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Theophilus of Alexandria RECTO RUNNING HEAD 1111 2 3 4 5111 THEOPHILUS OF 6 7 ALEXANDRIA 8 9 10111 11 2 3 If Theophilus of Alexandria seems a minor figure to us today, it is 4 because we persist in seeing him through the eyes of hostile con- 5 temporary witnesses, each of whom had his own reasons for dimin- 6 ishing Theophilus’ stature. In fact, he was one of the greatest bishops 7 of the Theodosian era, who played an important role in a crucial phase 8 of the Roman Empire’s transformation into a Christian society. 9 Norman Russell’s new assessment of Theophilus shows him as 20111 an able theologian, an expert ecclesiastical lawyer, a highly skilled 1 orator and, surprisingly, a spiritual teacher. The introductory section 2 examines his efforts to Christianize an Egypt still dominated by its 3 great temples, and his battles to maintain the pre-eminence of the 4 Alexandrian Church in an age of rapid change. The texts, most of 5 them translated into a modern language for the first time, reveal the 6 full power and range of his thinking. 7 Theophilus of Alexandria brings back into focus a figure who has 8 been long neglected in the study of early Christianity and will 9 provide students and lecturers with a fresh perspective, not least 30111 through the translation of texts, for the first time, into English. 1 2 Norman Russell was educated at the Universities of London and 3 Oxford. He is an independent scholar whose publications include 4 Cyril of Alexandria (2000) in the Early Church Fathers series and 5 The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (2004). 6 7 8 9 40111 1 21111 folio 1111 2 3 4 5 THE EARLY CHURCH FATHERS 6 Edited by Carol Harrison 7 University of Durham 8 9 10111 11 2 3 The Greek and Latin fathers of the Church are central to the creation 4 of Christian doctrine, yet often unapproachable because of the sheer 5 volume of their writings and the relative paucity of accessible trans- 6 lations. This series makes available translations of key selected texts 7 by the major Fathers to all students of the Early Church. 8 9 CYRIL OF JERUSALEM JEROME 20111 Edward Yarnold, S. J. Stefan Rebenich 1 2 EARLY CHRISTIAN LATIN POETS TERTULLIAN 3 Caroline White Geoffrey Dunn 4 5 CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA ATHANASIUS Norman Russell Khaled Anatolios 6 7 MAXIMUS THE CONFESSOR SEVERUS OF ANTIOCH 8 Andrew Louth Pauline Allen and C. T. R. Hayward 9 30111 IRENAEUS OF LYONS GREGORY THE GREAT 1 Robert M. Grant John Moorhead 2 3 AMBROSE GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS 4 Boniface Ramsey, O. P. Brian E. Daley 5 6 ORIGEN EVAGRIUS PONTICUS Joseph W. Trigg A. M. Casiday 7 8 GREGORY OF NYSSA THEODORET OF CYRUS 9 Anthony Meredith, S. J. István Pásztori Kupán 40111 1 JOHN CHRYSOSTOM THEOPHILUS OF ALEXANDRIA 21111 Wendy Mayer and Pauline Allen Norman Russell folio 1111 2 3111 4 5111 THEOPHILUS OF 6 7 ALEXANDRIA 8 9 10111 11 2 3111 Norman Russell 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 21111 folio 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111 11 First published 2007 2 by Routledge 3 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 4 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 5 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 6 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 7 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. 8 9 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 1 © 2007 Norman Russell 2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or 3 reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying 4 and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, 5 without permission in writing from the publishers. 6 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 8 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 9 Russell, Norman. Theophilus of Alexandria/Norman Russell. 30111 p. cm. 1 Includes bibliographical references and index. 