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The Peter Martyr Library Volume Eight Predestination and Justification

i

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Editors of the Peter Martyr Library, Series One

General Editors John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., Frank A. James III, Joseph C. McLelland

Editorial Committee W. J. Torrance Kirby, William J. Klempa, Paula Presley, Robert V. Schnucker

Editorial Board

Irena Backus Alister E. McGrath Institut d’histoire de la Réformation Wycliffe Hall Université de Genève Oxford University

Peter S. Bietenholz John McIntyre University of Saskatchewan University of Edinburgh

Fritz Büsser H. Wayne Pipkin Institut für Schweizer Associated Mennonite Biblical Reformationsgeschichte, Zurich Seminaries, Elkhart, Indiana

Emidio Campi Jill Raitt Institut für Schweizer University of Missouri, Columbia Reformationsgeschichte, Zurich

Richard C. Gamble Pamela D. Stewart Reformed Theological Seminary McGill University, Montreal

Robert M. Kingdon John Tedeschi Institute for Research in the Humanities University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison

John H. Leith† Thomas F. Torrance Union Theological Seminary of Virginia University of Edinburgh

Diarmaid MacCullough John Vissers St. Cross College, Oxford University The Presbyterian College, Montreal

Michael Percival-Maxwell Cesare Vasoli McGill University, Montreal Università di Firenze The Peter Martyr Library Volume Eight

Predestination and Justification

Two Theological Loci

Peter Martyr Vermigli Translated and Edited with Introduction and Notes by Frank A. James III

VOLUME LXVIII SIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI USA N 2003

Title Page

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Habent sua fata libeli

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Vermigli, Pietro Martire, 1499–1562. [In Epistolam S. Pavli apostoli ad Romanos. English] Predestination and justification : two theological loci / Peter Martyr Vermigli ; translated and edited with introduction and notes by Frank A. James III. p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 68) (The Peter Martyr library ; ser. 1, v. 8) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 1-931112-27-4 (Cloth : alk. paper) 1. Bible. N.T. Romans—Commentaries. I. James, Frank A. II. Title. III. Series. BS2665.53V4713 2003 234'.9—dc21 2003007963

Cover art and title page by Teresa Wheeler, Truman State University designer Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan, USA Text is set in Adobe Minion 10/13; display in Hadfield-DTC

Copyright © 2003 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, MI, USA. The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Stan- dard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.

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Contents

Abbreviations Used in This Volume ...... ix General Editors’ Preface ...... xi Translator’s Preface ...... xii Translator’s Introduction ...... xv

Part One Locus on Predestination

Prolegomena ...... 3 Should Predestination Be Taught?...... 3 Does Predestination Exist? ...... 10

Article 1: The Nature and Definition of Predestination ...... 15 The Nature of Predestination...... 15 The Definition of Predestination ...... 19 The Definition of Reprobation...... 23

Article 2: The Cause of Predestination...... 25 The Fourfold Cause of Predestination...... 26 Are Foreseen Good Works the Cause of Predestination? ...... 27 Testimony from the Church Fathers ...... 40 Contra Pighius ...... 40

Article 3: The Effects of Predestination ...... 51 Is Grace Universal? ...... 53 Is Grace Sufficient? ...... 58 Arguments to the Contrary ...... 60

Article 4: The Necessity of Predestination ...... 68 Is Necessity Imposed upon Us? ...... 69 Does Necessity Hinder Free Will? ...... 73 Does Foreknowledge Cancel God’s Justice? ...... 82

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viii Contents

Part Two Locus on Justification

Prolegomena ...... 87 Justification ...... 87 Faith ...... 88 Works ...... 95

Proposition 1: Justification Is Not by Works ...... 96 Proof from Paul’s Letter to the Romans ...... 97 Proof from Paul’s Other Letters...... 106 Proof from Other Scriptures ...... 111 Objections to Proposition 1 ...... 115 Proof from the Church Fathers ...... 143 Proof from Church Councils ...... 152

Proposition 2: Justification Is by Faith ...... 160 Proof from Paul’s Letter to the Romans ...... 160 Proof from Paul’s Other Letters...... 165 Proof from Other Scriptures ...... 169 Objections to Proposition 2 ...... 172 Proof from the Church Fathers ...... 205 Proof from the Church Councils ...... 217

Proposition 3: Justification Is by Faith Alone ...... 218 Contra Richard Smith...... 218 Proof from the Church Fathers ...... 228

About the Editor and Translator ...... 231

Scripture References...... 232

Classical Patristic, and Medieval References ...... 237

Index ...... 239

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Abbreviations Used in This Volume

CAS Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man and Grace. John Patrick Donnelly. Leiden: Brill, 1976. COR In Selectissimam D. Pauli Priorem ad Corinth. epistolam Commentarii. Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1551. DIAL Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ. Trans. and ed. John Patrick Don- nelly, S.J. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 2. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Cen- tury Journal Publishers, 1995. EW Early Writings: Creed, Scripture, Church. Trans. Mario Di Gangi and Joseph C. McLelland. Ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 1. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1994. HRR Peter Martyr Vermigli: Humanism, Republicanism, Reformation / Petrus Martyr Vermigli: Humanismus, Republikanismus, Reformation. Ed. Emidio Campi in cooperation with Frank A. James III and Peter Opitz. Geneva: Droz, 2002. LC Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli. London: R. Masson, 1576; Basle: P. Perna, 1580–82 (3 vols.). LLS Life, Letters, and Sermons. Trans. John Patrick Donnelly, S.J. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 5. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1998. LPJ Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah. Trans. and ed. Daniel Shute. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 6. Kirksville, Mo.: Truman State University Press, 2002. OL Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation. 2 vols. Trans. and ed. Hastings Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Parker Society, 1846–47. OTD Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, 1549. Trans. and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 7. Kirksville, Mo.: Truman State University Press, 1995. PG Patralogiae cursus completus … series Graeca. 161 vols. Ed. J. P. Migne. Paris, 1857–96. Indices 1912. PL Patralogiae cursus completus … series Latina. 221 vols. Ed. J. P. Migne. Paris, 1844–64. Supplements 1–5, Paris, 1958–74. PMI Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy. Phillip M. J. McNair. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

ix

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x Predestination & Justification

PMRE Peter Martyr: A Reformer in Exile (1542–1562): A Chronology of Biblical Writings in England and Europe. Marvin W. Anderson. Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1975. PPRED Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Frank A. James III. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. PW Philosophical Works: On the Relation of Philosophy to Theology. Trans. and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 4. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1996. ROM In Epistolam S. Pauli Apostoli ad Romanos commentarij doctissimi. Peter Martyr Vermigli. Basel: P. Perna, 1558. VWG The Visible Words of God: An Exposition of the Sacramental Theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli. Joseph C. McLelland. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1957; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.

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General Editors’ Preface

he reputation of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) rests largely on his role T in the Sacramentarian controversies of his time. This partial perception dis- torts his career as biblical exegete. Volume 6 in our Library, Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah, presents one of Vermigli’s lecture series pre- sented after he left Italy to join Martin Bucer at Strasbourg. The present volume turns to Vermigli’s next academic appointment, as regius professor of divinity at Oxford. He chose to lecture on Romans to address the ills of church and society, a fitting complement to his lectures on 1 Corinthians. The present book consists of only two of the treatises contained in Martyr’s large and influential Romans commentary; they are among the longest of his loci—those “commonplace” devices in vogue from the later Middle Ages and used increasingly by Martyr in his lectures, at least in their published form. These two are full-blown tracts, methodically developed and seeking to cover the chief “heads of doctrine.” The doctrines of predestination and justification are familiar shorthand for the Reformed faith. Each formed the center of a minor war of words and confer- ences, pitting the Reformed against Roman, Lutheran, and Anabaptist opponents. It is fortunate that in Frank James we have a scholar well acquainted with both topics and with Vermigli’s texts. Dr. James has studied and commented on them through many years and two doctorates; we are proud to introduce his first con- tribution to our Library through two of Vermigli’s substantive texts on disputed questions. As Dr. James’s introduction makes clear, the polemical context informs Vermigli’s teaching and provides foils for his attack. Here we meet such adversar- ies as Richard Smith of Oxford and Calvin’s old foe Albert Pighius as well as the Tridentine doctors. With this volume, series 1 of our Library is two-thirds complete. The remain- ing books are commentaries, on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics and on the bibli- cal books of Genesis, Romans, and 1 Corinthians. Series 2 is in the planning stage. We hope that these translations of Martyr’s writings will encourage scholars to engage this admirable theologian and will show why he is a significant if neglected player on the complex stage of the Reformation. John Patrick Donnelly, S.J. Joseph C. McLelland

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Translator’s Preface

redestination and justification are two of the most distinctive doctrines associ- Pated with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. This volume presents Peter Martyr Vermigli’s most extensive discussions on these controversial theological principles, drawn from his monumental commentary on the Apostle Paul’s letter to the Romans. It has long been my goal to understand the theologi- cal dynamics in Vermigli’s ecclesiastical transformation from a Roman Catholic theologian to a Protestant theologian. Two theological loci, one on predestination and the other on justification, provide important avenues by which one may gain insight into that profound transformation. Not only did these two doctrines play a significant role in Vermigli’s decision to abandon Rome; they also became the theological realms (besides sacramental theology) in which Vermigli made his most important contributions to the theol- ogy of the Reformed branch of Protestantism. Having access to these two loci will enable scholars of the sixteenth century to gain additional insight into the theo- logical and biblical thinking of one of the formative thinkers of the Reformation and, perhaps most importantly, allow a glimpse into the theological diversity among the early Reformers. My early scholarly effort on Vermigli, a doctoral dis- sertation at Oxford University on the historical origins of his doctrine of predesti- nation, brought unconventional conclusions. I expected to find a viewpoint that mirrored Calvin’s, but found instead a theological perspective largely inspired by a fourteenth-century Augustinian, Gregory of Rimini. It seemed that Heiko A. Oberman’s quest for a theological link between the early reformation and the late medieval schola Augustiniana moderna had been found in Vermigli. My interest in Vermigli was sufficient to inspire yet another doctoral disserta- tion, this time in theology at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. The goal was to delve deeply into one of the most distinctive Protestant doc- trines—justification—and to measure Vermigli’s understanding against other great theological views of his day—Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed. Again, expectations as to what Vermigli would say on the topic had to be reconfigured. I anticipated that he would be in conformity with the Lutherans and Reformed against the Catholics. Instead, what emerged from the research was a much more nuanced understanding of justification. Vermigli did retain some of the features of the Catholic Reform movement in Italy, especially those of the group associ- ated with Juan de Valdés. It may sound obvious from the distance of nearly five

