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Government of Kenya
Kenya Meteorological Department
Garissa County Climate Information Service Plan
June 2018
Prepared by:
Kenya Meteorological Department P. O. Box 30259 - 00100, GPO Nairobi Kenya
With
UK Met Office Fitzroy Road, Exeter United Kingdom EX1 3PB
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to acknowledge the support of Ada Consortium (UK Met Office, Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Womankind Kenya, IIED and National Drought Management (NDMA)), the National Government agencies, County Government of Garissa including Climate Information Services Technical Committee and the Public Beneficiary Organizations (PBOs) for the support towards realizing this framework.
The communities of Garissa County also played a very important role in helping determine which climate services are most relevant to their livelihoods and communication channels most appropriate.
Our appreciation also goes to the framework development Task Team from KMD (Samuel Mwangi, Roselyn Ojala, Ayub Shaka, Denis Cheruiyot, Benard Chanzu, Daniel Wanjuhi-CDM Wajir, William Ndegwa-CDM Kitui, Samuel Odhiambo-CDM Garissa, Ezekiel Muigai-CDM Isiolo, and David Mutua-CDM Makueni); the Ada Secretariat (Victor Orindi, Yazan Elhadi and Jane Kiiru) and the Ada Consultants (Emma Visman, Robert Powell and Dominic Kniveton) and many others.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF ANNEXES X ACRONYMS XI
1.0 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Roles and Responsibilities of County Meteorological Office 3 1.3 Summary of Relevant Policies and Plans 4 1.4 Context 5 1.4.1 Natural Resources 7 1.4.2 Economic Activities and Food Security 9 1.4.3 Population 14 1.5 Overview of Garissa County Climate 17
2. FRAMEWORK FOR PROVISION OF CLIMATE SERVICES 21 2.1 Goals and Objectives 21 2.2 Principles 22 2.2.1 Principle 1- Provision of Reliable and Probabilistic Climate Information 22 2.2.2 Principle 2- Relevance of Climate Information to Users’ Needs and Consideration Gender-Sensitivity 23 2.2.3 Principle 3- Accessibility of Climate Information 23 2.2.4 Principle 4 - Foster Increased Trust 24 2.2.5 Principle 5 - Support Increased Understanding 24 2.3 Existing and Planned CIS Initiatives and Projects 24
3. OBSERVATION AND DATA 26 3.1 The Existing Observations Network 26 3.2 Future Plans for Observations Network 28 3.3 Maintenance Plan for Observations Network 30 3.4 Management of Non KMD Observations 30 3.5 Role of Community Climate Monitors 30 3.6 Data Discovery and Rescue 31
4. PROVISION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES 32 4.1 Existing Weather and Climate Products 32 4.2 Proposed Product Development 32 4.3 Approaches to Making Information Locally Relevant 33 4.4 Technical Downscalling 33 4.5 Presentation and Language 34 4.6 Detailed Description of Products as Required 34 4.6.1 The seasonal forecast 34 4.6.2 Monthly Forecast 34
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
4.6.3 Weekly Forecast 34 4.6.4 Daily Forecast 35 4.6.5 Downscaled Forecasts 35 4.6.6 Early Warning and Alerts 35 4.6.7 Climatological Normals and Trends 36 4.6.8 Climate Change Projections 36 4.6.9 Air Pollution Monitoring 37
5. COMMUNICATION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES 38 5.1 Electronic Media 38 5.2 Print Media 38 5.3 Information Communication Technology (ICT) Platforms 38 5.4 CIS Intermediaries 39 5.5 County Climate Outlook Fora/Workshops (CCOF) 39 5.6 Improving capacity of communities 40 5.7 Learning institutions (Universities, Primary and Secondary Schools) 40
6. PLANNING AND BUDGETING 41
7. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING 43 7.1 Monitoring Approach 43 7.2 Evaluation 44 7.3 Reporting 44
ANNEXES 45 ANNEX 1: GARISSA COUNTY CIS PLAN BUDGET 45 ANNEX 2: ONGOING INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES IN GARISSA COUNTY 50 ANNEX 3: ADA CIS AND CCCF PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN GARISSA 50 ANNEX 4: LEVELS OF DECISION MAKING 51 ANNEX 5: OBSERVATIONS INVENTORY 52 ANNEX 6: STATE OF RAINFALL STATIONS PER DIVISION IN SUB-COUNTIES WITHIN GARISSA COUNTY ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ANNEX 7: AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS INVENTORY 55 ANNEX 8: DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT & RESPECTIVE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS 56 ANNEX 9: GARISSA COUNTY M & E LOG FRAME FOR CIS PLAN 58
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Garissa County Map Showing Livelihood Zones ...... 2 Figure 2: Location and Size of Garissa County ...... 5 Figure 3: Garissa County Topographic Map...... 7 Figure 4: Bour – Algy Giraffe Sanctuary ...... 8 Figure 6: Cattle in Bura ...... 9 Figure 5: Camels in Modogashe ...... 9 Figure 7: Sheep and goats in Shantabak ...... 10 Figure 8: Paw paw at Kone Farm ...... 11 Figure 9: Water Melon in Bura Farm ...... 11 Figure 10: Banana in Kone Farm ...... 11 Figure 12: Tomatoes in Bura Farm ...... 11 Figure 11: Mango in Bura Farm ...... 11 Figure 13: Garissa County Livelihood Zones ...... 13 Figure 14: Garissa County Population Size and Composition...... 14 Figure 16: Garissa County Climatic Zones ...... 18 Figure 18: Garissa County Mean October-November-December (OND) Season Rainfall ...... 19 Figure 17: Garissa County Mean March- April -May (MAM) Season Rainfall...... 19 Figure 19: October – November – December 2017 Short Rains Season Forecast for Garissa County ...... 19 Figure 19: October – November – December 2017 Short Rains Season Forecast for Garissa County ...... 19 Figure 20: Monthly Mean Rainfall Garissa Meteorological Station ...... 20 Figure 21: Automatic Weather Station at Bura Hospital ...... 26 Figure 22: Rainfall Station Inspection at Bura Police Station ...... 26 Figure 23a: Current Garissa County Observation Networks ...... 27 Figure 23b: Map showing Current Garissa County Observation Networks ...... 28 Figure 24: Proposed 40 by 40 km Distribution of weather observatories for Garissa County ...... 29 Figure 25: Community Rain-gauge Installation at Kone Primary School and Nanighi Chiefs Office ...... 30
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: County Electoral Wards by Constituencies ...... 6 Table 2: County Electoral Wards by Constituencies ...... 12 Table 3: Administrative Units And Population Per Sub County And Divisions Population Per Livelihood ...... 15 Table 4: Population by Livelihood ...... 16 Table 4: Population by Livelihood ...... 16 Table 5: Climatological Normals for Garissa Meteorological Station ...... 17 Table 6: Summary Budget for GCCISP...... 41 Table 7: Optimum Human Resource for County Meteorological Office ...... 42 Table 8: Optimum Human Resource for County Meteorological Office ...... 42 Table 9: Evaluation Stages of GCCISP ...... 44
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1 Garissa County CIS Plan Budget Annex 2 Ongoing initiatives to strengthen weather and climate information services in Garissa County Annex 3 Ada CIS and CAF project activities in Garissa Annex 4 Levels of Decision Making Annex 5 Observations Inventory Annex 6 State of Rainfall Stations per Division in Sub-Counties within Garissa County Annex 7 Automatic weather stations Inventory Annex 8 Description of Product & Respective Communication Channels Annex 9 Garissa County M & E Log frame for CIS Plan
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ACRONYMS ADA Adaptation Consortium ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands CCCF County Climate Change Funds CAP Common Alert Protocol CCCPC County Climate Change Planning Committee CCIC County Climate Information Centre CDMS County Director of Meteorological Services CIDP County Integrated Development Plan CIS Climate Information Services CMO County Meteorological Office ENSO El Nino / Southern Oscillations FEWSNET Famine Early Warning System Network GFCS Global Framework for Climate Services GCCISP Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ILRI International Livestock Research Institute KMD Kenya Meteorological Department MAM March, April, May rainy season MDG Millennium Development Goals NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCCRS Climate Change Response Strategy NDMA National Drought Management Authority OND October, November, December rainy season PBO Public Benefit Organisation RANET Radio and Internet (for the communication of hydro-meteorological and climate information for development) WKK Woman Kind Kenya SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperatives StARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya (Plus) TOT Training of Trainers UN United Nation UNDP United Nations Development Programme WCCPC Ward Climate Change Planning Committee WMO World Meteorological Organisation
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
KEY TERMS GLOSSARY Cessation End of the rains Climate Information Services Provides relevant, usable climate information which can support decision-making across timescales and levels Onset Start of the rains Probabilistic Probability of occurrence of a number of different outcomes developed using statistical forecast methods
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Foreword by the Director, Kenya Meteorological Department The mandate of the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) is derived from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Convention, which is to provide accurate and timely weather and climate information and services for the safety of life, protection of property and conservation of the natural environment. Education and Training including research and development are additional functions designated by WMO to KMD. KMD’s Vision is to be the leading world-class Operational Forecasting Centre and Scientific Institution contributing to high quality of life.
The application of weather, climate and water information and related services helps to improve the safety and well-being of people, reducing poverty, increasing prosperity and protecting the environment for future generations. Meteorological Services activities are fundamental contributions to meeting the targets of the country’s strategies such as Kenya’s Vision 2030, the United Nation (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and relevant environment and climate-related conventions.
The Constitution of Kenya (CoK 2010) offers the opportunity for services to be moved closer to the citizens at the county and constituency or community/grass root levels. This opportunity, in turn, calls for a concerted effort by KMD to strengthen its infrastructure and services to reach and have the desired influence at the community or grass-root level of society; where the most severe impacts of climate variability and climate change are realized.
The Department needs to expand and decentralize its meteorological observation network as well as improve the dissemination of products and information. This includes setting up of County Climate Information Centres (CCIC) and sub-County offices to disseminate weather and climate information and advisories to the relevant agencies and communities, as these offices will downscale the national forecasts for their areas of jurisdictions as part of the Disaster Risk Reduction strategy in line with WMO Global Framework of Climate Services (GFCS).
