ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8 p p An l ", n . . St nd M. . Orn , Ed ., h t r nd KASIMIR FAJANS (1887-1975): r rv t n fCh l In tr nt t n, d l, t n, 86, pp. THE MAN AND HIS WORK 2 4 . . . . Ehr nn, r h n r S h lz n t t hülf d r rt I: E r p rl ft, Str b r , 8 . 4. . . Ehr nn, E d nArt d n l A d d l A r d Reynold E. Holmen, White Bear Lake, MN A r t l, r t l, Str b r , 8 . h r n h tr n l t n f r f r n , t h h t r b v r r dd d. To some, the name of Kasimir Fajans calls to mind a man . S Cr ll t Entd n n, 8 , 8, nd r f r n whose early achievements in radiochemistry secured for him 6, pp. 2 4. a place in the history of chemistry. A very few may recall one 6. S . . rt n t n, A t r f Ch tr , l. , M l of those blue volumes published under the aegis of the Baker l n, nd n, 62, p. 4 8. Lectures at Cornell University and which evolved from lec- . A. . v r, "S r n n d nt r n d r bl tures given by Fajans during his visit to the United States in nt l t n d f t d l h l r, d n l p r t n h ", 1930. Some may even have been contemporaneous with his M . A d. S ., 82, 4 , p bl h d 8 . Al r pr nt d n teaching years at the University of Michigan, beginning in O vr d v r, l. 2, I pr r I p r l , r , 86 , pp. 1936. If so, his name may conjure up recollections of an 42 4 2. r n En l h r , r f r n 6, p. 4 8. outspoken critic of instruction in chemistry, particularly of the 8. . . C. M ntj , El t r d n pt t G dominant qualitative approach to chemical bonding. To yet p rd h rd d S r n, r r r d nt d rl nt d r , another group, those who were fortunate to have heard one or r nt br r , r , 800. more lectures by him, the name recalls a person who left an . . . C n , "El d M. r d nt d S r n", M r indelible mark on his listeners. r S rv r A t r S n , C l , r , 8 0. None of these recollections, however, really gives much 20. . . W tbr , " b rt r , r. A r n El tr h insight into what made this man "tick" or into the genesis of his l n r", n G. bp rn ll nd . . W tbr , Ed ., S l t d major contributions to the progress of chemistry in our century. p n th t r f El tr h tr , El tr h l S t , In this account I will try, among other things, to reduce this void r n t n, , 8, pp. 00 4 . by recounting some of the events said by him to have had a 2 . r f rth r d t l f th l f f h rd, E. . G nz l z, profound influence on the development and direction of his " n pt t G p rd h rd d S r n: bl n, M th t career (1). n, A tr n r, h t, Ch t, r nt r, bl h r, Art t nd Kasimir Fajans, the centennial of whose birth was cele- M n", pr nt d t th M d t nt n th t r f S n , brated in 1987 (2), was born in Warsaw, Poland, on 27 May I St t Un v r t , A , I , 28 Apr l 8 . 1887. He was the second child and the elder son of five 22. h b ld n l t d t d l Un v r té, r , children born to Herman and Wanda (Wolberg) Fajans. Both r n , 00 . parents' families had members who had distinguished them- 2 . r n l n t n fr M. n r, Ed t r l selves at some period during the 18th, 19th, or 20th centuries: G ll rd, r . whether in science, medicine, music, photography, govern- 24. . r , M r f th S ppl nd Appl t n f th l ment, or in Polish patriotic movements. The Fajans family was p p , Ch l S t f h l d lph , h l d lph , 802. part of the highly emancipated and "polonized" Jewish popu- pr nt d n h l. M ., 802, 4, 2 8, 288 nd Ann. Ch ., 802, lation. Polish, not Yiddish, was the daily language. Not surpris- 4 , . ingly, as the elder son, Kasimir served as a role model for his 2 . S , f r x pl , . . M t h ll, El nt f Ch l younger siblings in what was reported to have been a loving h l ph , C rr nd rb n , C n nn t , O , 8 2, f tn t n and respectful family environment. p. 6 . For the first years, private teachers taught Fajans at home. 26. r br f r f th rl h t r f th x h dr n He later moved on to the Real-Gymnasium, a school where bl p p , . . rt n t n, A t r f Ch tr , l. , natural sciences, rather than Latin and Greek, were stressed. M ll n, nd n, 62, pp. 24 2 . Nevertheless, the Russian dominance throughout the schools mandated that Russian be the official language. Polish was not allowed in the school building. The clash between Fajans' interests and that of the teacher's showed up in another way. In Dr. Elsa L. Gonzalez, 1414 E. 59th Street, Apt. 517, Chicago, a Russian language class, Fajans was once given a poor grade IL, 60637, is associated with the Morris Fishbein Center of the for writing on "Climate" as an essay subject. Fortunately the University of Chicago, and has made a detailed study of the life director of the school was a scientist and responded favorably of Bochard de Saron. to Fajans' complaint about the grade. Beyond his early interest in science, Fajans was also a sports lover. He played tennis 6 ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8
