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Home , Acacius of Beroea, Apollinaris of Laodicea, Arnobius the Younger, Athanasius of Alexandria, Babai the Great, Cyril of Alexandria

& Biographical Sketches Short Descriptions of Select Anonymous Works

This listing is cumulative, including all the authors and works cited in this series to date.

Abraham of Nathpar (fl. sixth-seventh to . However, trinitarian terminology, century). of the Eastern who coupled with references to Methodius and allu- flourished during the monastic revival of the sions to the fourth-century Constantinian era sixth to seventh century. Among his works is bring this attribution into question. a treatise on prayer and silence that speaks of Adamnan (c. 624-704). of Iona, Ireland, the importance of prayer becoming embodied and author of the life of St. Columba. He was through action in the one who prays. His work influential in the process of assimilating the has also been associated with John of Celtic church into Roman and church or . order. He also wrote On the Holy Sites, which (c. 340-c. 436). Syrian monk influenced . known for his ascetic life. He became Alexander of (fl. 312-328). Bishop of Beroea in 378, participatedSAMPLE—DO in the council of NOT and predecessor COPY of Athanasius, in 381, and played an important on whom he exerted considerable theological role in mediating between influence during the rise of . Alexander and John of ; however, he did not take excommunicated , whom he had appointed part in the clash between Cyril and . to the parish of Baucalis, in 319. His teach- Acacius of Caesarea (d. c. 365). Pro-Arian ing regarding the eternal generation and divine bishop of Caesarea in , and bi- substantial union of the Son with the Father was ographer of of Caesarea, the . eventually confirmed at the Council of He was a man of great learning and authored a (325). treatise on Ecclesiastes. of (c. 333 397; fl. 374 397). (early fourth century). Surname Bishop of Milan and teacher of Augustine who of Origen of Alexandria and the main character defended the of the and the in the dialogue contained in Concerning Right perpetual virginity of Mary. Faith in . Rufinus attributes this work Ambrosiaster (fl. c. 366 384). Name given to

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the author of an anonymous Pauline commen- of Egyptian . Athanasius regarded tary once thought to have been composed by him as the ideal of monastic life, and he has be- Ambrose. come a model for Christian . Ammonas (fourth century). Student of Antony (c. 270 350; fl. 337 345). “The Per- the Great and member of a colony of sian Sage” and first major Syriac writer whose at Pispir in . He took over leader- work survives. He is also known by his Greek ship of the colony upon Antony’s death in 356. name Aphraates. He was consecrated by Athanasius as bishop of (310 c. 392). Bishop a small unknown see. He died by 396. Fourteen of Laodicea who was attacked by Gregory of letters and eleven sayings in the Apophtheg- , Gregory of and Theodore for mata Patrum are attributed to him, although it denying that Christ had a human mind. is unlikely that all of the identified sayings are Aponius/Apponius (fourth−fifth century). his. Author of a remarkable commentary on Song Ammonius (c. fifth century). An Aristotelian of (c. 405-415), an important work in commentator and teacher in Alexandria, where the history of . The work, which was he was born and of whose school he became influenced by the commentaries of Origen and head. Also an exegete of , he enjoyed fame Pseudo-Hippolytus, is of theological signifi- among his contemporaries and successors, cance, especially in the area of . although modern critics accuse him of pedantry Apostolic Constitutions (c. 381-394). Also and banality. known as Constitutions of the Holy Apostles Amphilochius of Iconium (b. c. 340-345, d.c. and thought to be redacted by of Ne- 398-404). An orator at Constantinople before apolis. The work is divided into eight books, becoming bishop of Iconium in 373. He was a and is primarily a collection of and expansion cousin of and active in on previous works such as the (c. 140) debates against the Macedonians and Mes- and the Apostolic Traditions. Book 8 ends with salians. eighty-five canons from various sources and is Andreas (c. seventh century). Monk who col- elsewhere known as the Apostolic Canons. lected commentary from earlier writers to form Apringius of Beja (middle sixth century). Ibe- a catena on various biblical books. rian bishop and exegete. Heavily influenced by Andrew of Caesarea (early sixth century). Tyconius, he wrote a commentary on Revelation Bishop of Caesarea in . He pro- in , of which two large fragments survive. duced one of the earliest Greek commentaries Arethas of Caesarea (c. 860-940) Byzan- on Revelation and defended the divine inspira- tine scholar and disciple of Photius. He was a tion of its author. in Constantinople, then of Andrew of Crete (c. 660-740). Bishop of Crete, Caesarea from 901. known for his , especially for his “can- Arius (fl. c. 320). Heretic condemned at the ons,” a genre which supplanted the kontakia and Council of Nicaea (325) for refusing to accept is believed to have originated with him. A sig- that the Son was not a creature but was God by nificant number of his canons and sermons have nature like the Father. survived and some are still in use in the Eastern of Sicca (d. c. 327). Teacher of Church. In the early Iconoclastic controversy he rhetoric at Sicca Veneria in Numidia in North is also known for his defense of the veneration and opponent of , he con- of . verted late in life and became an apologist for Antony (or Anthony) the Great (c. 251-c. 356). the faith he formerly opposed. According to An anchorite of the Egyptian desert and founder , Arnobius’s one extant work, Against

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the Nations, was written at the request of his Beth Zabday and later served as third superior bishop, who wanted proof that his conversion at the Great Convent of Mount Izla during a was genuine. It was probably composed during period of crisis in the Nestorian church. the persecution under . Basil of (fl. 444-468). Bishop of Arnobius the Younger (fifth century). A Seleucia in Isauria and ecclesiastical writer. He participant in christological controversies of took part in the of Constantinople in the fifth century. He composed Conflictus 448 for the condemnation of the Eutychian er- cum Serapione, an account of a debate with rors and the deposition of their great champion, a monophysite monk in which he attempts to Dioscurus of Alexandria. demonstrate harmony between Roman and Basil the Great (b. c. 330; fl. 357 379). One of Alexandrian . Some scholars attribute the , bishop of Caesarea to him a few more works, such as Commentar- and champion of the teaching on the ies on . propounded at Nicaea in 325. He was a great Asterius the Homilist (late fourth-early administrator and founded a monastic rule. fifth century). Author of thirty-one homilies Basilides (fl. second century). Alexandrian her- on Psalms 1–15 and 18, abbreviated versions etic of the early second century who is said to of which are preserved under the name of have believed that migrate from body to . This otherwise unknown body and that we do not sin if we lie to protect preacher, sometimes identified with Asterius the body from martyrdom. of Amasea and Asterius the Sophist, lived in or Bede (c. 672/673-735). Born near Antioch. in Northumbria, at the age of seven, he was (c. 295 373; fl. 325 put under the care of the Benedictine monks 373). Bishop of Alexandria from 328, though of Peter and Paul at Jarrow and given a often in exile. He wrote his classic polemics broad classical education in the monastic tradi- against the Arians while most of the eastern tion. Considered one of the most learned men were against him. of his age, he is the author of An Ecclesiastical Athenagoras (fl. 176-180). Early Christian History of the English People. philosopher and apologist from , whose (c. 480-547). Considered only authenticated writing, A Plea Regard- the most important figure in the history of ing , is addressed to the emperors Western monasticism. Benedict founded many and Commodius, and defends , the most notable found at Mon- Christians from the common accusations of tecassino, but his lasting influence lay in his atheism, incest and cannibalism. famous Rule. The Rule outlines the theological (354 430). Bishop of and inspirational foundation of the monastic Hippo and a voluminous writer on philosophi- ideal while also legislating the shape and orga- cal, exegetical, theological and ecclesiological nization of the cenobitic life. topics. He formulated the Western doctrines of Besa the Copt (5th century). Coptic monk, and in his writings disciple of , whom he succeeded as against the Pelagians. head of the . He wrote numerous Babai (c. early sixth century). Author of the letters, monastic catecheses and a biography of Letter to Cyriacus. He should not be confused Shenoute. with either Babai of Nisibis (d. 484), or Babai Book of Steps (c. 400). Written by an anony- the Great (d. 628). mous Syriac author, this work consists of thirty (d. 628). Syriac monk who homilies or discourses which specifically deal founded a monastery and school in his region of with the more advanced stages of growth in the

