariable adjectives, expressions, 224–225 neuter indefi nite article, 26 inversions, yes/no questions, 184 when to use, 49 inverted exclamation point (¡) character, 136 -ir verbs markers irregular gerunds, 112 animal kingdom, 35 irregular verb imperfect tense, 76 defi nite articles, 21–26 past participles, 118 demonstrative adjectives, 28–29 regular verb conditional mood, 86 demonstrative pronouns, 29–30 regular verb conjugations, 51–52 indefi nite articles, 27–28 regular verb future tense, 82 masculine/feminine nouns, 33 regular verb imperfect tense, 76 masculine nouns, 30–33, 39–41 regular verb present subjunctive materials (clothing), vocabulary, 358–359 mood, 89 meals, vocabulary, 347 regular verb preterit tense, 67–68 measures, defi nite article rules, 23 regular verbs, 260 meats, vocabulary, 343 spelling-change verb imperatives, 136 mixed plurals, rules, 37 stem-changing verb preterit tense, 72 months, 11, 31 stem-changing verbs, 59–60 moods -ir with e→i stem-changing verbs, 60, passive voice, 244–245 310–311 refl exive pronoun positioning, 212–213 -ir with i→ie stem-changing verbs, 306–308 versus compound tenses, 117 -ir with o→ue stem-changing verbs, 309 mountains, masculine noun rules, 31 irregular verbs multiples, rules, 10 affi rmative tú commands, 141–142 musical instruments, vocabulary, 355 affi rmative vosotros commands, musical notes, masculine noun rules, 31 146–147 conditional mood, 86–87 names, defi nite article rules, 25 expressions, 316–338 nationality, adjectives, 222 formal command imperatives, 138–139 nature, vocabulary, 357 future tense, 82–83 Index / 369 negative commands, refl exive pronoun possessive pronoun modifi ers, 40–41 positioning, 213 preceding adjective positioning, 227 negatives nouns in apposition, 25, 27 common expressions, 195–196 numbers common words, 193 cardinal, 3–7 comparative uses, 195 fractions, 9–10 conjunctions, 200–201 masculine noun rules, 31 double/triple, 194 multiples, 10 indefi nite adjectives, 198–199 noun rules, 35–37 indefi nite adverbs, 199–200 ordinal, 7–9 indefi nite pronouns, 197–198 plural nouns, 35–37 negating infi nitives, 195 possessive adjectives, 38–40 prefi xes, 196–197 writing conventions, 3 prepositions, 194 numerals rules, 194–195 period (.) character for punctuation, 5 neuter (lo) pronoun, rulers’ titles, 26 article, 27 nuts, vocabulary, 344–345 pronoun, 30, 49, 230 no (“no”, “not”) object of a preposition, infi nitive uses, negating the infi nitive, 153 155–159 negative word, 193, 194–195 object of a verb, infi nitive uses, 154–155 yes/no question answer, 189 object pronouns no/yes questions, interrogatives, 183–184 direct object, 45–46 non-refl exive verbs versus refl exive doubles, 50 verbs, 207 indirect commands, 150–152 nosotros (nosotras), subject pronoun indirect object, 46–49 rules, 43 positioning, 49–50 nouns when to use, 44 adjective plurals, 225–226 ordinal numbers, rules, 7–9 animal kingdom, 35 defi nite article rules, 22 ¿para qué? versus ¿por qué?, 186 demonstrative adjective rules, 28 passive voice equality comparisons, 238 active constructions, 247 feminine, 32–33 compound tenses/moods, 245 following adjective positioning, 226 de (“by”) before an agent, 245 gender markers, 33 prepositional pronouns, 244 gender rules, 22, 30–35 simple tenses/moods, 244–245 indefi nite article rules, 27 substitute constructions, 246–247 inequality comparisons, 238 versus active voice, 243 infi nitive derivations, 160–164 with ser, 243–245 infi nitive uses, 153–159 past participles masculine, 30–32 irregular verbs, 119–120 meaning changed by gender, 33 refl exive verbs, 120 mixed plurals, 37 regular verbs, 118–119 multiple adjective modifi er positioning, when to use, 120 228 past progressive tense, expressions, 113 number exceptions, 36–37 pejoratives, demonstrative adjective numbers, 35–37 rules, 28 plurals, 35–37 perfect infi nitive, expressions, 165 possessive adjective