Climate change is a serious risk to poverty reduction and threatens to undo decades of development efforts. According to the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, the adverse effects of climate change are already evident, natural disasters are more frequent and devastating, developing countries are more vulnerable. While climate change is a global phenomenon, its negative impacts are more severely felt by poor people and poor countries. They are more vulnerable because of their high dependence on natural resources, and their limited capacity to cope with climate variability and extremes. Moving the information centre closer will help in sensitizing the relevant communities in line with the Kenya Constitution 2010.
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The potential benefits from enhancing the quality and use of meteorological, climate, and hydrological information and products in decision-making are enormous, but realizing these benefits will require improvement in infrastructure, human resources development, and engagement between the providers and users to improve the process for decision-making and realization of social and economic benefits.
MR. PETER AMBENJE DIRECTOR – KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Foreword by CEC Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, Garissa County Government
Weather and climate have become critical factors in the overall development of any community in Kenya. Understanding the weather patterns and climate of a geographical area assists in helping the leaders of that particular community in decision making leading to development of essential policies that assist the populace to mitigate and/or adapt to the changing weather patterns, while encouraging economic growth and encouraging sustainable development. In Garissa county, there are several extreme weather and climate events which hinder development. The benefits of timely and relevant climate information cannot be over-emphasised.
For this reason, the Kenya Meteorological Department in partnership with the County Government and other relevant Stakeholders’ in Garissa County, has developed the Garissa County Climate Information Service Plan (GCCISP), to assist the County Government in mitigating and adapting to the constantly changing weather patterns. This plan is critical in complementing the general strategic plan of the County. l congratulate and commend the Garissa county meteorological office and all the stakeholders for this initiative to develop a plan complete with its future development plan, clearly showing how Climate Information Services can be enhanced. The County Government will endeavour to integrate GCCISP in the County Integrated Development Plans now and in the future.
It is envisaged that this important document will be implemented within the decision making platforms in the County to ensure effective, efficient and timely early warning services to mitigate and/or adapt to weather and climate change.
HON. HABON ADEN MAALIM COUNTY EXECUTIVE MEMBER ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kenya is frequently affected by weather and climate related disasters, particularly droughts and floods. Drought occurs cyclically and historically they have affected Kenya’s economy more significantly than floods. Recurrent droughts have destroyed livelihoods, triggered local conflicts over scarce resources and eroded the ability of communities to cope with the vagaries of climate change. Heavy rainfall during the season causes flash floods and more localized, mostly affecting urbanised areas.
Kenya Meteorological Department has provided climate information for many years but the uptake has been limited due to several reasons. Most of these reasons revolve around i) relevance and content of the climate information services, ii) the channels of communication, and iii) understanding of the climate information given to users.
This initiative to develop a framework for Garissa County Climate Information Services aims to deliver weather and climate information that can support local, sub-county and county- level decision making processes in line with national policies; the Constitution of Kenya 2010, Kenya Vision 2030 and the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) and international climate information service development frameworks; the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), as well as county policies including the Garissa County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP).
The Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan (GCCISP) aims to support society to build resilience to impacts of climate change and take advantage of opportunities provided by favourable climate conditions.
The GCCISP has seven chapters which are geared towards addressing technical and administrative issues raised above.
In chapter one, the framework introduces the mandate of KMD as expected for a national meteorological service in line with national and global policies which guide provision of climate information for sustainable development. The chapter also outlines how KMD plans to provide decentralised climate information services at county level in line with the constitution 2010 that devolved governance to 47 units. This chapter recognises the county government and technical departments as key partners among other stakeholders. The chapter also gives a profile of the county’s climate, economic activities, natural resources and how they will be affected by climate and climate change.
Chapter two discusses the framework for provision of climate services for Garissa County. The chapter details the goals and objectives of the framework and how KMD, at its county unit, has planned to develop and deliver accessible, timely, relevant climate information that can support local, sub-county and county-level decision making processes for the benefit of community livelihoods and key economic sectors in Garissa county. These services will be given based on principles developed following a detailed survey that was conducted in the county to get climate information needs of users. xvi
Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Chapter three discusses KMD’s observation and data policies and how they will be interpreted to support delivery of services at county level with particular reference to issues affecting Garissa County. This chapter has put in consideration plans of maintaining the existing infrastructure and development of future climate monitoring networks giving the optimum meteorological networks and how data quality will be managed. This plan recognises that there are stakeholders that make meteorological observations for their own use referred here as “non-KMD climate monitoring networks”. The plan notes that there is no single National Meteorological Service in the world which has resources to establish all the stations required to give reliable and relevant service. It is only through partnership like the county governments that this infrastructure can be developed. In this particular case emphasis has been put on involvement of partners and even community climate monitors, who have over the years, have supplemented KMD observational network.
Chapter four discusses how climate information services and with associated products will be provided. This is discussed in light of making the information locally relevant complete with a list of products that will be generated for sectoral experts and communicated to support decision making. It has been recognised that the livelihood of Garissa is majorly pastoralism and emphasis has been made to provide services geared towards supporting its development.
Chapter five outlines appropriate communication and dissemination channels of climate information and products. This is alive to the fact that Garissa County is not uniformly developed in terms of telecommunication infrastructure and therefore, other non- conventional communication channels have been recognised as appropriate means of dissemination of climate information.
Chapter six, which is planning and budgeting, recognises the fact that operationalisation of this CIS Plan is expensive and requires financial and human resources that are mobilised well beyond the government provisions. Garissa County government is a key stakeholder in the implementation of the plan given that the livelihoods are climate sensitive and a small shock can wipe or take back many years all efforts of development.
Chapter Seven deals with Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting. This is a key component that will serve as a basis from which to track progress of efforts being planned to strengthen CIS delivery. The chapter notes that to realise these objectives and outcomes there is need to periodically do assessment of activities/achievements in liaison with stakeholders. All stakeholders will be expected to report on the performance of the CIS Plan in relation to how relevant, reliable, timely, and accessible.
This plan if properly implemented, it will go a long way towards realizing the development plan of Garissa County and support building resilience of the local community and cushion them from adverse impacts of climate change, as envisioned in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP).
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1.0 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1.1 Background
Weather and climate has significant impacts on many aspects of people’s lives and particularly amongst populations whose livelihoods are directly dependent on natural resources. Reliable climate information, including warnings and alerts on severe weather and extreme climate events, is important to support decision making for stakeholders including households, communities, sub-county and county levels. Information about longer term trends in climate variability and change is also vital to support major investments in infrastructure, including dams and roads, as well as conservation of the natural environment.
The mandate of Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) is to provide meteorological, hydrological and related services in support of relevant national needs, including safety of life and protection of property, safeguarding the environment and contributing to sustainable development, as well as meeting international commitments and contributing to international cooperation which is derived from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Convention adopted on 11 October 1947 and revised in 2007.
KMD Vision: A world class weather and climate service that contributes to sustainable development
KMD Mission: To provide our customers and stake holders with prompt accurate and reliable weather and climate products and services for safety of lives protection of property and conservation of the environment
In line with the constitution of Kenya (2010), KMD is seeking to decentralise her services and has established County Meteorological Offices. These sub-national meteorological offices will be expected to implement the mission of KMD at county level.
This County Information Service Plan (CISP) is a framework for development and delivery climate information service in Garissa County
This Plan was developed in consultation with stakeholders who included experts from across County Ministries and partner organizations, as well as community members in different livelihood zones. This CISP is a framework intended to support a range of measures for operationalization of KMD’s Decentralisation Strategic Plan for provision of CIS in Garissa County. These has since been collaborated with senior representatives of County Government Ministries and other key stakeholders to ensure that it is in line with the policies and aspirations of the stakeholders in the county.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 1: Garissa County Map Showing Livelihood Zones
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.2 Roles and Responsibilities of County Meteorological Office
In line with the process of devolution and decentralisation, KMD has established County Meteorological Offices (CMOs) in each of the 47 counties of Kenya. Each CMO is headed by a County Director of Meteorological Services (CDMS). The CDMS is responsible for implement national policies at county level and deliver CIS which can best support both the development of CIDP as well as support decision making needs of the counties’ principle sectoral livelihood groups.
Established in 2012, the Garissa County Meteorological Office, is the sub-national weather service of KMD and is planned to be an information centre to reach the people of Garissa County with relevant weather and climate information.
Responsibilities of this Office include;
ñ Monitoring weather, climate, water, air and noise pollution and related environmental information within the County; ñ Expansion and management of the meteorological observational network within the County; ñ Interpreting and implementing national policies on meteorology and climate change adaptation at the County level; ñ Downscaling of national weather forecasts and climate outlooks to the County level; ñ Issuing public warnings on hazards and extremes related to weather, climate and air pollution; ñ Generating essential weather and climate information to support climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and food security, water resources, energy, transport, public health and sanitation, environmental conservation, disaster risk reduction, insurance, mining and tourism; ñ Building public awareness of the use of meteorological data; ñ Producing weather and climate information which can support the County’s social and economic development; ñ Mainstreaming Meteorological services in the development agenda of the County; ñ Promoting the use of local knowledge to build the resilience of communities in dealing with climate change extremes within the County; and ñ Mainstreaming gender in weather, climate and environmental governance in line with the Constitution.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.3 Summary of Relevant Policies and Plans
The GCCISP recognizes that the delivery of Climate Information Service which effectively supports decision making requires the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders. Stakeholders of the GCCISP include; Government Administration at County, Sub-county, ward and village levels, , decentralized national government agencies, religious leaders across different faith groups and denominations, local, community and livelihood associations, private sector bodies and national and international Public Benefit Organisations (PBOs) and higher learning, Community Based Organizations and research institutions among others As such, the Garissa County Meteorological Office will develop and deliver the GCCISP through linkage with and supporting the activities of these stakeholder groups.