( th n h pt p nt l r t r nt , r d b l ( n v lt th n , nd ft n h d n th ntr d nd n t n . h first v nt d nt f bl t d th th p f d r t n f h v nt l r r rn h n h n n r ld, v t n n th th f l t r r rt. f th r, n t rn r b l v t fr th t , h d br ht n l p bl h d b b t th r ntl d v r d önt n r . h nt, h h n l d d th f r t p t r f th b n th n th h n h nd, r d th b nt r t. In p n , t l f nt r t t n t th t, n r rl r, j n f th r h d h d th f th r f M r S l d C r h h h h l ph t h r. j n f th r, h nd , b n v l nt nd ll l d, f l b n n r pr nt n G r , l r t xt l f r . h nn t n d th f th r r f th ntr b t n f h tr t d t hn l . Und r t nd bl , h v r h nt d h n t n t t d d h tr nd t t pl nt n th t xt l pl nt. j n , h v r, r K r j n . r 2 . nt r t d n p r n th n n t hn l . rth r r , th p l t l t t n n l nd b d. pz ll, nd h t ll n "A t r f r" t Ev n t th n v r t l v l ll bj t h d t b t ht n th t (G r n pr t ll d nl n f ll pr f r n nd th d n f h t d nt r tr t d. r tz b r the r f r f Ch tr . r d S , f ll n th x pl f rn n h ld ff rd t, j n nt r t d n t l , n f ld n th b rd rl n b t n pt d t l v l nd. W th h f th r bl n , h h t ph l nd r n h tr . h pp l d t j n d l t th Un v r t f pz , nt nd n t t d b l . nt r t . S v r l h t (A. th nn, f r x pl h d h bj t v h n d d r n th f r t r, f r h n b rv d th t t r d r t d r t n ld b t l z d b b nt r t d n h tr . h f d W lh l O t ld n t r ll rr n nz , nd j n r th r d th r f r f Ch tr . Al n th Arrh n , n t d lt th th f n tr b , h n t n , t ff, nd (l t r rn t, h h d b n n f th f nd n pr f r nt ll t l z th f r t n f n r r t n f th r f th n d pl n f ph l h rn tr n th pr d t v r n th r. d t r l th nt tl d Partial 880 nd 8 0 . Separation of Stereochemical Isomers by Asymmetrical Cat- h f lt t pz d t b n d l n . h alysis ( . d v r d r n th r f th d r t d nt f t ph r pr v d t b v r t l t n nd j n d rb x l t n f ph r rb x l d th f r t tt nd d n n r p bl . Ev n th h h d d n t f nth t p nd t th t r p f t l t nd r t nd h f th bj t tt r, h v l d th h n t pr p rt f nz . r th h rn d th d r f Dr. h r nd t d t n h d nt t . Unf rt n t l , O t phil. nat. nd rd d th t r M r pr z n O t b r ld h d d d d t r t r t th rl f 2 n rd r t f 0 . It d r n h l t t r t d lb r th t j n p r h n th r nt r t , h th d v l p nt f n l h d th d f rt n t t S l K pl n, d l nt rn t n l l n , l r th r , nd p nt n . A v t n t d nt nd h f t r f . pr f r h p t rv rd t h f r t f th h l f th pr v l n nd r t r l , th d t r l r, nd h r t rn d nl n t f r j n t h r h l t x n t n pr r t th rd n f th d r nd t d r l t r . O t ld l ft n 0 nd h r t rn d th t r d . Onl f ll pr f r r ll d n th t t b n p bl . h , n t rn, l d t th d p rt r f th rn tt , h h n t d f h l pp n rd, b l r z th r n t bl f lt b r , n l d n M. d n t n, . nn r nd r f r f h , d Kön b r r, th r ndl h ( h b r t r A t nt f r th r n r f r f M th t , nd h d r C rt , h h d Q l t t v An l nd h d j t pl t d h r n th d d t r M r r f r f Or n Ch tr d rpt n th r , nd . th r (A t nt b r t r (" r r n th f n r n b pr d t ," r l t d r t r nd th r f th O t ld th r l b r t r t xt j n . C rt , n t h n t b rr j n , d f f ph l h tr . pl t n b t r n h tr , b t d d n t d r t h nf r n nd nf v r bl d v l p nt l d h ll n h n ph l h tr . h n, h v n f n h d n j n t l v f r d lb r th r. h r h h r r x n t n, C rt pr d d t p nd th n xt pt d t t d nd r G r r d , h h d r ntl l ft h r t l n b t his own work. Bull. t. Ch . 4 ( 8
As Fajans later told it, one of these stories dealt with reasons, as Mrs. Fajans was fairly fluent in English. This skill Curtius' isolation of hydrazoic acid, HN . Having just discov- enabled the couple to get along in everyday contacts outside the ered a hydrate of hydrazine, 1-121\12, he and his students were laboratory until Fajans' command of English had developed searching for a nitrogen compound having an even higher sufficiently. They frequently went to the theater in Man- nitrogen content. When quite confident that they had suc- chester, in part, as a rneans of improving their knowledge of ceeded, they did the analysis via decomposition, measuring the English and, in part, because of the excellent performances. evolved nitrogen volumetrically over water. Curtius, with a They also enjoyed concerts. In the laboratory, Hans Geiger perfectly straight face, recalled that after the volume was acted as an interpreter for Fajans and Rutherford during this equivalent to two nitrogens "we counted the bubbles and we learning period. Several years later Fajans sent Geiger a copy drank a bottle of champagne after each additional bubble!" of his newly published book, Radioactivity (4). A short time Fajans remarked that, "Knowing Curtius, this was almost later the two of them met at a meeting of the Berlin Physical believable." (Fajans' moderation was in contrast to the drink- Society, where Geiger remarked, "Fajans, your book is very ing habits of some of his German contemporaries, who fre- well written ... I married recently and I read your book to my quently accused him of "drinking beer through a straw.") wife on our honeymoon!" Other contemporaries at Man- Because he still felt deficient in the subject, Fajans initially chester included J. Chadwick, C. G. Darwin, G. von Hevesy, decided to continue working in the field of organic chemistry, G. N. Antonoff, W. Makower, and H. G. Moseley. with the hope of eventually using his knowledge of physical Fajans' work at Manchester included the discovery of