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spiritual life. surviving works suggest chiliast and patripas- Braulio of Saragossa (c. 585-651). Bishop of sionist tendencies. Saragossa (631-651) and noted writer of the Constitutions of the Holy Apostles. See Apos- Visigothic . His Life of St. Aemil- tolic Constitutions. ianus is his crowning literary achievement. Cosmas of Maiuma (c. 675-c.751). Adopted Caesarius of (c. 470 543). Bishop of son of and educated by the Arles renowned for his attention to his pastoral monk Cosmas in the early eighth century. He duties. Among his surviving works the most im- entered the monastery of St. Sabas near Jeru- portant is a collection of some 238 sermons that salem and in 735 became bishop of Maiuma display an ability to preach Christian doctrine near Gaza. Cosmas in his capacity as Melodus to a variety of audiences. (“Songwriter”) is known for his canons com- Callistus of (d. 222). (217-222) posed in honor of Christian feasts. An alternate who excommunicated for . It is rendering of his name is Kosmas Melodos. very probable that he suffered martyrdom. of (fl. 248 258). Martyred Cassia (b. c. 805, d. between 848 and 867). bishop of Carthage who maintained that those , poet and hymnographer who founded a baptized by schismatics and heretics had no convent in Constantinople. share in the blessings of the church. Cassian, John (360 432). Author of the Insti- Cyril of Alexandria (375 444; fl. 412 444). Pa- tutes and the Conferences, works purporting triarch of Alexandria whose extensive exegesis, to relay the teachings of the Egyptian monastic characterized especially by a strong espousal of fathers on the nature of the spiritual life which the unity of Christ, led to the condemnation of were highly influential in the development of Nestorius in 431. Western monasticism. Cyril of (c. 315 386; fl. c. 348). Cassiodorus (c. 485 c. 580). Founder of the Bishop of Jerusalem after 350 and author of mon- Catechetical Homilies. astery of Vivarium, Calabria, where monks Cyril of (b. c. 525; d. after 557). transcribed classic sacred and profane texts, Palestinian monk and author of biographies of Greek and Latin, preserving them for the West- famous Palestinian monks. Because of him we ern tradition. have precise knowledge of monastic life in the Chromatius (fl. 400). Bishop of , fifth and sixth centuries and a description of friend of Rufinus and Jerome and author of the Origenist crisis and its suppression in the tracts and sermons. mid-sixth century. (c. 150 215). A highly Diadochus of Photice (c. 400-474). Antimono- educated Christian convert from , physite bishop of Epirus Vetus whose work head of the catechetical school in Alexandria Discourse on the Ascension of Our Lord and pioneer of Christian scholarship. His major Christ exerted influence in both the East and works, Protrepticus, Paedagogus and the Stro- West through its Chalcedonian Christology. He mata, bring Christian doctrine face to face with is also the subject of the mystical Vision of St. the ideas and achievements of his time. Diadochus Bishop of Photice in Epirus. Clement of Rome (fl. c. 92 101). Pope whose Didache (c. 140). Of unknown authorship, this Epistle to the Corinthians is one of the most text intertwines Jewish ethics with Christian important documents of subapostolic times. liturgical practice to form a whole discourse on Commodian (probably third or possibly fifth the “way of life.” It exerted an enormous amount century). Latin poet of unknown origin (pos- of influence in the patristic period and was espe- sibly Africa, , Rome or Gaul) whose two cially used in the training of catechumen.

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Didascalia Apostolorum (Teaching of the Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315 403). Bishop Twelve Apostles and Holy Disciples of Our of Salamis in Cyprus, author of a refutation of Savior) (early third century). A Church Or- eighty (the Panarion) and instrumental der composed for a community of Christian in the condemnation of Origen. converts from paganism in the northern part of Epiphanius the Latin. Author of the late Syria. This work forms the main source of the fifth- century or early sixth-century Latin text first six books of the Apostolic Constitutions Interpretation of the , with constant and provides an important window to view what references to early patristic commentators. He early liturgical practice may have looked like. was possibly a bishop of Benevento or Seville. (c. 313 398). Alexandrian Epistle of . See Letter of Barnabas. exegete who was much influenced by Origen Eucherius of Lyons (fl. 420-449). Bishop of and admired by Jerome. Lyons c. 435-449. Born into an aristocratic Diodore of (d. c. 394). Bishop of Tarsus family, he, along with his wife and sons, joined and Antiochene theologian. He authored a the monastery at Lérins soon after its founding. great scope of exegetical, doctrinal and apolo- He explained difficult Scripture passages by getic works, which come to us mostly in frag- means of a threefold reading of the text: literal, ments because of his condemnation as the moral and spiritual. predecessor of . Diodore was a Eugippius (b. 460). Disciple of Severinus and teacher of John Chrysostom and Theodore of third abbot of the monastic community at . Castrum Lucullanum, which was made up of Dionysius of Alexandria (d. c. 264). Bishop of those fleeing from Noricum during the barbar- Alexandria and student of Origen. Dionysius ian invasions. actively engaged in the theological disputes of Eunomius (d. 393). Bishop of Cyzicyus who his day, opposed , defended himself was attacked by Basil and for against accusations of tritheism and wrote the maintaining that the Father and the Son were earliest extant Christian refutation of Epicu- of different natures, one ingenerate, one gener- reanism. His writings have survived mainly ate. in extracts preserved by other early Christian Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260/263 340). Bishop authors. of Caesarea, partisan of the Emperor Constan- (fl. c. 525-540). Member of tine and first historian of the Christian church. Abbot Seridos’s monastery and later leader of He argued that the truth of the had a monastery where he wrote Spiritual Instruc- been foreshadowed in pagan writings but had tions. He also wrote a work on traditions of to defend his own doctrine against suspicion of Palestinian monasticism. Arian sympathies. Ennodius (474-521). Bishop of Pavia, a prolific Eusebius of Emesa (c. 300-c. 359). Bishop of writer of various genre, including letters, poems Emesa from c. 339. A biblical exegete and writer and biographies. He sought reconciliation in the on doctrinal subjects, he displays some semi- between Rome and Acacius of Constan- Arian tendencies of his mentor Eusebius of tinople, and also upheld papal autonomy in the Caesarea. face of challenges from secular authorities. Eusebius of Gaul, or Eusebius Gallicanus (c. (b. c. 306; fl. 363 373). fifth century). A conventional name for a col- Syrian writer of commentaries and devotional lection of seventy-six sermons produced in Gaul hymns which are sometimes regarded as the and revised in the seventh century. It contains greatest specimens of Christian poetry prior to material from different patristic authors and Dante. focuses on ethical teaching in the context of the