This CISP supports implementation of national and international climate change policies such as;
1. United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) 2. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 3. National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. Climate Change Act 2016 5. National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 6. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 7. Kenya’s Vision 2030 8. Garissa County Integrated Development Plan 9. Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 10. Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan Ministry of Environment
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.4 Context
Figure 2: Location and Size of Garissa County
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Garissa County is one of the three counties in the North Eastern region of Kenya. It covers an area of 44,174.1Km2 and lies between latitude 1° 58’N and 2° 1’ S and longitude 38° 34’E and 41° 32’E. The county borders the Republic of Somalia to the east, Lamu County to the south, Tana River County to the west, Isiolo County to the North West and Wajir County to the north.
Garissa County has seven sub-counties (Districts).These are:
ñ Fafi, ñ Garissa, ñ Ijara, ñ Lagdera Balambala, ñ Dadaab and ñ Hulugho.
The county is further divided into 23 divisions and 83 locations
The County has six constituencies
Table 1: County Electoral Wards by Constituencies
Constituency No of Wards Wards
Garissa 4 Waberi, Galbet, Township, Iftin Township Mbalambala 5 Balambala, Danyere, Jarajara, Saka, Sankuri Lagdera 6 Modogashe, Bename, Goreale, Maalamin, Sabena, Baraki Dadaab 6 Dertu, Dadaab, Labasigale, Damajale, Liboi, Abakaile Fafi 5 Bura, Dekaharia, Jarajila, Fafi, Nanighi Ijara 4 Hulugho, Sangailu, Ijara, Masalani
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.4.1 Natural Resources
Figure 3: Garissa County Topographic Map
Garissa County is endowed with diverse natural resource base; such as water sources, pasture, forests, wildlife among others. These natural resources support the livelihoods of the populations, who are mainly pastoralists. The main water sources is Tana river.
Tana River, which marks the western boundary, is prone to flooding and has a rich potential of fish and very large scale irrigation. The flood plain is important resource for pasture during dry seasons and serve as a refuge during drought conditions for pastoralists.
Garissa hosts three major national reserves namely; Boni, Rahole and Arawale game reserves and one conservancy called Ishaqbini-Hirola, a sanctuary established to conserve highly endangered Hirola Antelop. The national reserves and conservancies provide a haven for a wide diversity of wildlife and plant species: buffalo, Hirola antelope, Jackson's
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
hartebeest, Grant's gazelle, warthog, giraffe, ostrich, lion, hyena and the endemic species such as gerenuk, which roam freely in the plains.
Tana River passes through Garissa County for a distance of over 400km. The river provides opportunity for small and large scale irrigation over large flood plains often covered with alluvial soils rich in nutrients for plant growth. These flood plain are important resource for pasture during dry seasons and serve as a refuge during drought conditions for pastoralists. Bour – Algy Giraffe Sanctuary
Arawale National Reserve
The Arawale National Reserve is a designated conservation area managed by the Garissa County in assistance with the Kenya Wildlife Service. It lies in North Eastern Province of Kenya, 77 km south of the town of Garissa. The reserve covers an area of 53,324 hectares (533 km2; 206 sq mi).To the west, it is bordered by the Tana River and, to the east, by the Garissa-Lamu road. In 1974, the reserve was gazetted as the only in-situ conservation site for the critically endangered Hirola population endemic to north-eastern Kenya and south- west Somalia. Wildlife The reserve is a critical refuge for a range of wildlife species including four globally threatened species: Hirola, Gravy Zebra, African Wild Dog and Cheetah.
Boni-National-Reserve
Boni National Reserve is a national reserve for conservation and lies in the Garissa County, Kenya. The general area lies between 40°83ʹE and 41°66ʹE and 1°76ʹS and 1°25ʹS. The reserve covers an area of 1,339 km2 (517 sq mi) and is managed by Kenya Wildlife Service. It was gazetted in 1976 as a dry season sanctuary for elephants in the former Kenyan Ijara, and Lamu districts and Somalia.
It represent some of the most varied of ecosystems and provide a refuge for endangered mammals like the elephant, hirola and the wild dog, rare species found nowhere else in the world and hundreds of flora and fauna that are still yet to be described.
Vegetation
The Boni forest, after which the reserve is named, is an indigenous open canopy forest and part of the Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic. Harbouring densities of plant species that are among the highest in the world, the forest has been declared a biodiversity hotspot.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Wildlife
Common herbivores in the region include hippopotamus, bushpig, warthog, buffalo, common duiker, topi and waterbuck. Common carnivores in the reserve are the vulnerable African Wild Dog and the aardwolf. Although extremely rare, African elephants are also present in the reserve.
Bour- Algy Giraffe sanctuary
The Garissa Sanctuary giraffe is hosted by Bour-Algi village, south of Garissa town and was set to host internally displace giraffe that had been affected by the Kenya/Somali border skirmishes. The project is managed by the county government of Garissa. Its name stems from the large presence of giraffes attracted by the abundant acacia trees.
1.4.2 Economic Activities and Food Security
The backbone of the county’s economy is livestock production with over 90 percent of the inhabitants directly or indirectly derive their livelihood from livestock. Nomadic Pastoralism is the more prominent in the county and defines the lifestyle of most of the county’s inhabitants. Intensive camel dairy production is a less prominent economic activity in the county but lately gaining importance as a business in Garissa urban areas.
The main livestock breeds are Cattle (boran), Goats (Galla), sheep (black headed Persian) and Camel (dromedary one humped). The main livestock products are meat, milk, hides and skins.
Camels in Modogashe Cattle in Bura
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Eastern and southern parts of Garissa County including Fafi and Balambala sub counties practice rain-fed agriculture on small scale. Irrigation is also practiced on a large scale along river Tana.
The main crops grown are: water melons, mangoes, vegetables, tomatoes, paw paws, bananas, cowpeas, sim-sim, maize, beans and green grams. These are usually produced on a small scale under irrigation Sheep and goats in Shantabak along the Tana River.
Fish farming in Garissa County is done on a small scale using fish ponds. The County has five fish ponds along Tana River with a total area of 1,200 m2.The main types of fish produced are mudfish, catfish, bonefish, tilapia and eel.
During the dry season, there is a general migration of livestock from the hinterland to areas near River Tana where water is readily available. However, some pastoralists move with their livestock to neighbouring counties in search of pasture. Much of the county’s livestock population are indigenous sheep, goats, cattle and camel.
Agri business Farming is turning Garissa into a bread basket. Already, waters from River Tana are transforming the region into a valley of opportunities where individuals and groups are engaged in mixed farming. The valley stretches from Fafi constituency and covers all of Garissa township and parts of Lagdera almost 430km in length.
Currently, only 5121 acres of land (12%) along the basin is under irrigation ( with potential of 32,000 ha) , mainly of horticultural crops such as banana, mango, tomato, water melon, onion, pawpaw, and chilies. 6% is rain fed agriculture (with potential of 710,000ha). Garissa also has potential of rice growing and currently has 40 acres under rice.
Garissa county does not only export fruits and vegetables to other parts of Kenya, but also to Dubai, Middle East, Somalia and Ethiopia. Garissa produces the best mangoes in East and Central Africa
Potential opportunities a) Conducive temperatures for variety of crop enterprises b) Potential unexploited area for crop farming c) Paramount water source and fertile soil d) Potential for investment in cottage industries and value addition
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Paw paw at Kone Farm Water Melon in Bura Farm
Banana in Kone Farm
Mango in Bura Farm Tomatoes in Bura Farm
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Livestock Farming
In Garissa county cattle, goats. sheep and camels are an important economic asset, especially among pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood groups. They provide sources of livelihood through milk and meat production and market sales. Over the past decade, the importance of the cattle trade among these food economy groups has been increasing due to the high value of cattle and the ever increasing seasonal demand for slaughtering and restocking in other parts of Kenya and Tanzania.
Livestock production is a significant part of the County’s economy. Between 2005 and 2007, Garissa cattle producers earned over 1.8 billion shillings in sales in domestic and overseas markets. Construction on a new abattoir also began in October 2007. In terms of livestock imports, most of Garissa’s cattle come from cross-border trade between Somali livestock merchants.
Livestock is a crucial source of financial capital for the rural poor. The arid and semi-arid lands are home to nearly 70% of the national herd with an estimated value of Kenya shillings 70 billion. For many, it is the only form of savings available. Therefore, its efficient production and marketing is essential for sustaining pastoral livelihoods. The existing Garissa livestock market in Garissa town, covers a total area of approximately 10 acres. It provides a range of employment and income-earning opportunities to the resident of not only Garissa county but the entire northern region.
Table 2: County Electoral Wards by Constituencies
Pastoral – All species Pastoral – Camel and Goats
Benane Bura - Garissa Daadab Agro – pastoral Jarajila Balambala Liboi Danyere Modogashe Sankuri Shantabak Bothai Kotile
Pastoral – Cattle and Sheep
Hulugho Formal Employment & Urban Centre
Sangailu Garissa Central ijara Masalani
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 4: Garissa County Livelihood Zones
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.4.3 Population
The county has a total population of 699,534 consisting of 375,985 males and 323,549 females as at 2012. The population is projected to increase to 785,976 and to 849,457 persons in 2015 and 2017 respectively
Figure 5: Garissa County Population Size and Composition
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 6: Garissa County Population by gender and urbanization
Table 3: Administrative Units And Population Per Sub County And Divisions Population Per Livelihood
Sub County Divisions Projected Population 2013
Central 136,608 Garissa Sankuri 20,598 Balambala 35,807 Balambala Danyere 28,991 Benane 23,631 Lagdera Modogashe 48,327 Shant-abak 36,246 Dadaab/Dertu 156,992 Dadaab Liboi 21,122 Bura 14,770 Fafi Galmagala 11,122 Jarajilla 85,321 Hulugho 24,474 Hulugho Bodhai 5 Sangailu 27, ,192 3 Masalani 37,816 Ijara 5 Ijara 131 ,402 TOTAL 727,771
Source: NDMA County Drought Contingency Plan
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Table 4: Population by Livelihood
Pastoral – All species Pastoral – Camel and Goats
Benane 23,631 Bura - Garissa 25,982 4%
Daadab 156,992 Agro – pastoral
Jarajila 85,321 Balambala 35,807
Liboi 21,122 Danyere 28,991
Modogashe 48,328 Sankuri 20,598
Shantabak 36,246 Bothai 5,351 371,639 Kotile 4,206 51% 94,953
13% Pastoral – Cattle and Sheep Formal Employment & Urban Centre
Hulugho 24,474 Garissa Central 136,608
Sangailu 27,192 Masalani 33,610 170,218 ijara 13,402 23% 65,068
9% TOTAL 727,860
Table 4: Population by Livelihood
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
1.5 Overview of Garissa County Climate
Garissa County is generally an arid area and receives an average of 280 mm of rainfall per year. There are two rain seasons, the short rains season from October to December and the long rains season from March to May. The rainfall distribution is marked with high variability making it unreliable for agriculture production. The eastern and southern parts of the County such as Hulugho, Masalani and Bura receive more rainfall than the western and northern parts.
