Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
What is a mass spectrometer? How does the mass spectrometer work? The particles are separated by mass, The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by using a varying magnetic field The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by mass while moving through a magnetic field. chemists, geologists, biologists, physicists and forensic The ions are then subjected to a magnetic field in the analyser. This scientists to determine the relative molecular mass of atoms In general, the process of testing a substance follows the sequence: magnetic field deflects the ions. The degree of deflection depends on the mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field. The stronger and molecules. The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by • Introduction of sample • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation greater its deflection. By adjusting the magnetic field, ions of a particular Laboratories in Cambridge under JJ Thompson, the man who • acceleration mass can be made to fall on the detector, where they produce a small discovered the electron. • detection electric current. By gradually increasing the magnetic field ions of greater • analysis mass can be brought in turn to focus on the detector. What is a mass spectrometer?We will now look at each stage in turn. How does the mass spectrometer work? TheThe Higher particles Education are Authority separated by mass, This is followed by amplification The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by andusing the PRTLI a varying magnetic field The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by of the signal produced mass while moving through a magnetic field. 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The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by The HEA (Higher Education Authority) is playing • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Interpretation of data or spectrograph a key role in this. The HEA advises the government Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation andgreater it provides its deflection. much funding By adjusting in higher the education magnetic field, ions of a particular In the spectrograph the percentage of each ion can be determined by throughmass thecan PRTLI, be made an investment to fall on vehicle the intendeddetector to, where they produce a small Laboratories in Cambridge under JJ Thompson, the man who • accelerationcalculating its fraction of the total abundance. This is called the relative transformelectric Irishcurrent. research. By gradually The PRTLI increasing (Programme the magnetic field ions of greater • detection abundance of an isotope. This is done by comparing the length of the line for Research in Third Level Institutions) allows discovered the electron. with the sum total length of all the lines. • analysis third-levelmass can institutions be brought to build infrastructurein turn to focus and provide on the a detector. career-path for talented researchers. Its funds, combined We will now look at eachWhat stage is inthe turn. mass spectrometer used for? with those from other funding bodies, are creating a first The Higher Education Authority class research ecosystem in Ireland. You can find out more Fig. 1 Mass spectrograph of myoglobin, a muscle tissue protein Until about 1970, the mass spectrometer was used to identify and This is followed by amplification and the PRTLI analyse the abundance of isotopes. Since then it has been modified about the HEA at www.hea.ie. to determine the masses of unknown organic compounds and help Theof scale the of the signal investment isproduced significant. To date, PRTLI determine their structures. The ionisation process breaks up the Fig. 2 Researcher introduction of sample to spectrometer funding has exceeded €600 million in some years. The PRTLI Ireland’s future prosperity requires that a knowledge-based compound into smaller fractions each of which forms a trace. All of What is relative molecular mass? investsThe in detector infrastructure is (buildings very sensitive, and equipment) and the and signalthe is amplified electronically these traces form a complex mass spectrum characteristic of the initial society be created. The goal is to develop a society where researchers who use it. Thirty-three research centres will be The relative molecular mass of a substance is defined as the sum of Introduction and vaporisation compound. Research establishments have data banks of the mass and displayed on a computer monitor. At the same time, it is printed as the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. However, not all spectrographs of compounds and scientists can draw on them to readily provided when the programme is complete. social development, quality of life and personal growth are atoms of a particular element have the same mass. Such atoms are called of a substance a spectrograph. This spectrograph gives the mass of the ions along the identify compounds, for example to identify gases produced by waste One such centre is the Analytical and Biological enhanced through innovation in a thriving economy. isotopes. The sample to be tested is introduced to the machine through a sample dumps and trace organic pollutants in water. The spectrometer is also horizontal axis and their relative abundance on the vertical axis. Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) at University inlet. The sample must then be vaporised. In the case of liquids this is used in drug testing. Frederick Soddy coined the phrase isotope while working with lead 206, College Cork. The researchers here carry out complex The HEA (Higher Education Authority) is playing 207 and 208 which are formed when uranium decays radioactively. He easy as the machine contains a vacuum which lowers the boiling point. However, solids may have to be melted in a special attachment before analytical work on important biological molecules, from found that atoms of the same element can have the same number of A worked example the smallest to the largest macromolecule, which might a key role in this. The HEA advises the government protons but different numbers of neutrons. they are introduced through the sample inlet. Interpretation of data or spectrograph An element is found to have two isotopes with the following abundances contain millions of atoms. In doing so, these researchers and it provides much funding in higher education Isotopes have the same number of protons therefore the same Atomic 55% 63X and 45% 64X. We can identify it by calculating the relative useIn the the most spectrograph advanced and sophisticated the percentage instruments of and each ion can be determined by Number. However, they have different numbers of neutrons therefore Ionisation of particles through the PRTLI, an investment vehicle intended to atomic (AR ) mass, as follows. equipment - spectroscopy, holography, crystallography and have different Mass Numbers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 Once inside the particles are ionised. They are bombarded by high masscalculating spectrometry. its fraction of the total abundance. This is called the relative transform Irish research. The PRTLI (Programme for this work. energy electrons which are boiled off a hot negatively charged wire, often abundance of an isotope. This is done by comparing the length of the line (55 x 63) + (45 x 64) = 3465 + 2880 = 6345 = 63.45g/mol for Research in Third Level Institutions) allows Aston initially worked with neon. Using his mass spectrometer, he was referred to as the electron gun. The negative charge on the wire repels 100 100 100 with the sum total length of all the lines. eventually able to show that almost all elements have isotopes. In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anode attracts them [unlike third-level institutions to build infrastructure and provide a he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring isotopes or nuclides. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electrons strike the molecules and knock other electrons off them career-path for talented researchers. Its funds, combined and, in doing so, turn the molecules into positive ions. work in 1922. YouWhat can out more is about the the ABCRFmass and these spectrometer used for? with those from other funding bodies, are creating a first research projects at http://abcrf.ucc.ie and at Acceleration of the ions in a charged field class research ecosystem in Ireland. You can find out more Fig. 1 Mass spectrograph of myoglobin, a muscle tissue protein www.sciencetechnologyaction.comUntil about 1970, the mass spectrometer was used to identify and These positive ions are attracted by a series of negatively charged plates analyse the abundance of isotopes. Since then it has been modified about the HEA at www.hea.ie. in the accelerator. Some of the ions pass through a tiny hole in the centre of these plates. This forms a narrow beam of positive ions passing into to determine the masses of unknown organic compounds and help The scale of the investment is significant. To date, PRTLI the analyser unit. There are no air molecules in the machine to hinder the determine their structures. The ionisation process breaks up the movement of the ions, so they move at great speed into the analyserFig. unit. 2 Researcher introduction of sample to spectrometer funding has exceeded €600 million in some years. The PRTLI compound into smaller fractions each of which forms a trace. All of What is relative molecular mass? invests in infrastructure (buildings and equipment) and the these traces form a complex mass spectrum characteristic of the initial researchers who use it. Thirty-three research centres will be The relative molecular mass of a substance is defined as the sum of Introduction and vaporisation compound. Research establishments have data banks of the mass the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. However, not all spectrographs of compounds and scientists can draw on them to readily provided when the programme is complete. atoms of a particular element have the same mass. Such atoms are called of a substance identify compounds, for example to identify gases produced by waste One such centre is the Analytical and Biological isotopes. The sample to be tested is introduced to the machine through a sample dumps and trace organic pollutants in water. The spectrometer is also Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) at University inlet. The sample must then be vaporised. In the case of liquids this is used in drug testing. Frederick Soddy coined the phrase isotope while working with lead 206, College Cork. The researchers here carry out complex 207 and 208 which are formed when uranium decays radioactively. He easy as the machine contains a vacuum which lowers the boiling point. However, solids may have to be melted in a special attachment before analytical work on important biological