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liturgical cycle (days of saints and other feasts). ogy was supplemented, according to Justinian’s Eusebius of (fl. c. 360). Bishop of Ver- decisions, by the theo-paschite formula Unus celli who supported the trinitarian teaching of ex Trinitate passus est (“Only one of the three Nicaea (325) when it was being undermined by suffered”). compromise in the West. Fastidius (c. fourth-fifth centuries). British au- Eustathius of Antioch (fl. 325). First bishop of thor of On the Christian Life. He is believed to Beroea, then of Antioch, one of the leaders of have written some works attributed to . the anti-Arians at the council of Nicaea. Later, Faustinus (fl. 380). A in Rome and sup- he was banished from his seat and exiled to porter of and author of a treatise on the Thrace for his support of Nicene theology. Trinity. Euthymius (377-473). A native of Melitene and Faustus of Riez (c. 400-490). A prestigious influential monk. He was educated by Bishop British monk at Lérins; abbot, then bishop of Otreius of Melitene, who ordained him priest Riez from 457 to his death. His works include and placed him in charge of all the monasteries On the Holy Spirit, in which he argued against in his . When the Council of Chalce- the Macedonians for the divinity of the Holy don (451) condemned the errors of Eutyches, Spirit, and On Grace, in which he argued for it was greatly due to the authority of Euthym- a position on salvation that lay between more ius that most of the Eastern recluses accepted categorical views of free will and predestination. its decrees. The empress Eudoxia returned to Various letters and (pseudonymous) sermons Chalcedonian through his efforts. are extant. Evagrius of (c. 345-399). Disciple and The Festal . Orthodox liturgical text teacher of ascetic life who astutely absorbed and containing the variable parts of the service, creatively transmitted the spirituality of Egyp- including hymns, for fixed days of celebration of tian and Palestinian monasticism of the late the life of Jesus and Mary. fourth century. Although Origenist elements Filastrius (fl. 380). Bishop of and au- of his writings were formally condemned by the thor of a compilation against all heresies. Fifth (Constantinople II, Firmicus Maternus (fourth century). An a.d. 553), his literary corpus continued to influ- anti- Pagan apologist. Before his conversion ence the tradition of the church. to Christianity he wrote a work on astrology Eznik of Kolb (early fifth century). A disciple (334-337). After his conversion, however, he of Mesrob who translated Greek Scriptures criticized paganism in On the Errors of the into Armenian, so as to become the model of Profane Religion. the classical . As bishop, he Flavian of Chalon-sur-Saône (d. end of participated in the synod of Astisat (449). sixth century). Bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône Facundus of Hermiane (fl. 546-568). Afri- in Burgundy, France. His Verses on the can bishop who opposed Emperor Justinian’s Mandate in the Lord’s Supper was recited in postmortem condemnation of Theodore of a number of the French monasteries after the Mopsuestia, of Cyr and Ibas of washing of the feet on Maundy Thursday. Ebessa at the fifth ecumenical council. His Fructuosus of (d. c. 665). Son of a written defense, known as “To Justinian” or Gothic general and member of a noble military “In Defense of the Three Chapters,” avers that family. He became a monk at an early age, then ancient theologians should not be blamed for abbot- bishop of Dumium before 650 and met- errors that became obvious only upon later ropolitan of Braga in 656. He was influential in theological reflection. He continued in the setting up monastic communities in Lusitania, tradition of , although his Christol- Asturia, Galicia and the island of Gades.

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Fulgentius of (c. 467 532). Bishop of and a powerful unifying force within the Latin Ruspe and author of many orthodox sermons Church, initiating the liturgical reform that and tracts under the influence of Augustine. brought about the Gregorian Sacramentary and Gaudentius of Brescia (fl. 395). Successor of . Filastrius as bishop of Brescia and author of Heracleon (fl. c.145-180). Gnostic teacher and twenty-one Eucharistic sermons. disciple of Valentinus. His commentary on Gennadius of Constantinople (d. 471). Pa- John, which was perhaps the first commentary triarch of Constantinople, author of numerous to exist on this or any Gospel, was so popular commentaries and an opponent of the Christol- that Ambrose commissioned Origen to write ogy of Cyril of Alexandria. his own commentary in response, providing a Gerontius (c. 395-c.480). Palestinian monk, more orthodox approach to the Fourth Gospel. later archimandrite of the cenobites of Pales- (fl. 412-450). Presby- tine. He led the resistance to the council of ter and exegete, thought to have commented on Chalcedon. the whole of Scripture. Gnostics. Name now given generally to follow- Hilary of Arles (c. 401-449). Archbishop of ers of Basilides, Marcion, Valentinus, and Arles and leader of the Semi-Pelagian party. others. The characteristic belief is that mat- Hilary incurred the wrath of when ter is a prison made for the spirit by an evil or he removed a bishop from his see and appointed ignorant creator, and that redemption depends a new bishop. Leo demoted Arles from a metro- on fate, not on free will. politan see to a bishopric to assert papal power (fl. 359 385). Bishop of over the church in Gaul. Elvira who wrote allegorical treatises in the (c. 315 367). Bishop of Poi- of Origen and defended the Nicene faith tiers and called the “Athanasius of the West” against the Arians. because of his defense (against the Arians) of Gregory of Nazianzus (b. 329/330; fl. 372 the common nature of Father and Son. 389). Cappadocian father, bishop of Constan- Hippolytus (fl. 222-245). Recent scholarship tinople, friend of Basil the Great and Gregory places Hippolytus in a Palestinian context, of Nyssa, and author of theological orations, personally familiar with Origen. Though he is sermons and poetry. known chiefly for The Refutation of All Her- Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335 394). Bishop of Nyssa esies, he was primarily a commentator on Scrip- and brother of Basil the Great. A Cappadocian ture (especially the ) employing father and author of catechetical orations, he typological exegesis. was a philosophical theologian of great original- Horsiesi (c. 305-c. 390). Pachomius’s second ity. successor, after , as a leader of ceno- (fl. c. 248-264). bitic monasticism in Southern Egypt. Bishop of Neocaesarea and a disciple of Ori- (c. 35 107/112). Bishop gen. There are at least five legendary Lives that of Antioch who wrote several letters to local recount the events and miracles which led to churches while being taken from Antioch to his being called “the wonder worker.” His most Rome to be martyred. In the letters, which important work was the Address of Thanks to warn against heresy, he stresses orthodox Origen, which is a rhetorically structured pan- Christology, the centrality of the egyric to Origen and an outline of his teaching. and unique role of the bishop in preserving the Gregory the Great (c. 540 604). Pope from unity of the church. 590, the fourth and last of the Latin “Doc- of Lyons (c. 135 c. 202). Bishop of tors of the Church.” He was a prolific author Lyons who published the most famous and

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influential refutation of Gnostic thought. supporter of Nestorius, he condemned Cyril of Nineveh (d. c. 700). Also known as of Alexandria, but later reached a compromise Isaac the Syrian or Isaac Syrus, this monastic with him. writer served for a short while as bishop of Ni- John of Apamea (fifth century). Syriac au- neveh before retiring to live a secluded monastic thor of the early church who wrote on various life. His writings on ascetic subjects survive in aspects of the spiritual life, also known as John the form of numerous homilies. the Solitary. Some of his writings are in the of Scete (late fourth century). Author of form of dialogues. Other writings include let- ascetical texts, collected after his death under ters, a treatise on , and shorter works on the title of the Ascetic Discourses. This work prayer and silence. was influential in the development of Eastern John of Carpathus (c. seventh/eighth century). Christian and spirituality. Perhaps John the bishop from the island of Isho‘dad of Merv (fl. c. 850). Nestorian bishop Carpathus, situated between Crete and Rhodes, of Hedatta. He wrote commentaries on parts of who attended the Synod of 680/81. He wrote the Old Testament and all of the New Testa- two “centuries” (a literary genre in Eastern ment, frequently quoting Syriac fathers. spirituality consisting of 100 short sections, (c. 560-636). Youngest of a or chapters). These were entitled Chapters of family of monks and clerics, including sister Encouragement to the Monks of India and Florentina and brothers Leander and Fulgen- Chapters on Theology and Knowledge which tius. He was an erudite author of comprehen- are included in the . sive scale in matters both religious and sacred, John of Damascus (c. 650-750). Arab monastic including his encyclopedic Etymologies. and theologian whose writings enjoyed great of Nisibis (d. 338). Bishop of Nisibis. He influence in both the Eastern and Western was present at the council of Nicaea in 325 and Churches. His most influential writing was the took an active part in the opposition to Arius. Orthodox Faith. Jacob of Sarug (c. 450-c. 520). Syriac ecclesi- John the Elder (c. eighth century). A Syriac astical writer. Jacob received his education at author also known as John of Dalyatha or John . At the end of his life he was ordained Saba (“the elder”) who belonged to monastic bishop of Sarug. His principal writing was a circles of the and lived in long series of metrical homilies, earning him the the region of Mount Qardu (northern Iraq). title “The Flute of the Holy Spirit.” His most important writings are twenty-two Jerome (c. 347 420). Gifted exegete and homilies and a collection of fifty-one short let- exponent of a style, now best ters in which he describes the mystical life as an known as the translator of the Latin . anticipatory experience of the resurrection life, He defended the perpetual virginity of Mary, the fruit of the of baptism and the attacked Origen and Pelagius and supported Eucharist. extreme ascetic practices. John the Monk. Traditional name found in John Chrysostom (344/354 407; fl. 386 407). The Festal Menaion, believed to refer to John of Bishop of Constantinople who was noted for Da- mascus. See John of Damascus. his orthodoxy, his eloquence and his attacks on Josephus, Flavius (c. 37-c. 101). Jewish his- Christian laxity in high places. torian from a distinguished priestly family. John of Antioch (d. 441/42). Bishop of Anti- Acquainted with the Essenes and Sadducees, och, commencing in 428. He received his educa- he himself became a Pharisee. He joined the tion together with Nestorius and Theodore of great Jewish revolt that broke out in 66 and Mopsuestia in a monastery near Antioch. A was chosen by the Sanhedrin at Jerusalem to be