chemistry to clarify some of its mysteries. In order to strengthen branching in radioelement transformations and the measure- his organic background, he applied for a post-doctoral position ment of half-lives on the order of 10 and 10 seconds and with Emil Fischer. However, Fischer had no vacancies in his resulted in collaborative publications with both Moseley and laboratory and Fajans ended up working with Richard Will- Makower (5-7). stater at Zürich instead. Fajans later characterized the expe- Fajans greatly admired Rutherford and declared that he rience at Zürich as frustrating. He quickly discovered that he undoubtedly belonged with Faraday in the "Chemists' Hall of did not feel comfortable with the high degree of empiricism Fame". Rutherford had an ability to use very simple experi- prevalent in the presentation and practice of organic chemistry ments to achieve important, far-reaching results. Fajans at that time and he had to admit that the laboratory skills remarked that Lenard also possessed this trait to some degree. necessary for a successful "organiker" were not his. This led Without a doubt, Fajans' admiration for these outstanding Fajans to the conclusion that physics, rather than organic scientists and their methods influenced his own future method- chemistry, should be his field of study. Though this decision ology in the study of atoms, molecules, liquids and solids. was to lead to a highly successful research career, he continued It was intended that Fajans should return to Heidelberg to harbor a certain ambivalence towards organic chemistry when he was finished at Manchester. However, his doctoral and, some 50 years later, in 1959, he proudly confessed that "I mentor, Bredig, had followed Fritz Haber to Karlsruhe and in began to understand organic chemistry only recently - only on 1911 extended Fajans an invitation to join him there as Chief the basis of the Quanticule Theory." Assistant, with early promotion to Privatdozent (similar to our It so happened that during his earlier stay at Heidelberg, "Assistant Professor"). The invitation was accepted even Fajans was asked to give a report at a physics colloquium though the situation was far from ideal. Karlsruhe had no supervised by Lenard. He was directed by Lenard to a 1908 medical school at which Salomea, who had begun work on an paper by Rutherford and Geiger on counting alpha particles M.D. degree, could finish her training. She would have to take and determining their charge. In preparing his report, Fajans their baby son, Edgar, who had been born during the stay in also read the 1907 German translation of Rutherford's Silli- Manchester, with her to Strassburg, the site of the nearest man Lectures, Radioactive Transformations, delivered at Yale medical school, and for two years would have to be content University in 1905. Having decided to desert organic chemis- with visits from Kasimir, who would live at Karlsruhe. try, Fajans now remembered his backround reading for the Along with his students at Karlsruhe, Fajans was to spawn physics colloquium and decided to apply for a postgraduate some much needed advances in the development and under- position in Rutherford's laboratory at Manchester. About ten standing of radiochemistry. He had read in Soddy's book the years later, Fajans was reminded of the events behind his reference to the Lucas-Lerch Rule about radioactive decay (8). decision to take up the study of radiochemistry. Having been This rule stated that all elements emitting radiation became invited to Heidelberg to give a lecture on radioactive displace- more noble. Fajans recognized that this could not be right. One ment laws and isotopes, he was met after the lecture by his day in late 1912, feeling fatigued, he and a graduate student, former physics professor, Lenard, who remarked that, "It was Oswald Göhring, decided to take time off to go to a perform- good that you gave in 1909 the report in the colloquium." ance of the opera, "Tristan and Isolde". Although Fajans did Before leaving for England, Fajans and Salomea Kaplan not play a musical instrument, he was very fond of music and were married. This was fortunate, for more than the usual opera. While sitting there with eyes closed, enjoying the 8 ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8 music, he suddenly opened them, took a paper frorn his pocket minerals, for comparison with that of ordinary lead. The results and wrote down an equation. The true decay route had obtained by Lembert and Richards were as Fajans had predicted suddenly dawned on him: Only beta decay leads to a more - the lead from the new ore sample had a lower atomic weight, noble element. This led, in turn, to his enunciation of his 206.5 vs. 207.2 for ordinary lead. Richards, who was skeptical famous displacement laws for radioactive decay (9-10). Freder- about the existence of isotopes, had difficulty in shedding his ick Soddy published similar rules (11), but not until after the original belief that impurities or errors were the cause of the appearance of Fajans' paper, leading some to