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Fria New Town Fria 174 Fria New Town Fria (GN) Michel Écochard; Guy Lagneau, Michel Weill & Jean Dimitrijevic; Michel Kalt, Daniel Pouradier-Duteil & Pierre Vignal Fria New Town: Fria, ten zuiden & Pierre Vignal (rijwoningen voor Plangebied/Area: 275 ha Bronnen/Sources: Africa’, ABE Journal, nr./no. 4 van de N21 ter hoogte van Tabossi, Afrikaanse arbeiders/row houses Bewonersdichtheid/Inhabitant ‘Sabendé: Ville Nouvelle en Guinee’, (2013) (geraadpleegd 1 mei 2015/ Guinee/south of the N21 near for African workers) density: 72/ha L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, accessed 1 May 2015) Tabossi, Guinee/Guinea Opdrachtgever/Client: Péchiney Voorzieningen/Amenities: winkels, nr./no. 88 (1960), 96-101 Ontwerp/Design: Michel Écochard (alumiumfabriek/aluminium factory) bioscoop, school, stadion, hotel/ ‘Guinée, Cité de Sabendé’, Archi- (stedenbouwkundig plan/urban Ontwerp-oplevering/Design shops, cinema, school, stadium, tecture d’Aujourd’hui, nr./no. 80 plan), Guy Lagneau, Michel Weill & completion: 1956-1964 hotel (1958), 102-103 Jean Dimitrijevic (hoogbouwflats/ Aantal bewoners/Number of Kim de Raedt, ‘Shifting Conditions, high-rise apartment buildings), inhabitants: 19.682 Frameworks and Approaches: Michel Kalt, Daniel Pouradier-Duteil (ontwerp)/19,682 (design) The Work of KPDV in Postcolonial Binnenplaats in buurt II Global Housing Courtyard in Neighbourhood II Woningbouw wereldwijd DASH Dash12-13 binnenwerk.indd 174 15/12/15 10:45 Fria in Guinee is een goed voorbeeld van Franse, laat- Fria, in Guinea, is a prime example of French late-colonial DASH koloniale industriële New Town-planning. Fria werd industrial New Town planning. It was designed and built tussen 1956 en 1964 vanuit het niets ontworpen en from scratch between 1956 and 1964 to house both the gebouwd om zowel het hogere personeel als de arbei- senior staff and workers of a new bauxite extraction and ders van de nieuwe bauxiet- en aluminiumfabriek van aluminium production plant owned by the French company de Franse firma Péchiney te huisvesten. De planning en Péchiney. The planning and construction of a factory that bouw van een fabriek die, zo was de bedoeling, maar was projected to produce no less than 15 per cent of the liefst 15 procent van de totale wereldwijde aluminium- world’s total aluminium stock came, not coincidentally, at voorraad zou produceren, viel niet toevallig samen met the moment when soon-to-be President Ahmed Sékou Touré het moment waarop aankomend president Ahmed Sékou called upon the Guinean people to vote for total independence, Touré de Guineese bevolking opriep vóór volledige and thus refuse to become part of the Communauté Française. onafhankelijkheid te stemmen en te weigeren deel te Discursively, Fria was presented as one of the key engines of gaan uitmaken van de Communauté française. De aan leg industrialization and urbanization in Guinea, and as such the van Fria werd beargumenteerd vanuit de gedachte dat locus par excellence of postcolonial social and economic zich hier een van de belangrijkste motoren van de fulfilment.1 Simultaneously, however, taking responsibility of Guineese industrialisatie en verstedelijking zou gaan the planning of Fria and assuming ownership of the aluminium bevinden. Bij uitstek de plaats dus waar de postkoloniale plant allowed France, through Péchiney, to regulate the maatschappelijke en economische belofte in vervulling modernizing process, all the while protecting its economic zou gaan.1 Maar tegelijkertijd nam Frankrijk via Péchiney interests in Africa in view of the imminent secession. This de verantwoordelijkheid voor de planning van Fria op ambiguity, between emancipatory socioeconomic responsibility zich en eigende zich de aluminiumfabriek toe, om het and control, translates on different levels of Fria’s planning moderniseringsproces te reguleren en bovendien de and design. Franse economische belangen in Afrika te verdedigen Since the aluminium plant was located 150 km from the met het oog op de naderende afscheiding. Deze dubbel- nearest city – the capital Conakry – it was essential for the zinnigheid – tussen emancipatoire, sociaal-economische new town to be entirely self-sufficient for its 20,000 projected verantwoordelijkheid en controle – is op verschillende inhabitants. The master planning of the town was entrusted niveaus terug te vinden in de planning en het ontwerp to famous French planner and architect Michel Écochard. In van Fria. line with the modernist principles of functional zoning pre- Omdat de aluminiumfabriek 150 km was verwijderd scribed by the Charter of Athens,2 Fria is located on a plateau van de dichtstbijzijnde stad (de hoofdstad Conakry) was at about 1.5 km south of the factory.3 The administrative, het essentieel dat de nieuwe stad zelf volledig zou kunnen commercial