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commander-in-chief in Galilee. Showing great whose Tome to Flavian helped to strike a bal- shrewdness to ingratiate himself with Vespa- ance between Nestorian and Cyrilline positions sian by foretelling his elevation and that of his at the in 451. son Titus to the imperial dignity, Josephus was Letter of Barnabas (c. 130). An allegorical and restored his liberty after 69 when Vespasian typological interpretation of the Old Testa- became emperor. ment with a decidedly anti-Jewish tone. It was Julian of Eclanum (c. 385-450). Bishop of included with other works Eclanum in 416/417 who was removed from as a “ epistle” at least until Eusebius office and exiled in 419 for not officially op- of Caesarea (c. 260/263-340) questioned its posing . In exile, he was accepted authenticity. by , whose Antiochene Letter to Diognetus (c. third century). A exegetical style he followed. Although he was refutation of paganism and an exposition of never able to regain his ecclesiastical position, the Christian life and faith. The author of this Julian taught in until his death. His letter is unknown, and the exact identity of its works include commentaries on and parts of recipient, Diognetus, continues to elude patris- the Minor Prophets, a translation of Theodore tic scholars. of Mopsuestia’s commentary on the Psalms, and Lucifer (d. 370/371). Bishop of and various letters. Sympathetic to Pelagius, Julian vigorous supporter of Athanasius and the applied his intellectual acumen and rhetorical Nicene . In conflict with the emperor training to argue against Augustine on matters Constantius, he was banished to Palestine and such as free will, desire and the locus of evil. later to Thebaid (Egypt). Julian the Arian (c. fourth century) Anti- Luculentius (fifth century). Unknown author ochene, Arian author of Commentary on Job, of a group of short commentaries on the New and probably a follower of Aetius and Euno- Testament, especially Pauline passages. His mius. The 85 Apostolic Canons, once part of exegesis is mainly literal and relies mostly on the Apostolic Constitutions, and the Pseudo- earlier authors such as Jerome and Augustine. Ignatian writings are also attributed to him. The content of his writing may place it in the Martyr (c. 100/110-165; fl. c. 148-161). fifth century. Palestinian philosopher who was converted to (c. 300-c. 390). One of the Christianity, “the only sure and worthy phi- . Accused of supporting Atha- losophy.” He traveled to Rome where he wrote nasius, Macarius was exiled c. 374 to an island several apologies against both pagans and , in the Nile by Lucius, the Arian successor of combining Greek philosophy and Christian Athanasius. Macarius continued his teaching of theology; he was eventually martyred. monastic theology at Wadi Natrun. (c. 260-c. 330). Christian apologist Macrina the Younger (c. 327 379). The elder removed from his post as teacher of rhetoric at sister of Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, upon his conversion to Christian- she is known as “the Younger” to distinguish ity. He was tutor to the son of Constantine and her author of The Divine Institutes. from her paternal grandmother. She had a Leander (c. 545-c. 600). Latin ecclesiastical powerful influence on her younger brothers, es- writer, of whose works only two survive. He was pecially on Gregory, who called her his teacher instrumental in spreading Christianity among and relates her teaching in On the and the the Visigoths, gaining significant historical Resurrection. influence in in his time. Manichaeans. A religious movement that origi- Leo the Great (regn. 440 461). Bishop of Rome nated circa 241 in Persia under the leadership of

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Mani but was apparently of complex Christian (d. 408/423). Bishop of origin. It is said to have denied free will and Turin. Over one hundred of his sermons survive the universal sovereignty of God, teaching that on Christian festivals, saints and martyrs. kingdoms of light and darkness are coeternal (c. 580-662). Palestin- and that the redeemed are particles of a spiri- ian-born theologian and ascetic writer. Fleeing tual man of light held captive in the darkness of the Arab invasion of Jerusalem in 614, he took matter (see Gnostics). refuge in Constantinople and later Africa. He Marcellus of Ancyra (d. c. 375). Wrote a died near the Black Sea after imprisonment and refutation of Arianism. Later, he was accused of severe suffering, having his tongue cut off and his Sabellianism, especially by Eusebius of Cae- right hand mutilated. He taught total preference sarea. While the Western church declared him for God and detachment from all things. orthodox, the Eastern church excommunicated Melito of (d. c. 190). Bishop of Sardis. him. Some scholars have attributed to him cer- According to Polycrates, he may have been tain works of Athanasius. Jewish by birth. Among his numerous works Marcion (fl. 144). Heretic of the mid second is a liturgical document known as On Pascha century who rejected the Old Testament and (ca. 160-177). As a Quartodeciman, and one much of the New Testament, claiming that the involved intimately involved in that controversy, Father of Jesus Christ was other than the Old Melito celebrated Pascha on the fourteenth of Testament God (see Gnostics). Nisan in line with the custom handed down Marius Victorinus (b. c. 280/285; fl. c. 355 from Judaism. 363). Grammarian of African origin who taught Methodius of (d. 311). Bishop of rhetoric at Rome and translated works of Pla- Olympus who celebrated virginity in a Sympo- tonists. After his conversion (c. 355), he wrote sium partly modeled on Plato’s dialogue of that against the Arians and commentaries on Paul’s name. letters. Minucius Felix (second or third century). Mark the (c. sixth century). Monk Christian apologist who was an advocate in who lived near Tarsus and produced works on Rome. His Octavius agrees at numerous points ascetic practices as well as christological issues. with the Apologeticum of . His birth- Martin of Braga (fl. c. 568-579). Anti-Arian place is believed to be in Africa. metropolitan of Braga on the . Montanist Oracles. was an apoca- He was highly educated and presided over the lyptic and strictly ascetic movement begun in provincial council of Braga in 572. the latter half of the second century by a certain Martyrius. See Sahdona. Montanus in Phrygia, who, along with certain Maximinus (the Arian) (b. c. 360-65). Bishop of his followers, uttered oracles they claimed of an Arian community, perhaps in Illyricum. were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Little of the Of Roman descent, he debated publicly with authentic oracles remains and most of what is Augustine at Hippo (427 or 428), ardently known of Montanism comes from the authors defending Arian doctrine. Besides the polemi- who wrote against the movement. Montanism cal works he wrote against the orthodox, such was formally condemned as a heresy before by as his Against the Heretics, Jews and Pagans, Asiatic . he also wrote fifteen sermons that are consid- Nemesius of Emesa (fl. late fourth century). ered much less polemical, having been previ- Bishop of Emesa in Syria whose most important ously attributed to Maximus of Turin. He is work, Of the Nature of Man, draws on several also known for his twenty-four Explanations of theological and philosophical sources and is the Chapters of the Gospels. first exposition of a Christian anthropology.