doubt the differences in the determined atomic weights. However, the originality of Soddy's conclusions (12-14). evidence obtained by Lembert was not easily dismissed and Closely following the displacement laws was the discovery Richards and Lembert eventually published the results (17). (with Göhring) of element 91 in the form of one of its short- Nevertheless, Richards continued to think of the subject as a lived isotopes, which they appropriately named Brevium (15). "problem area" for several more years (18-19)! Otto Regrettably, based on their study of its longest lived isotope, Hönigschmid, working in Prague after earlier training at Har- Hahn and Meitner are usually given the credit for having vard, also obtained similar, though less striking, experimental discovered ele- results at about the ment 91 (protactin- same time, as did ium) five years Soddy and Mau- later. rice Curie (20). A comic opera The term isotope, by Lortzig entitled by the way, had "The Czar and the been introducedby Carpenter" pro- Soddy in 1913 and vided the inspira- was suggested to tion for another him by an English important rule. physician, Marga- This was the rela- ret Todd, at a din- tionship between ner party at the the atomic weight home of his father- and stability of in-law. radioactive iso- The rules for topes (or the mem- co-precipitation of bers of a pleiad, minute concentra- as Fajans original- tions of radio- ly named such l nt f th n n r d l nt n th p r d t bl , r 0 ( 6 . elements were al- groups). In sum- U d b j n t ll tr t h f d pl nt l f r r d t v d . so enunciated by mary, the rule Fajans and P. Beer states that, as the atomic weight decreases, the half-life during this period. They were confirmed by Fritz Paneth, and decreases for isotopic alpha-radiators but increases for beta- extended by Fajans and co-workers and by Otto Hahn in the radiators, and that, consequently, in a given pleiad, the beta- period between 1913 and 1926 (21-24). radiators have higher atomic weights than the alpha-radiators, A view of the difference in formalities observed by Fajans and the longest lived is of shorter life than the longest lived and his doctoral mentor, Bredig, has been given by one who isotopic alpha-radiator. Little was made of this rule at the knew both during the Karlsruhe days. Elizabeth Rona, in her time. However, with the rise of nuclear physics in the 1940's delightful little book, How It Came About, tells how, in her early it became of increasing importance, though Swinne eventu- graduate school days, she changed her plan to work under ally found some exceptions (16). Bredig, known as the "Shreckliche," and chose to work under Meanwhile, Fajans, along with some others, came to a Fajans "in a new and exciting field" (25). She adds that Fajans growing conviction that the atomic weight of an element was (apparently ahead of his time) did not discriminate against not the fundamental constant which many others believed it to wornen at his frequently held laboratory parties. A dinner be. He also realized his lack of experience in atomic weight invitation to Bredig's home, in spite of the fine food and determination handicapped him in carrying out experimental hospitality, meant that Rona would have to join the ladies in work convincing to his peers. As a result, he wrote to T. W. family talk rather than to talk shop with her laboratory associ- Richards at Harvard requesting permission to send a graduate ates, as she so longed to do. student, Max Lembert, to work there. The objective was to A sidelight, possibly foreshadowed by Fajans' frustration determine the atomic weight of lead obtained from radioactive with organic chemical research at Zürich, is also mentioned by
ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8
Rona. She rernarks that, in contrast to his great ingenuity, foresight and courage, Fajans was not a skilled experimental- ist. "We feared his handling our instruments." Yet Fajans insisted that "there are no experirnental difficulties" too great to overcome. This assertion appeared as the caption on a caricature presented to him by his students on his 26th birthday and reproduced here. This shows him working away in apparent determination, despite one arm in a sling, blood from one hand dripping into a broken jar, and broken glass and equipment flying about! With the start of World War I in 1914, things at Karlsruhe changed for the worse. Most of the students had to leave. Fajans, a Russian subject, was not allowed to teach, only to work in the laboratory. Each day he was required to identify himself at the police station. Of this duty, his little son, Edgar, would frequently remind him by asking, "Have you said Fajans already?" Before the end of the war, Poland became an independent country and Fajans had some hope of getting a position at the University of Warsaw. This, however, fell through. Nernst, at Berlin, had indicated his interest in having Fajans join hirn, but another offer appeared before Nernst could make a definite proposal and, by a somewhat fortuitous route, Fajans was called to the