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Translator’s Preface xiii

centuries, but Vermigli, while clearly indebted to Luther, was not a Lutheran on the matter of justification, nor for that matter, were many of his Reformed col- leagues such as Calvin, Bullinger, and Bucer. The doctrinal divide that became apparent over time was evident early on in Vermigli’s doctrine of justification. One of the lasting impressions gained from research into Vermigli’s thought is his profound biblical orientation. In some ways, that is his lasting legacy. If one had asked Peter Martyr how he would like to be remembered, he might have pointed to his Bible and stated that he wanted only to promulgate the teaching of Scripture. More work needs to be done on his theology, especially on his biblical commentaries. To that end, the Peter Martyr Library editorial committee is now focusing on translations of his commentaries. Special thanks to the managing editor of the Peter Martyr Library, Paula Presley, whose untiring efforts and high standards make this a superb series. Finally, I thank my graduate assistant Kate Maynard for her efforts on behalf of this project and Daniel Timmerman of the Theologische Universiteit Apeldoorn for help in identifying obscure references. I owe a great debt to my colleagues Pat Donnelly and Joe McLelland, who have provided enormous assistance in the preparation of this volume. I am over- come with gratitude for the generosity and support of this American Jesuit and Canadian Presbyterian. I am especially grateful for their assistance in composi- tion of footnote references. This dedication is a small token of my affection and appreciation for these two extraordinary colleagues. Frank A. James III Orlando, Florida Feast Day of St. Nino 15 December 2002

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Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) by Hans Asper (1499–1571), painted 1560. Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London

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Predestination and Justification: Two Theological Loci

Translator’s Introduction

Prologue t is a measure of Peter Martyr Vermigli’s influence in England that his regal I portrait by Hans Asper is included in the National Portrait Gallery in London.1 The piercing brown eyes of a rather handsome Peter Martyr look beyond the con- fines of his gilded frame as he points to his Bible. This portrait captures some- thing of the true spirit of this Italian theologian. It is as if, in full academic regalia, he is instructing his students to concentrate their undivided attention upon this book alone, much as he urged in his Oxford oration: “Let us immerse ourselves constantly in the sacred Scriptures, let us work at reading them, and by the gift of Christ’s Spirit the things that are necessary for salvation will be for us clear, direct, and completely open.”2 Vermigli’s fame rested in large part on his erudite biblical commentaries. Wherever his journey led him, he could be found lecturing on the biblical text, whether in his earlier career as a Catholic theologian lecturing monks in Naples and Lucca, or later in Protestant academies in Strasbourg, Zurich, or Oxford. During his lifetime his lectures on 1 Corinthians, Romans, and Judges were pub- lished; his lectures on Genesis, Lamentations, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings were published posthumously.3 Although Vermigli had wide-ranging theological and polemical interests to which he devoted many pages, there is little doubt that his primary calling was as a biblical commentator.4 Along with Calvin and Bullin- ger, Vermigli was among the leading representatives of the Reformed tradition of

1Torrance Kirby, “Vermilius Absconditus? The Iconography of Peter Martyr Vermigli,” HRR, 295– 303; painting is reproduced on facing page. 2From Martyr’s “Exhortation for Youths to Study Sacred Letters,” LLS, 281. 3Cf. Klaus Sturm, Die Theologie Peter Martyr Vermiglis während seines ersten Aufenthalts in Strassburg 1542–1547 (Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1971), 30–37. 4Frank A. James III, “Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562)” in Historical Handbook of Major Bibli- cal Interpreters, ed. Donald McKim (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1998), 239–45. Cf. John L. Thompson, “The Survival of Allegorical Argumentation in Peter Martyr Vermigli’s Old Testament Exegesis,” in Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation, ed. Richard A. Muller and John L. Thompson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), 255–58.

xv

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xvi Translator’s Introduction

Protestant biblical commentators.5 To begin to understand Martyr one must appreciate that he was first and foremost a man of the book—a biblical scholar.

Peter Martyr Vermigli in England Vermigli’s success in England left a bitter taste in the mouths of Catholics. When his wife, Catherine Dampmartin of Metz, died in Oxford in February of 1553, Catholic hostility directed at her husband unfortunately found its mark in her. Even while alive, Catherine was the brunt of brutal sarcasm, orally and in print.6 Because she was a corpulent woman, the Catholics at Oxford nicknamed her “flaps” and “fusteluggs.” Shortly after Catherine’s death, Mary Tudor ascended to the English throne, and a widowed Vermigli returned to Strasbourg. However, hatred for Vermigli ran so high among Catholics that they sought to cause him distress by desecrating the body of his late wife.7 Archbishop Reginald Pole, once a close friend of Vermigli in Italy, had Catherine’s body exhumed and cast upon the city dung heap,8 ostensibly because she had been buried in close proximity to the grave of St. Frideswyde, the patron saint of Oxford, in the Cathedral Church.9 But the Catholics did not have the final word on Catherine’s remains. After Eliza- beth’s ascension in 1558 and the return of the Marian exiles, Catherine’s bones were recovered from the dung heap and deliberately mingled with the bones of St. Frideswyde. Any desecration thereafter would risk desecrating the bones of St. Frideswyde—a risk most Catholics would be unwilling to take. The deplorable episode dramatically illustrates the range of emotions the English felt for the Italian immigrant theologian: detractors and advocates alike viewed Vermigli as a particularly important symbol of Edwardian reform. C. H. Smyth writes, “Oxford, which had not taken kindly to the Renaissance, was

5LPJ, xli–xliv. See also Peter A. Lillback, “The Early Reformed Covenant Paradigm: Peter Martyr vis-à-vis Zwingli, Bullinger, Luther, and Calvin” (paper presented at Sixteenth Century Studies Con- ference, St. Louis, Mo., 28–31 October 1999). 6See George C. Gorham, Gleanings of a Few Scattered Ears during the Period of the Reformation in England and of the Times Immediately Succeeding, a.d. 1533 to a.d. 1588 (London, 1857), 154 (Ver- migli’s letter to Bucer, 10 June 1550). See also Jennifer Loach, “Reformation Controversies,” in The Collegiate University, ed. James McConica, vol. 3 of The History of the University of Oxford, gen. ed. T. H. Aston (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 374; C. H. Smyth, Cranmer and the Reformation under Edward VI (1926; repr., London: S.P.C.K., 1973), 120. 7LLS, 311. 8Josiah Simler, Oratio de vita et obitu viri optimi praestantissimi Theologi D. Peteri Martyris Vermi- lii, Sacrarum literarum in schola Tigurina Professoris (Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1563), 7. For the English, see LLS, 32. See also Dermot Fenlon, Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and the Counter-Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 219, and PMI, 96–98, 284. 9John Blair, ed., St. Frideswide: Patron of Oxford (Oxford: Perpetua Press, 1989), 21–23.

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Prologue Peter Martyr Vermigli in England xvii

violently hostile to the Reformation.… the whole of Peter Martyr’s work was an almost single-handed struggle against overwhelming odds.”10 Whether Vermigli inspired intense animosity or devoted affection, it cannot be doubted that during his nearly six years in England (1547–53), he exercised a decisive influence upon its Reformation. Of course, the earliest Protestant theological influence was that of Luther, whose books and pamphlets were smuggled into England by German merchants and read in Cambridge by 1520. By March of 1521, Luther’s books were publicly burned for the first time in England.11 Even before the death of Henry VIII on 28 January 1547, a new kind of Protestant influence began to take root on English soil—a theological outlook more Swiss and Reformed than German and Lutheran.12 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer of Canterbury had been in corre- spondence with the Swiss Reformer of Basel, Simon Grynaeus, since 1531, and through Grynaeus, Cranmer became a frequent correspondent of Martin Bucer of Strasbourg.13 This relationship with the Swiss manifested itself in an abortive plan to form a theological alliance between the English church and the Swiss and South German Protestants on the continent.14 For some years, Cranmer had desired to improve ties between the English church and continental Protestant- ism.15 With much of continental Protestantism in disarray after the victory of Charles V in the Schmalkald war, Cranmer believed England could be the rally- ing point for a resurgent Protestantism. He even made plans to compose a common doctrinal statement and to hold a “godly synod” of continental and English Protestants to counter the effects of the Council of Trent (1545–63), conferring with such theologians as John Calvin, Philip Melanchthon, and Heinrich Bullinger about the proposal.16 When Edward VI succumbed to tuber- culosis, Cranmer’s dreams were deferred.