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Nestorius (c. 381-c. 451). of Con- Palladius of (c. 363/364-c. 431). stantinople (428 431) who founded the heresy Bishop of Helenopolis in (400-417) which says that there are two persons, divine and then Aspuna in Galatia. A disciple of and human, rather than one person truly united Evagrius of Pontus and admirer of Origen, in the incarnate Christ. He resisted the teach- Palladius became a zealous adherent of John ing of , causing Nestorian churches to Chrysostom and shared his troubles in 403. separate from Constantinople. His Lausaic History is the leading source for Nicetas of Remesiana (fl. second half of fourth the history of early monasticism, stressing the century). Bishop of Remesiana in , whose spiritual value of the life of the desert. works affirm the of the Son Paschasius of Dumium (c. 515-c. 580). Trans- and the deity of the Holy Spirit. lator of sentences of the Desert Fathers from Nilus of Ancyra (d. c. 430). Prolific ascetic Greek into Latin while a monk in Dumium. writer and disciple of John Chrysostom. Some- Paterius (c. sixth-seventh century). Disciple of times erroneously known as , he Gregory the Great who is primarily responsible was a native of Ancyra and studied at Constan- for the transmission of Gregory’s works to many tinople. later medieval authors. of Rome (fl. 235 258). Roman theo- Patrick (d. c. 492). known as the apostle logian, otherwise orthodox, who formed a schis- to Ireland. Born in Britain and later kidnapped matic church after failing to become pope. His at the age of sixteen by pirates, Patrick was treatise on the Trinity states the classic western taken to Ireland where he worked as a shepherd. doctrine. He later returned to Britain and undertook (sixth century). Called the Rhetor training in Gaul and possibly also Lerins for or the Philosopher, Oecumenius wrote the the apostolate. According to tradition, he was earliest extant Greek commentary on Revela- consecrated a bishop and returned to northern tion. Scholia by Oecumenius on some of John Ireland in 432 where he preached the gospel Chrysostom’s commentaries on the Pauline and established his see at Armagh, which was Epistles are still extant. extended to the continent via Irish missionar- Olympiodorus (early sixth century). Exegete ies. His two works that survive are Epistle to and deacon of Alexandria, known for his com- the soldier Coroticus and Confession, written to- mentaries that come to us mostly in catenae. ward the end of his life. His feast day is March Origen of Alexandria (b. 185; fl. c. 200 254). 17. Influential exegete and systematic theologian. Paulinus of Milan (late 4th-early 5th century). He was condemned (perhaps unfairly) for main- Personal secretary and biographer of Ambrose taining the preexistence of souls while purport- of Milan. He took part in the Pelagian contro- edly denying the resurrection of the body. His versy. extensive works of exegesis focus on the spiri- (355-431). Roman senator tual meaning of the text. and distinguished Latin poet whose frequent Pachomius (c. 292-347). Founder of cenobitic encounters with Ambrose of Milan (c. 333-397) monasticism. A gifted group leader and author led to his eventual conversion and baptism in of a set of rules, he was defended after his death 389. He eventually renounced his wealth and by Athanasius of Alexandria. influential position and took up his pen to write Pacian of Barcelona (c. fourth century). Bishop poetry in service of Christ. He also wrote many of Barcelona whose writings polemicize against letters to, among others, Augustine, Jerome and popular pagan festivals as well as Novatian Rufinus. schismatics. Paulus (b. c. 380). An outspoken critic

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of Pelagius, mentored by Augustine. His Seven several works on the incarnation and a number Books of History Against the Pagans was per- of exegetical works. haps the first . Photius (c. 820-891). An important Byzantine Pelagius (c. 354 c. 420). Contemporary of churchman and university professor of philos- Augustine whose followers were condemned in ophy, mathematics and theology. He was twice 418 and 431 for maintaining that even before the patriarch of Constantinople. First he suc- Christ there were people who lived wholly ceeded Ignatius in 858, but was deposed in 863 without sin and that salvation depended on when Ignatius was reinstated. Again he fol- free will. lowed Ignatius in 878 and remained the patri- (c. 380-450). Latin arch- arch until 886, at which time he was removed bishop of whose teachings included by Leo VI. His most important theological arguments for adherence in matters of faith to work is Address on the Mystagogy of the Holy the Roman see, and the relationship between Spirit, in which he articulates his opposition to grace and Christian living. the Western , i.e., the procession of the Peter of Alexandria (d. c. 311). Bishop of Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son. He Alexandria. He marked (and very probably is also known for his Amphilochia and Library initiated) the reaction at Alexandria against (Bibliotheca). extreme doctrines of Origen. During the (c. fifth century). One-seventh of the persecution of Christians in Alexandria, Peter sayings in the Sayings of the Desert Fathers was arrested and beheaded by Roman offi- are attributed to Poemen, which is Greek cials. Eusebius of Caesarea described him as for shepherd. Poemen was a common title “a model bishop, remarkable for his virtuous among early Egyptian desert ascetics, and it is life and his ardent study of the Scriptures.” unknown whether all of the sayings come from Philip the Priest (d. 455/56) Acknowledged one person. by Gennadius as a disciple of Jerome. In his of (c. 69 155). Bishop of Commentary on the , Philip uti- Smyrna who vigorously fought heretics such as lizes Jerome’s Vulgate, providing an important the Marcionites and Valentinians. He was the witness to the transmission of that translation. leading Christian figure in Roman Asia in the A few of his letters are extant. middle of the second century. of Alexandria (c. 20 b.c.-c. a.d. 50). Possidius (late fourth-fifth century). A Jewish-born exegete who greatly influenced member of Augustine’s monastic community Christian patristic interpretation of the Old at Hippo from 391, then bishop of Calama in Testament. Born to a rich family in Alexan- Numidia sometime soon after 397. He fled dria, Philo was a contemporary of Jesus and back to Hippo when invaded Calama lived an ascetic and contemplative life that in 428 and cared for Augustine during his makes some believe he was a rabbi. His inter- final illness. Returning to Calama after the pretation of Scripture based the spiritual sense death of Augustine (430), he was expelled by on the literal. Although influenced by Hel- Genseric, Arian king of the Vandals, in 437. lenism, Philo’s theology remains thoroughly Nothing more is known of him after this date. Jewish. Sometime between 432 and 437 he wrote Vita Philoxenus of Mabbug (c. 440 523). Bishop Augustini, to which he added Indiculus, a list of Mabbug () and a leading thinker of Augustine’s books, sermons and letters. in the early Syrian . His Potamius of Lisbon (fl. c. 350-360). Bishop of extensive writings in Syriac include a set of Lisbon who joined the Arian party in 357, but thirteen Discourses on the Christian Life, later returned to the Catholic faith (c. 359?).