University of Munich instead. Adolf von Baeyer, who looked with utter contempt upon physics and physical chemistry, had just retired. His forrner student, Richard WillstAtter, who had arrived to replace hirn, recognized the "Exp r nt ll S h r t n G bt E ht" St d nt need for physical chemistry but found there was no laboratory nt r n j n l b t hn t K rl r h (2 . for it. He could not get Haber, who now was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and unavailable. It was then that Fajans-Haber Themochemical Cycle (26). Each of the three Willstätter remembered Fajans and his work in Rutherford's parties involved in the development of this concept eventually laboratory. The result was that in 1917 Fajans was offered a agreed to simultaneously publish his own paper in the 5 position in physical chemistry, as he once wryly remarked, "in December 1919 issue of the Verhandlungen der Deutschen spite of my time at Zürich." Physikalischen Gesellschaft. Fajans' thermochemical investi- Life in this beautiful city was very pleasant. Vacations gations also extended to diamond, graphite, and to aliphatic often were spent in the nearby Bavarian and Austrian Alps. and aromatic compounds (27-29). Fajans and both sons (Stefan was born in 1918) came to enjoy As early as 1920, Fajans and H. Grimm, as a result of skiing. There was an excellent opera, and the symphony studying the halides of sodium and potassium, recognized the orchestra, conducted by Bruno Walter, provided an added fallacy of assigning constant radii to ions (30-31). By 1923, attraction. Among his colleagues at Munich were W. Röntgen, based on further work with Georg Joos (in the first of some 50 Professor of Experimental Physics; A. Sommerfeld, Professor publications by Fajans and co-workers dealing with refracto- of Theoretical Physics; P. Groat, Professor of Mineralogy and metry), he proposed the dependence of anionic size on the Crystallography; and 0. Hönigschm id, Professor of Analytical polarizing (deforming) effect of the cation (32-33). It may be Chemistry. noted that Fajans was expounding and practicing a form of Upon arriving in Munich, Fajans dropped his work in "crystal field theory" decades before it was applied to the radiochemistry and embarked instead upon the investigation problem of d-d spectroscopic transitions. Billiard-ball con- of the factors governing chemical bonding and the properties cepts in chemistry were ushered out - yet this reality was of atoms and molecules in the solid, liquid and gaseous states. ignored by many in the following years. One can still find One could say that a new career began here. He was not to recent statements by physicists and chemists warning of the return to active work in radiochemistry until almost 20 years dangers of assuming spherical ions, written as though the later, after leaving Germany. concept of ion deformation were only recently developed! One of the first fruits of this shift in interest was Fajans' Already in 1925, Fajans predicted that NaF (not CsF, as experimental proof of what should properly be called the Born- Coulson later wrote) would be found to be the most polar of the 20 ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8
l n h, nt n d t l n , nd f n ll l t d f r d nn r. W t th j n h ldr n [Ed r and Stefan], who r d b th r th r dd G r n th t p . t r n th r r pl nn n t n n th v r n Alp . M f ll, j t th r ht z t p r f b l n n t n f th j n h ldr n, th t th r l n d t . Alth h r nt r t d n th nt f t p , th r d d n t r n n h n j n nd I f nd t d r bl t r t th r n pr bl . On r n th t Fajans v r b . h d l r v n f h l Ch tr , th n t d nt , nd pt b th t d n tr t n nd th h t h n d t , ll h p rv n f r r h pr r . t ld t n t th t th r r h r lt f n nv t t n h d p l d p n h j n p t r f th tr n t n fr d l n b nd n ( , thr h p l r v l nt b nd n (b nd t d l v l nt d , b h ld n t f nd t t r t p th r lt f r b nd n (d v pr r v n n p l r z t n ( 6 . p bl t n. l r r tt d th t h b th t h ld n t t th t t t d th n th r f nt h n . I th n alkali metal halides, and 38 years later this was borne out th t th n b l t t t d r p f nt h n experirnentally by Canadian researchers (34-35). pr bl th t b th r d h ll th r t f h l f . At about this time, Willstätter resigned from the chairman- I d d n t v r h f h n l t r r . v r, f ship of the department, and Heinrich Wieland, from the Uni- nd I nt n d t f l r t f l t h nd h f f r th r ndn versity of Freiburg, succeeded him. Wieland used his influ- t , h n pp r d n f r n l nd n p pl j t ence to get Freiburg to offer Fajans a Chair (full Professorship) b nn n th r r r . in Physical Chemistry. However, the University of Munich and its Board did not want him to leave. They countered with It was in 1928 that Fajans published his ideas on the a similar offer, with the proviso that all agreements had to be importance of the mutual polarization of anions and cations made with the approval of Wieland. Apparently Wieland had (37-38). This became a continuing theme throughout his feared difficulties at Munich because of Fajans' influence and career. His frequently expressed