Table 5: Climatological Normals for Garissa Meteorological Station
VARIABLE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR
PRECIPITATION (mm) 10 6 26 55 17 5 2 5 4 22 65 65 282
TEMP AVERAGE (c) 28.8 29.3 30.5 30.2 29 27.1 26.6 26.8 27.7 28.8 29.3 28.8 28.6
TEMP MEAN MAX 35.5 36 36.6 36 35 32.7 32.1 32.7 33.8 35 35 34.3 34.6
TEMP MEAN MIN 22.1 22.7 24.3 24.3 23.2 21.6 21 21 21.6 22.7 23.8 23.2 22.6
TEMP MEAN DAY 31.2 31.7 32.7 32.2 31.2 29.1 28.5 29 29.9 31.1 31.4 30.7 30.7
TEMP MEAN NIGHT 26.3 26.9 28.2 28 26.9 25.1 24.5 24.7 25.5 26.6 27.4 26.7 26.4
VAPOUR PRESS 23.5 24 25.2 26.2 24.5 22.1 20.8 20.7 21.2 22.6 25.1 25.5 23.5
WIND SPEED (knots) 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.2 3 2.5 1.9 1 2.1
SUNSHINE (hrs) 63 59 58 56 53 50 49 48 53 60 60 60 56
TOT RADIATION 499 500 500 481 439 414 415 430 469 500 492 481 468
EVAPOTRANSP 152 141 166 153 154 133 144 156 168 175 151 136 1829
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Garissa County Climatic Zones
Figure 7: Garissa County Climatic Zones
Given the arid nature of the county, temperatures are generally high throughout the year and range from 22°C to 38°C. The average temperature is however 36°C. The hottest months are September and January to March, while the months of April to August are relatively cooler. The humidity averages 60g/m3 in the morning and 55g/m3 in the afternoon. An average of 9.5 hours of sunshine is received per day. Strong winds are also experienced between April and August with the rest of the months getting calm winds.
The likely effects of climate change in the County manifests themselves in significant increases in year-round temperatures, increased intensity of rainfall during rainfall seasons, shift in rainfall onset and cessation dates, increases in frequency of extreme weather events from year to year weather variation.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 8: Garissa County Mean March- April -May Figure 9: Garissa County Mean October- (MAM) Season Rainfall November-December (OND) Season Rainfall
Figure 10: October – November – Figure 11: October – November – December 2017 Short Rains Season December 2017 Short Rains Season Forecast for Garissa County Forecast for Garissa County
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103.0
45.1
11.3 7.5 4.0 3.2 2.9 2.1 0.8 3.6 0.5 3.4 Oct Jan July Dec Aug Nov Feb May Sept April June March
Figure 12: Monthly Mean Rainfall Garissa Meteorological Station
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
2. FRAMEWORK FOR PROVISION OF CLIMATE SERVICES 2.1 Goals and Objectives The GCCISP aims to develop and deliver accessible, timely, relevant climate information which can support local, sub-county and county-level decision making processes for the benefit of community livelihoods and key economic sectors in Garissa County. The specific objectives are to provide: 1) Relevant location specific climate information (daily observed rainfall, weekly, monthly and seasonal rainfall forecasts) that supports community level livelihoods and county and sub-county level decision making processes, 2) Early warning and Alerts of extreme weather and climate events; such as droughts and floods, for safety of life and optimization of weather and climate dependent natural resources, 3) Sector specific climate information (wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, radiation, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) Climatological summaries of weather parameters) for county level planning in consultation with local communities 4) Relevant climate information to contribute to the development of sector specific advisories for short term and long term planning. 5) Dissemination and packaging of climate information to be localized for specific channels
GCCISP has identified five priority areas of appropriate action for reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience among communities in Garissa County. These priority areas include: Agriculture and food security, Disaster and risk reduction, Energy, health and Water.
Agriculture and food security: In an era of rapid population growth, food security remains a major concern. Agriculture is vulnerable not only to market fluctuations but also to climate variability and climate change and natural hazards. This exemplar illustrates how climate services can improve delivery and provides a set of actions that will improve uptake and use climate services in this sector
Disaster and risk reduction: Most natural hazards are caused by weather and climate. This exemplar illustrates how user-friendly climate services can help countries and communities build greater resilience against floods, droughts, storms and other hydro-meteorological hazards.
Energy: Energy systems are the engine of economic and social development. Energy generation and planning of operations are markedly affected by meteorological events and
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energy systems are increasingly exposed to the vagaries of weather and climate affecting both the availability and energy demand.
Health: Climate variability and climate change have important repercussions on public health. Temperature and rainfall conditions influence the spread of communicable diseases while extreme weather events cause injury and death. This exemplar illustrates how demand-driven climate services can empower the health community to save lives.
Water: Water is vital for life, but an over or under supply can threaten life, societies and economies. The amount and availability of water is strongly influenced by climate variability and change. As this exemplar illustrates, seasonal climate outlooks and other climate services and products can greatly improve water supply management.
2.2 Principles The Climate Information Services (CIS) in Garissa County commenced in 2012 and has been received among the communities and people of Garissa with varying opinion depending on level of understanding (experience, literacy and perception).
This climate information service framework has been developed based on a set of guiding principles which recognize that effective CIS needs to:
ñ Provide reliable probabilistic climate information. ñ Be relevant to users’ needs and gender-sensitive. ñ Be accessible. ñ Foster increased trust through developing two-way channels of communication for co-production of weather and climate knowledge. ñ Support increased understanding and communication of uncertainty in climate information and, strengthen appropriate use of probabilistic climate information.
2.2.1 Principle 1- Provision of Reliable and Probabilistic Climate Information
From the scoping report, it is clear that many perceive KMD information as unreliable. They are aware that the information is currently derived on the only one meteorological record from the Garissa weather station, Marsabit, Mandera and Wajir in neighbouring Counties and question its relevance to their own localities. KMD must therefore strengthen the observational network within Garissa and develop a set of agreed terminology which appropriately and systematically conveys the level of confidence and uncertainty within the weather and climate information provided.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
2.2.2 Principle 2- Relevance of Climate Information to Users’ Needs and Consideration Gender-Sensitivity
There are two principal groups of CIS users, those with climate-sensitive livelihoods and government planners and decision makers: Community users: Community users find current KMD information to be too general and not relevant to their specific localities and livelihoods. Farmers and pastoralists have requested for information on the onset, geographical and temporal distribution and cessation of the rains, including frequency of extended dry spells, as well as high and low temperatures, high winds, hail and cloud cover. They want to receive seasonal forecasts with monthly and weekly updates, daily updates as well as alerts throughout the year. Some livestock farmers have requested daily updates throughout the year to plan for resource management such as pasture and water and marketing, particularly given increased variability in rainfall. Community users have also asked for information about extreme weather events, including heavy rains which may cause flash floods cutting off roads. Weather and climate can have particular impacts on women in their duties to meet household water requirements, as well as in their kitchen farming and marketing roles. The specific climate information should address the needs of all the strata of the community needs including women and youth groups. Government planners and decision makers; representatives from NGO’s, County and National Governments departments and agencies have welcomed weather and climate information about short (seasonal, monthly, weekly, daily and extreme weather events), long-term (beyond seasonal) timescales, climate change and variability to support short and long term strategic and sectoral planning, create climate awareness and timely sharing with the community members. KMD has undertaken consultations with a wide range of users and is strengthening its data, observational, processing, analysis and communication capacities to best meet the range of user needs identified.
2.2.3 Principle 3- Accessibility of Climate Information
Community users currently receive information from regional and local radio stations. Agricultural extension services have information but only provide demand-led services, requiring that farmers themselves take the initiative to seek support from the extension services. Amongst planners and policymakers across county line ministries, decentralized authorities and non-governmental organizations access to weather and climate information is currently and get information from KMD. The GCCISP proposes employing a range of channels of communication to ensure that climate information can reach the range of users in understandable formats and through
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trusted channels. The channels established will need to ensure reach and relevance for the most marginalized.
2.2.4 Principle 4 - Foster Increased Trust
Users have a key role in enabling KMD to develop and deliver CIS which best support specific decision making processes. Users understand the specific decisions which particular types of weather and climate information can support. Technical experts from across line ministries can advise on key thresholds which significantly impact the County’s principal livelihood groups, including climate parameters for crop development, livestock and crop diseases and pests. Local communities have historical knowledge about past weather events which can have support where past historical datasets are sparse. Local observations of weather and climate and its impact will be of tremendous value in enabling KMD to deliver more locally accurate and relevant forecasts.
GCCISP provides a framework to support ongoing exchange of information between the providers and users of weather and climate information. KMD is also proposing to undertake a pilot study to systematically collate and assess local weather and climate knowledge to see how this can support improved CIS.
2.2.5 Principle 5 - Support Increased Understanding
Many users do not fully appreciate the probabilistic nature of weather and climate information. It is essential to build users’ understanding of the levels of confidence and uncertainty within weather and climate information if they are to make appropriate use of this. Failure to strengthen this understanding risks heightening mistrust where users perceive the information as wrong when the less likely event occurs and increasing vulnerability where information is misapplied. Resilience can be increased through strengthening capacities to make decisions with uncertain information.
KMD has recognized the need to build the communication capacities of its staff. It has initiated risk communication training for KMD County Directors and the current initiative encompasses further training both for KMD County Offices and CIS intermediaries.