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His works from both periods are concerned a conjured life of Clement of Rome. Written with the larger Trinitarian debates of his time. in a form of popular legend, the stories from Primasius (fl. 550-560). Bishop of Hadrume- Clement’s life, including his opposition to tum in (modern ) and , illustrate and promote articles one of the few Africans to support the con- of Christian teaching. It is likely that the cor- demnation of the Three Chapters. Drawing on pus is a derivative of a number of Gnostic and Augustine and Tyconius, he wrote a commen- Judeo-Christian writings. Dating the corpus is tary on the Apocalypse, which in allegoriz- a complicated issue. ing fashion views the work as referring to the Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. history of the church. 500). Author who assumed the name of Diony- Proclus of Constantinople (c. 390-446). sius the Areopagite mentioned in Acts 17:34, Patriarch of Constantinople (434-446). His and who composed the works known as the dealt with the Nestorian contro- Corpus Areopagiticum (or Dionysiacum). versy, rebutting, in his Tome to the Armenian These writings were the foundation of the apo- Bishops, Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Christol- phatic school of in their denial that ogy where Theodore was thought to have anything can be truly predicated of God. overly separated the two natures of Christ. Pseudo-Macarius (fl. c. 390). An anonymous Proclus stressed the unity of Christ in his writer and ascetic (from ?) active formula “One of the Trinity suffered,” which in Antioch whose badly edited works were was later taken up and spread by the Scythian attributed to Macarius of Egypt. He had keen monks of the sixth century, resulting in the insight into human nature, prayer and the in- theopaschite controversy. Proclus was known ner life. His work includes some one hundred as a gifted preacher and church politician, discourses and homilies. extending and expanding Constantinople’s in- (fl. 430). Carthaginian bishop fluence while avoiding conflict with Antioch, and friend of Augustine who endeavored to Rome and Alexandria. show at length how the New Testament ful- of Gaza (c. 465-c. 530). A Chris- filled the Old Testament. tian exegete educated in Alexandria. He wrote Rabanus (Hrabanus) Maurus (c. 780-856). numerous theological works and commentaries Frankish monk, theologian and teacher, stu- on Scripture (particularly the Hebrew ), dent of of York, then Abbot of the latter marked by the allegorical exegesis for from 822 to 842 and Archbishop of which the was known. from 848 until his death in 856. The author of (c. 390-c. 463). Probably poetry, homilies, treatises on education, gram- a lay monk and supporter of the theology of mar, and doctrine, and an encyclopedia titled Augustine on grace and predestination. He On the Nature of Things, he also wrote com- collaborated closely with Pope Leo I in his mentaries on Scripture, including the books of doctrinal statements. Kings and . Though he is technically an Prudentius (c. 348 c. 410). Latin poet and early medieval writer, his works are included as hymn writer who devoted his later life to Chris- they reflect earlier thought. tian writing. He wrote didactic poems on the Romanus Melodus (fl. c. 536-556). Born as a theology of the incarnation, against the heretic Jew in Emesa not far from Beirut where after Marcion and against the resurgence of pagan- his baptism later he later became deacon of the ism. Church of the Resurrection. He later moved to Pseudo-Clementines (third-fourth century). Constantinople and may have seen the de- A series of apocryphal writings pertaining to struction of the Hagia and its rebuild-

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ing during the time he flourished there. As with Chrysostom’s accusers. He wrote homi- many as eighty metrical sermons (kontakia, sg. lies on Genesis. ) that utilize dialogical poetry have (fl. 488-538). A mono- come down to us under his name. These ser- physite theologian, consecrated bishop of mons were sung rather than preached during Antioch in 522. Born in Pisidia, he studied in the liturgy, and frequently provide theologi- Alexandria and Beirut, taught in Constanti- cal insights and Scriptural connections often nople and was exiled to Egypt. unique to Romanus. His Christology, closely Shenoute (c. 350-466). Abbot of Athribis in associated with Justinian, reflects the struggles Egypt. His large monastic community was against the Monophysites of his day. known for very strict rules. He accompanied Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 345 411). Orthodox Cyril of Alexandria to the Council of Christian thinker and historian who nonethe- in 431, where he played an important role in less translated and preserved the works of Ori- deposing Nestorius. He knew Greek but wrote gen, and defended him against the strictures in Coptic, and his literary activity includes of Jerome and Epiphanius. He lived the ascetic homilies, catecheses on monastic subjects, let- life in Rome, Egypt and Jerusalem (the Mount ters, and a couple of theological treatises. of Olives). Shepherd of Hermas (second century). Di- Sabellius (fl. 200). Allegedly the author of vided into five Visions, twelve Mandates and the heresy which maintains that the Father ten Similitudes, this Christian apocalypse was and Son are a single person. The patripassian written by a former slave and named for the variant of this heresy states that the Father form of the second angel said to have granted suffered on the . him his visions. This work was highly es- Sahdona (fl. 635 640). Known in Greek as teemed for its moral value and was used as a Martyrius, this Syriac author was bishop of textbook for catechumens in the early church. Beth Garmai. He studied in Nisibis and was Sulpicius Severus (c. 360-c. 420). An eccle- exiled for his christological ideas. His most siastical writer from Bordeaux born of noble important work is the deeply scriptural Book parents. Devoting himself to monastic retire- of Perfection which ranks as one of the mas- ment, he became a personal friend and enthu- terpieces of Syriac monastic literature. siastic disciple of St. Martin of . the of Marseilles (c. Symeon the New Theologian (c. 949-1022). 400-c. 480). An important author for the his- Compassionate spiritual leader known for his tory of his own time. He saw the fall of Roman strict rule. He believed that the divine light civilization to the barbarians as a consequence could be perceived and received through the of the reprehensible conduct of Roman Chris- practice of mental prayer. tians. In The Governance of God he developed Tertullian of Carthage (c. 155/160 225/250; the theme of divine providence. fl. c. 197 222). Brilliant Carthaginian apolo- Second Letter of Clement (c. 150). The so gist and polemicist who laid the foundations of called Second Letter of Clement is an early Christology and trinitarian orthodoxy in the Christian sermon probably written by a Co- West, though he himself was later estranged rinthian author, though some scholars have from the catholic tradition due to its laxity. assigned it to a Roman or Alexandrian author. Theodore of (d. c. 355). An anti- (fl. c. 400). A contem- Nicene bishop of Thrace. He was part of a porary of John Chrysostom, he was a highly team seeking reconciliation between Eastern regarded preacher in Constantinople, particu- and . In 343 he was larly at the imperial court, and ultimately sided excommunicated at the council of Sardica. His

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writings focus on a literal interpretation of (late second century). Scripture. Bishop of Antioch. His only surviving work is Theodore of Mopsuestia (c. 350 428). Bishop Ad Autholycum, where we find the first Chris- of Mopsuestia, founder of the Antiochene, or tian commentary on Genesis and the first use literalistic, school of exegesis. A great man in of the term Trinity. Theophilus’s apologetic his day, he was later condemned as a precursor literary heritage had influence on Irenaeus and of Nestorius. possibly Tertullian. Theodore of Tabennesi (d. 368) Vice general Theophylact of (c. 1050-c. 1108). of the Pachomian monasteries (c. 350-368) un- Byzantine (or Achrida) der Horsiesi. Several of his letters are known. in what is now . Drawing on earlier Theodoret of Cyr (c. 393 466). Bishop of works, he wrote commentaries on several Old Cyr (), he was an opponent of Cyril Testament books and all of the New Testa- who commented extensively on Old Testa- ment except for Revelation. ment texts as a lucid exponent of Antiochene Tyconius (c. 330-390). A lay theologian and exegesis. exegete of the Donatist church in North Africa Theodotus the Valentinian (second century). who influenced Augustine. His Book of Rules Likely a Montanist who may have been related is the first manual of scriptural interpretation to the Alexandrian school. Extracts of his in the Latin West. In 380 he was excommuni- work are known through writings of Clement cated by the Donatist council at Carthage. of Alexandria. Valentinus (fl. c. 140). Alexandrian heretic of Theophanes (775-845). Hymnographer and the mid second century who taught that the bishop of Nicaea (842-845). He was perse- material world was created by the transgres- cuted during the second iconoclastic period sion of God’s Wisdom, or Sophia (see Gnos- for his support of the Seventh Council (Sec- tics). ond Council of Nicaea, 787). He wrote many of Cimiez (fl. c. 422-439). Bishop hymns in the tradition of the monastery of of Cimiez. He participated in the councils of Mar Sabbas that were used in the Paraklitiki. Riez (439) and Vaison (422) with a view to Theophilus of Alexandria (d. 412). Patri- strengthening church discipline. He sup- arch of Alexandria (385-412) and the uncle ported Hilary of Arles in quarrels with Pope of his successor, Cyril. His patriarchate was Leo I. known for his opposition to paganism, hav- Verecundus (d. 552). An African Christian ing destroyed the Serapeion and its library writer, who took an active part in the chris- in 391, but he also built many churches. He tological controversies of the sixth century, also was known for his political machinations especially in the debate on Three Chapters. against his theological enemies, especially John He also wrote allegorical commentaries on the Chrysostom, whom he himself had previously nine liturgical church . consecrated as patriarch, ultimately getting Victorinus of Petovium (d. c. 304). Latin bib- John removed from his see and earning the lical exegete. With multiple works attributed intense dislike of Antioch Christians. He to him, his sole surviving work is the Com- is, however, venerated among the and mentary on the Apocalypse and perhaps some Syrians, among whom many of his sermons fragments from Commentary on Matthew. have survived, although only a few are deemed Victorinus expressed strong millenarianism in authentically his. His Homily on the Mystical his writing, though his was less materialistic Supper, commenting on the Last Supper, is than the millenarianism of Papias or Irenaeus. perhaps one of his most well known. In his allegorical approach he could be called

