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De “Geografische Blik” Van Architectuurtijdschriften De Presentatie Van Afrika En Latijns-Amerika in L’Architecture D’Aujourd’Hui (1945-1975)

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De “Geografische Blik” Van Architectuurtijdschriften De Presentatie Van Afrika En Latijns-Amerika in L’Architecture D’Aujourd’Hui (1945-1975) De “geografische blik” van architectuurtijdschriften De presentatie van Afrika en Latijns-Amerika in L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (1945-1975) Annelies Cornelis Promotor: prof. dr. ir.-arch. Johan Lagae Begeleiders: dr. Rika Devos, dr. ir.-arch. Fredie Floré Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: architectuur Vakgroep Architectuur en stedenbouw Voorzitter: prof. dr. Bart Verschaffel Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2008-2009 De “geografische blik” van architectuurtijdschriften De presentatie van Afrika en Latijns-Amerika in L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (1945-1975) Annelies Cornelis Promotor: prof. dr. ir.-arch. Johan Lagae Begeleiders: dr. Rika Devos, dr. ir.-arch. Fredie Floré Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: architectuur Vakgroep Architectuur en stedenbouw Voorzitter: prof. dr. Bart Verschaffel Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2008-2009 Voorwoord Dit onderzoek bouwt voort op een Bijzonder Vraagstuk uit het academiejaar 2007-2008, dat mijn interesse in architectuurtijdschriften aanwakkerde. Ik dank in eerste instantie mijn promotor Johan Lagae voor de vele begeleidingsmomenten, evenals mijn begeleidsters Rika Devos en Fredie Floré. Ik dank ook mijn medestudenten voor het beschikbaar stellen van hun materiaal uit het Bijzonder Vraagstuk. Tot slot dank ik mijn familie voor hun steun en het nalezen van de teksten. De auteur geeft de toelating deze masterproef voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen van de masterproef te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting de bron uitdrukkelijk te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit deze masterproef. Overzicht De “geografische blik” van architectuurtijdschriften De presentatie van Afrika en Latijns-Amerika in L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (1945- 1975) Annelies Cornelis Promotor: prof. dr. ir.-arch. Johan Lagae Begeleiders: dr. Rika Devos, dr. ir.-arch. Fredie Floré Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: architectuur Samenvatting Aan de hand van de geografische blik van L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui wil deze studie de waarde van architectuurtijdschriften aantonen voor de historicus. Uit het onderzoek zal immers blijken dat de manier waarop het tijdschrift omgaat met Latijns-Amerika en Afrika een invloed heeft gehad op de manier waarop de architectuurgeschiedenis naar deze gebieden kijkt. Er wordt ingegaan op de agenda achter de redactionele politiek, de verschillende benadering van Afrika en Latijns-Amerika en hoe dat tot uiting komt in een aantal concrete themanummers en artikels. Door de omgang met de geografische gebieden naast een aantal andere architectuurkritische en –historische werken te plaatsen wordt duidelijk welke impact de geografische blik van L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui heeft gehad op de architectuurgeschiedenis zoals wij ze vandaag kennen. Trefwoorden: architectuurtijdschriften, L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, Afrika, Latijns- Amerika Extended Abstract The Geographical Scope of Architectural Magazines The Presentation of Africa and Latin America in L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (1945-1975) When the French architectural magazine L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui hard critical articles, L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui surely made a ceased to appear last year, it seemed like the end of an era. Since it critical statement about current architectural tendencies through their made its first appearance in 1931, major changes have occurred in selection of projects. In the same way the geographical selection of architectural history. Several generations of architects grew up with projects was not only a consequence of political and economical L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui and trusted it as their guide through the international relations but also a conscious promotion of certain foreign international architectural practice. examples as models for the French architects. The influence architectural magazines can have on contemporary Apart from that, L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui has also proven to be an architects but also on architectural historians, makes it important to inexhaustible source of information for the architectural historian. Most establish how these magazines functioned. Which mechanisms operated likely, architectural critics like William Curtis1 browsed through inside the editorial machine that produced these magazines every two magazines like L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui to gather the information month? What external influences defined the international scope? they needed