modifi ers, 39–40 370 / Spanish Grammar Handbook period (.) character, numeral punctuation, 5 conjunctions, 101–102 pero (“but,” “however”) versus sino (“but”), impersonal expressions, 95–97 179, 201 indefi nites, 102–103 personal a, preposition expressions, 170–171 irregular verbs, 93–94 personal pronouns regular verbs, 89 direct object pronouns, 45–46 relative clauses, 103 double object pronouns, 50 spelling-change, verbs, 90–91 indirect object pronouns, 46–49 stem-changing verbs, 92–93 lo (neuter), 49 third person commands, 103 object pronouns, 44–50 when to avoid, 103–104 prepositional pronouns, 43–44 when to use, 94–103 subject pronouns, 42–43 present tense places (the house), vocabulary, 340 conjugation, 51–52 places (in town), vocabulary, 348–349 irregular verbs, 63–64 playing fi elds, vocabulary, 356 refl exive verbs, 52–53 pluperfect participle, expressions, 123–124 regular verbs, 51–52 pluperfect subjunctive, expressions, 130–131 spelling-change verbs, 53–56 plural nouns stem-changing verbs, 56–62 number rules, 35–37 when to use, 64–65 -s/es ending, 22 preterit perfect participle, expressions, plurals, adjectives, 225–226, 228 121–123 ¿por qué? versus ¿para qué?, 186 preterit tense possession imperfect tense comparisons, 77–81 possessive adjectives, 38–40 irregular verbs, 73–74 possessive pronouns, 40–41 regular verbs, 67–68 preposition de (“of”), 37–38 spelling-change verbs, 68–71 refl exive pronoun expression, 212 stem-changing verbs, 71–72 repetition avoidance, 38 when to use, 75 possessive adjectives, short/long forms, primero/primer, ordinal number rules, 8, 9 39–40 primero, date rules, 13 possessive pronouns, when to use, 40–41 professions, vocabulary, 352–353 poultry, vocabulary, 343 progressive tenses predicate nouns, infi nitives, 155 conditional progressive, 114–115 prefi xes, negatives, 196–197 future progressive, 114 prepositional pronouns past progressive, 113 passive voice uses, 244 present progressive, 112–113 when to use, 43–44 pronouns prepositions demonstrative, 29–30 common expressions, 176–177 direct object, 45–46 common prepositions, 167–169 double object, 50 contractions, 169 gerund rules, 115–116 interrogative pronouns, 187 indefi nite, 197–198 links, 167 indirect object, 46–49 negative uses, 194 interrogatives, 187–188 perfect infi nitive, 134 lo (neuter), 49 prepositional pronouns, 43–44, 177 object, 44–50 question answers, 191 possessive, 40–41 present perfect participle, 120–121 prepositional, 43–44, 177 present perfect subjunctive, 128–129 refl exive, 211–213 present progressive tense, 112–113 relative, 201–206 present subjunctive mood subject, 42–43 adjectives, 100–101 punctuation, command rules, 136 compounds, 102–103 Index / 371 quantities, vocabulary, 347 -se, refl exive verb conjugations, 52–53 questions seafood, vocabulary, 343–344 hay (“is (are) there?”), 189 seas, masculine noun rules, 31 information, 184–189 seasons, 16, 22 interrogative pronouns, 187–188 ser (“to be”) prepositional uses, 191 irregular verb imperfect tense, 76 yes/no answers, 189 passive voice construction, 243–245 yes/no interrogatives, 183–184 when to use, 66 simple moods real conditions, conditional sentences, conditional, 86–88 132–133 imperfect subjunctive, 104–107 refl exive pronouns, 211–213 passive voice, 244–245 refl exive verbs present subjunctive, 89–104 common verbs, 208–211 refl exive pronoun positioning, 212 conjugation, 52–53 simple tenses idiomatic expressions, 217–218 conjugation, 51–52 non-refl exive in English, 215–216 future tense, 81–83 object pronouns, 151 imperfect tense, 75–81 passive actions, 217 passive voice, 244 past participles, 120 present tense, 51–67 present tense, 52–53 preterit tense, 67–75 reciprocal actions, 217 refl exive pronoun positioning, 212 refl exive and non-refl exive meanings, versus compound tenses, 117 214–215 sino (“but”) versus pero (“but,” “however”), refl exive pronouns, 211–212 