10Smyth, Cranmer and the Reformation, 108. 11Basil Hall, “The Early Rise and Gradual Decline of Lutheranism in England (1520–1600),” in Reform and Reformation: England and the Continent c. 1500–c. 1750, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979), 103–31. 12Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England 1547–1603 (London: Macmillan, 1990), 67; A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation, 2d ed. (University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1992), 222–26. 13Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 60–67. 14MacCulloch, Cranmer, 404–9. 15Dickens, English Reformation, 257. 16Works of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Parker Society, 1844), 2:431–32. See Gorham, Gleanings, 42–46; MacCulloch, Cranmer, 174–76; 394–96. PML8James Page xviii Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

xviii Translator’s Introduction

It is almost certain that Vermigli first came to the attention of Cranmer through the archbishop’s long-standing relationship with Bucer.17 As part of Cranmer’s desire to foster continental associations that would give impetus to a reformation of the English church, he invited Vermigli and his fellow Italian refu- gee, Bernardino Ochino, to England. Cranmer’s warm welcome to Vermigli in the winter of 1547 was followed by decisive support in the Oxford Disputation18 and further involvement in formulating English church policy.19 Of all the continental Reformers, Martyr exerted the greatest influence.20 This impression is reinforced by Cranmer’s response to the new Catholic regime. Immediately after Mary’s ascension, when Cranmer’s reformation was under severe attack, he bravely threw down the gauntlet and publicly declared on 5 September 1553: “I with Peter Martyr and … others of my choosing” will defend the Prayer Book as “more pure and more agreeable to the word of God than what has been in England for the past thousand years.”21 Cranmer and Vermigli began preparing for a public disputation that never happened. Instead, Cranmer was charged with treason and, on 14 September, the two friends shared a last supper, after which the archbishop told his friend that a trial was inevitable and that they would never meet again. Cranmer was soon sent to the Tower, and Vermigli, after entreaties by his famulus Giulio Santerenziano and William Whittingham, was granted permission to leave the country.22 The last known letter (1555) from the hand of Cranmer, as he languished in the Bocardo jail awaiting martyrdom, was to his dear friend Peter Martyr.23 The growing scholarly consensus is that

17MacCulloch, Cranmer, 381, cites a letter of 28 November 1547 from Paris, Bibliothèque Ste- Geneviève MSS 1458, fols. 173v–75r, which reveals that Bucer specifically recommended to Cranmer the Italian exile Emmanuel Tremelli (1510–80), who arrived the next year (1548) and was appointed king’s reader in Hebrew at Cambridge. If Bucer was recommending scholars to Cranmer, then it is easy to surmise that Bucer also recommended the Italian Vermigli, for whom he had even greater esteem. 18Translated in OTD. 19VWG, 23. 20MacCulloch, Cranmer, 435–36, points out that Cranmer’s crucial sermon on rebellion at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London on 21 July 1549 was, in fact, the result of a collaboration with Vermigli. More specifically, MacCulloch maintains that Vermigli was involved to a greater extent in church affairs than Bucer. See Diarmaid MacCulloch, “Peter Martyr and Thomas Cranmer,” HRR, 178, 192. This echoes the earlier view of C. H. Smyth, who judged that “of all the foreigners [in England], Ochino had probably the least influence: and Peter Martyr probably the most”; Smyth, Cranmer and the Reformation, 117. Two years after Vermigli’s arrival in Oxford and after the 1548 Augsburg interim made life impossible for Bucer, he too accepted Cranmer’s invitation to that city. 21Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England (London: Lewis Cor- dell, 1681), 2:249–50. See also Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, ed. P. Ayris and D. Selwyn (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 1993), 285. 22See OL. 23Works of Archbishop Cranmer, 2:457–58. See also C. H. Garrett, The Marian Exiles: A Study in the Origins of Elizabethan Puritanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 198. PML8James Page xix Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

Prologue Peter Martyr Vermigli in England xix

Vermigli was one of the most important, if unheralded, theological influences upon Cranmer and, through Cranmer, on the Edwardian Reformation. When Vermigli left England for good in October 1553, he carried with him not only affection and deep concern for Cranmer and the English church, but an international reputation as a Reformed theologian. When he arrived in Stras- bourg to revive his role as a leading Reformed theologian on yet another stage, he deplored in his inaugural address the loss of King Edward and the England that might have been. A harsh and lamentable death took away Edward, king of England, the bright light among the monarchs of the Christian world, the rightful student of godliness and a stout defender of Christ’s Gospel. Light was changed into darkness, ungodliness replaced godliness, and cruel wolves invaded the new and recent church. Good men were wickedly oppressed; I cannot think about, still less recount, how the providence of the one God delivered me from their dangers and troubles.24 Monarchs die and other monarchs, hell-bent on burning heretics, ascend to thrones, but for Vermigli the truth was unassailable. In tribute to the boy-king and his archbishop, Vermigli published his Romans lectures. His dedicatory epis- tle to Sir Anthony Cooke,25 Edward’s tutor and a Marian exile, is in effect a dedi- cation to the English church. In this dedication is a highly developed sense of belonging to a circle of like-minded continental theologians. Vermigli specifically names Melanchthon, Bucer, Bullinger, and Calvin, and indicates that he has not only read their commentaries on Romans, but has been “greatly helped” by them.26 This underscores the growing theological affinity, particularly with Swiss Protestantism, reflected in his own commentary on Romans. Of the many contributions to the Reformation in England, perhaps the most cherished and natural for Martyr were his lectures at Oxford. After com- pleting his first series of lectures on 1 Corinthians in 1549, Martyr turned to Paul’s epistle to the Romans in 1550, as he earlier had promised.27 Martyr’s Romans lectures began in March 1550, were completed in Zurich, and finally published in 1558.28

24LLS, 310–11. 25For background on Cooke, see Garrett, Marian Exiles, 124–26. 26ROM, dedicatory epistle. 27COR, fol. 39r. 28Loach, “Reformation Controversies,” 373. See also James McConica, “The Rise of the Undergrad- uate College,” in Collegiate University, ed. McConica, 41; John ab Ulmis’s letter of 1 March 1552 says he attended Martyr’s Romans lectures at 9:00 a.m. According to S. L. Greenslade, “The Faculty of Theol- ogy,” in Collegiate University, ed. McConica, 307, Cardinal Wolsey established the practice for regius professors of divinity. See Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford (London: Royal Commission, 1853), 2/2:127. PML8James Page 231 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

About the Editor and Translator

Frank Allison James III was awarded the D. Phil. in history from Oxford Uni- versity in 1993 for his dissertation on the intellectual and historical origins of Ver- migli’s notion of gemina praedestinatio (double predestination) and the Ph.D. in historical theology from Westminster Theological Seminary in 2000 for his dis- sertation on Vermigli’s theological doctrine of justification. He received a Lilly Theological Research Grant (1999), was elected by the faculty of Keble College, Oxford University, to membership of the Senior Common Room (1994). Other awards include an Overseas Research Students Award (1991–92), the Isaiah Berlin Bursary, Oxford University (1990-91), the Leonard J. Theberge Memorial Schol- arship, St. Peter’s College, Oxford University (1991–93), an Oxford University Research Grant (1991), the Christina Drake Research Award for Italian Studies, Taylor Institution, Oxford University (1991), and the St. Peter’s College Graduate Award, Oxford (1990–92). James is the coeditor and contributor (with Charles E. Hill) of The Glory of the Atonement in Biblical, Theological, and Historical Perspective (2003); coeditor (with Emidio Campi and Peter Opitz) of Peter Martyr Vermigli: Humanism, Republicanism and Reformation, Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance, 365 (2002); coeditor (with J. Patrick Donnelly and Joseph C. McLelland) of The Peter Martyr Reader (1999). He is the author of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestina- tion: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer, Oxford Theological Monographs (1998); coeditor (with Heiko Augustus Oberman) of Via Augustini: The Recovery of Augustine in the Later Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought, vol. 48 (1991). Since 1996, he has served as a general editor (with Joseph C. McLelland and J. Patrick Donnelly) of the Peter Martyr Library series and senior editor of Ad Fontes: Digital Library of Classical Theological Text (with Alister E. McGrath, Richard A. Muller, and Her- man Selderhuis). James was assistant professor of systematic and historical theology at West- mont College (1987–89); lecturer in philosophy and history, Villanova University (1986–87); and contributing editor at Christian History Magazine (1986–89). Since 1993 he has been professor of historical theology at Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando, Florida, and in 2002 was appointed vice president for aca- demic affairs of that institution.

231 PML8James Page 232 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

Scripture References

Genesis Joshua Psalms, continued 2:8...... 26 6:6 ...... 83 25:18 ...... 136 4 ...... 140 10:12 ...... 69 31:1 (Vulgate)...... 147 4:7...... 145 32:1–2 ...... 100, 148, 159, 6:2...... 206 1 Samuel 172, 222 6:3...... 76 2:30 ...... 135 32:10 ...... 189 6:5...... 114 9:21 ...... 67 51...... 11, 136 8:21...... 114 12:22 ...... 38 51:10 ...... 57 9:6...... 130 16:7 ...... 41 69:4 ...... 219 12:3...... 182 19:24 ...... 42 83:37 ...... 14 12:4...... 182 100:32 ...... 178 15:5ff...... 201 2 Samuel 103:17 ...... 189 15:6...... 90, 122, 159, 172, 11 ...... 68 115:3 ...... 46, 71 181, 210 12:10 ...... 14 116:36 ...... 57 15:16...... 26, 132 139:8–9 ...... 177 18:17...... 76 1 Kings 145:14 ...... 64 22:17–18 ...... 200, 202 5...... 95, 178 25:21...... 4 10:1 ...... 69 Proverbs 29:15...... 219 11:4 ...... 67 1:26 ...... 46 43:5...... 219 13:21 ...... 178 8:17 ...... 36 45:8...... 83 17:1 ...... 69 10:12 ...... 204 19:4 ...... 31 16:1 ...... 132 Exodus 21:17 ...... 131 16:4 ...... 16 2:12...... 68 21:29 ...... 67, 132 16:11 ...... 7 9:16...... 16, 25, 56 12:1...... 29 2 Kings Ecclesiastes, 30:24 ...... 141 13:17...... 26 12:2 ...... 67 23:31...... 83 20:1ff...... 75 Wisdom of Solomon 32:21...... 68 20:5 ...... 13, 75 1:13 ...... 46 33:19...... 56, 105 1:14 ...... 47 2 Chronicles, 12:14...... 132 15:3 ...... 225 Numbers 11:5...... 219 Job Isaiah 20:12...... 178 1:9 ...... 206 6:9 ...... 55, 212 1:21 ...... 83 6:10 ...... 24–25 Deuteronomy 4:18 ...... 113 7:4 ...... 95 2:5...... 145 15:5 ...... 113 7:9 ...... 95 4:2...... 131 19:25–27 ...... 122 8:14 ...... 29 4:37...... 14 10:7 ...... 83 6:6...... 6 Psalms 26:2 ...... 92 6:13...... 222 2:11 ...... 89 26:3 ...... 89 19:5...... 131 10:17 (Vulgate) ...... 133 28:16 ...... 189 27:26...... 189 12:1–2 ...... 116 28:26 ...... 164, 172 67:5...... 137 14:1 ...... 76 29:13 ...... 145 14:3 ...... 64 40:6 ...... 114 20:1 ...... 189 42:16 ...... 28 22:5 ...... 89 46:9 ...... 21