2.3 Existing and Planned CIS Initiatives and Projects
The planned Garissa CIS initiatives aims at developing and delivering weather and climate information which will support local, sub-county, county- and national-level decision making (annex 3) at time frames of hours, days, weeks, months, seasons and years in line with national and international development frameworks including the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) and the Kenya’s Vision 2030.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Garissa County major infrastructure projects and social and economic initiatives designed to strengthen resilience and development include: a) Rural electrification; b) Development of ICT infrastructure; c) Construction of rural roads; d) Modernization of the meteorological services programme, and e) The Advertent Weather Modification Programme. f) Major Dams Construction for water supply g) KCSAP – Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Projects h) Abbatoir
Interventions to enhance the resilience of the County’s population being undertaken across a wide range of governmental and governmental partners include: ñ Promotion of drought resistant crops; ñ Up scaling of outreach health services; ñ Enhancing maintenance and servicing of key community water facilities such as boreholes; ñ Enhancing sustainable environmental conservation to forestall environmental degradation; ñ Promote productivity of livestock in the county, curbing of livestock diseases, provision water, market information systems, marketing infrastructure and extension services to the herders; ñ Enterprise development, cooperative development to improve access to credit; ñ Value addition through creating light industries; ñ Diversification of livelihood programs by training the communities on various skills especially youth and women
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
3. OBSERVATION AND DATA
Meteorological data is key in development of any climate information service. Weather and climate monitoring and observation networks are basic infrastructure necessary for generation of meteorological data. It is important for Garissa County Meteorological Office to establish adequate and serviceable weather and climate monitoring and observation stations in order to deliver effective and relevant CIS to inform decision making among climate dependent livelihoods in the County.
3.1 The Existing Observations Network
The earliest weather and climate record dates back in 1932 in Garissa town. Through the years a total of 14 rainfall stations have been installed in Garissa County. (list of stations annex 5). The data from these station can be accessed at KMD Headquarters.
The network has been shrinking with time due to varied reasons, ranging from insecurity, abandonment, lack of inspection and maintenance, lack of community observers among others.
To solve these problems, KMD has developed a strategic approach for establishing adequate network of observation and monitoring of weather and climate in Garissa County by way of. automating its observatories sensitization and awareness creation building partnerships and recruitment of community climate monitors.
Automatic Weather Station at Bura Rainfall Station Inspection at Bura Police Station Hospital .
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 13a: Current Garissa County Observation Networks
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Figure 13b: Map showing Current Garissa County Observation Networks
3.2 Future Plans for Observations Network
KMD has an inventory of equipment and meteorological infrastructure in Kenya. An assessment of all Meteorological infrastructure ( KMD and non-KMD) in Garissa County has been done, and an inventory and status thereof established. (see annexes 5, 6 and 7).
In support of the existing meteorological infrastructure in Garissa County KMD plans to install synoptic stations, temperature stations, raingauges, and seismic stations to provide optimised network for the County.
This CISP captures the existing and planned meteorological installations for optimal service delivery In Garissa county. KMD plans to install the following weather instruments with equitable distribution, across strategic and remote locations to enable real-time measurement of specific weather phenomena, such as heavy rainfall and strong winds: ñ 7 automatic weather stations, one in each sub-county. ñ 7 temperature stations situated at sub county headquarters ñ 21 automatic rain gauges, strategically placed to capture flash flood events. ñ 300 rain gauges are planned to capture climatic variability in all the 30 wards
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
It is envisaged that a number of community-managed rain gauges will be installed, with training to ensure a standard way of collating information. Efforts will be made to locate rain gauges accessible to Ward Administrators and Adaptation committees, and where relevant, with water and electricity facilities.
In tandem with the assessment of current meteorological infrastructure within Garissa County, KMD is undertaking efforts on data discovery, rescue and digitalization. Where possible KMD will seek to employ the existing observation data of stakeholders to strengthen KMD’ historical data.
Figure 14: Proposed 40 by 40 km Distribution of weather observatories for Garissa County
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3.3 Maintenance Plan for Observations Network
KMD prescribes to WMO’s standards, processes and procedures for meteorological equipment installation and maintenance to ensure data quality. Calibration of meteorological instruments will be performed in order to ensure high quality data.
3.4 Management of Non KMD Observations
Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) recognizes the fact that there are many organizations with observation stations, but who are unknowingly making erroneous observations, particularly rainfall observations. Therefore, there is need to assist such organizations to standardize their observations. KMD will build partnership with organisations and institutions and individuals for collaboration in weather and climate observations. Such collaboration will be done under the WMO integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) framework, to ensure improved quality and availability of data and metadata, developing capacity observation (technical and maintenance), improve access to data.
3.5 Role of Community Climate Monitors
There is no national meteorological service which has all the stations desired for delivery of service. Most of them rely on community climate monitors.
Community Rain-gauge Installation at Kone Primary School and Nanighi Chiefs Office
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Qualifications a) Must be from the locality b) Must be able to read English and write c) Custodian of the rain-gauge d) Maintains the gauge and site e) Takes rainfall readings every 9.00 am and enters in both forms 6a and 496 f) Transmits rainfall readings every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of the week g) Keeps clear records and reading h) Makes records accessible to members of the community i) Protects readings from unauthorized persons
Kenya Meteorological Department will continue to encourage more local institutions and community at large to volunteer and manage observation networks in their respective areas. KMD will empower them through trainings and provision of equipment such as rain gauges. In turn, KMD will use the data to improve service delivery.
3.6 Data Discovery and Rescue
There is a lot of data sitting in databanks outside KMD. This data is still useful for inclusion in the development of climate information service. KMD will try to get this data through memoranda of understanding to ensure that it is archived in a format that can easily be accessed.
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4. PROVISION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES
The Garissa Meteorological Office will develop weather and climate information which supports decision making across the principal livelihood groups as well as strategic and sectoral county and national government planning.
4.1 Existing Weather and Climate Products
Development of weather and climate products is done at different levels (global, regional, national and local scales). At national level KMD develops the national level products at KMD Headquaters in Nairobi . These national level products are released to CMO as need be for use at County level. The CMO has the role of downscaling the national level products to locals scales in order to address local level needs. Weather and Climate products at the Garissa CMO include: probabilistic weather forecast ranging from short term (daily, weekly) Medium (Monthly) and long-term (seasonal and annual), rain onset, cessation and distribution and climate summaries and normals, . The CMO uses historical climate data and local knowledge of climate variability to downscale the national monthly and seasonal forecasts to develop a forecast for Garissa County.
4.2 Proposed Product Development
Garissa CMO will provide:
ñ Seasonal, monthly, seven day, five day and daily forecasts, as well as summary versions for SMS transmission. ñ The seasonal forecasts will be combined with sectoral expertise to provide livelihood advisories. ñ Warnings of unusual or extreme weather events for transmission via national and county administration, departments and agencies and a full range of intermediary and media channels. ñ Weather and climate data, summaries and normals (Rainfall amount and distribution, maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed and direction, sunshine hours and relative humidity). These products are useful to specific county and national governments agencies, NGO’s and the community at large for planning for climate sensitive activities. ñ Climate change projections and scenarios. These products are important to support medium and long term development planning.
The timeframe and content of CIS products are outlined in annex 8.
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4.3 Approaches to making information locally relevant
Making climate information relevant is important for purpose of effective uptake among the society and communities. Relevance may be achieved by identifying local scale climate variations with features or locally measured climate parameters.
Locally measured weather and climate information will be gathered installation of weather instruments among and in collaboration with local communities who will identify Community Climate Monitor (CCM).
In the absence of historical conventional records of climate, indigenous knowledge from among the communities will be integrated for purpose of relevance of climate information. These approaches are expected to improve knowledge of the local factors which affect the climate of the Garissa county .
Consistent with the principle of building trust through developing two-way channels for communication and co-production of weather and climate knowledge, this initiative is proposing to undertake a pilot study to identify how local knowledge may support communication of KMD forecasts.
4.4 Technical Downscalling
Three technical approaches will be followed for purposes of creating relevance in climate information. First, weather and climate parameters measured at local level will ensure that communities have ownership of the information. Towards this objective weather instruments as indicated above will be installed. in collaboration with local communities who will identify Community Climate Monitors (CCM). Secondly, this CISP will seek to improve knowledge of the local factors affecting the climate of Garissa County. In this regard, the CMO will seek ways of integrating conventional scientific methods and the indigenous knowledge from among the communities for purpose of relevance of climate information. Thirdly Consistent with the principle of building trust this CISP will endeavor to create relevance of the climate information through developing two-way channels for communication and co-production of weather and climate information together with stakeholders. The CMO will initiate a pilot study to identify how local knowledge may support communication of KMD forecasts.
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4.5 Presentation and Language
Garissa County meteorological office will be issuing weather and climate information in English and Kiswahili since they are the official languages of Kenya. However, where necessary, the information will be translated into the local language (Somali), to increase understanding and uptake of information among communities. This information will be packaged according to the targeted audience. Interpretation of meteorological terms into local languages in form of a dictionary (English/Somali), will be done to further improve understanding of climate information.
4.6 Detailed Description of Products as Required
Reliable daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal information, as well as warnings and alerts on extreme weather events will be developed to support decision making among society and community. Information about climate variability, trends and change which is vital to support major investments in infrastructure, including dams and roads, as well as conservation of the natural environment will be developed.
4.6.1 The seasonal forecast
Seasonal forecast is a three months rainfall outlook usually developed on a regular basis by KMD headquarters in Nairobi. The seasonal climate outlook depicts the amount and distribution of rainfall patterns for two major rainfall seasons in Garissa county (MAM and OND). The seasonal forecast also has indications of onset and cessation dates of the rain season. The forecast is issued at least one month ahead of the start of the season. The forecast is issued based on tercile probabilities of occurrence of the normative rainfall. The seasonal forecast will be downscaled to capture local climate feature for purpose of relevancy among the community.