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a spiritual disciple of Origen. Victorinus died he is technically an early medieval writer, his during the first year of Diocletian’s persecu- works are included tion, probably in 304. Zephyrinus (d. 217). Bishop of Rome from Vincent of Lérins (d. before 450). Monk who 199 to 217. Renewed his predecessor Victor’s has exerted considerable influence through condemnation of the being taught his writings on orthodox dogmatic theologi- in Rome by Theodotus of and re- cal method, as contrasted with the theological admitted the excommunicated modalist bishop methodologies of the heresies. Natalius upon the latter’s repentance, but as a Walafridius (Walahfrid) Strabo (808-849). layperson. Much of what we know about him Frankish monk, writer and student of Rabanus is from the work of Hippolytus, whose nega- Maurus. Walafridius was made abbot of the tive opinion of Zephyrinus may have been col- monastery of Reichenau in 838 but was exiled ored by his antagonism toward Zephyrinus’s in 840, when one of the sons of Emperor Louis successor, Callistus. The epistles attributed to the Pious—to whom Walafridius was loyal— Zephyrinus are now considered spurious (part invaded Reichenau. He was restored in 842 of the so-called False Decretals of the ninth and died in 849. His writings include poetry, century) but are included as possibly reflecting commentaries on scripture, lives of saints and earlier thought. a historical explanation of the liturgy. Though

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Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Location British Gaul Spain, Rome* and Carthage and Northern Africa

Pe Isles

riod Clement of Rome, fl. c. 92-101 (Greek) 2nd century

Shepherd of Hermas, c. 140 (Greek)

Justin Martyr (Ephesus, Rome), c. 100/110-165 (Greek)

Valentinus the Gnostic (Rome), fl. c. 140 (Greek)

Irenaeus of Lyons, c. 135-c. 202 (Greek)

Marcion (Rome), fl. 144 (Greek) Heracleon, 145-180 (Greek)

3rd century Zephyrinus (Rome), regn. 199-217 Tertullian of Carthage, c. 155/160- c. 225 (Latin)

Callistus of Rome, regn. 217-222 (Latin)

Minucius Felix of Rome, fl. 218-235 (Latin)

Hippolytus (Rome, Palestine?), fl. 222-235/245 (Greek)

Novatian of Rome, fl. 235-258 Cyprian of Carthage, fl. 248-258 (Latin) (Latin)

Victorinus of Petovium, 230-304 (Latin)

*One of the five ancient

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Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Alexandria* and Egypt Constantinople* and Asia Antioch* and Syria Mesopotamia, Jerusalem* and Location Minor, Persia Palestine Unknown

Philo of Alexandria, c. 20 Flavius Josephus B.C. – c. A.D. 50 (Greek) (Rome), c. 37-c. 101 (Greek) Basilides (Alexandria), 2nd Polycarp of Smyrna, c. 69-155 Didache (Egypt?), c. 100 cent. (Greek) (Greek) (Greek)

Ignatius of Antioch, c. 35– Letter of Barnabas (Syria?), 107/112 (Greek) c. 130 (Greek)

Athenagoras (Greece), fl. 176- Second Letter of Clement 180 (Greek) (spurious; Corinth, Theodotus the Valentinian, Rome, Alexandria?) 2nd cent. (Greek) (Greek), c. 150 , d. c. 190 (Greek)

Montanist Oracles, late 2nd cent. (Greek) Theophilus of Antioch, Clement of Alexandria, c. late 2nd cent. (Greek) c. 150-215 (Greek) Sabellius (Egypt), 2nd–3rd Didascalia Apostolorum, early Pseudo-Clementines cent. (Greek) 3rd cent. (Syriac) 3rd cent. (Greek)

Letter to Diognetus, 3rd cent. (Greek)

Origen (Alexandria, Cae- sarea of Palestine), 185- 254 (Greek) Mani (Manichaeans), Gregory Thaumaturgus (Neo- c. 216-276 caesarea), fl. c. 248-264 (Greek) Dionysius of Alexandria, d. 264/5 (Greek)

Methodius of Olympus (Lycia), d. c. 311 (Greek)

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Jeremiah, Lamentations Je r e m i a h , Lamentations

Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Location British Gaul Spain, Portugal Rome* and Italy Carthage and Northern Africa Isles Pe riod Lactantius, c. 260- 330 (Latin)

4th century Firmicus Maternus (Sicily), Arnobius of Sicca, d.c. 327 (Latin) fl. c. 335 (Latin)

Hosius of Cordova, d. 357 Marius Victorinus (Rome), (Latin) fl. 355-363 (Latin)

Potamius of Lisbon, , fl. c. 360 (Latin) fl. c. 350-360 (Latin)

Lucifer of Cagliari (), Hilary of Poitiers, Gregory of Elvira, d. 370/371 (Latin) c. 315-367 (Latin) fl. 359-385 (Latin) Ambrosiaster (Italy?), fl. c. 366-384 (Latin)

Filastrius of Brescia, fl. 380 (Latin)

Faustinus (Rome), fl. 380 (Latin)

Pacian of Barcelona, 4th Faustus of Riez, fl. c. 380 (Latin) cent. (Latin) Isaiah of Scete, late 4th cent. (Greek)

Gaudentius of Brescia, fl. 395 Paulus Orosius, b. c. 380 Prudentius, c. 348-c. 410 (Latin) (Latin) (Latin)

Ambrose of Milan, c. 333-397; fl. 374-397 (Latin)

Paulinus of Milan, late 4th-early 5th cent. (Latin)

5th century Fastidius Sulpicius Severus (Bordeaux), Rufinus (Aquileia, Rome), c. 345- Augustine of Hippo, 354-430 (Latin) (Britain), c. 360-c. 420/425 (Latin) 411 (Latin) c. 4th-5th (Palestine, Chromatius (Aquileia), fl. 400 Possidius, late 4th-5th cent. (Latin) cent. Egypt, Constantinople, (Latin) Luculentius, 5th cent. (Latin) (Latin) Rome, Marseilles), 360-432 (Latin) Aponius, fl. 405-415 (Latin)

Vincent of Lérins, d. 435 Pelagius (Britain, Rome), c. 354- (Latin) c. 420 (Greek) Valerian of Cimiez, Maximus of Turin, d. 408/423 Quodvultdeus (Carthage), fl. c. 422-449 (Latin) (Latin) fl. 430 (Latin) Eucherius of Lyons, Paulinus of Nola, 355-431 (Latin) fl. 420-449 (Latin) Peter Chrysologus (Ravenna), c. 380-450 (Latin) Hilary of Arles, c. 401-449 (Latin) Julian of Eclanum, 386-454 (Latin)

*One of the five ancient patriarchates

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Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Alexandria* and Egypt Constantinople* and Asia Antioch* and Syria Mesopotamia, Jerusalem* and Location Minor, Greece Persia Palestine Unknown

Antony, c. 251-355 Theodore of Heraclea (Thrace), Eustathius of Antioch, fl. 325 Aphrahat (Persia) c. Eusebius of Caesarea Commodius, c. 3rd or (Coptic /Greek) fl. c. 330-355 (Greek) (Greek) 270-350; fl. 337-345 (Palestine), c. 260/ 5th cent. (Latin) (Syriac) 263-340 (Greek) Peter of Alexandria, d. c. 311 Marcellus of Ancyra, d. c. 375 Eusebius of Emesa, (Greek) (Greek) c. 300-c. 359 (Greek) Arius (Alexandria), fl. c. 320 , fl. Ephrem the Syrian, (Greek) Epiphanius of Salamis (Cyprus), 308-325 (Syriac) c. 315-403 (Greek) c. 306-373 (Syriac)