molecules, from found that atoms of the same element can have the same number of A worked example the smallest to the largest macromolecule, which might protons but different numbers of neutrons. they are introduced through the sample inlet. An element is found to have two isotopes with the following abundances contain millions of atoms. In doing so, these researchers Isotopes have the same number of protons therefore the same Atomic 55% 63X and 45% 64X. We can identify it by calculating the relative use the most advanced and sophisticated instruments and Number. However, they have different numbers of neutrons therefore Ionisation of particles atomic (AR ) mass, as follows. equipment - spectroscopy, holography, crystallography and have different Mass Numbers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 Once inside the particles are ionised. They are bombarded by high mass spectrometry. for this work. energy electrons which are boiled off a hot negatively charged wire, often (55 x 63) + (45 x 64) = 3465 + 2880 = 6345 = 63.45g/mol Aston initially worked with neon. Using his mass spectrometer, he was referred to as the electron gun. The negative charge on the wire repels 100 100 100 eventually able to show that almost all elements have isotopes. In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anode attracts them [unlike he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring isotopes or nuclides. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electrons strike the molecules and knock other electrons off them and, in doing so, turn the molecules into positive ions. work in 1922. You can out more about the ABCRF and these research projects at http://abcrf.ucc.ie and at Acceleration of the ions in a charged field www.sciencetechnologyaction.com These positive ions are attracted by a series of negatively charged plates in the accelerator. Some of the ions pass through a tiny hole in the centre of these plates. This forms a narrow beam of positive ions passing into the analyser unit. There are no air molecules in the machine to hinder the movement of the ions, so they move at great speed into the analyser unit. Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
What is a mass spectrometer? How does the mass spectrometer work? The particles are separated by mass, The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by using a varying magnetic field The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by mass while moving through a magnetic field. chemists, geologists, biologists, physicists and forensic The ions are then subjected to a magnetic field in the analyser. This scientists to determine the relative molecular mass of atoms In general, the process of testing a substance follows the sequence: magnetic field deflects the ions. The degree of deflection depends on the mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field. The stronger and molecules. The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by • Introduction of sample • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation greater its deflection. By adjusting the magnetic field, ions of a particular Laboratories in Cambridge under JJ Thompson, the man who • acceleration mass can be made to fall on the detector, where they produce a small discovered the electron. • detection electric current. By gradually increasing the magnetic field ions of greater • analysis mass can be brought in turn to focus on the detector. What is a mass spectrometer? How does the mass spectrometer work? The particles are separated by Wemass, will now look at each stage in turn. The Higher Education Authority This is followed by amplification The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by using a varying magnetic field and the PRTLI The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by of the signal produced mass while moving through a magnetic field. Ireland’s future prosperity requires that a knowledge-based chemists, geologists, biologists, physicists and forensic The ions are then subjected to a magnetic field in the analyser. This The detector is very sensitive, and the signal is amplified electronically society be created. The goal is to develop a society where magnetic field deflects the ions. The degree of deflection depends on the and displayed on a computer monitor. At the same time, it is printed as social development, quality of life and personal growth are In general, the process of testing a substance follows the sequence: a spectrograph. This spectrograph gives the mass of the ions along the scientists to determine the relative molecular mass of atoms enhanced through innovation in a thriving economy. • Introduction of sample mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field. The stronger horizontal axis and their relative abundance on the vertical axis. and molecules. The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by The HEA (Higher Education Authority) is playing • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Interpretation of data or spectrograph a key role in this. The HEA advises the government Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation greater its deflection. By adjusting the magnetic field, ions of a particular and it provides much funding in higher education mass can be made to fall on the detector, where they produce a small In the spectrograph the percentage of each ion can be determined by through the PRTLI, an investment vehicle intended to Laboratories