disdain for the popular popularity in the department, which was why he had arranged acceptance of the additivity of ionic radii may best be illus- for the offer from Freiburg. Long negotiations followed, trated by his reply to a fellow attendee at the International Fajans stayed at Munich, and eventually the two developed a Symposium in Trieste in June 1959. The man told Fajans how close rapport and a solid friendship. he used values from certain named sources, "for they are the It was also around this time, roughly halfway through the best radii." Fajans replied, "There are no good ionic radii." Munich period, that Fajans and Linus Pauling first met. It is no Recounting this in October 1959, he added with a smile, "God secret that their views on the nature of chemical bonding and did not make ionic radii." its effect on structure developed along differing paths. In 1987 Other activities during the Munich years dealt with photo- Dr. Pauling graciously took time out from busy preparations chemistry (39-41), dye absorption (which led to the develop- for an extended speaking tour to dictate and send to me some ment of adsorption indicators for argentometry) (42-44), ex- reminiscences of this period (36): tensive refractometric studies (carried out for all three states of matter and at temperatures as high as 1000°C) (45), a book of M f nd I rr v d n M n h b t th nd f Apr l 26. I h d popular lectures on radioactivity (4), and the publication of a r v d G nh ll h p, nd I r d th r f r well-known laboratory manual for physical chemistry (46 . Arn ld S rf ld n h In t t t f r h r t l h , Un v r His Baker Non-Resident Lectureship at Cornell University t f M n h. j n l b r t r d t n , b t in 1930, and the subsequent publication of these lectures, gave n l fr th n n v r t b ld n , b t I n nt t h , American audiences a firsthand exposure to his work and t t ll h th t I nt r t d n r n n pr bl n h h views (47). His popularity as a lecturer also resulted in h l h d nt r t. h d b n r n n th l tr p l r z b l invitations to lecture at, among others, Columbia, Harvard, t f t nd n . t d nt h d rr d t n xp r nt l Yale, Princeton, Michigan, Chicago, Northwestern, McGill, d t r n t n f th nd x f r fr t n [ n ] l ht t d ff r nt and Wisconsin. These obligations were squeezed between the v l n th , n rd r t bt n v l f th l tr p l r z b l t . weekly three days of lectures and seminars at Cornell. This l nt r t d n th tr t r f r t l , f ld n h h I h d busy schedule worried Professor L. M. Dennis, the Department b n r n d r n th pr d n f r r . Head at Cornell, since Fajans was supposed to deliver the j n nd h f d t l nv t d t h v l n h th manuscript of a book based on his lectures at the end of the th , n th r h . I r b r th t n n n t term. While at Cornell the family also learned something of ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8 2
nh r t d h l pr d . A pr f r h h d h n n pr v It n 4, n th Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, nt r t n tt nd n j n l t r dd nl b th t j n p bl h d n f h l t p p r t b r tt n n fr ndl h n h l rn d f j n d ff lt th nn . G r n , l n d n f r fr t n nd d p r n, th On d h nf d d t Mr . j n , "I th rd n r t n r f r n t p p r n th v l rn b h r r t r d t f rv rd. h f r t rd h ldr n r t ht t th In t t t (48 . Al n l d d r r t l nt n th p n t r d dd b t rv rd " j n r f th r nv t t r , h h f r h d d th n r f l ll d d pl t th r r d n r pt, th h t n l d v r nt n t r f h n v n th bj t. nt r t n t n t th t th r lt n v l pr b bl th h n xt r j n f n ll f r d t l v G r n th nn t f th nt r r t r S r . Ind d, h pr f nd h In t t t . Ed r, th ld t n, h d b n b rn t th t h n t n r f th p b l t . n M n h t r, h ld l rn En l h t z n h p. h d j t It l d r n th v t th t j n r v d th h pp r d h h. . t r n f rt, nd f rt n t l bl t n th t th f ll r nd t n h d d d d t f n n t nd n t r th . G. nn n. Y n St f n, b rn n n In t t t f h l Ch tr n M n h th j n M n h, nt t pr v t b rd n h l n C br d . th d r t r. h pl t d n 2 nd n t d f h r n n t t f nd n n l pl nt f r nd rf ll pp d thr t r b ld n , pl t th j n . nd r d pr f r h p n l nd nd n r nd r f t rr f r nt rt n n t nd h ld n ft rn n p b l t f nd tr l r r h n l nd pr nt d pr b l b r t r t . l rn nl t bv . A n r f ll h p pp nt nt t Unf rt n t l , j n n t t nj h n In t t t f r C br d p n d n pp rt n t n t nl t f n h v r l n . G th r n l d n th p l t l h r z n nd th r h h h h d pl nn d, b t l t pr p r f r r nd n f tl r l ft l ttl d bt th t h nd h f l p r n nt v . Ind d, b f r l v n M n h, h h d b n ld h v t l v M n h. h f ll r nd t n ff r d, thr h nt b f h n n nd n, pt t ll th ht th t th t ld n f ll pr f r h p t th Un v r t f M h n. h rr n nd d j n t t p t ntl . d bt, b f th r nt r pl t d d r n th t t C br d , nd n nfl n , th t v rn nt x r d r tr nt n 6 j n , l n th h f nd n r n, rr v d n h ndl n th ff r f b th j n nd th In t t t . Y t, n Ann Arb r. n p p l . f h d t h lp n th l b r t r . A nt n r b n t d nd nt t n ntr t n Part 11 of this article, dealing with Fajans' career in the United p . States, will appear in the Spring 1990 issue of the Bulletin.
