EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND Zubaydova Nilufar Ne’matullayevna Senior Teacher of Samarkand State Institute of foreign languages, Uzbekistan Zubaydova Nilufar Ne’matullayevna: Effective Ways Of Learning English Grammar: To Exploit Correctly Infinitive And Gerund-- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7). ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: Rules, trouble verbs, sentences . participle (-ing ) , combinations , expressions without gerund , stuff , way and place, were modified by infinitives . ANNOTATION In this article, the person explores the peculiarities of the infinitive and gerund and also the proper use of them. The article describes the cases in which the horse-specific forms of the verb occur, as well as the differences and similarities. 1. Introduction Gerunds and infinitives can replace a noun in a sentence. Gerund = the present participle (-ing) form of the verb, e.g., singing, dancing, running. Infinitive = to + the base form of the verb, e.g., to sing, to dance, to run. Whether you use a gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the sentence. I expect to have the results of the operation soon. (Infinitive) I anticipate having the research completed eventually. (Gerund) Body Gerunds can be used after certain verbs including enjoy, fancy, discuss, dislike, finish, mind, suggest, recommend, keep, and avoid. 1) After prepositions of place and time. I made dinner before getting home. He looked unhappy after seeing his work schedule. 2) To replace the subject or object of a sentence Lachlan likes eating coconut oil. Jumping off a cliff is dangerous, but a real thrill. Infinitives can be used after certain verbs including agree, ask, decide, help, plan, hope, learn, want, would like, and promise. 1) After many adjectives: It is hard to make dinner this late. I find it difficult to describe my feelings about writing research essays. 2) To show purpose: 8502 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) I left for Russia to study Russian. I came to the office to solve the mystery of the missing keys. Imagine you are in an American city. While standing along the street, you hear someone asking for directions. The word way, meaning the method in which something is done, is often used when asking questions or giving advice. So a student might ask a teacher, "Is there a better way to write this sentence?" Unstated and Stated Subjects You might notice that there is something missing from our examples. One feature of adjectival infinitives – the technical term for today's program – is that the subject is not stated. The subject is understood; it is the object in a prepositional phrase. This information comes from Martha Kolln, an expert on English grammar. Consider our earlier example: "That wasn't a nice thing to say." The understood, or unstated subject, is the word you. You is the object of an understood prepositional phrase, for you. The entire sentence, if it had all of these elements, would read: "That wasn't a nice thing [for you] to say." Our other example, ""This seems like a great place to eat!" could become "This seems like a great place [for me/for us] to eat!" Now you can understand why native speakers sometimes do not always state the subject. It makes the sentence longer, and it might not add much information. Infinitives in conversations Think back to the exchange you heard at the beginning of this program. "What's the best way to get to the airport?" "Continue straight and take the second right. It will only take about five minutes." Thanks! I'm running late - I hope I can find a place to park!. Take care! "Bye!" You will recognize that two of the nouns we discussed, way and place, were modified by infinitives. The first speaker said, "What's the best way to get to the airport?" The speaker could have said "What's the best way [for me] to get to the airport?" But as you have heard, English speakers will leave out the subject when the meaning is clear. What can you do? The nouns and infinitives we have studied today can be used in almost any situation, with the exception of stuff. While it would be acceptable to use stuff when talking to friends or family, you would not use it when speaking with someone important, especially if you did not know the person well. Stuff is not an offensive word, but it is an informal one. The next time you are reading, watching, or listening to something in English, try to notice the noun + infinitive structures we have discussed today. Ask yourself how speakers use these structures in different situations. Try using these structures whenever you get the chance. Remember: practice is the best way to improve. 8503 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) 2. Main part What is a gerund and why do you need to know? Maybe it would be better to answer the second part of the question first so that you have some motivation to identify gerunds. If you are able to pick the gerund(s) out in your sentence, you will avoid a grammar gaffe that often goes unnoticed even by seasoned editors. Is your curiosity at least somewhat piqued? Gerunds, also called verbal nouns, are formed when verbs have -ing added to them and are used as nouns. Examples: Walking is great exercise. Hiking up that steep mountain seems impossible. Talking more about this will not change my mind. Note that in each of the examples above, the -ing word—the gerund—acted as the subject of the sentence. Gerunds, like other nouns, may also act as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of the preposition. Examples: We like talking on the phone every night. (direct object) I give him credit for talking. (object of the preposition for) It is helpful to recognize gerunds because if a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it is usually best to use the possessive form of that noun or pronoun. Correct: My running ahead bothered him. Incorrect: Me running ahead bothered him. Correct: Their separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Incorrect: Them separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Examples: Alex’s skating was a joy to behold. Ben’s walking improved once his ankle healed. The girl’s dancing won her a trip to Hawaii. What is a gerund and why do you need to know? Maybe it would be better to answer the second part of the question first so that you have some motivation to identify gerunds. If you are able to pick the gerund(s) out in your sentence, you will avoid a grammar gaffe that often goes unnoticed even by seasoned editors. Is your curiosity at least somewhat piqued? Gerunds, also called verbal nouns, are formed when verbs have -ing added to them and are used as nouns. Examples: Walking is great exercise. Hiking up that steep mountain seems impossible. Talking more about this will not change my mind. Note that in each of the examples above, the -ing word—the gerund—acted as the subject of the sentence. Gerunds, like other nouns, may also act as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of the preposition. Examples: We like talking on the phone every night. (direct object) I give him credit for talking. (object of the preposition for) 8504 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR: TO EXPLOIT CORRECTLY INFINITIVE AND GERUND PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) It is helpful to recognize gerunds because if a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it is usually best to use the possessive form of that noun or pronoun. Correct: My running ahead bothered him. Incorrect: Me running ahead bothered him. Correct: Their separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Incorrect: Them separating does not mean they won’t continue to be good parents to their three children. Examples: Alex’s skating was a joy to behold. Ben’s walking improved once his ankle healed. The girl’s dancing won her a trip to Hawaii. It is a well-known problem today to identify ways to learn English and its grammar quickly and effectively, and to apply its use in practice. The reason is that English is a language in global demand, and every year more and more young people and adults want to learn it as a foreign language or a second language. Unfortunately, most elementary learners get confused in grammar. Although many manuals on English grammar have been found, learners have difficulty learning certain topics of grammar clearly and quickly. This condition is observed not only in schoolchildren but also in adults. One of the grammatical topics that confuses so many people is infinitive and gerund. These are not difficult topics. However, some learners make the mistake of using them in place of each other. In fact, it is necessary to study them thoroughly through certain procedures and rules. First clarify what the gerund and infinitive are. Making the gerund and infinitive. Gerund Infinitive (Not) doing (Not) to do Active Simple doing Simple to do Perfect having done Perfect to have done Continuous doing Continuous to be doing Passive Simple being done Simple to be done Perfect having been done Perfect to have been done Active simple — indicates the name of the action performed by the owner.