232

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Scripture References 233

Isaiah, continued Ecclesiasticus Matthew, continued 49:15...... 66 8:21 ...... 57 24:55 ...... 71 53:4...... 172 15:12 ...... 47 25:34 ...... 6 53:11...... 172 17:29?...... 67 25:35 ...... 135 55:1...... 114 26:14 ...... 47 64:6–8 ...... 114 Matthew 26:53 ...... 74 65:2...... 66 1:21 ...... 204 26:74 ...... 68 66:1–3 ...... 193–94 4:10 ...... 222 26:75 ...... 136 66:3...... 145 5:45 ...... 43 27...... 140 66:23...... 64 6:12 ...... 82, 113, 137 27:3–6 ...... 136 6:24 ...... 145 27:4 ...... 128 Jeremiah 6:32 ...... 13 28:19 ...... 142 1:5...... 14 7:7 ...... 140 35:34 ...... 135 5:3 (Vulgate) ...... 172 7:16 ...... 28 17:9...... 114 7:17–18 ...... 111 Mark 18:8...... 75 7:18 ...... 131 1:15 ...... 224 25:8...... 76 7:21 ...... 203 9:23 ...... 207 25:11...... 13 7:22 ...... 93, 144, 173, 178 9:38 ...... 179 25:12...... 76 8:10 ...... 169 16:16 ...... 224 31:18...... 134, 157 8:13 ...... 169 31:33...... 64 9:2 ...... 170, 199 Luke 31:34...... 60 9:22 ...... 170, 199, 228 1:48 ...... 41 9:28 ...... 170 2:6 ...... 60 Lamentations, 5:21 ...... 158 10:22 ...... 64 2:29 ...... 71 10:28 ...... 139 3:6 ...... 64 Ezekiel 10:29–30 ...... 13, 18 6:37 ...... 137 11:18...... 57 10:33 ...... 173 7:47 ...... 142, 227 11:19...... 30 11:21 ...... 32, 63 7:50 ...... 142, 170 14:9...... 24 11:21–24 ...... 59 9:53 ...... 8 16:6...... 39 11:23 ...... 32 10:20 ...... 4 18:21–22 ...... 202 11:25 ...... 34, 55 11:41 ...... 140–41 18:24...... 67 11:25–26 ...... 6 12:47 ...... 120 18:31...... 134 11:27 ...... 55 15:11 ...... 127 33:11...... 46 11:28 ...... 192 15:17 ...... 127 36:26–27 ...... 134 12:32 ...... 71 17:5 ...... 190 12:33–35 ...... 111 17:7–10 ...... 112 Daniel 12:34 ...... 131 19.6 ...... 155 3 ...... 69 13:1–23 ...... 93 22:37 ...... 71 4:24...... 138 13:11 ...... 55 22:62 ...... 213 13:23 ...... 34 23:41 ...... 155 Joel 13:69 ...... 6 23:43 ...... 228 2:28...... 60, 64 15:8 ...... 145 2:32...... 164 16:17 ...... 34, 154 John 16:35 ...... 83 1:1 ...... 9 Amos, 3:7...... 76 17 ...... 140 1:7 ...... 113 17:20 ...... 175 1:8 ...... 212 Jonah 20:15 ...... 43 1:9 ...... 63 3:4...... 75 20:15 (Vulgate) ...... 24 1:11 ...... 138 3:10...... 75, 134 20:16 ...... 56 1:12 ...... 61, 138 20:19 ...... 70 1:13 ...... 139 Habakkuk, 2:4 ...... 89, 119, 21:22 ...... 140 1:14 ...... 9 160, 172, 180 21:31 ...... 126 1:16 ...... 1521 22:14 ...... 6, 43 2:4 ...... 13 Zechariah, 1:8 ...... 157 23:37 ...... 64 3:8 ...... 55 24:24 ...... 14, 55, 71 3:16 ...... 170 Malachi, 1:2 ...... 4 24:46 ...... 145 3:27 ...... 55

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234 Predestination & Justification

John, continued Acts, continued Romans, continued 3:32...... 64 19:13–16 ...... 178 5:14 ...... 102, 230 3:36...... 89, 170 5:17 ...... 62 4:18...... 139 Romans 5:20 ...... 116, 128 5:15...... 53 1:7 ...... 119 6:1 ...... 223 5:18...... 208 1:16 ...... 160 6:4 ...... 116 5:44...... 179 1:17–18 ...... 161 6:10–11 ...... 117 6:29...... 203, 216 1:18ff...... 97 6:12–13 ...... 117 6:37...... 55 1:20 ...... 65 6:21 ...... 102, 116 6:40...... 171, 199, 203 1:21 ...... 52 6:21–22 ...... 197 6:44. . . .6, 31, 53–55, 155, 171 1:24 ...... 24 6:23 ...... 149 6:45...... 60, 64, 171 1:24ff...... 115 7:1–4 ...... 102 6:46...... 54 1:25 ...... 52 7:5 ...... 103, 117 6:51...... 171 1:28 ...... 24 7:7 ...... 117 6:53...... 53, 219 2:5 ...... 25 7:12 ...... 117 7:42...... 12 2:6 ...... 68 7:14–25 ...... 117 8:34...... 144 2:13 ...... 142, 152 7:15 ...... 82 8:36...... 155 2:14 ...... 146 7:15–18 ...... 103 8:42...... 187 2:17–24 ...... 98 7:18 ...... 58 8:56...... 122, 211 2:21–22 ...... 115–16 7:22–23 ...... 82 10:11...... 83 3:3 ...... 90 8:3 ...... 108, 117, 131, 193 10:28...... 14, 54 3:8 ...... 68 8:6–7 ...... 104 10:29...... 6, 54, 71 3:10 ...... 128 8:7 ...... 131 10:35...... 71 3:10–12 ...... 116 8:11 ...... 118 11:25...... 171 3:10–18 ...... 98 8:15–16 ...... 190 12:37...... 179 3:17 ...... 222 8:16 ...... 193 12:39...... 179 3:19 ...... 99 8:17 ...... 89 12:42...... 173, 179 3:20 ...... 107, 116, 223 8:18 ...... 126 13:18...... 6 3:21 ...... 99, 161 8:24 ...... 225 14:1...... 6 3:24 ...... 161, 229 8:26–27 ...... 133 14:4...... 216 3:27 . . . . 99, 116, 161, 228–29 8:27–28 ...... 36 14:16ff...... 188 3:28 ...... 99, 161, 203, 225 8:28 . . . 10, 16, 20, 51–52, 104 14:23...... 187 3:29 ...... 65, 161 8:29 ...... 10, 14, 21 15:4–6 ...... 112 3:31 ...... 210 8:29–30 ...... 163 15:5...... 154 4:1–4 ...... 100 8:30 ...... 30, 104 15:16...... 4, 6, 35, 59 4:3 ...... 209, 222 8:31 ...... 36 17:3...... 171, 225 4:4 ...... 116, 161, 196 8:31–35 ...... 42 19:11...... 53 4:5 ...... 159 8:33–34 ...... 104 20:31...... 171 4:7–8 ...... 100 8:35 ...... 10, 21 4:9 ...... 201 9:7 ...... 33 Acts 4:11 ...... 100, 162 9:10 ...... 4 1:23...... 42 4:13 ...... 162 9:11 ...... 15, 20, 33, 51 2:23...... 5, 14, 70 4:13–15 ...... 100 9:11–12 ...... 11, 29 4:12...... 122 4:15 ...... 116, 128 9:11–13 ...... 14, 37, 104 4:27...... 83 4:16 ...... 101, 162 9:12 ...... 52 4:28...... 16 4:18 ...... 101, 160, 162 9:13 ...... 30 7:51...... 38 4:19 ...... 162 9:14 ...... 214 8:22...... 56 4:19–21 ...... 88 9:15 ...... 14, 30, 56 10:4...... 217 4:20 ...... 162 9:15–18 ...... 105 10:31...... 155 4:23–24 ...... 163, 197 9:16 ...... 57 10:34ff...... 151 5:1 ...... 163 9:17 ...... 26, 59 13:48...... 14, 33, 191 5:5 ...... 89 9:18 ...... 25, 30, 51 15:9...... 141, 171, 226 5:6 ...... 101 9:19 ...... 44 16:14...... 33, 56, 191 5:8 ...... 35, 101 9:20 ...... 114 16:18...... 171 5:10 ...... 101 9:21 ...... 14, 28–29 17:28...... 18, 81 5:12 ...... 102 9:22 ...... 25