Alexander of Alexandria, Basil (the Great) of Caesarea, Julian the Arian (c. fourth fl. 312-328 (Greek) b. c. 330; fl. 357-379 (Greek) century)

Pachomius, c. 292-347 Macrina the Younger, (Coptic/Greek?) c. 327-379 (Greek)

Theodore of Tabennesi, Apollinaris of Laodicea, d. 368 (Coptic/Greek) 310-c. 392 (Greek) Maximinus, b.c. 360- Athanasius of Alexandria, Nemesius of Emesa (Syria), fl. 365 (Latin) c. 295-373; fl. 325-373 Gregory of Nazianzus, late 4th cent. (Greek) (Greek) b. 329/330; fl. 372-389 (Greek) Diodore of Tarsus, d. c. 394 Acacius of Caesarea (Greek) Horsiesi, c. 305-390 Gregory of Nyssa, (Palestine), d. c. 365 (Coptic/Greek) c. 335-394 (Greek) John Chrysostom (Constanti- (Greek) nople), 344/354-407 , Macarius of Egypt, c. 300- Amphilochius of Iconium, c. 340/ (Greek) c. 315-386 (Greek) c. 390 (Greek) 345- c. 398/404 (Greek) Apostolic Constitutions, c. 375- Didymus (the Blind) of 400 (Greek) Evagrius of Pontus, Alexandria, 313-398 (Greek) 345-399 (Greek) Didascalia, 4th cent. (Syriac) Theodore of Mopsuestia, c. Eunomius of , fl. 360-394 Tyconius, c. 330-390 (Latin) 350-428 (Greek) (Greek) Acacius of Beroea, c. 340-c. Diodore of Tarsus, Ammonas, 4th cent. Pseudo-Macarius (Mesopota- 436 (Greek) d. c. 394 (Greek) (Syriac) mia?), late 4th cent. (Greek) Jerome (Rome, Antioch, Bethle- Nicetas of Remesiana, d. c. 414 hem), c. 347-420 Theophilus of Alexandria, (Latin) Asterius the Homilist d. 412 (Greek) (Antioch), late 4th- early (Latin) 5th (Greek) Palladius of Helenopolis Proclus of Constantinople, Book of Steps, c. 400 (Syriac) Eznik of Kolb, fl. 430- (Egypt), c. 365-425 c. 390-446 (Greek) 450 (Armenian) (Greek) Nestorius (Constantinople), c. Severian of Gabala, fl. c. 400 381-c. 451 (Greek) (Greek) Philip the Priest Cyril of Alexandria, (d. 455/56) 375-444 (Greek) Basil of Seleucia, fl. 440-468 (Greek) Nilus of Ancyra, d. c. 430 Hesychius of Jerusa- (Greek) lem, fl. 412-450 Diadochus of Photice (Mace- (Greek) donia), 400-474 (Greek) John of Antioch, d. 441/2 (Greek) Euthymius (Pales- tine), 377-473 (Greek)

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Jeremiah, Lamentations Je r e m i a h , Lamentations

Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Location British Gaul Spain, Portugal Rome* and Italy Carthage and Northern

Pe Isles Africa

riod Eusebius of Gaul, 5th cent. (Latin) Prosper of Aquitaine, c. 390- 5th century (cont.) c. 463 (Latin) Leo the Great (Rome), regn. 440- Salvian the Presbyter of 461 (Latin) Marseilles, c. 400-c. 480 (Latin) Arnobius the Younger (Rome), fl. c. 450 (Latin) Gennadius of Marseilles, d. after 496 (Latin) Ennodius (Arles, Milan, Pavia) c. 473-521 (Latin)

Epiphanius the Latin, late 5th–early 6th cent. (Latin)

6th century , c. 470-543 Paschasius of Dumium Eugippius, c. 460- c. 533 (Latin) , (Latin) (Portugal), c. 515-c. 580 c. 467-532 (Latin) (Latin) Benedict of Nursia, c. 480-547 Apringius of Beja, mid-6th (Latin) Verecundus, d. 552 (Latin) cent. (Latin) Cassiodorus (Calabria), c. 485- Primasius, fl. 550-560 (Latin) Leander of Seville, c. 545- c. 540 (Latin) c. 600 (Latin) Facundus of Hermiane, fl. 546-568 (Latin) Gregory the Great (Rome), c. 540- Martin of Braga, fl. 568- 604 (Latin) 579 (Latin) Flavian of Chalon-sur-Saone, Gregory of Agrigentium, d. 592 fl. 580-600 (Latin) (Greek) 7th century

Isidore of Seville, c. 560- Paterius, 6th/7th cent. (Latin) 636 (Latin)

Braulio of Saragossa, c. 585-651 (Latin) Adamnan, c. 624- 704 (Latin) Fructuosus of Braga, d. c. 665 (Latin) 8th-12th century

Bede the Venerable, (Frankish), c. 672/673-735 c. 780-856 (Latin) (Latin) Walafridius Strabo (Frankish), 808-849 (Latin)

*One of the five ancient patriarchates

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Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period Timeline of Writers of the Patristic Period

Alexandria* and Constantinople* and Asia Antioch* and Syria Mesopotamia, Jerusalem* and Location Unknown Egypt Minor, Greece Persia Palestine

Ammonius of Alexan- Gennadius of Constanti- Theodoret of Cyr, c. 393- Gerontius of c. 395- dria, c. 460 (Greek) nople, d. 471 (Greek) 466 (Greek) c. 480 (Syriac)

Poemen, 5th cent. Pseudo-Victor of Antioch, (Greek) 5th cent. (Greek) John of Apamea, 5th cent. Besa the Copt, 5th cent. (Syriac)

Shenoute, c. 350-466 (Coptic) Andrew of Caesarea (Cappadocia), early 6th cent. (Greek)

Olympiodorus, early Oecumenius (Isauria), Philoxenus of Mabbug Jacob of Sarug, c. 450- Procopius of Gaza (Pales- Pseudo- 6th cent. 6th cent. (Greek) (Syria), c. 440-523 520 (Syriac) tine), c. 465-530 (Greek) Dionysius the (Syriac) Areopagite, Babai, early 6th cent. Dorotheus of Gaza, Romanus Melodus, fl. c. Severus of Antioch, (Syriac) fl. 525-540 (Greek) fl. c. 500 (Greek) 536-556 (Greek) c. 465-538 (Greek) of Nathpar, fl. , Mark the Hermit 6th-7th cent. (Syriac) b. c. 525; d. after 557 (Tarsus), c. 6th cent. (Greek) (4th cent.?) (Greek) Babai the Great, c. 550- 628 (Syriac)

Maximus the Confessor Sahdona/Martyrius, fl. (Pseudo-) Constantius, (Constantinople), 635-640 (Syriac) before 7th cent.? c. 580-662 (Greek) (Greek)

Andreas, c. 7th cent. (Greek) Andrew of Crete, c. 660-740 , d. c. 700 (Greek) (Syriac)

Cosmas Melodus, c. 675- John of Carpathus, 7th-8th John of Damascus ( John 751 (Greek) cent. (Greek) the Monk), c. 650-750 Theophanes (Nicaea), (Greek) John the Elder of Qardu 775-845 (Greek) (north Iraq), 8th cent. (Syriac) Cassia (Constantinople), c. 805-c. 848/867 Isho‘dad of Merv, d. after (Greek) 852 (Syriac) Arethas of Caesarea (Con- stantinople/Caesarea), c. 860-940 (Greek) Photius (Constantinople), c. 820-891 (Greek) Symeon the New Theolo- gian (Constantinople), 949-1022 (Greek) (Bul- garia), 1050-1126 (Greek)

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