2 1. Theophilus, patriarch, Archbishop of Alexandria, d. 412. I. Title. BR1720.T45R87 2007 3 270.2092–dc22 2006017332 4 5 ISBN 0-203-96755-0 Master e-book ISBN 6 7 ISBN10: 0–415–28914–9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–28915–7 (pbk) 8 ISBN10: 0–203–96755–0 (ebk) 9 40111 ISBN13: 978–0–415–28914–6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–28915–3 (pbk) 1 ISBN13: 978–0–203–96755–3 (ebk) 21111 folio 1111 2 3111 4 5111 CONTENTS 6 7 8 9 10111 11 2 3111 Preface vii 4 Abbreviations ix 5 6 7 PART I 8 Introduction 9 20111 1 The life of Theophilus of Alexandria 3 1 2 PART II 3 Texts 4 5 2 General introduction to the texts 45 6 7 3 The earlier Festal Letters 47 8 9 4 Homilies 50 30111 Introduction 50 1 Homily on the Mystical Supper 52 2 Sermon on Death and Judgement 60 3 Sermon on Providence 61 4 Sermon on the Woman Suffering from a Flow of Blood 62 5 6 Sermon on the text ‘Jesus went about all Galilee’ 62 7 Homily on the Crucifixion and the Good Thief 63 8 Homily on Repentance and Self-control 70 9 40111 5 Ecclesiastical legislation 79 1 Introduction 79 21111 Letter to the Emperor Theodosius 81 folio v CONTENTS 1111 Prologue to the Easter Table 82 2 Announcement on the Holy Theophany Falling on a Sunday 84 3 Memorandum to Ammon regarding Lycopolis 85 4 Ruling on ‘the Pure’ 88 5 To Bishop Agathon 88 6 To Bishop Menas 88 7 8 6 The Origenist controversy 89 9 10111 Introduction 89 11 First Synodal Letter 91 2 Second Synodal Letter to the Bishops of Palestine and Cyprus 93 3 Letters to the Origenist monks 100 4 Sixteenth Festal Letter (401) 101 5 Seventeenth Festal Letter (402) 118 6 Letter written at Constantinople (403) 139 7 Nineteenth Festal Letter (404) 143 8 Tractate on Isaiah 6: 1–7 159 9 20111 Notes 175 1 Bibliography 201 2 3 Index 213 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 21111 folio vi 1111 2 3111 4 5111 PREFACE 6 7 8 9 10111 11 2 3111 Theophilus of Alexandria is a neglected figure. The least admired of 4 the great bishops of Alexandria who dominated the ecclesiastical life 5 of the Eastern Empire from Athanasius’ succession in 328 to Cyril’s 6 death in 444, he is remembered chiefly for his destruction of the 7 Serapeum, his persecution of the Origenists and his role in the 8 downfall of John Chrysostom. His modern biographer, Agostino 9 Favale, laments his ‘deplorable violence’, but such violence must be 20111 seen in context, both historically and textually. Historically, it is 1 unreasonable to expect a bishop of the Theodosian empire to have 2 behaved diffidently. If he had done, he would not have kept his 3 throne for long. Textually, the violent ecclesiastical ruler presented 4 in contemporary writings must be deconstructed to arrive at a 5 perception of the reality underlying the rhetorical image. So far as 6 the Church of Alexandria was concerned, Theophilus was a great 7 pastor and decisive leader of his community, which is how the Copts 8 still remember him. 9 The purpose of this book is to present a varied selection of 30111 Theophilus’ writings, most of which have not previously been trans- 1 lated into English, so that his true stature can be appreciated. These 2 include some little-known homilies and legal rulings as well as his 3 anti-Origenist Festal Letters of 401–4. 4 The work could not have been completed without the generous 5 help of several friends and colleagues. Michael Moore located a 6 number of articles and sent copies to me in Italy. Père Daniel 7 Misonne of the Abbey of Maredsous provided me with a copy of 8 Theophilus’ On Isaiah 6: 1–7. Charles Lomas read the introduction 9 and made many useful suggestions. Richard Price of Heythrop 40111 College, London, elucidated a corrupt passage in the Latin text of 1 the Second Synodal Letter. Carol Downer of Birkbeck College, 21111 London, with her University College colleagues Robert Kirby folio vii PREFACE 1111 and Basil Stein, carefully checked my adaption of Wallis Budge’s 2 translation of the Homily on Repentance and Self-control against the 3 original Coptic, consulting the manuscript where the printed text 4 was doubtful. Françoise Thelamon of the University of Rouen 5 provided me with a photograph of the image of Theophilus from the 6 Alexandrian Chronicle. I am most grateful to all of them. 7 I should also like to thank the staff of the Oasis Library of the 8 Cappuchin Fathers in Perugia for their unfailing help and courtesy 9 and Brenda Fewtrell for her expert typing of the manuscript. 10111 Finally, I am deeply grateful to the series editor, Carol Harrison, 11 for her patience and encouragement during the long delays in finish- 2 ing this book since I first suggested it to her in Lucca in 2001.
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