and recreational functions are grouped and voorzien in de behoeften van haar naar verwachting placed centrally between four distinct housing pockets each 20.000 inwoners. De planning van de stad werd toever- providing for about 5,000 dwellers. Circulation is strictly trouwd aan de beroemde Franse architect en steden- subdivided according to speed and volume.4 Finally, a bouwkundige Michel Écochard. Fria is in overeenstem- system of radiating green zones connects the housing units ming met de modernistische principes van functionele with each other and links them to the town centre, which is zonering uit het Charter van Athene2 op een plateau marked by three high rise apartment buildings designed by ongeveer 1,5 km ten zuiden van de fabriek gelegen.3 the office of French architects Guy Lagneau, Michel Weill De administratieve, commerciële en recreatieve func- and Jean Dimitrijevic (Atelier LWD).5 The low-rise dwellings ties liggen centraal gegroepeerd tussen vier afzonder- for African workers were, in turn, designed by the young lijke woonenclaves die elk circa 5.000 bewoners kunnen architecture collaborative of Michel Kalt, David Pouradier- huisvesten. Het verkeer is strikt gescheiden naar snelheid Duteil and Pierre Vignal (KPDV). en volume.4 Een systeem van radiaal meanderende KPDV designed three different plan types for African groene zones verbindt de woningen met elkaar en met worker families. Within each housing pocket, the dwellings het stadscentrum, dat is voorzien van drie opvallende are organized around a secondary commercial centre and a woontorenflats naar ontwerp van de Franse architecten primary school, and lavishly surrounded by open space and Guy Lagneau, Michel Weill en Jean Dimitrijevic (Atelier greenery. While a Type B dwelling is designed as a typical LWD).5 De laagbouwwoningen voor de Afrikaanse Western European terraced house, with living spaces on the arbeiders zijn ontworpen door een jong architectuur- ground floor and bedrooms on the first floor, Type A and Type collectief, bestaande uit Michel Kalt, David Pouradier- C dwellings are designed so as to mitigate the process of Duteil en Pierre Vignal (KPDV). social modernization by providing space for traditional habits KPDV ontwierp drie verschillende plattegronden voor and social customs. On one side, they give out onto small Afrikaanse arbeidersgezinnen. Binnen elk huis vestings- public spaces concentrating social and civic life, while on cluster waren de woningen georganiseerd rondom een the other side the private gardens open onto green espaces secundair commercieel centrum en een basisschool, libres where more informal encounters and domestic activities en royaal omringd door open ruimte en groen. De huizen can take place. By thus providing a double orientation to the van het B-type waren ontworpen als typisch West-Euro- individual housing unit, male and female living areas are pese rijtjeshuizen met woonruimte op de begane grond explicitly demarcated. This sensitivity and attention for the en slaapkamers op de verdieping; de huizen van het local can be traced back to Michel Kalt’s experience as a A-type en C-type waren zo ontworpen dat ze het maat- dissertation student at the Paris Beaux-Arts Academy. In schappelijke aanpassingsproces verzachtten door ruimte 1949, he undertook a six-month study trip to Cameroon with te bieden aan traditionele gewoonten. Aan de ene kant six fellow students, documenting traditional ways of building kwamen ze uit op kleine openbare ruimten waar zich het and living.6 Besides the double orientation of the houses, sociale en burgerlijke leven kon afspelen; aan de andere the arrangement of rooms around a centrally positioned kant kwamen de privétuinen uit op groene espaces veranda or living room, for instance, mirror Kalt’s observa tions libres waar informele en huishoudelijke activiteiten of dwelling compounds in northern Cameroon, while the 175 konden plaatsvinden. De aldus gecreëerde dubbele semi-outdoor kitchen opening onto the private garden is Dash12-13 binnenwerk.indd 175 15/12/15 10:45 oriëntatie van de woningen resulteerde in expliciet inspired by African female customs in the preparation of 176 afgebakende leefruimten voor mannen en vrouwen. food. Deze gevoeligheid en dit oog voor het lokale kunnen Both Écochard’s master plan and KPDV’s design of the worden teruggevoerd op Michel Kalts ervaringen als different dwelling types reflect the ambiguity of the promise doctoraalstudent aan de Parijse Académie des Beaux- of social fulfilment and welfare embedded in the New Town Arts. In 1949 maakte hij met zes medestudenten een project of Fria. While Écochard’s scheme neatly separates studiereis van zes maanden naar Kameroen om daar the villas for the senior staff from the workers’ housing by a traditionele manieren van bouwen
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