4.6.2 Monthly Forecast
The monthly forecast is climate outlook depicting the amount and distribution of rainfall patterns within the month. The forecast is issued every end of the month to give indication of a climate outlook of the coming month. The forecast is a normative indication of the expected rainfall performance of that month.
4.6.3 Weekly Forecast
The weekly forecast depicting the amount and distribution of rainfall patterns within the week. The forecast is issued every Monday of the week to give indication of weather conditions in the coming week.
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4.6.4 Daily Forecast
Daily forecast is an indication of weather conditions expected in the next 24hrs for a particular area.
4.6.5 Downscaled Forecasts
Downscaling weather/climate forecast involves reducing weather/climate information known at larges scale (regional/national) and present the same for local scales. These downscaled products indicate locally relevant variability and details which have effect at local level. The county meteorological office has the responsibility to downscale all the nationally generated products to local scale. Interpolated and gridded historical climate rainfall data retrieved from both KMD and private observatory archives combined with satellite based rainfall estimates and local knowledge of climate variability will be used to down-scale the national forecasts to develop a forecast for Garissa County. However, the downscaled weather forecasts for the County will become more accurate as a result of the placing of new recording equipment in several other parts of the county. Garissa Meteorological office will be employing the most current down-scaling tools recommended by both KMD and WMO to produce down-scaled monthly and seasonal predictions for the County. Both monthly and seasonal forecasts will be issued in a discrete and tercile formats.
4.6.6 Early Warning and Alerts
Early warnings and alerts are statements issued by meteorological service on weather and climate hazards. These are issued for purposes of disaster risk reduction to enable prevention of loss of life and destruction of property and, economic losses and environmental degradation from weather/climate hazards. When and where necessary, KMD will issue early warning and alerts on expected hazards. KMD will follow standard operations procedures (SOPs) in indicating the level of danger from the hazard. The Garissa CMO will maintained a close and continued link of early warning and alert information from KMD headquarters for purpose of advice on eminent weather/climate hazards in Garissa County. Specific severe weather and extreme climate events often experienced in Garissa include drought, high wind, dust storms, flash-floods among others.
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4.6.7 Climatological Normals and Trends
Climatological Normals are averages of Climatological elements (temperature, rainfall wind sunshine radiation cloudiness,) over specified long term periods (30years plus) and location. Climatological trends are temporal indications of long term changes of the averages of the Climatological elements. Climatological normal and trends are useful for two major purposes: ñ Benchmark or reference against which climate conditions (especially current or recent conditions) can be assessed, and ñ They are widely used (implicitly or explicitly) as an indicator of the conditions likely to be experienced in a given location The CMO will generate climatological normals and trends for relevant climate elements for specific locations in Garissa County. These normals and trends will be used to inform the development programmes in the county, as stipulated in the CIDP.
4.6.8 Climate Change Projections
Climate change projections are scenarios of future climate based on a hierarchy of models, ranging from Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) and Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) to Simple Climate Models (SCMs). These models are forced with storyline/pathways of emission concentrations of greenhouse gases and other constituents. Climate Change scenarios offer ways of identifying and examining challenges posed by climate change.
Selecting projections for Garissa County requires careful consideration of the natural resources of the county, and how they are sensitive to climate. Downscaling climate projections increases the spatial resolution of climate information and makes projections more relevant to natural resource managers by allowing decision-makers to better visualize what these different scenarios imply to the county.
For Garissa, the County Meteorological Office will develop downscaled scenario projections for relevant climate elements (Rainfall and Temperature) at different time spans (decadal, quarter century, half century, century) to support medium and long visionary planning (e.g. CIDP, County Visions).
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
4.6.9 Air Pollution Monitoring
The population is increasingly becoming urbanised making urban air quality a major concern of public health. Known pollutants such as particulate matter, methane associated with livestock keeping and dumpsites, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur oxides associated with industry and vehicular emission are responsible for upper respiratory health risks and are known carcinogens. This plan seeks to establish a network for monitoring air pollution in areas of high population density/settlement e.g. Garissa town and Dadaab. Using analysed wind regime data the CMO will develop air quality products relevant to inform policy formulation and urban planning.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
5. COMMUNICATION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES
Climate information as an important factor in decision making needs to be communicated efficiently and effectively. A communication strategy for sharing Climate information and knowledge in the County has been developed. This section presents the communication strategy to be used in GCCISP. This strategy, recognizes that there are different levels of users who require different platforms of communication and also emphasizing on the two- way (feedback/feed forward) communication approach. Several channels and platforms have been identified for use in this strategy. Electronic media, Print media, ICT, Intermediaries, county climate outlook fora/workshops (CCOF), concert, dances and songs, exhibitions, shows and barazas. In this strategy, efforts will be made to develop a weather/climate dictionary in the local languages for easy understanding of climate information among communities. Efforts will be made to improve capacity of communities to uptake CIS.
5.1 Electronic Media
Traditionally, Kenyans listen to radio and watch TVs most of the time. Local FM radio stations have been identified among the local communities as having the most reach. Disseminating CIS in this media is expected to reach many people. This is especially important for short and medium term forecasts. The communication strategy in the GCCISP will greatly depend on the use of traditional electronic media (radio, TV). Electronic media is best suited for summary CIS statements which are intended to give guidance on general decision making.
5.2 Print Media
Print media comprises of newspapers, fliers, brochures, bulletins, pictorials and magazines,. This media has an advantage over all others because it does not limit the quantity of content to be communicated. This makes it better for communicating short and medium term CIS and advisories for decision making.
5.3 Information Communication Technology (ICT) Platforms
ICT has been developed to the level that it has become prominent and important tool for development in Kenya. In this strategy, ICT includes communication through cellular phones, internet, email, websites, satellite systems, video conferencing among others. In this GCCISP, ICT will be used for availing climate information at both communities and government levels in Garissa County. The channel will focus on the youth who form the majority of the population and also have affinity to ICT. Email, Websites ( a one stop shop for all Climate and Weather information specific for Garissa County) and Video conferencing will be used for official communication at county and sub county levels. These
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platforms have capacity to carry detailed analysis of climate information and is also favoured for easy access and low cost.
Cellular phone has taken prominence among society and communities in the recent days. It has been widely accepted and used as way of effective communication enabling development at grass root levels. Cellular phone has features which enable mass communication of climate information on different platforms, e.g. Bulk SMS, social media (face book, WhatsApp, Twitter, Intagram, telegram) You-Tube, Blogs among others. These platforms will be used to communicate the following types of products; ñ Highlights of the seasonal forecast ñ Monthly and weekly updates ñ Daily updates; daily forecast, observations ñ Alerts and warning of hazardous weather
5.4 CIS Intermediaries
This communication strategy envisages collaboration with respected and influential persons among communities for purposes of delivery of climate information to the grassroots. KMD in liaison with local leaders and faith based organizations will identify from among the communities, intermediaries, who will receive weather and climate information and share the same through their existing networks and partners. The process of identifying the intermediaries in Garissa County will take into account the distribution of the population in order to have equitable representation of climate information among all communities. Through this approach, relevant local scale climate information will reach the furthest end of the society.
5.5 County Climate Outlook Fora/Workshops (CCOF)
The use of expert information among the communities requires continued consultation and collaboration of multi stakeholders’ users of information. This collaboration will be attained by creation of county climate outlook fora. The CMO Garissa will work with other government departments and key stakeholders to constitute members of these fora. These fora will be used for purposes of discussing downscaled seasonal forecasts and related local impacts and development of advisories to address those impacts. This forum will provide the opportunity for two way learning among users and providers of probabilistic climate information. For sustainability, these fora will be domiciled in the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources. These fora will take place twice in a year (March- April- May and October- November -December Rainfall Seasons).
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
5.6 Improving capacity of communities
It is recognized that effective use of CIS is a process which requires supporting the wide range of stakeholders to access, understand and appropriately apply climate information within specific decision making processes across timescales. Towards this objective the Garissa County Meteorological Office in liaison with other stakeholders.will organize programmes of awareness creation and sensitization of communities
5.7 Learning institutions (Universities, Primary and Secondary Schools)
Weather and Climate have been incorporated in curricula of learning institutions. The development of the plan is timely because it creates an opportunity to start inculcating the importance of environmental conservation and provide a better understanding of Climate Change and its related impacts as future intermediaries.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
6. PLANNING AND BUDGETING
The operationalization of this CISP requires a financial plan to enable management of financial resources necessary for its effective implementation. Creating a budget is the most effective way to ensure availability of financial resources. This section outlines the financial planning and budgeting for Garissa CISP and explains how Kenya Meteorological Department envisages the implementation of the same. It suggests action points, which would ensure availability of finances more effectively and ensure that the CISP is practical. Establishing a meteorological service requires a huge capital outlay. It involves acquisition of items including highly specialized equipment that are not readily available locally. An effective CIS requires the following items:
1) Meteorological infrastructure (data collection and monitoring; data processing, analysis and product generation; dissemination systems; office accommodation) 2) Operation and maintenance budget 3) Human resources (highly skilled technical staff; capacity building) 4) Research and development budget 5) Office equipment (computers, work stations, laptops, furniture, transport, mobile phones)
Table 6: Summary Budget for GCCISP
Total Financial Year (in Kshs. M) ( Kshs. M) Thematic Area 2018/ 2019/2 2020/2 2021/2 2022/2
19 0 1 2 3 Establish county level weather and 90.82 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 139.86 climate services infrastructure Data collection and exchange 2.1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 5.5 infrastructure Processing, Product development 3.21 2 2 2 2 11.21 and archival infrastructure Uptake of product and services 10.22 4.85 4.85 4.85 4.85 29.62 infrastructure Establish county Data management 2.5 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 6.86 infrastructure 108.8 Total 21.05 21.05 21.05 21.05 193.05 5 Note; The Human Resource budget will be factored at national level
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Table 7: Optimum Human Resource for County Meteorological Office
No. of Discipline Human Resource to implement County Climate Service Plan: people County Director for Meteorological Service 1 Deputy County Director for Meteorological Service 1 Office Assistant -1 (secretary) 1 Clerical Officer-1 1 Human Drivers -2 2 resource Meteorologists 3 management Meteorological Technologist 3 and Meteorological Observatory staff-8 (per observatory) 16 development RANET FM Radio station Staff -18 pax (optimum) 18 Community Climate Observers (2 per manual rain gauge X 600 300 rain gages) No. of staff trained for performance-related courses All
Table 8: Optimum Human Resource for County Meteorological Office
Position Optimum In-position Gap Remarks
County Director for 1 1 0 Meteorological Service Deputy County Director for 1 0 1 Filling these gaps is Meteorological Service beyond the scope of Office Assistant (secretary) 1 0 1 the CMO and delay in Clerical Officer-1 1 0 1 undertaking the exercise can affect 2 0 2 Drivers -2 succession Meteorologists 3 0 3 management and quality of service Meteorological Technologist 3 0 3
Meteorological Observatory 16 5 11 staff Draft MOU with County government 18 0 18 RANET FM Radio station Staff on the operations of RANET FM Allowance 500/= per Community Climate Observers month (2 per manual rain gage X 300 600 0 600 Airtime and M-Pesa rain gages) transaction fee 250
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
7. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING
Monitoring and Evaluation of CIS provision will include coverage of the indicators and consider progress in supporting climate-related decision making at local, sub-county and county
7.1 Monitoring Approach
With partners, KMD will undertake regular post-seasonal reviews to assess progress and make the revisions required to develop accessible, timely decision-relevant CIS for Garissa County.