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Scripture References 235

Romans, continued 1 Corinthians, continued Ephesians, continued 9:23...... 16, 26 13:1 ...... 177 1:6 ...... 52 9:23–24 ...... 24 13:2 ...... 93, 122, 173 1:9 ...... 30 9:30...... 163 13:3 ...... 146, 175, 177 1:10 ...... 22 9:31–32 ...... 105, 194 13:8 ...... 177 1:11 ...... 17, 20, 37, 59 9:33...... 210–11 15:10 ...... 57, 154 2:1–3 ...... 109 10:1...... 145 2:3 ...... 109 10:3...... 105, 148, 164, 229 2 Corinthians 2:4–5 ...... 109 10:4...... 148, 197 1:4 ...... 229 2:8 . . . . 33, 110, 151, 168, 191 10:5...... 164 1:12 ...... 9 2:9 ...... 110, 118, 125 10:5–6 ...... 105 1:24 ...... 166 2:10 ...... 9, 26, 30, 52, 110 10:8–9 ...... 164 3:5 ...... 57, 154 2:12 ...... 38, 110 10:10...... 179 4:13 ...... 210 3:7–9 ...... 110 10:11...... 66 5:10 ...... 135 3:16 ...... 168, 190 10:14...... 65, 164 6:14–16 ...... 145 3:17 ...... 188, 190 10:17...... 165 4:14 ...... 95 11:5...... 31 Galatians 5:26 ...... 224 11:6...... 118, 124, 222 1:15 ...... 4, 15, 59 6:16 ...... 91 11:19...... 21 2:14–16 ...... 166 6:23 ...... 33 11:19–20 ...... 165 2:16 ...... 107, 211, 219 11:23...... 165, 211 2:20 ...... 166, 199 Philippians 11:33...... 31, 105, 214 2:21 ...... 107, 150 1:6 ...... 6, 59, 192 11:33–34 ...... 44 3:2 ...... 107, 166 1:27ff...... 6 11:34...... 5 3:5 ...... 107, 166 1:29 ...... 33 12:3...... 33, 191 3:7 ...... 166 2:12–13 ...... 6, 57, 142 14:22–23 ...... 106 3:8 ...... 166 2:13 ...... 30, 56–57, 73, 14:23...... 207 3:9 ...... 166 192, 214 17:22...... 56 3:10 ...... 107, 119, 128, 189 2:21 ...... 64 3:11 ...... 160, 230 3:4–6 ...... 110 1 Corinthians 3:14 ...... 167 3:6 ...... 118 1:5...... 176 3:15–16 ...... 188 3:7 ...... 146 1:21...... 109, 165 3:15–17 ...... 107 1:23–24 ...... 38 3:16 ...... 181 Colossians 1:26...... 38 3:18 ...... 200 1:21–22 ...... 110, 187 1:30...... 29, 139, 168 3:19 ...... 118 2:13–14 ...... 110 2:4–5...... 190 3:21 ...... 1–8 2:9...... 15 3:22 ...... 167 2 Thessalonians, 2:13...... 7 2:14...... 131, 190 3:23–24 ...... 108 3:2...... 9 3:24 ...... 128, 167 1 Timothy 3:5...... 30 3:25 ...... 167 1:5 ...... 147, 226 3:6...... 59 4:6 ...... 190 1:20 ...... 210 4:4...... 106 4:21–26 ...... 108 2:1–2 ...... 63 4:7...... 58, 154, 221 4:28 ...... 167 2:4 ...... 8, 62 4:13–14 ...... 191 5:2–3 ...... 108–9 2:5 ...... 113 6:11...... 38 5:4 ...... 167 2:6 ...... 62 7:25...... 30, 33, 155 5:6 ...... 168, 226 3:1 ...... 42 8:1...... 153 5:11 ...... 109 4:10 ...... 66 9:27...... 75 5:17 ...... 82 5:8 ...... 185 10:4...... 212 5:19ff...... 117 10:9...... 212 5:22 ...... 191 2 Timothy 10:31...... 144 1:9 ...... 20, 31, 34, 111, 118 11:4–5 ...... 151 Ephesians 2:3ff...... 145 11:19...... 74 1:1 ...... 187 2:17–18 ...... 28 12:3...... 155 1:4 . . . . . 7, 11, 14–15, 20, 22, 2:19 ...... 20, 27, 71 12:8–9 ...... 93, 175, 190 26, 30, 34 2:20–21 ...... 27 12:11...... 56 1:5 ...... 9, 20–21, 30, 37 2:21 ...... 28

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236 Predestination & Justification

2 Timothy, continued Hebrews, continued 1 John 2:25...... 56 11:33 (Vulg.)...... 168, 183 2:4 ...... 185 3:6 ...... 174 Titus James 3:14 ...... 187 1:16...... 185 1:17 ...... 21 4:10 ...... 37 3:4...... 31 2:17 ...... 93, 146, 217 4:17–18 ...... 139 3:4–5...... 111 2:26 ...... 93 4:19 ...... 37, 124 3:5...... 118, 222 5:1 ...... 169, 173 3:7...... 89 1 Peter 5:4 ...... 91, 169 1:5 ...... 169 5:10 ...... 88 Hebrews 3:20–21 ...... 199 5:13 ...... 169 6:4...... 71, 120 3:21 ...... 224 5:18 ...... 173 9:24ff...... 111 4:8 ...... 204 10:38...... 160 Jude 11:1...... 90, 155, 186 2 Peter 5...... 212 11:6...... 186, 194 1:10 ...... 100 14–15 ...... 206 11:7...... 199–200 2:22 ...... 7 11:24–26 ...... 212 Revelation, 3:20 . . 56, 66, 142

PML8ClassicalIdx Page 237 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 1:05 PM

Classical, Patristic, and Medieval References

Acacius of Berea ...... 230 Augustine, continued Ambrose De gratia et libero arbitrio) ...... 80, 150 Apologia Prophetae David ...... 148 41, 23 Comm. Gal...... 226 De natura et gratia ...... 227 Comm. Rom...... 74, 148, 212–13, 229 De dono perseverantiae . . . 5, 7, 8, 36, 65, 82 Comm. 1 Cor...... 229 De praedestinatione Sanctorum. . . 4, 19, 36, Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam. . 8, 213 41, 58, 63, 151, 215 De fuga saeculi ...... 82 In Evangelium Johannes tract. . . . 91, 93, 215 De vocationem gentium ...... 229 Quaestionum n Heptateuchum ...... 202 Ambrosiaster, Ep. Rom...... 33 Retractionum libri II ...... 36 Ambrosius, De fide, 5.83...... 33 Sermones de scripturis . . . . . 19, 93, 150, 213 Antisthenes ...... 203 De spiritu et littera . . . 93, 152, 213, 214, 221 Aquinas De Trinitate ...... 91, 215 Summa theologiae...... 30, 140 Super epistolas S. Pauli lectura ...... 230 Basil Aratus, Phaenom...... 81 De baptismo ...... 144, 145 Aristotle Homiliae in Psalmum ...... 150 Analytica posteriora ...... 26, 90, 118, Homiliae de humilitate ...... 229 129, 135, 143, 198 Ad Neocaesar., ep...... 178 Analytica prioria ...... 180 Bede, Expositio Jacob ...... 217 De anima ...... 138, 180, 184 Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermo 22 ...... 230 Categoriae ...... 180 Bruno Carthus, In ep. ad Rom...... 230 Ethica nichomachea [Nichomachean Ethics] ...... 130, 185 Chrysostom, John Topica...... 180 De fide et lege naturae ...... 1, 209 Arnobius the Younger, In Ps...... 230 In cap. Genes.: Homiliae ...... 209, 210 Augustine Hom. Rom...... 33, 148, 209-11, 229 Ad. simp. . . 19, 38, 54, 57, 59, 147, 152, 215, Hom. 1 Cor...... 74, 93, 151, 175 226 Hom. 1 Tim...... 210 Contra Julianum ...... 44, 63, 147, 192 De verbis apostoli, Hab. eundem Spiritu . 210 Contra secundam Juliani ...... 36 Cicero Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorum De Amicitia...... 90 ad Bonifaticum ...... 36, 73, 214, 216 De Divinatione ...... 76 De bono viduitatis ...... 223 De natura deorum ...... 76 De civitate Dei. . . . .10, 18, 72, 76, 78–79, 83 De Oratore ...... 129 Confessions ...... 9, 121, 134, 158 Cleanthes the Stoic ...... 72 De correptione et gratia...... 5, 36, 63, 102 Cyprian De diversis quaestionibus ad Comm. in symb. Apost. (by Ruffinus). . . 230 Simplicianum ...... 44 De cath. ecclesiae unitate ...... 174 De dogmatibus Ecclesiasticis ...... 150, 215 De lapsis ...... 206 Enarratio in Psalmos...... 147, 213, 215 Ad Quirinum testimonia adversus Enchiridion ad laurentium . . . . . 46, 141, 147 Judaeos) ...... 36, 40, 148, 209, 229 Epistolae...... 63, 65, 150, 214 Cyril of Alexandria Ad Honoratum ...... 152, 215 Contra Julianum...... 216 Expositio quarumdam quaestionum Comm. in Ev. Ioannis...... 139, 216, 230 in epistula ad Romanos ...... 33 De gestis Pelagii ...... 40, 123

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238 Predestination & Justification