in Cambridge under JJ Thompson, the man who • acceleration calculating its fraction of the total abundance. This is called the relative electric current. By gradually increasing the magnetic field ions of greater transform Irish research. The PRTLI (Programme • detection abundance of an isotope. This is done by comparing the length of the line for Research in Third Level Institutions) allows discovered the electron. with the sum total length of all the lines. • analysis mass can be brought in turn to focus on the detector. third-level institutions to build infrastructure and provide a career-path for talented researchers. Its funds, combined We will now look at each stage in turn. The Higher EducationWhat is the mass Authority spectrometer used for? with those from other funding bodies, are creating a first class research ecosystem in Ireland. You can find out more ThisFig. 1 Mass is spectrograph followed of myoglobin, by a muscle amplification tissue protein and the PRTLIUntil about 1970, the mass spectrometer was used to identify and analyse the abundance of isotopes. Since then it has been modified about the HEA at www.hea.ie. of the signal produced to determine the masses of unknown organic compounds and help The scale of the investment is significant. To date, PRTLI determine their structures. The ionisation process breaks up the Fig. 2 Researcher introduction of sampleIreland’s to spectrometer future prosperity requires that a knowledge-based funding has exceeded €600 million in some years. The PRTLI compound into smaller fractions each of which forms a trace. All of WhatThe is detector relative is molecular very sensitive, mass? and the signal is amplified electronically invests in infrastructure (buildings and equipment) and the society be created.these The traces goal form isa complex to develop mass spectrum a society characteristic where of the initial researchers who use it. Thirty-three research centres will be Theand relative displayed molecular mass on ofa acomputer substance is definedmonitor. as the At sum the of sameIntroduction time, it is printed and asvaporisation compound. Research establishments have data banks of the mass the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. 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The researchers here carry out complex 207 and 208 which are formed when uranium decays radioactively. He easy as the machine contains a vacuum which lowers the boiling point. However, solids may have to be melted in a special attachment before analytical work on important biological molecules, from found that atoms of the same element can have the same number of a key role in this.A worked The HEA example advises the government the smallest to the largest macromolecule, which might protonsInterpretation but different numbers of neutrons. of data or spectrographthey are introduced through the sample inlet. and it provides An much element is found funding to have two in isotopes higher with the following education abundances contain millions of atoms. In doing so, these researchers IsotopesIn the have spectrograph the same number of the protons percentage therefore the same of each Atomic ion can be determined by 55% 63X and 45% 64X. 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The negative charge on the wire repels with the sum total length of all the lines. 100 100 100 eventually able to show that almost all elements have isotopes. In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anodethird-level attracts them [unlike institutions to build infrastructure and provide a he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring isotopes or nuclides. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electrons strike the molecules and knock othercareer-path electrons off them for talented researchers. 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To date, PRTLI determine their structures. The ionisation processthe analyser breaks unit. There up are theno air molecules in the machine to hinder the Fig. 2 Researcher introduction of sample to spectrometer movement of the ions, so they move at great speedfunding into the anal hasyser unit. exceeded €600 million in some years. The PRTLI compound into smaller fractions each of which forms a trace. All of What is relative molecular mass? invests in infrastructure (buildings and equipment) and the these traces form a complex mass spectrum characteristic of the initial researchers who use it. Thirty-three research centres will be The relative molecular mass of a substance is defined as the sum of Introduction and vaporisation compound. Research establishments have data banks of the mass the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. However, not all spectrographs of compounds and scientists can draw on them to readily provided when the programme is complete. atoms of a particular element have the same mass. Such atoms are called of a substance identify compounds, for example to identify gases produced by waste One such centre is the Analytical and Biological isotopes. The sample to be tested is introduced to the machine through a sample dumps and trace organic pollutants in water. The spectrometer is also Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) at University inlet. The sample must then be vaporised. In the case of liquids this is used in drug testing. Frederick Soddy coined the phrase isotope while working with lead 206, College Cork. The researchers here carry out complex 