References and Notes
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Q . M x , 6 , ( , 6. 0, p. 2 6, f tn t 6. . . r , "K r j n ( 88 . S v n r r l v 8. . W. h rd , " h r bl f d t v d", S n , t t v té ", A t l té Ch ., 6 ( , 28 2. , 4 , . d. . r , " pt n f K r j n Q nt l h r . . . C n nt, " h d r W ll h rd nd th r d f th Ch l nd", . Ch . Ed ., 8 , 64, 22 2 . bl ", S n , 0, 68, 42 428. (An p ll nt r t n . . r , " r h f K r j n n th ld f nt f v nt rr nd n th nv t t n f r d t v l d, t d t v t nd I t p ", K rt. t. h., 8 , 0 (2 , h h t C n nt, h rr d h rd d ht r, rv rd 2 24 . ( l h t d nt. f. . r , "K r j n r h n th Str t r f 20. r r f r n t nt p r n p bl t n f M l l nd Cr t l n th 00th Ann v r r f rth", W d. ön h d, f S dd , nd f M r C r n th pr bl f Ch ., 8 , 4 ( 8 , 48 0 . ( l h r d t v l d, pp. 8 0 f th v r xt n v b bl r ph n . G. r d nd K. j n , "St r h tr f C t l ", K ff n " h At W ht f d f d t v Or n" n r., 08, 4 , 2 6 . (G r n r f r n (r pr nt d fr . Ch . Ed ., 82, , 8 nd 4. K. j n , d t v t , r nd S n, r n , 2 . 4th d t n 0 ( th n G r n . En l h d t n, E. . tt n, 2 . K. j n nd . r, " h h v r f d l nt n Y r , 2 . r p t t n t n ", r., , 46, 486 4 . (G r n . K. j n , " h C pl x t r f C", h . ., , 22. K. j n nd K. v n r th, "S rf r n t r 2, 6 8. (G r n p l r Cr t l tt . Ad rpt n f d I t p b C ll d l 6. . G. . M l nd K. j n , " d t v r d t f S lv r l d ", . h . Ch ., 2 , , 4 8 02. (G r n Sh rt f ", h l. M ., , 22, 62 6 8. 2 . . n th, "Ad rpt n nd r p t t n f th . K. j n nd W. M r, " h Gr th f d C fr d l nt ", h . ., 4, , 24 2 . (G r n d ", h l. M ., 2, 2 , 2 2 0 . 24. 0. hn, 0. Erl h r, nd . ht n r, " r p t 8. . S dd , h Ch tr f th d l nt , n n t n nd Ad rpt n l ", t r n h ft n, 26, 4, 6 Gr n nd C ., nd n, . . (G r n . K. j n , "A l t n h p t n th t r f d 2 . E. n , It C Ab t, O d A t d Un v r t v r n f r t n nd th El tr h l h v r f th p t , 8, pp. . t v El nt ", h . ., , 4, 6. (G r n p bl h d 26. . . C. M rr nd E. . Sh rt, " h rn j n b r br r C rr l t n", t r , 6 , 224, 0 2. 0. K. j n , " h l f th d l nt n th r d 2 . K. j n , " t f S bl t n nd l n r f S t ", h . ., , 4, 6 42. (G r n C rb n M d f t n ", . h ., 20, , 0 8. (G r n . . S dd , " h d l nt nd th r d ", Ch . 28. K. j n , " h En r f th At Un n n th nd , , 0 , ( b tt d br r 8 . nd n Al ph t dr rb n ," r., 20, , 64 66 . (G r n 2. 0. U. And r , " h l f I t p n th r d bl ", 2 . K. j n nd E. h v h, " h M lt n nt f Gr ph t ", . Ch . Ed ., 64, 4 , 22 2 . t r n h ft n, 24, 2, 04 06. (G r n . . d h, " h S d l S f d h tr ", n G. 0. K. j n nd . Gr , "M l l r l f Al l . K f n, Ed., r d r S dd , d l, rdr ht, th rl nd , M t l l d ", . h ., 20, 2, 2 08. r n pt n 86, pp. 2 4 (r pr nt d fr r t. . t. S n , , 2(42 , f h r d n t nt, I. M. rv , "I n d n Al l n 24 2 6 . E rth Ch l n d ", S l d St t h . ( r . h . S . nd n , 4. I. M. r n , n r r d , , 0, 0 ( rd n t r , 68, [2] 2 ( , 82 8 . f. 2 . .0. hn n, "I n d f r Sph r l t nt l I n . I.", . K. j n nd 0. Göhr n , "On th C pl x t r f Ur In r . Ch ., , 2, 80 8 . ( h p p r d x pl f n ", t r n h ft n, , I, nd "On Ur n X2 n l r nd l f v r bl n r d d n th v n nt xt. h El nt n th Ur n S r ", h . ., , 4, 8 2. K. j n , " h Str t r nd f r t n f El tr n 884. ( th n G r n Sh ll , nd h r S n f n n th Ch l nd Opt l r p rt 6. r d n f th r n l r l nd n pd t t , f In r n C p nd ", t r n h ft n, 2 , , 6 2. K. j n , d l nt nd I t p . Ch l r nd Opt (G r n A r ph d, b t th r np bl h d, En l h l r p rt f S b t n , M Gr ll, Y r , nd n, tr n l t n f th p p r, r 46, th pd t d nt , pp. . ( h b l d r f r f r n p t d b S. n nd K. j n nd v l bl t j n f r th r t p v r d. M h n t d nt . . . W. h rd nd M. b rt, " h At W ht f . K. j n nd G. , "M l l r fr t n b I n nd d f d t v Or n", . A . Ch . S ., 4, 6, 2 M l l n th ht f At Str t r ", . h ., 24, 2 , 46. 44. (S f tn t n f. 0. En l h tr n l t n v l bl n A. (G r n r, d h tr nd th v r f I t p , v r, Y, 4. K. j n , " h r p rt nd At Str t r f S l n ll. t. Ch . 4 ( 8 2