Demosthenes Comm. Matt...... 204 Adversus Androtionem ...... 152 Comm. Philem...... 151 In Aristocratem ...... 201 Comm. Rom...... 151 Didymus, James, 2...... 230 John of Damascus ...... 21 Duns Scotus, De divisione naturae...... 50 Justinian Codex Iustinianus...... 134 Epictetus, Dissertationes, sec. 22 ...... 173 Legibus et Senatus ...... 130 Erasmus, De libero arbitrio...... 35 Eusebius, De Praep. Evangelica, 7...... 77 Leo I Eusebius of Caesarea, Hist. eccl...... 230 Homiliae ...... 114 Serm. 9, De collectione et eleemosyna . . . 216 Gennadius of Marseilles, Rom...... 230 Serm. 64, De Passione Domini 13 ...... 216 Gregory of Nazianzus Oratio in laudem Basili Nicholas of Lyra, Gal...... 230 Dialogus ...... 83 in Pentecosten ...... 8 Origen In sancta lumina ...... 146 Comm. Ps...... 150 n sepisum ...... 146 Comm. Rom...... 149, 207, 208, 225 Gregory of Rimini ...... 124n Contra Celsum ...... 12, 74 Gregorii Arminensis OESA Lectura ...... 50 Deprincipiis (Peri archon) ...... 60 Gregory the Great Hexapla...... 206 Homiliae in Ezechiel ...... 217 Homilae in Leviticum ...... 208 Expositio in Librum Job ...... xiv Selecta in Job...... 206 Moralium libri ...... xxv, 218 Peter Lombard, Sentences . . . . . 19, 62, 93M 123 Haymo of Halberstadt, Exp. in epp. Photius, Frag. in epistolam ad S. Pauli . . . . . 230 S. Pauli ...... 230 Plato, Respublica...... 98, 181 Heychius, In Lev ...... 230 Prosper of Aquitaine ...... 4 Hilary (of Arles) ...... 4, 229 Homer, Odyssey...... 72 Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ...... 72 Horace, Ars poetica ...... 201 Sophocles, Oedipus rex (Antigone) ...... 77 Hostiensis (Henry de Segusio), S. trin. & fide cath...... 91–92nn Tertullian, De baptismo ...... 206 Theodoret, Comm. Rom...... 230 Irenaeus, Adversus Valentinos...... 205 Theophylact, Hom. 1 Cor...... 93 Theophylact of Ochrida, Exp. Gal...... 230 Jerome Adversus Pelagianos dialog . . . 21, 31, 40, 223 Vergil, Aeneid ...... 211 Altercatio Luciferiani et orthodoxi seudialogus contra Luciferianos ...... 174 William of Occam ...... 21, 80n Comm. Eph...... 151 Comm. Gal...... 211–12, 226 Comm. Isa...... 224 PML8James Page 239 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

Index

Abraham Augustine, continued covenant and law, 107–8 on foreknowledge, 79–80, 82, 202 descendants of, 182 on free will, 79 faith of, 88, 100, 122, 160, 162–63, 166, 172, on grace, 227 198–99, 209, 216, 222 and justification, 149–50 and justification, 181–82, 188, 205 and mercy, 57 and mercy of God, 41, 99–101 sufficiency of, 58–59 adoption on humanity of Christ, 41 and justification, xxxvi, 139, 187 on justice of God, 44 and predestination, 21 on justification, 157–58 Ahab, humility of, 131–32 on love of God, 140, 147 almsgiving, and faith, 140–41 on natural law, 146–47, 150–51 Ambrose on Pelagianism, 123, 150, 214, 229 on faith and predestination, 33, 212–13 on predestination, 8–9, 19, 33, 151, 215 on free will, 82 on reprobation, 27 on justification, 229 on salvation on regeneration, 148 universal, 62–63 amen, defined, 95 and works, 36 angels, 113, 206 on supralapsarianism, 49 anger, of God. See wrath of God on the will, 221 Antisthenes, 202–3 on will of God, 46, 83 apocrypha, 206 on works, 134, 151–52 apodeiksis (strict demonstration), 143 Augustinianism Aquinas, Thomas, on predestination, xxx of Bucer, xl–xli, xlnn Arian controversy (AD 381), 127n and election, xxviii Aristarchus the grammarian, 219 and Pelagianism, xxvii–xxviii, xxxv Aristotle predestinarian views, xxx on fourfold causality, 26 vs. semi-Pelagianism, 254n on syllogistic method, 129 of Vermigli, xii, xxvii, xxxv–xxxvii, xl–xli Asper, Hans, portrait of Vermigli, xiv, xv assurance, 45, 89–90, 185–86, 199, 201, 206, Bapasme, Hubert de, xx 210–11 baptism astrology, 72 and remission of sins, 224 Augustine and works, 117, 120, 158–59 on almsgiving, 141 Basil on causality, 79 on eternal life and grace, 150 on celibacy and marriage, 223 on humility, 229 on Cicero, 75–76 on love, 178 city of God vs. city of the devil, 64 on works and justification, 144–45 on election, 38 belief on faith, 33, 91–93, 213–16 and assurance, 89, 199 on fate, 18 means of, 93, 94

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believers Chrysostom, John, continued fallen, and good works, 120–21 on grace, 151 marks of, 194 on justification, 229 Beza, Theodore, 141 on necessity of prediction, 74 Bible, Wisdom noncanonical, 46 on works, 148, 151 Bibliander, Theodore, attacks Vermigli, xxiv– church fathers, on justification, 143–52, 205–17, xxv 228–30 Bucer, Martin, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxix Cicero on justification, xlii on foreknowledge and free will, 76–78 debate with Young, xxxii–xxxiii oratorical method of, 129 threefold, xxxvii circumcision on predestination, xxx and justification, 108–9, 159, 162, 221–22 recommends Tremelli to Cranmer, xviin of Paul, 110 budding post motif, 121 as a seal, 100 Budé, Guillaume, 90n Cleanthes the Stoic, 72, 72n Bullinger, Heinrich, xvii, xix Clement of Alexandria, on St. Paul, 223 on justification, xlii Colophon (city), 143n Vermigli’s correspondence with, xxiv Commonplaces (loci communes), xxii–xxiii compassion. See also mercy of God Cain motif, 095 and conversion, 141 Calvin, John, xvii, xix condemnation, vs. reprobation, xxviii answer to Pighius, 94n, 129n confession on justification, xlii auricular, 136–37, 164 and simul iustus et peccator concept, xxxvi unto salvation, 179 Vermigli’s correspondence with, xxiv congruity, 120, 221 Calvinism, and despair, 48n conscience, as faith, 106 Catholic Reform, influence on Vermigli, xii conversion, auxilium Dei, 123–24 Catilina, Lucius Sergius, 147, 147n Cooke, Anthony, xix causality councils an justification, 159 Carthage (AD 418), 153, 153n and effects, 27, 99–100 criteria for validity of, 152 eternal vs. efficient cause, 34 Mainz, 217–18 faith and predestination, 33–34 Milevis (AD 416), 153n and fall of Adam, 101–2 Milevum (2d), or Diospolis (Numidia), 123, fourfold 123n, 217 Aristotelian, 90n Orange, 2d (AD 529), 153–57, 154n, 217 of predestination, 26 proofs for justification, 217–18 vs. intentionality (Augustinian), 79n Trent (1545–63), xvii, xxxiii Logicians on, 30 on justification, 156–60, 186–87 and predestination, 25–51 covenant(s) vs. rationality, 25–26 conditional, 189 and salvation, 142 distinguished by Pighius, 188 and sin, 23–24 and faith, 162 St. Paul on, 31–32 and law, 107–8, 119 works vs. predestination, 36 and works, 162 Chrysippus the Stoic, on free will and Cranmer, Thomas necessity, 77 last letter of, to Vermigli, xviii Chrysostom, John Tremelli recommended to, by Bucer, xviiin on faith, 176, 209–11 and Vermigli, xvii, xviii on faith and predestination, 33 creeds, Athanasian, 93n PML8James Page 241 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

Index 241

Crucifixion of Christ, and grace, 1–7 Fabricius, Quintus, 147, 147n Cyprian faith. See also belief on faith, 209 of Abraham, 100 on justification, 229 and assurance, 185–86, 201, 206, 210–11 on salvation and works, 36, 148–49 and belief, 93 Cyril, 139 as conscience, 106 on faith, 216 and conviction, 91 on justification, 230 defined, 88, 88n, 90–92, 219 distinguished from charity, 122–23 damnation and fear of God, 174 Pighius’s view of, 42 given by God, 175, 214–15 and reprobation, 27 and grace, 57, 154 Dampmartin, Catherine (wife of Vermigli), xvi historical, 192–93 David, 14 and hope, 92 imputation of righteousness, 100 and hypostasis, 91–92 sins of, 68 imputed for righteousness, 197 Decalogue, 116–18. See also law vs. incredulity, 165 Democritus, on free will and necessity, 77 justifying vs. temporary, 93–94, 122, 173– Demosthenes, 152, 201 75, 180, 183 depravity, and will of God, 46–47 and the law, 108 despair, of the alienated vs. the justified, 48, 48n living vs. dead, 180 dignity, and regeneration, 61–62 and love, 168, 176–77, 212, 216 and miracles, 173, 179–79, 190 Eck, Johannes, xxxiv, 94, 94n moving mountains motif, 175–76 ecumenical councils. See councils mustard seed parable, 175 Edward VI, xvii, xix nature of, 170 election. See also predestination; reprobation origin of, 190–91 and effectual calling, 111 parable of the sower, 93–94 of Gentiles, 65–66 vs. patience, 91–92 by grace, 105 and predestination, 33–34, 135 and humility, 7 as prerequisite of love or works, 181 and justification, 104 and profession, 179–80 and mercy, 41, 60 and repentance, 136 Pighius’s view of, 41–42 and righteousness, 148, 197 and predestination, xxviii, 19 and salvation, 165–66, 169 to salvation, 59 sequence of, 92 secure, in Christ, 54–55 and trust, 94–95 temporal vs. eternal, 3–4 varieties of, 196–200, 203 Vermigli’s view of, xxix and works, 95–96, 105, 122, 135–36, 185, and will of God, 37–38, 44–45 200–201 and works, 41 fallacies Empedocles, on free will and necessity, 77 of the accident, 220 England of composition, 218n church reform, xviii fallen Christians, 120 Vermigli in, xvi–xxi, xxxix fall of Adam, xxxvi–xxxvii, 47 Erasmus, Disiderius, on faith, 176–77 free will lost, 155 eternal life, and grace, 34, 57–58, 149–50, 171 and infralapsarianism, xxix Eusebius of Caesarea, on philosophers, 77 and justification, xxxviii, 102 excommunication, and false repentance, 121 and regeneration, 62 PML8James Page 242 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