207 and 208 which are formed when uranium decays radioactively. He easy as the machine contains a vacuum which lowers the boiling point. However, solids may have to be melted in a special attachment before analytical work on important biological molecules, from found that atoms of the same element can have the same number of A worked example the smallest to the largest macromolecule, which might protons but different numbers of neutrons. they are introduced through the sample inlet. An element is found to have two isotopes with the following abundances contain millions of atoms. In doing so, these researchers Isotopes have the same number of protons therefore the same Atomic 55% 63X and 45% 64X. We can identify it by calculating the relative use the most advanced and sophisticated instruments and Number. However, they have different numbers of neutrons therefore Ionisation of particles atomic (AR ) mass, as follows. equipment - spectroscopy, holography, crystallography and have different Mass Numbers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 Once inside the particles are ionised. They are bombarded by high mass spectrometry. for this work. energy electrons which are boiled off a hot negatively charged wire, often (55 x 63) + (45 x 64) = 3465 + 2880 = 6345 = 63.45g/mol Aston initially worked with neon. Using his mass spectrometer, he was referred to as the electron gun. The negative charge on the wire repels 100 100 100 eventually able to show that almost all elements have isotopes. In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anode attracts them [unlike he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring isotopes or nuclides. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electrons strike the molecules and knock other electrons off them and, in doing so, turn the molecules into positive ions. work in 1922. You can out more about the ABCRF and these research projects at http://abcrf.ucc.ie and at Acceleration of the ions in a charged field www.sciencetechnologyaction.com These positive ions are attracted by a series of negatively charged plates in the accelerator. Some of the ions pass through a tiny hole in the centre of these plates. This forms a narrow beam of positive ions passing into the analyser unit. There are no air molecules in the machine to hinder the movement of the ions, so they move at great speed into the analyser unit. Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
What is a mass spectrometer? How does the mass spectrometer work? The particles are separated by mass, The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by using a varying magnetic field The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by mass while moving through a magnetic field. chemists, geologists, biologists, physicists and forensic The ions are then subjected to a magnetic field in the analyser. This scientists to determine the relative molecular mass of atoms In general, the process of testing a substance follows the sequence: magnetic field deflects the ions. The degree of deflection depends on the mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field. The stronger and molecules. The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by • Introduction of sample • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation greater its deflection. 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Section 1.2 – Atomic Structure and displayed on a computer monitor. At the same time, it is printed as social development, quality of life and personal growth are was born in England in 1877. His interest in science was aroused while a spectrograph. This spectrograph gives the mass of the ions along the enhanced through innovation in a thriving economy. Section 7.5 – Instrumentation 2. Label the componentshorizontal shownaxis and their in relative this abundance diagram on the vertical of theaxis. Mass still at school. At one stage he worked a chemist in the laboratory of a Spectrometer. The(a) HEA The Mass (Higher Spectrometer Education Authority) was invented is playing by T F brewery. Here, he showed his great aptitude for mechanical invention and Interpretation of data or spectrograph a keyAlbert role inEinstein. this. The HEA advises the government designed many pumps for evacuating containers. 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In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anode attracts them [unlike he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring isotopes or nuclides. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electrons strike the molecules and knock other electrons off them (j) All elements have isotopes. T F and, in doing so, turn the molecules into positive ions. work in 1922. You can out more about the ABCRF and these N research projects at http://abcrf.ucc.ie and at Acceleration of the ions in a charged field www.sciencetechnologyaction.comCheck your answers to these questions on These positive ions are attracted by a series of negatively charged plates www.sciencetechnologyaction.com General Learning Points in the accelerator. Some of the ions pass through a tiny hole in the centre of these plates. This forms a narrow beam of positive ions passing into • The mass spectrometer is used to determine thethe relative analyser unit atomic. There are mass no air molecules in the machine to hinder the movement of the ions, so they move at great speed into the analyser unit. and relative molecular mass of chemical substances.