179, 201 versus non-refl exive verbs, 207 spelling-change verbs regular verbs affi rmative tú commands, 140 affi rmative tú commands, 140 affi rmative vosotros commands, 145–146 affi rmative vosotros commands, 145 formal command imperatives, 136–137 conditional mood, 86 negative tú commands, 143 conjugation, 51–52 negative vosotros commands, 148 formal command imperatives, 135–136 present subjunctive mood, 90–91 future tense, 81–82 present tense, 53–56 gerunds, 109–110 preterit tense, 68–71 imperfect tense, 75–76 sports, vocabulary, 355, 356 negative tú commands, 142–143 stem-changing verbs negative vosotros commands, 147 affi rmative tú commands, 141 past participles, 118–119 affi rmative vosotros commands, 146 present subjunctive mood, 89 formal command imperatives, 137–138 present tense, 51–52 gerunds, 110–112 preterit tense, 67–68 infi nitive derivations, 160 relative adjectives, 206 negative tú commands, 143–144 relative clauses, present subjunctive mood negative vosotros commands, 148–149 uses, 103 present subjunctive mood, 92–93 relative pronouns, 201–206 present tense, 56–62 relative superlatives, expressions, 239–240 preterit tense, 71–72 rivers, masculine noun rules, 31 subject of a sentence, infi nitives, 153 rulers’ titles, defi nite article rules, 26 subject pronouns, 42–43, 213 subjects (school), vocabulary, 351 schools (classrooms), vocabulary, 350–351 subordinating conjunctions, 179–182 schools (subjects/activities), vocabulary, 351 372 / Spanish Grammar Handbook substitute constructions, passive voice, irregular, 316–338 246–247 negative tú commands, 142–144 superlatives, 239–242 negative vosotros commands, 147–149 object pronoun positioning, 49–50 table setting, vocabulary, 347 past participles, 118–120 temperature, 15–16 perfect infi nitive, 134, 165 tenses, passive voice, 245 pluperfect participle, 123–124 third person commands, present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive, 130–131 mood, 103 present perfect participle, 120–121 time, defi nite article rules, 22 present perfect subjunctive, 128–129 time of day, 16–19 present subjunctive mood, 89–104 titles, defi nite article rules, 25 present, 51–67 transportation, vocabulary, 361 present subjunctive mood uses, 98–100 travel, vocabulary, 361 preterit, 67–75 trees, masculine noun rules, 31 preterit perfect participle, 121–123 triple, multiple rules, 10 progressive tenses, 112–116, refl exive, 120, 151, 214–217 -uar verbs refl exive versus non-refl exive, 53, 207 present subjunctive mood, 93 regular, 258–260 spelling-change verbs, 270–271 spelling-change, 261–286 stem-changing verbs, 61 spelling/stem-changing in present tense, -uir verbs 62 present subjunctive mood, 93 stem-changing, 287–315 spelling-change verbs, 283–284 subjunctive tense sequence, 131–132 stem-changing verbs, 62 vowel + -cer spelling-change verbs, 54–55, 91, unmodifi ed nouns, indefi nite article 272–273 rules, 27 vowel + -cir spelling-change verbs, 54–55, 91, 278–279 vegetables, vocabulary, 344 vowels, adjective plurals, 225–226 -ver irregular verbs imperfect tense, 76 verbs. See also infi nitives weather, 14–16, 364 accents infi nitives, 85 weights, defi nite article rules, 23 affi rmative vosotros commands, 145–147 yes/no questions, 183–184, 189 affi rmative tú commands, 139–142 conditional perfect, 127–128 -zar spelling-change verbs connotation differences, 65–67 imperatives, 137 direct object pronouns, 45 list, 266–267 equality comparisons, 238 present subjunctive mood, 90 formal commands, 135–139 preterit, 68, 70 future perfect participle, 124–126 -zar with i→ie stem-changing verbs, 297–298 future tense, 81–83 -zar with o→ue stem-changing verbs, gerunds, 109–112 299–300 imperfect subjunctive mood, 104–107 -zar with o→üe stem-changing verbs, 301 imperfect tense, 75–81 indirect object pronouns, 47–48 infi nitive derivations, 160–164 infi nitive objects, 154–155 informal commands, 139–150