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fall of Adam, continued grace and supralapsarianism, 49 defined, 219 and will of God, 52–53 as defined at Trent, 156–57 fate, vs. predestination, 12–13, 18–19, 72–73 efficacy of, 66 favor, as a work, 95 and election, 105 fear and faith, 154, 208, 214, 218–19 and faith, 174 and free will, 54–55 vs. love, 139–40 general/universal, 60–68, 123 as a work, 95 and justification, 144, 149–51 flesh particular, 53–59 defined, 98–99 and regeneration, 102–3 and salvation, 109 vs. rewards, 149–50 works of, 103–4, 124 sufficiency of, 58–59, 65 foreknowledge, 163 and works, 45, 123–25 benefits of study of, 7 Grammarians, 219 and contingency, 74, 81–82 gratis (in vain), 107 and free will, 72–74, 79–81 gratitude, for justification, 209–10 and justice, 82–84 Greenslade, S. L., xxii, xxxii and predestination, 16–17 Gregory of Nazianzus and providence, 71–73 on prayer, 83 and works, 7 on works and faith, 146 forgiveness, 137–38 Gregory of Rimini, xxxi, 124n and love, 204 predestinarian views of, xxx free will, 146. See also will of God Gregory the Great, on faith, 217 bondage of, 82 Grynaeus, Simon, xvii canon on, 2d Council of Orange, 154–55 and compulsion, 70 hatred, between God and Judas, 47 and consequent will of God, 63, 65 heaven, 135 and good works, 30, 32, 58 Hebrew (language), 87n–88n and grace, 54–58 Hesychius, on grace, 230 lost in the fall, 155 Hilary of Arles, 4, 4n and necessity, 70–71, 73–82 history, and faith, 193 and predestination, 11–12, 35, 81–82 holiness. See righteousness fruit motif, 112–13 Holy Spirit and faith, 107, 167–68 Gardiner, Stephen, 225n–226n, 228, 228n fruits of, 191 Gennadius, 230 and grace, 157 Gentiles as origin of faith, 190 and Abrahamic covenant, 166–67 Pighius on, 191–92 and the Decalogue, 116 role of, in salvation, 154 elect among, 65–66 Honorius, 151–52 and justification, 166 hope. See faith and righteousness of God, 163 Hostiensis, on faith and hope, 91–92 works of, 97 humanity. See also free will glorification, 163 two classes/groups, 63–64 God. See also love; mercy of God; will of God human nature, as unrighteous, 98–99 as author of sin, 45 Hume, David, theodicy dilemma, 18n will of, 46 humility, 194 good works. See works of Ahab, 131 Gospel, vs. law, 115 and election, 7, 142–43 PML8James Page 243 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

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humility, continued justification, continued and justification, 202 and forgiveness, 87–88 of the Virgin Mary, 41 and grace, 1–7, 149–51 hypostasis (substance), and faith, 91–92 and human perfection, 186–87 imputation of, xxxv–xxxvi, 100, 196 idolatry, 160–61 and law, 102–3 imputation as liberty, 108 defined, 100 and love, 184, 187, 204 and justification, xxxv–xxxvi, xlii–xliii, 100 and merit, 195 infallibility, and necessity, 70, 74 nature of, and providence, 104–5 infants, and free will, 32 in old and new covenants, 119 infralapsarianism. See under predestination and original sin, xxxviii iniquity. See sin(s) outward benefits of, 169 invocation. See prayer as a Pauline doctrine, xxxiii Irenaeus, on justification, 205–6 and piety (sanctification), xxxiv–xxxv Isaac and Ishmael motif, 33 preparations for, 158–59, 196 Israel, and works righteousness, 105 and regeneration, xxxvii renewal of, 182 Jacob and Esau motif, 11, 14, 29, 33, 37, 51, 59, and repentance, 136, 202 74, 219 restoration to, 165 Jerome and righteousness, 135–36 on faith, 211 and salvation, 163 on free will, 31 and sanctification, xxxvii, xli–xlii on grace vs. works, 151 vs. self-glorification, 221 against Pelagianism, 223–24 and simuliustus et peccator, xxxviii Jews threefold, xxxvii and consequent will of God, 65–66 Vermigli’s views, xxxii–xxxix, xl–xli and justification, 166 and works, 97–107, 110, 144, 158, 160–65, and predestination, 38–39 183, 194, 203 and righteousness of God, 163 superstitions of, 193 keys, to the kingdom, 141–42 works of, 98 Kimhi, David (rabbi), 88n, 95 John the Baptist, 55, 170 Kirby, Torrance, 73n Judas motif, 95, 128 justice law and foreknowledge, 82–84 Christ as end of, 148 and predestination, 35, 43 and civil order, 129–30 and reprobation, 25 as a curse, 107, 119 and sin, 24 Decalogue, 117–18 and will of God, 83–84 and faith, 1–8 justification and fall of Adam, 52–53 and adoption, xxxvi and forgiveness, 137 cause and effects, 159 function of, 120, 128–30 by congruity, 122–23, 221 vs. Gospel, 115 defined, 87–88 and justification, 102–3, 131–32 development of doctrine, xxxix, xli–xlii lesbia regula (mason’s lead rule), 130n and election, 104 moral vs. ceremonial, 115–18 and faith, 92–93, 134, 160–205, 213 natural, 146–47 by faith alone, 218–30 offices of, 128–31 as forensic verb, xxxv, xxxviii, 87–88 pre-Noahic, 205 PML8James Page 244 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

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law, continued merit of purification, 141 congruent vs. condign, 125–26, 221 and righteousness, 105, 142, 150 and justification, 195 righteousness of, 148, 164 and works, 114, 125–26 and salvation, 104 miracles, and faith, 173, 178–79, 190 as schoolmaster, 128 morality. See righteousness and sin, 145 Muller, Richard, xxix, xlii supreme vs. human, 130 murder, 12, 130 and works, 96–103 Leo I (pope), on passion of the Lord, 216 necessity Loach, Jennifer, xxiii of certainty, 70–71 loci communes (commonplaces), xxii–xxiii of consequence, 70–72 Logicians, 15, 135, 208 defined, 69, 69n on causality, 30 and free will, 73–82 Lombard, Peter. See Peter Lombard imposition of, 69–73 Lord’s Prayer, 137 and infallibility, 70, 74 Lord’s Supper, 219–20 intrinsic, extrinsic, and hypothetical, 69–70, love 69n, 82–84 and adoption, 187 and justice, 82–84 expression of, 184 of prediction, 74 and faith, 176–78 and prophecy, 85 vs. fear, 139–40 new birth, 139 and forgiveness, 226–27 Nicodemus, 160 of God, 124, 139–40, 153 and predestination, 19 Oberman, Heiko A., xii and good works, 146 Ochino, Bernardino, xviii as grace, 57 Oecolampadius, John, xxxix, xlii and justification, 184, 187–88 Oenomaris the Cynic, on free will and necessity, as a work, 95 77 Lucius Sergius Catilia, 147 Origen Luther, Martin, xvii, xxxixn on fate, 12 Lutherans, xxiv, xxv, xli–xlii on grace, 206–8 on justification, 228 Marbach, John, opposes Vermigli, xxiv, xxv on justification and grace, 149 marks of believers, 194 on necessity, 74 Martyr, Peter. See Vermigli, Peter Martyr on universal restoration, 60 Mary Tudor (queen of England), xviii on works, 151 Massa perditionis defined, 102n Oxford Disputation, xviii McGrath, Alister, xli Oxford University, xii, xxi McNair, Philip, xx, xxvii, xl regius professorship, xixn, xx means and ends, for salvation, 23, 49, 93, 126– theological curriculum, xxiii, xxiiin 27 Vermigli’s lectures at, xix, xxvi medical motif, 127–28 Melanchthon, Philip, xvii, xix, xxii, 94 pagans, and free will, 65 mercy of God parables, spoken to the elect, 55 and election, 41, 60 Parcae (Fates), 72n and grace, 57 Paul (apostle), on causality, 31–32 and imputation of righteousness, 99–101 Pelagianism, 229 and reprobation, 25 of Catholic church, 153 and works, 105 on natural law, 146–47

