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Economic Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at Community Farm-Level in Ijara, Garissa County, Kenya

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Economic Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at Community Farm-Level in Ijara, Garissa County, Kenya ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AT COMMUNITY FARM-LEVEL IN IJARA, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA JOSEPH MWAURA (MENV&DEV) REG. NO. N85/27033/2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY) IN THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2015 DECLARATION Declaration by candidate: This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or award in any other university Signed: ________________________________________Date____________________ Mwaura Joseph M. Reg. No. N85/27033/2011 Department of Environmental Education, Kenyatta University Declaration by supervisors: We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision Signature__________________________ Date_____________________ Dr James KA Koske Department of Environmental Education, Kenyatta University Signature_____________________________ Date________________ Dr Bett Kiprotich Department of Agribusiness Management and Trade, Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Winnie and Helen and to all their age mates. Decisions made today on sustainable adaptation to impacts of climate change and variability mean much more to them. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe my indebted gratitude to Dr James Koske and Dr Bett Kiprotich, my supervisors whose assistance, guidance, and patience throughout the study are invaluable. My special thanks go to Dr. John Maingi for reading the thesis and for offering vital insight. Also the technical support accorded me by Mr. Peter Githunguri and Mr. Ronald Nyaseti all of Garissa County is appreciated. Similar gratitude goes to Mr Jamleck Ndambiri, Head N.E region conservancy, Mr Hanshi Abdi regional Director of Environment for logistical and technical support. Special gratitude goes to Mr. Sadiq of Ijara sub-county for job well done in mobilizing community and for translating work into Somali language to ease understanding. Thanks to Mr. Tura Isako, KALRO Garissa for logistical support. My special appreciation goes to Ijara sub-county leadership and community members in the study sites for availing their resources for interviews and for pertinent support. This study would not have been possible without the financial support from IDRC - special thanks to them. In particular Edith Adera programme officer deserves special mention for her keen eye on details and for being supportive. I reserved the best „Thank You‟ for last meant for Director General KALRO for allowing me time off to study and for valid support. In particular, Dr Wamuongo Assistant Director NRM, KALRO is singled out for special thanks for the much-needed support. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my family for their understanding, moral, and spiritual support - Ni ngatho. Above all, I am truly thankful to the Almighty God for His mercy and providence. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ xiii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Problem .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Pasture Adaptation Strategy .................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Aloe Crop Adaptation Strategy ................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Water Harvesting Pan Adaptation Strategy ................................................ 8 1.1.3.1: Positive Impacts of Water Pan .................................................................. 11 1.1.3.2: Negative Impacts of Water Pan ................................................................ 11 1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 General Objective ...................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Specific Objectives .................................................................................... 12 1.5 Justification ................................................................................................................. 13 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 14 1.7 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 17 2.1 Costs and Benefits of Livestock Feed Enterprise ....................................................... 17 2.1.1 Adaptation in Reaction to Climate Variability ........................................................ 18 2.2 Adaptation to Impacts of Climate Change .................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Anticipatory Adaptation ............................................................................ 21 2.2.2 Planned and Autonomous Adaptation ....................................................... 21 v 2.3 Assessing Adaptation Costs ........................................................................................ 22 2.4 Adaptation Benefits .................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Assessing Impacts of Climate Change ........................................................................ 26 2.6 Research Gaps ............................................................................................................. 28 2.6.1 Scope of Adaptation .................................................................................. 28 2.6.2 Comparing Adaptation Costs with Benefits .............................................. 29 2.6.3 Integrating Local Knowledge and Cultural Values ................................... 29 2.6.4 Bottom-Up/Top-Bottom Economic Assessment ....................................... 29 2.6.5 Gender Consideration in Adaptation Economics ...................................... 30 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................... 31 3.1 Background Information ............................................................................................. 31 3.1.1 Project Location ........................................................................................ 31 3.2 Biological and Physical Attributes.............................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Soils Characterization ............................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Rainfall Trend ........................................................................................... 33 3.2.2.1 Vulnerability, Risk Assessments and Strategies Selection ........................ 37 3.2.3 Temperature Trend .................................................................................... 38 3.2.4 Viability of Water Pan, Pasture and Aloe ................................................. 39 3.2.4.1 Viability of Water Harvesting Pans ....................................................... 39 3.2.4.2 Viability of Pasture ................................................................................ 39 3.2.4.3 Viability of Aloe Crop............................................................................ 40 3.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics ................................................................................. 40 3.4 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Sample Size ................................................................................................................. 44 3.6 Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 45 3.7 Data instrumentation ................................................................................................... 46 3.8 Piloting of the questionnaires...................................................................................... 46 3.9 Data Presentation and Analysis .................................................................................
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