C p nd ", . Kr t., 2 , 6 , 8 48 (p.42 G r n . S l : K. THE HISTORY OF THE DEXTER AWARD j n , " r f l r t nd M t l l r z t n f I n n th M l l f Al l l r d , SrO, nd O", Str t r nd nd n , rt I : h h rd d 6 , , 88 0 . . . K. r nd . , " t t n l C n t nt nd El tr Aaron J. Ihde, University of Wisconsin p l M nt f S d l r d ", C n d. . h ., 6 ,4 ( , 46 46 . h nn r f th rd, M d t r lló ( 8 4 8 , 6. . l n , t p r tt n r n n nt t . E. l n, b rn n Sp n nd pl d n p rt nt r l n n M r h 8 . d t n n Sp n h n v r t . At th l f th Sp n h . K. j n , " f r t n f I n nd M l l d Up n C v l W r, h fl d Sp n nd t rt d n r r n M x , fr t tr t ", . h , 28, 0, 6 nd . h r h f lt b r f th t n l l t hn El tr h ., 28, 4, 02 20. ( th n G r n In t t t n M x C t . Alth h h h d b n nt r t d n 8. A. E. v n Ar l nd . . d r, Ch h nd n l h t r f h tr h l t ll n Sp n, th t nt r t fl r d El tr t t h Er h n n , rz l, pz , . h t xtb n M x , h r h d xt n v t d f th h t r f b r tn t j n p t n E r p n t xt f th t d t ll r n C l n l t n A r . p bl h d n r r f r n t h r tn b r th t n th r r . p p r n h t r f h rn tr nd f t ll r nd . K. j n nd W. r n nb r , "Infl n f Ad rb d I n th th r f v r l r n t n A r n t ll r . n th h t h l S n t v n f S lv r r d ", . El tr h ., 22, 28, 4 0 . (G r n 40. K. j n , . r h rz nd G. K r n , "Infl n f Ad rb d I n n th Ab rpt n f ht b S lv r r d ", . El tr h ., 2 , , 48 4. (G r n 4 . K. j n nd G. K r n , "Infl n f v M t l I n n th ht Ab rpt n f v M t l l d ", . h . Ch ., 2 , , 8 40 . (G r n 42. K. j n nd 0. l, "A M th d f r tr t n f S lv r nd l n I n th Or n t ff Ind t r ", . El tr h ., 2 , 2 , 4 00. (G r n 4 . K. j n nd . W lff, " h tr t n f S lv r nd l n I n th Or n t ff Ind t r ", . An r . All . Ch ., 24, , 22 24 . (G r n 44. r l t r r v f th t t f th bj t : K. j n , "Ad rpt n Ind t r n r p t t n tr t n", n E. r nn , K. j n , . . r n, . n , nd . St , Ed ., r M th d n l tr An l " , 4th d., En , St tt rt, 6, pp. 6 . (G r n An En l h tr n l t n p bl h d n 28. 4 . A. r n nd . öl nn, " fr t tr Inv t t n . M d t r lló II. fr t n nd p r n f G nd p r . 0.", . h . Ch ., 6, 4, 80 (G r n . S l r f n 48. G r K ff n (b. 0 , r p nt f th 8 rd, 46. K. j n nd . Wü t, h l h h h r t , b rn n h l d lph nd d t d t th Un v r t f 2 . r n l t d nt En l h nd n. nn lv n nd l r d . d v l p d d p nt r t n 46. S r f r n 6. rd n t n p nd , r d t nn b pr f r h 4 . K. j n , " fr t n nd p r n f G nd p r . h d r d th Alfr d W rn r t ür h. K ff n b I. G n r l Intr d t n", . h . Ch ., 4, 24, 0 4. b r f th h tr f lt t C l f rn St t Un v r ( j n , n l t r r , fr ntl r f rr d t h r r n th p p r . t n r n n 6 nd h t ht r n n r l nd n r n h tr , ll h t r f h tr . nt r t n th l tt r bj t d v l p d rl n h r r nd Dr. Reynold E. Holmen, 2225 Lilac Lane, White Bear Lake, t fr t n d r n r r h l v n ür h h r h t d d MN 55110, is retired from the 3M Company, where he was th p p r f W rn r. h d t d thr ll t n f employed as an organic chemist. He received his P h.D. degree l l p p r n rd n t n th r nd h h r d t from the University of Michigan, where he had the stimulating p n t h n h t r f h tr , n f h h experience of taking several courses from Fajans. p bl h d n b f r . h l p bl h d b r ph f W rn r nd p v l n th W rn r C nt nn l