It is proposed that the County Meteorological Office will provide an annual report reviewing progress in implementing the GCCIS to KMD Head Office, as well as all County Ministries and decentralized national authorities, and that this report be taken to County Climate Outlook Fora for discussion across key Ministries and GCCIS stakeholders.
Those partnering in the development of the GCCIS will develop a baseline (see Annex 9) of current access to and relevance and use of existing climate information services. This will serves as a basis from which to track progress in efforts to strengthen CIS provision and support the development of a CIS communication plan which can work through established systems of trust, ongoing related activities of relevant ministries and NGO partners, and existing coverage of regional and local radio stations and mobile phone networks.
Monitoring will be conducted on a continuous basis and interventions to address deviations immediately.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
7.2 Evaluation
Periodic assessment of activities/achievement will be necessary particularly in relation to realization of objectives and outcomes outlined in the plan. The CIS implementation will adopt a three stage evaluation structure to ensure that operational plans are geared towards targets set out in this plan. The evaluation plan is as follows:
Table 9: Evaluation Stages of GCCISP Evaluation stage Calendar
Inception To be undertaken at beginning of the plan period
Mid term To be undertaken within the third year of the plan period
End term To be undertaken at the end of the Fifth year
Where evaluation reports highlight deviations management is expected to take corrective action and timely intervention.
7.3 Reporting
The CMO will undertake regular post-seasonal reviews to assess progress and make the revisions required to develop accessible, timely decision-relevant CIS for Garissa County. It is proposed that the County Meteorological Office will provide an annual report reviewing progress in implementing the GCCISP to KMD Head Office, as well as all County Ministries and decentralized national authorities, and that this report will be taken to an existing County forum for discussion across key Ministries and GCCISP stakeholders.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
ANNEXES Annex 1: Garissa County CIS Plan Budget
GARISSA COUNTY IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX
Strategic Objective 1: Strengthen Garissa Meteorological Infrastructure (observation; data collection and exchange; processing, archival and product development; product dissemination) and capability to avail quality county and community level weather and climate services
Target Time frame Budget Strategy Activity Output Indicator for 5 Responsibility (Kshs. M) years Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Construct No. of KMD and observatories; at Operational met Synoptic 1 0 0 0 1 0 Partners Masalani Acquire and station. 50.00 stations Install instruments; Acquire and Install KMD and AWS at least 1 per Weather data No. of AWS 7 1 1 1 2 2 4.9 Partners Sub-County Establish Acquire and Install No. of KMD and county level Automatic rain gauges rainfall data Automatic rain 30 6 6 6 6 6 9.00 Partners weather and at least 1 per ward gauges Acquire and Install climate services No. of Manual KMD and Manual Rain gauges at Rainfall data 300 60 60 60 60 60 12 infrastructure Rain gauges Partners least 10 per ward Acquire and Install No. Of pollution monitoring pollution KMD and Pollution data 1 0 0 0 0 1 7.49 equipment at Garissa monitoring Partners town equipment Acquire and Install Temperature No. of Thermal KMD and Thermal stations at 7 1 2 2 1 1 4.9 Data station Partners least 1 per ward
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Acquire and Install automatic hydromet Hydrometeoro- KMD and station hydromet No. of stations 1 0 0 0 1 0 2.5 logical data Partners stations along Tana River No. of 10 Instruments 47 14 10 10 10 7 Instrument Inspections Calibrated KMD and Calibrated and calibration cost Instruments Partners No. of 20 4 4 4 4 4 1.5 inspection trips No. of Satellite Acquire and Install Satellite data Ground KMD and Satellite ground 1 0 0 0 1 0 34.26 received receiving Partners receivers stations Acquire and Install No. of Database management Data processed Database KMD and 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.00 system at the base and archived management Partners station system data from Acquire mobile data community No. of Data KMD and collection tools (mobile 300 40 80 60 60 60 3.0 observers collection tools Partners phones) Data collection Collected and exchange Communication infrastructure Communication between Mobile KMD and software (frontline data collectors & No. of software 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.00 Partners SMS etc, ) County AMSS enabled
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Acquire Data collection data from workstation (for adat No. of Data community KMD and exchange) to collect collection 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.10 observers Partners and disseminate rainfall workstation received data from CCMs Access to data at Acquire High speed No. of High national, regional KMD and Internet connection for speed Internet 1 1 0 0 0 0.75 & international Partners county offices connection centres No. of Forward & information information feedback data KMD and telecommunication telecommunicat 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.10 between HQ and Partners exchange system ion exchange counties system Enable Acquire Video/ skype simultaneous No. of Video Teleconferencing weather forecast Tele- KMD and 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.10 facilities for county conferencing and conferencing Partners offices update from all facilities regions of Kenya Rapid response to warning of Acquire rapid response rapid moving KMD and telecom for county No. of hotlines 1 0 0 0 1 0 0.05 hazards (floods Partners offices (hotlines) etc) before they cause harm. Downscale Processing, global, regional & Product Acquire Forecast No. of Forecast national scale KMD and development Interpretation Tools Interpretation 1 1 0 0 0 0 10.20 forecasts to Partners and archival (software) Tools county and infrastructure community scale
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Improved capacity for rapid Acquire Forecaster development of No. of Work Station to link KMD and county and Forecaster 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.00 with NMC Forecast Partners community scale Work Station or work station climate information Precision of Acquire Licensed No. of positioning of Geographical Geographical KMD and county and 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 Information Systems Information Partners community level (GIS) software Systems (GIS) information Develop Web pages Enable online No. of Web KMD and hosted on KMS uptake of county 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.01 pages Partners website level information Develop Information Increase uptake Education awareness No. IEC KMD and 10 1 2 3 3 1 0.10 of product and Communication creation materials Partners services materials Disseminate Maintenance cost for widely sector/ KMD and FM Radio transmission No. of Radio 1 1 0 0 0 0 25.00 livelihood Partners stations information reach public with Public Display systems No. of Public KMD and climate 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 at Garissa town Display systems Partners information Effective outreach and No. of Exhibition display demonstration of Exhibition KMD and 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 systems (LCD Beamer) potentials in display systems Partners climate (LCD Beamer) information
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
(conference, video teleconference, boardrooms etc.) 5 2 1 1 1 0 Establish Feedback and 2.0 Develop a link No. of e- county Data feed forward KMD and between CMO and key platforms management between CMO Partners stakeholders developed infrastructure and users
Access to data at Acquire High speed No. of High national, regional 1 1 0 0 0 KMD and Internet connection for speed Internet & international 0.75 Partners county offices connection centres No. of Forward & Acquire information information feedback data 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.10 KMD and telecommunication telecommunicat between HQ and Partners exchange system ion exchange counties system No. of Acquire and Install Data processed Database 1 1 0 0 0 0 4.00 KMD and Database management and archived management Partners system at the county system 193.05 Total Budget in Kshs. M
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 2: Ongoing initiatives to strengthen weather and climate information services in Garissa County
Initiative Funder Amount Installation of rain gauges WMO $60,000 – being implemented across 10 counties Kenya Adaptation to climate change in UNDP $40,000 Arid Lands – RANET Garissa FM in Garissa with weather station and rain gauges across the county STARCK+ - developing County DFID GBP 6.5 million across 5 counties Adaptation Funds and Climate and for period to 2013-2016. This Information Services across 5 counties includes GBP 40,000 towards the establishment of County Meteorological Offices.