• It was invented by F. W. Aston in 1913. • Aston continued to refine the spectroscope and eventually identified Examination Questions Revise the Terms 212 of the currently known isotopes. Did You Know? 2002 Higher Level • Isotopes were discovered and named by Frederick Soddy. • Aston’s ingenious use of electromagnetic focusing enabled him to Can you recall the meaning of these terms? Revising Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography are widely used instrumental separate the very small differences in mass of isotopes. terminology is a powerful aid for recall and retention • Because an element could have many isotopes, each with a different techniques in chemistry. mass, the tabulated atomic masses of elements are averages of these • The detector in Aston’s first spectrometer was a photographic plate. Mass spectrometer; relative molecular mass; relative atomic mass; isotopes. (a) Give one application of each of these techniques. (8) isotopes; protons; neutrons; atomic number; mass numbers; • Francis Aston was an athletic person. He excelled at skiing, tennis, (b) What are the main principles on which each of these techniques are nuclides; ions; sample inlet; ionised; electron gun; anode; • It is very difficult to measure atomic weights with absolute precision. rock climbing and swimming. He also played the piano, violin and accelerator; analyser unit; magnetic field; detector; spectrograph; based? (18) cello. Following international agreement between chemists and physicists, relative abundance. relative atomic masses are now based on the isotope of carbon which (c) What are the fundamental processes that occur in a mass has mass number 12. This isotope is known as carbon 12 or 12C. spectrometer? (15) • Sir J.J.Thomson invited him to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, on studies of positive rays. (d) HPLC is another chromatographic technique. • The sample must be vaporised so that particles can more easily be What do the letters HPLC stand for? State one application for this bombarded with electrons. • It is said that Margaret Todd suggested the word isotope to Frederick technique. (9) Soddy. Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson at • The quantity of an isotope in a sample is known as its relative www.sciencetechnologyaction.com abundance. For further examples of past paper exam questions check • The word isotope comes from the Greek - isos meaning equal and out www.sciencetechnologyaction.com topos meaning place. The isotopes have different atomic massess, • Chemical laboratories often hold databases of thousands of spectra but occupy the same place on the Periodic Table. for comparative purposes. • There are 114 known elements but over 3000 known isotopes. Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
Advanced Chemical Research at UCC Working Mass Spectrometry with
What is a mass spectrometer? How does the mass spectrometer work? The particles are separated by mass, The spectrometer works on the principle that ions can be separated by using a varying magnetic field The mass spectrometer is an instrument widely used by mass while moving through a magnetic field. chemists, geologists, biologists, physicists and forensic The ions are then subjected to a magnetic field in the analyser. This scientists to determine the relative molecular mass of atoms In general, the process of testing a substance follows the sequence: magnetic field deflects the ions. The degree of deflection depends on the mass of the particles and the strength of the magnetic field. The stronger and molecules. The spectrometer was invented in 1919 by • Introduction of sample • vaporisation the magnetic field, the greater the deflection. Also the lighter a particle, the Francis W Aston while working in the world famous Cavendish • ionisation greater its deflection. By adjusting the magnetic field, ions of a particular Laboratories in Cambridge under JJ Thompson, the man who • acceleration mass can be made to fall on the detector, where they produce a small discovered the electron. • detection electric current. By gradually increasing the magnetic field ions of greater • analysis mass can be brought in turn to focus on the detector. Syllabus Reference Activities True or False We will now look at each stage in turn. Biographical Notes The Higher Education Authority This is followed by amplification and the PRTLI Leaving Certificate Chemistry: 1. Review the stages through which a test substance passes in the Mass Indicate whether the following are true (T) or false (F) Francis William Astonof the signal produced Spectrometer. Ireland’s future prosperity requires that a knowledge-based by drawing a circle around T or F. The detector is very sensitive, and the signal is amplified electronically society be created. The goal is to develop a society where Section 1.2 – Atomic Structure was born in England in 1877.and displayed His intereston a computer in monitor.science At the was same aroused time, it is printed while as social development, quality of life and personal growth are a spectrograph. This spectrograph gives the mass of the ions