to write their vast survey on architectural history. From this point of view architectural magazines aren’t just important sources of A thorough study of the editorial staff and its relationship to historical information but they are also an inseparable part of history. It international organizations like the International Union of Architects2 is through their selection of projects and through their geographical has shown that L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui was first and foremost a scope that they helped define international architecture. If not through magazine with a wide interest in architectural projects. It was not the 1 See CURTIS William, Modern Architecture since 1900, Phaidon, 2 Union International des Architectes, U.I.A., founded in 1948 as a London/New York, 1996 (First edition, Phaidon, Oxfod, 1982) coordinating organization for the architectural associations all over the world. instrument of one man or one doctrine. This becomes obvious through “the Mediterranean” but also through the position French architects the study of the “comité de patronage”, which was ultimately no more were able to acquire in the colonial areas. The colonial context offered or no less than a billboard that gave L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui the new opportunities to these architects, who considered the French legitimacy it needed. This “comité” consisted of a wide variety of overseas areas to be laboratories where new theories and models could figures, from the precursors of modern architecture like Auguste Perret be tested. to the younger generation of architects that followed after the great The particular fascinations of the editorial members resulted in articles modern masters of the ‘20s. Through the conscious “advertisement” of about the integration of sculpture and painting into architecture, a topic this “comité”, L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui epitomized that it was not which director André Bloc was specifically sensitive to. the vehicle of one organization. But behind this anti-doctrinal pose might just be a doctrine against the uniform modernism that was These brief examples give a hint of how a magazine like L’Architecture thriving in Europe. d’Aujourd’hui can be used to distill a particular geographical hierarchy A geographical study of L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui showed that that was dominant in the Western architectural history during the ‘50s apart from economical and political conditions, the scope of the and ‘60s. By comparing this to contemporary and more recent critical magazine was also defined by the French colonial context and by the overviews, it becomes clear to what extent magazines like particular interests of the editorial members. This explains blind spots L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui have influenced what we came to see as and areas of high interest on the map of published projects. the history of modern architecture. On the African continent for instance, the countries north of the Sahara were granted more interest than the countries in what is traditionally described as “l’Afrique Noire”.3 This can be explained through the geographical position of these countries, in what has been described as 3 For a critical review of the geographical demarcation of what French literature refers to as “l’Afrique Noire” see CORNEVIN Robert, L’Afrique Noire de 1919 à nos jours, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1973, pp. 5- 6 Inhoudstafel Hoofdstuk 1 Inleiding 1.1 L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui als internationaal magazine 1.2 Periodisering 1.3 Opbouw van de tekst Hoofdstuk 2 De redactionele politiek 2.1 Het triumviraat van L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 2.2 L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui na André Bloc 2.3 Het comité de patronage en haar representatie van L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 2.4 L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui en de “Union Internationale des Architectes” 2.5 Hoe ver gaat de internationaliteit en de ruimdenkendheid ? Hoofdstuk 3 De benadering van Afrika en Latijns-Amerika 3.1 De invloed van politieke en economische machtsverhoudingen 3.2 De Franse blik van L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 3.3 De redactionele blik : alternatieven voor het “functionalistische universalisme” 3.4 De weerspiegeling van de geografische blik in het netwerk van correspondenten Hoofdstuk 4 Kritische bespreking 4.1 Themanummers en dossiers Latijns Amerika 4.1.1 Brazilië 4.1.2 Mexico 4.1.3 Venezuela Afrika 4.1.4 Noord-Afrika 4.1.5 Subsaharisch Afrika 4.2 Losse bijdragen 4.2.1 Luchthavens 4.2.2 Onderwijs Hoofdstuk 5 Conclusie Hoofdstuk 1 Inleiding 1. Etrange magazine, que celui qui marche à côté de l’histoire, étranges images, qui gardent malgré elles les couleurs du temps.1 Eenieder die zich de moeite getroost de meer dan driehonderd nummers die L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui in de loop van haar bestaan uitbracht, ter hand te nemen, zal versteld staan hoe weinig tijd, hoe weinig geschiedenis
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