Annex 3: Ada CIS and CCCF project activities in Garissa The Adaptation Consortium (Ada) is one of three components of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya (Plus) (STARK+) financially supported by the UK Department for International Development. Working across five Arid and Semi-Arid Counties (Kitui, Makueni, Isiolo, Wajir and Garissa), Ada aims to improve access to CIS for at least 2.4 million people in Kenya and develop approaches for adaptation replicable in other counties and potentially elsewhere. The Ada Consortium is led by the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED) and consists of PBO partners RAP, Womankind Kenya and Christian Aid, the UK Met Office (with King’s College London and University of Sussex) and Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD). The Met Office leads the Climate Information Services (CIS) elements of the initiative, working closely with KMD. The project Secretariat is based within and works closely with the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA). ADA seeks to develop a ‘combined approach’ to arid and semi-arid lands in Kenya, with principal activities including: establishing and Supporting County and Ward Adaptation Committees (C/WACs); supporting the integration of weather and climate information and resilience assessment tools into County and community planning; and establishing a robust monitoring, evaluation and learning framework .In addition, it will support the devolution and decentralization process in Kenya through the introduction of County Adaptation Funds and supporting the provision of better CIS.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 4: Levels of Decision Making
Level of decision making Principal planning and sectorial bodies and frameworks which GCCISP seeks to support
County level County Integrated Development Plan (Governor’s Office) County Steering Group on Drought Emergency, (CSG) Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Irrigation County Climate Adaptation Committee , (CAPC) Executive Finance Committee and Budget and Economic Forum County’s Disaster Management Committee
County Environment Committee
Ward level Ward Adaptation Committees (WAPCs) Council of elders (Deedha)
WRUA
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 5: Observations Inventory
NAME NUMBER DEGREES MINUTES DEGREES MINUTES OPENED Balambala Police Station 9039001 0 2S 39 4E 1936 Balich Dispensary 0 13 S 39 29E 20th March 2014 Bothei Police Station 1 51S 40 43E Bura Police Station 9139000 1 6S 39 57E 1920 Dadaab Police Station 8940002 0 20N 40 53E Danyere Primary School Dertu Mellinium Village 0 16N 39 48E Diiso Dispensary Gababa Police Post 1 32S 40 09E Garissa Farmers Train. Center 9039008 0 28 S 39 38E Garissa Met Station 9039000 0 29S 39 38E 1932 Hara Health Centre, Masalani 1 51S 40 13E Hulugho Police Station 9141002 Ijara Police Station 9140002 1 35S 40 30E Korakora AP POST 0 37S 39 47E 4/2/12 Kotile AP Camp 1 58S 40 12E 7/6/08 Liboi Police Post 8940003 0 22N 40 52E 1960 Masalani Police Station 9140007 1 42S 40 7E 1970 Modika CCK POST 9039007 0 26S 39 42E 24/6/09 Muddo Gashi Police Staion 8939000 0 45N 39 11E 1962 Nanighi Chiefs Camp 0 51S 39 52 E Sankuri Primary School 9039009 2/2/11 Shangailu Police Station 1 18S 40 45E Shanta Abaq DO’s Office 0 28N 39 45E 16/3/2014
Kone Primary School 0 02S 38 59E 3/4/ 2014
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Sub county Divisions Reg. No. Stations Status Remark Garissa Central 9039000 Garissa Met Station Operational Repairs, maintenance and purchase of instruments 9039008 Garissa Farmers Train. Center Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers 9039007 Modika CCK Police Post Operational Train more observers Sankuri 9039009 Sankuri Primary Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers New Balich Dispensary Operational Train more observers Korakora Korakora AP Post Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Balambala Balambala 9039001 Balambala Police Station Operational Replace, recruits and train observers as some parts are missing New Kone Primary School Operational Train more observers Saka AP Camp Proposed Danyere Primary School Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Lagdera Benane 9038002 Benane Primary School Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Moddogashe 8939000 Moddogashe P. Station Operational Train more observers, Need relocation within the compound Shant Abak Shant Abak D.O.s Office Operational Replace, recruits and train observers as some parts are missing Daadab Daadab 8940002 Daadab P. Station Operational Train more observers
Kulan Proposed Liboi 8940003 Liboi Rainfall Station Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Fafi Bura 9139000 Bura P. Station Operational Train more observers New Nanighi Chiefs Camp Operational Replace, recruits and train observers as some parts are missing Mansabubu Proposed Galmagala Jarajila Fafi-Diiso Dispensary Operational Train more observers Alen jur Proposed Hulugho Hulugho 9141002 Hulugho P. Station Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Bothai 9140003 Bothai P. Station Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Sangailu Sangailu P. Station Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Ijaara Masalani 9140007 Masalani P. Station Operational Train more observers Masalani Agri. Office Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers Gababa P. Post Operational Train more observers
Saretho Proposed Ijaara 9140002 Ijaara P. Station Operational Train more observers New Hara Dispensary Operational Train more observers
Kotile AP Camp Abandoned To be revived, need replacement, recruit and train observers
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 7: Automatic weather stations Inventory
No. Name Lat (°N) Long(°E) Status Recommendation
1 Masalani Police Station 0° 42’ S 40° 07’E Operational but not Maintenance transmitting Data 2 Balambala Police Station 0° 02’ S 39° 04’ E Not operational Maintenance,
3 Modo Gashe Police station 0° 45’ N 39° 11’ E Not operational Maintenance, Locate station computer 4 Bura Police Station 1° 06’ S 39° 57’ E Not operational Pay transmission charges to Safaricom Ltd.
5 Garissa Meteorological St 0° 29’ S 39° 30’ E Operational but not Maintenance, Pay transmission transmitting Data charges to Safaricom Ltd.
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 8: Description of Product & Respective Communication Channels
Products Product Description Channels for communication Lead organization(s) Unusual and Very heavy rain likely to cause flash All channels including via County KMD direct to County/National extreme weather flood, landslide/mudslides, strong Government Administration, churches, Governments, County Disaster events winds police, schools, local alarm systems, SMS Response committee, Red-cross, NDMA, police, CIS intermediaries to CIS intermediaries, via community, and radio stations local and regional radio, social media Daily Forecast of rainfall intensity, humidity Radio KMD to NDMA and geographic location(s), Reported SMS KMD to principal regional, local and Rainfall Amount, Unusual weather- community radio stations related events KMD to CIS intermediaries Five days Forecast for next 5 days including Radio Five days Forecast Forecast rainfall location and intensity, temperature, cloud cover, fog, strong winds, advice on daily rate for irrigation Weekly Forecast for next 7 days including Radio KMD to regional, local and rainfall location and intensity, SMS (including via schools) community radios and CIS temperature, cloud cover, fog, strong Email and KMD website intermediaries on Saturday or winds, advice on daily rate for Sunday irrigation Monthly Forecast for the next month on rainfall Radio and SMS KMD to regional, local and location and intensity, temperature, Email and KMD website community radios and CIS extreme weather events. Potentially intermediaries include local knowledge Included in NDMA monthly bulletins
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Seasonal Onset, quality, distribution, cessation Participatory scenario Planning KMD in collaboration with ASDSP of rains, extended dry spells (PSP)Workshop and all key ministries and partners Livelihood advisories developed with KMD website and via email CIS intermediaries within ongoing ASDSP and Ministries of Agriculture Barazas and discussions led by CIS activities and Livestock intermediaries KMD with technical experts from Potentially include local knowledge Phone-in radio shows County Ministries/research Summary by SMS institutes KMD to CIS intermediaries
Longer-term Longer-term trends in climate Presentation and production of tailored KMD engagement within CIDP, variability and change employing information, training of Ward County Steering Group on Drought historical data and climate models, Adaptation Fund committees, user and Emergency, County and Ward combining parameters relevant to policy workshops, seminars, conferences, Climate Adaptation Committees, specific sectoral decision making on KMD website, via school County Ministries sectoral and environmental and weather clubs financial planning and strategies
Climatological Climatological Normals are averages of Policy document County government planning offices Normals and climatological elements (temperature Trends rainfall wind sunshine radioation cloudiness,.. ) over specified long term periods (30yeras plus) and location. Climatological trends are temporal indications of long term changes of the averages of the climatological elements. Climate Change Emission pathways projections Policy documents Planning offices Prejections scenarios. Downscaled scenarios
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
Annex 9: Garissa County M & E Log frame for CIS Plan
RESULT INDICATORS HOW WILL THIS BE TIME RESPONSIBILITY MEASURED FRAME IMPACT What will show the % of the households with improved Qualitative and Every 5 CG, Development increased use of resilience through use of CIS quantitative assessments years partners, and other weather and climate through research stakeholders-business information and community or private mainstreaming into sector development and No of policies, plans and decisions at Review of county policies, Every 5 CG, Development sector policies, plans the County level informed by CIS plans and decisions years partners, and other and programmes stakeholders supports sustainable development in Garissa County OUTCOME What is a good No of projects or initiatives for Review of county related Annually CG and KMD measure of increased development with CIS mainstreamed interventions use of reliable and accessible weather No of households and institutions Assessments Annually CG and KMD and climate services using CIS for planning and decision information services making in Garissa County? OUTPUT 1 How do we know No of appropriate policies that Review of county related Annually CG, Development there is enabling support CIS at county level policies partners, and other environment for the stakeholders
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
generation, uptake No of functional met infrastructure in Field reports from partners Annually KMD, CG and other and use of weather Garissa County supported by partners development partners and climate services No of PSP – Participatory Scenario PSP reports and advisories Seasonal KMD, CG, Media and to support Planning - meetings held other development development partners No. of functional and modern Inventory of weather Annual KMD weather stations established stations OUTPUT 2 What are some of No of collaborative initiatives at the County M&E visits Quarterly KMD, CG & other the interdisciplinary county and grassroots development partners activities that a) No of participatory methodologies Workshop Reports Annually KMD, CG & partners supports the and approaches for CI generation, Minutes generation, uptake uptake and dissemination and use of weather No of CIS champions (exemplary Training reports Annually KMD, CG & partners and climate services learning points) in the County and (b) builds sustained leadership in climate information services in Garissa County
OUTPUT 3 How do we measure No of functional and equitably Met infrastructure Annually KMD, CG & partners improvement in data distributed observatories that are inventory collection, processing remitting information on a regular Field M&E visits and dissemination for basis climate information No of data processing points, Appropriate equipment Annually KMD, CG & partners and services in communication mechanisms and skill Capacity of personnel Garissa County? at the County level
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
OUTPUT 4 How do we measure No of participatory processes for CIS Review Annually KMD, CG & partners strengthened county networks and No. of established CIS linkages at Review Annually KMD, CG & partners partnerships support different levels – community, ward, for improved county, national generation, uptake No of partners supporting Review Annually KMD, CG & partners and use of climate dissemination of CIS information? OUTPUT 5 How do we measure No. of households, organizations, Surveys Annually KMD, CG & partners improved access to government department using CIS for weather and climate planning and decision making information at No of stakeholders providing M&E visits Annually KMD, CG & partners County, Sub-County, feedback on CIS Reviews Ward and communities in Garissa County OUTPUT 6: What evidence % increase in demand and use of CIS Reviews Annually KMD, CG & partners would suggest that among communities, county there has been government and other development learning from partners for climate resilient effective use of CIS investments in Garissa County No of learning sessions to reflect and Reviews Annually KMD, CG & partners document the progress of CIS implementation
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Kenya Meteorological Department Garissa County Climate Information Services Plan
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