along the enhanced through innovation in a thriving economy. Section 7.5 – Instrumentation 2. Label the components shown in this diagram of the Mass still at school. At one stagehorizontal he axisworked and their a relative chemist abundance in theon the laboratory vertical axis. of a Spectrometer. (a) The Mass Spectrometer was invented by T F brewery. Here, he showed his great aptitude for mechanical invention and The HEA (Higher Education Authority) is playing Albert Einstein. designed many pumps forInterpretation evacuating containers. of data or His spectrograph great invention is a key role in this. The HEA advises the government and it provides much funding in higher education the mass spectrometer. HeIn the discovered spectrograph the no percentage less than of each 212 ion of can the be determinednaturally by (b) Isotopes of the same element have the same T F through the PRTLI, an investment vehicle intended to occurring isotopes. He woncalculating the itsNobel fraction Prizeof the total for abundance. Chemistry This isfor called 1922. the relative He transform Irish research. The PRTLI (Programme relative atomic mass. abundance of an isotope. This is done by comparing the length of the line for Research in Third Level Institutions) allows died in 1945. with the sum total length of all the lines. J third-level institutions to build infrastructure and provide a (c) Isotopes were discovered by Frederick Soddy. T F career-path for talented researchers. Its funds, combined Learning Objectives O What is the mass spectrometer used for? with those from other funding bodies, are creating a first class research ecosystem in Ireland. You can find out more (d) When high energy electrons hit a sample molecule T F Frederick Soddy Until about 1970, the mass spectrometer was used to identify and On completing this lesson the student should be able to: K Fig. 1 Mass spectrograph of myoglobin, a muscle tissue protein about the HEA at www.hea.ie. A they knock protons off the molecule. analyse the abundance of isotopes. Since then it has been modified was also born in Englandto in determine 1877. the As masses a young of unknown man organiche worked compounds with and the help The scale of the investment is significant. To date, PRTLI • Describe the Mass Spectrometer determine their structures. The ionisation process breaks up the Fig. 2 Researcher introduction of sample to spectrometer funding has exceeded €600 million in some years. The PRTLI (e) In the magnetic field heavy particles are deflected T F famous Ernest Rutherfordcompound at McGill into smallerUniversity, fractions Montreal each of which on forms problems a trace. All of of L What is relative molecular mass? invests in infrastructure (buildings and equipment) and the B radioactivity. He also workedthese withtraces Sir form William a complex Ramsay mass spectrum at University characteristic College, of the initial • Identify the inventor of the instrument more than light ones. researchers who use it. Thirty-three research centres will be C The relative molecular mass of a substance is defined as the sum of Introduction and vaporisation compound. Research establishments have data banks of the mass the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. However, not all London where he studiedspectrographs radioactivity. of compounds His great and scientists accomplishment can draw on them tois readily the provided when the programme is complete. • Define the term isotope atoms of a particular element have the same mass. Such atoms are called of a substance (f) Heavy particles are separated because they fall T F concept of isotopes. He identifywon thecompounds, Nobel for Prize example for to identifyChemistry gases produced in 1921. by wasteHe One such centre is the Analytical and Biological isotopes. The sample to be tested is introduced to the machine through a sample dumps and trace organic pollutants in water. The spectrometer is also under the influence of gravity. died in 1956. Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) at University • Name the components of the instrument and their function inlet. The sample must then be vaporised. In the case of liquids this is used in drug testing. E Frederick Soddy coined the phrase isotope while working with lead 206, College Cork. The researchers here carry out complex M 207 and 208 which are formed when uranium decays radioactively. He easy as the machine contains a vacuum which lowers the boiling point. (g) A spectrograph shows mass on the horizontal axisHowever, solidsT may have F to be melted in a special attachment before analytical work on important biological molecules, from • Describe the process of testing a substance found that atoms of the same element can have the same number of A worked example the smallest to the largest macromolecule, which might G protons butand different abundance numbers of neutrons.on the vertical axis. they are introduced through the sample inlet. D You can find outAn more element isabout found to havethese two isotopes and with other the following great abundances contain millions of atoms. In doing so, these researchers • Nominate some practical uses for the instrument Isotopes have the same number of protons therefore the same Atomic scientists at www.sciencetechnologyaction.com55% 63X and 45% 64X. We can identify it by calculating the relative use the most advanced and sophisticated instruments and Number(h) . A However, substance they have is differentvaporised numbers before of neutrons introduction therefore to IonisationT of particles F atomic (A ) mass, as follows. F R equipment - spectroscopy, holography, crystallography and I have differentthe Massmass Numbers spectrometer.. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 Once inside the particles are ionised. They are bombarded by high mass spectrometry. for this work. energy electrons which are boiled off a hot negatively charged wire, often H (55 x 63) + (45 x 64) = 3465 + 2880 = 6345 = 63.45g/mol Aston initially worked with neon. Using his mass spectrometer, he was referred to as the electron gun. The negative charge on the wire repels (i) Aston did his initial work on neon. T F 100 100 100 eventually able to show that almost all elements have isotopes. In fact, these electrons [like charges repel], while the anode attracts them [unlike he used the mass spectrometer to discover 212 of the 278 naturally charges attract]. Thus, the electrons move at great speed. These high This indicates that the element is Copper (Cu). occurring(j) All isotopes elements or nuclides have. He wasisotopes. awarded the Nobel Prize for his energy electronsT strike the Fmolecules and knock other electrons off them and, in doing so, turn the molecules into positive ions. work in 1922. You can out more about the ABCRF and these N research projects at http://abcrf.ucc.ie and at Check your answers to these questionsAcceleration on of the ions in a charged field www.sciencetechnologyaction.com www.sciencetechnologyaction.coThesem positive ions are attracted by a series of negatively charged plates General Learning Points in the accelerator. Some of the ions pass through a tiny hole in the centre of these plates. This forms a narrow beam of positive ions passing into • The mass spectrometer is used to determine the relative atomic mass the analyser unit. There are no air molecules in the machine to hinder the movement of the ions, so they move at great speed into the analyser unit. and relative molecular mass of chemical substances.
• It was invented by F. W. Aston in 1913. • Aston continued to refine the spectroscope and eventually identified Examination Questions Revise the Terms 212 of the currently known isotopes. Did You Know? 2002 Higher Level • Isotopes were discovered and named by Frederick Soddy. • Aston’s ingenious use of electromagnetic focusing enabled him to Can you recall the meaning of these terms? Revising Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography are widely used instrumental separate the very small differences in mass of isotopes. terminology is a powerful aid for recall and retention • Because an element could have many isotopes, each with a different techniques in chemistry. mass, the tabulated atomic masses of elements are averages of these • The detector in Aston’s first spectrometer was a photographic plate. Mass spectrometer; relative molecular mass; relative atomic mass; isotopes. (a) Give one application of each of these techniques. (8) isotopes; protons; neutrons; atomic number; mass numbers; • Francis Aston was an athletic person. He excelled at skiing, tennis, (b) What are the main principles on which each of these techniques are nuclides; ions; sample inlet; ionised; electron gun; anode; • It is very difficult to measure atomic weights with absolute precision. rock climbing and swimming. He also played the piano, violin and accelerator; analyser unit; magnetic field; detector; spectrograph; based? (18) cello. Following international agreement between chemists and physicists, relative abundance. relative atomic masses are now based on the isotope of carbon which (c) What are the fundamental processes that occur in a mass has mass number 12. This isotope is known as carbon 12 or 12C. spectrometer? (15) • Sir J.J.Thomson invited him to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, on studies of positive rays. (d) HPLC is another chromatographic technique. • The sample must be vaporised so that particles can more easily be What do the letters HPLC stand for? State one application for this bombarded with electrons. • It is said that Margaret Todd suggested the word isotope to Frederick technique. (9) Soddy. Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson at • The quantity of an isotope in a sample is known as its relative www.sciencetechnologyaction.com abundance. For further examples of past paper exam questions check • The word isotope comes from the Greek - isos meaning equal and out www.sciencetechnologyaction.com topos meaning place. The isotopes have different atomic massess, • Chemical laboratories often hold databases of thousands of spectra but occupy the same place on the Periodic Table. for comparative purposes. • There are 114 known elements but over 3000 known isotopes.