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Index 245

Pelagianism, continued predestination, continued of Pighius, xxvii causes of, 25–51 Pellican, Conrad, xxiv defined, 15, 19–23 Peter (apostle), on election, 42 double, xxxiv, xxvii–xxviv Peter Lombard, 19, 93 effects of, 51–68 Phidias (sculptor), 95n and election, 19 philosophers, on free will and necessity, 77 existence of, 10–15 physician motif, 126–27, 170 and faith, 33–34, 135 piety and fate, 4–5, 12–13, 18–19 and justification, xxxiv–xxxv, 114 and foreknowledge, 16–17 as a work, 126–27 and free will, 11–12, 35 Pighius, Albert and human reason, 106 attack on Calvin, xxvii, 129n as infralapsarian, xxix characterization of, xxvi–xxvii, xxvin– and justice, 35 xviinn locus on, four principal parts, 3 Controversiarum, xxxiv, 138, 173n, 175–80, and love, 19 178n, 179n, 181–207 passim nature of, 15–19 De libero, 11n, 40, 40n–42n, 43, 44n, 48n, necessary relatives, 22–23 50n, 67 necessity of, 69–73 on double justification, xxxiv and obedience, 75 on faith and justification, 138 and original sin, 49 on the Holy Spirit, 191–92 as a Pauline doctrine, xxvi on justification, 172–73 Pighius’s view of, xxxiv, 49–51 on law and righteousness, 129 potter motif, 14, 22, 28 on origin of Virgin Mary, 41n and properties of God, 23 on prayer, 13–14 and providence, 17–18 on predestination, 11 and purpose/good pleasure, 29–31 on providence, 12–13 and regeneration, 22 on “signs” of God's acts, 49–51 and reprobation, 45 on universal salvation, 62 and righteousness, 45 Vermigli’s objections to, on works and pre- as supralapsarian, xxix destination, 40–51 and time, 11–12 pity, as a work, 95 Vermigli’s lectures on, xxv–xxvi, xxvn Pole, Reginald, relationship with Vermigli, xvi Vermigli’s view of possibility, and foreknowledge, 74 context, xxiii–xxv potter motif, and predestination, 14, 22, 28, 37, countours, xxv–xxix 114 origins, xxx–xxxi prayer significance, xxxi author of, 133, 140 and works, 27–41 and foreknowledge, 7, 83 Zwingli’s view of, xxviii–xxix by the justified, 113 preparation Lord’s Prayer, 137 defined, 133 morning collect, 73, 73n for justification, 158–59, 196 and predestination, 13–14 for salvation, 134 for salvation, 164–65 prodigal son motif, 127 and will of God, 133 promise. See covenant(s) preaching, universal, and particular salvation, prophecy, 11–12, 75–76 60 Prosper of Aquitaine, 4, 4n predestination, 163. See also election; Protestantism reprobation; will of God in England, xvi–xx

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Protestantism, continued righteousness. See also works of Vermigli, xxxviii–xxxix and civil morality, 129–30 views on justification, xxxvii, xlii comparative, 129 providence, 18n, 71, 78–79 and faith, 89, 161–62, 194, 197 defined, 18 and grace, 159–60 nature of, and justification, 104–5 of Jesus Christ, 168 and predestination, 17–18 and justification, 88–89, 194 and preparatory works, 126 and law, 105, 142 and the law, 103, 108 Quintus Fabricius, 147n a non causa ut causa principle, 135 and predestination, 36, 45 rationality/reason of the regenerate, 87 vs. causality, 25–26 simul iustus et peccator, xxxvi of God’s purpose, 44 threefold, xxxvii, xli redemption, 137–38 two kinds of, 163–64, 204–5 sufficient vs. effectual, 62 and works, 95, 151, 194 Reformed theology on justification, xxxvi–xxxvii, xlii sacramental signification, 120 of Vermigli, xxix sacrifices, 145, 194 regeneration salvation and dignity/privilege, 61–62 and assurance, 45 and good works, 29 cause and effect, 142 and justification, xxxvii, xlii in Christ only, 216 and predestination, 22, 138 and election, 59, 104 and sanctification, 102 and faith, 169 and works, 95 five states of, 163 repentance by grace, 109–10 vs. auricular confession, 136–37 limited atonement, 62–63 and faith, 224 means and ends, 23, 49, 93, 126–27 and forgiveness, 137 universal call to, 66 as fruit of faith, 136 and works, 35–36, 109–10, 164–65 and good works, 120 Samuel, and election, 41 of Judas, 128 sanctification, and justification, xxxiv–xxxv, means of, 127 xxxvii, xlii, 102 vs. self-discipline, 132 Santerenziano, Giulio, xviii reprobation Schmidt, Charles, xxiii vs. condemnation, xxviii Scholasticism and damnation, 27, 47 on necessity, 69–70 (See also election; predestination) on predestination, 16 defined, 23–25 on redemption, 62 effects of, 51–53 syllogistic reasoning of, 28n in God’s purpose, 67 Scotus, Duns, 50 as infralapsarian, 49 Scriptures, infallibility of, 71 Pighius’s views of, 51 Seeberg, Reinhold, xxix and predestination, 45 servant vs. child motif, 195 and supralapsarianism, 49 Simler, Josiah, xxx, xxxii, xxxix Vermigli’s view, xxviii sin(s). See also fall of Adam and will of God, 47–48, 52 and alienation from God, 185 restoration, universal, 60 causes of, 23–24 reward simile, 195, 197 and depravity of nature, 46–47 PML8James Page 247 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

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sin(s), continued teaching, of predestination, 42 of the faithful, 113 Tertullian, on faith, 206 God as author of, 52–53 test, 24 good intentions, 146 theodicy dilemma (Hume), 18n levels of, 132 Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas original, 44, 48, 155 time, and predestination, 11 and grace, 62 treasure motif, 78 and justification, xxxviii Tremelli, Emmanuel (1510–80), recommended and reprobation, 49, 52 by Bucer to Cranmer, xviiin of the predestined, 68 trust, and faith, 94 as punishment, 52 and repentance, 127 unbelievers, works of, 121–23 and reprobation, 25, 68 universal restoration, 60 revealed by Scripture, 167 universals, 118 and simul iustus et peccator concept, xxxvii, xxxviii Valdés, Juan de, xii and true faith, 106 on justification by faith, xxxix–xl of the unregenerate, 207 predestinarian views of, xxx and will of God, 73 Vergerio, Paolo, 48n as will of God, 45–46 Vermigli, Peter Martyr and works, 45, 144, 220 biblical orientation, xiii Smith, Richard, xxxiii–xxxiv, 94, 94n commentaries, xv–xvi arguments against, 218–28 Genesis, xxxvii Defensio sacri, 223 1 Samuel, xxvn De votis Monasticis, 223n Romans, xx–xxii, xliii–xliv Diatriba, xxxiii–xxxiv, 180, 204, 219–20, 1 Corinthians, xxxvii 223–24 defines predestination, 19–23 on faith, contra Vermigli, 94 doctrines/views of, xl on justification, 180–81 Augustinianism, xii, xxvii, xxxv–xxxvii paralleled with Pighius, 204 (See also Augustinianism) as regius professor at Oxford, xxxiii on justification, xxxi–xxxiv, xli Smyth, C. H., xvi (See also justification) society, godly vs. ungodly, 63–64 lectures Solomon, 37, 46 Genesis, xxv–xxvi, xxxii Sophists, 110, 118, 135, 196 1 Samuel, xxvn sorites argument, 208 Romans xix, xx, xxvi soul, defined, 138 on Pelagianism, xxxv Spiera, Francesco, of Cittadella, 48, 48n, 115 on predestination, xxiii–xxiv, xxxi Spirit. See Holy Spirit (See also predestination) Staedtke, Joachim, xxv Protestantism, xxxviii–xxxix, xl–xli Stoics in England, xvi–xxi, xxxi–xxxii Cleanthes, 72, 72n regius professorship, at Oxford, xxii, on free will, 77 xxxii Strasbourg, Vermigli in, xx–xxi, xxv, xxix self-perception as Reformed, xxi Strype, John, characterization of Vermigli, xxxi– wife (Catherine Dampmartin), xvi xxxii, xxxiin and other Reformers supralapsarianism. See under predestination Bucer, xxxix, xl–xli syllogisms, 23n, 28n, 103n, 108n, 144, 144n, Bullinger, xxiv 191, 210, 215n Calvin, xxiv Cranmer, xvii–xix, xviii, xxxix PML8James Page 248 Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

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Vermigli, continued works, continued and other Reformers, continued and foreknowledge, 7 Gregory of Rimini, xii and function of the law, 128–31 Marbach, xxiv of Gentiles, 115–16 Melanchthon, xxii good vs. superstitious, 114 Oecolampadius, John, xxxix and grace, 45, 149, 155 Valdés, xxxix–xl inward and outward, 95 Zwingli, xxviii–xix and justification, 113–14, 124–25, 143–44, vileness (tapeinôsin), contrasted with virtue, 41 151 Virgin Mary, Pighius’s view of, 41, 41n of the justified, 110–11, 113, 124, 129, 134 virtue (tapeinophrosym), contrasted with vile- and knowledge of God, 145–46 ness, 41 and the law, 96 vocation, 163 and mercy of God, 105 and merit, 114, 125–26 Westminster Theological Seminary, xii moral vs. ceremonial, 95, 115, 124, 126 Whittingham, William, xviii natural, 124, 146 wickedness, defined, 88n a non causa ut causa principle, 135 will. See free will penal, 224 will of God. See also free will and predestination, 21–22, 27–41, 52 absolute vs. hidden, 46 preparatory, 126–28, 149, 153, 159, 192, 196 consequent, 63, 65 properties of, 100, 105, 113 effective, 64 and providence, 104 and fate or destiny, 72–73 of the reprobate, 67–68 of his good pleasure, 46, 56 and righteousness, 151–52 and self-determination, 133 and salvation, 19–110 signified, 46 and sin, 45 and sin(s), 73 source of, 134 wills, last, of humans, 134 of unbelievers, 121–23 wisdom, and salvation, 165–66 of the wicked, 111–12 works. See also righteousness and will of God, 73 as antecedents of righteousness, 135–36 wrath of God, 116, 160–61 and boasting, 99 and common grace, 123–25 Young, John, justification debate, with Bucer, confession, 164 xxxii–xxxiii defined, 95 as effects of righteousness, 135 Zanchi, Girolamo, xx, xxv and eternal life, 57–58 Zurich, xxiv, xxv and faith, 95–96 Zwingli, Ulrich, on double predestination, of fallen believers, 120–21 xxviii–xix Zwingli, Ulrich, on justification, xlii