ARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE Opened up the Science of Radioactivity
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Honolulu Star-Advertiser
B CITY EDITOR: David Butts / [email protected] / 529-4310 WEDNESDAY 10/7/20 VANDALS AT WORK A $20,000 digital sign is damaged at Makapu‘u Lighthouse Trail over the weekend >> B2 ——— BIG Q >> B2 COMICS & PUZZLES >> B7-9 KOKUA LINE CHRISTINE DONNELLY Must apply for extended jobless benefits uestion: Are the extended benefits Q automatic once I run out of unemploy- ment? It’s getting close. What do I do? Answer: No, Pan- demic Emergency Unem- ployment Compensation is not automatic. You have to apply for this pro- gram, which adds 13 weeks of benefits for eligi- UCLA VIA AP / 2015 ble claimants, and you must have a zero balance Andrea Ghez, professor of physics and astronomy at UCLA, was one of three scientists who was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in in your Unemployment In- physics for advancing the understanding of black holes. Ghez was photographed on the university’s campus. surance account before you do so, according to the state Department of Labor and Industrial Rela- Nobel winner is Keck Observatory user tions. You would apply through your online UI ac- Astronomer Andrea Ghez has been studying the ry’s telescopes, Lewis said count and answer a series Ghez probably uses them of questions to determine Galactic Center from Hawaii island since 1995 more often than anyone whether you are eligible. else — about a dozen nights For instructions on how Star-Advertiser staff covering a supermassive per year. to apply, see labor.hawaii. and news services black hole at the center of The observatory’s twin gov/ui/. -
Alfred Nobel
www.bibalex.org/bioalex2004conf The BioVisionAlexandria 2004 Conference Newsletter November 2003 Volume 1, Issue 2 BioVisionAlexandria ALFRED NOBEL 2004 aims to celebrate the The inventor, the industrialist outstanding scientists and scholars, in a he Nobel Prize is one of the highest distinctions recognized, granting its winner century dominated by instant fame. However, many do not know the interesting history and background technological and T that led to this award. scientific revolutions, through its It all began with a chemist, known as Alfred Nobel, born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1833. Nobel Day on 3 April Alfred Nobel moved to Russia when he was eight, where his father, Immanuel Nobel, 2004! started a successful mechanical workshop. He provided equipment for the Russian Army and designed naval mines, which effectively prevented the British Royal Navy from moving within firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean War. Immanuel Nobel was also a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and in designing steam engines. INSIDE Scientific awards .........3 Immanuel’s success enabled him to Alfred met Ascanio Sobrero, the Italian Confirmed laureates ....4 Lady laureates ............7 provide his four sons with an excellent chemist who had invented Nitroglycerine education in natural sciences, languages three years earlier. Nitroglycerine, a and literature. Alfred, at an early age, highly explosive liquid, was produced by acquired extensive literary knowledge, mixing glycerine with sulfuric and nitric mastering many foreign languages. His acid. It was an invention that triggered a Nobel Day is interest in science, especially chemistry, fascination in the young scientist for many dedicated to many of was also apparent. -
Unerring in Her Scientific Enquiry and Not Afraid of Hard Work, Marie Curie Set a Shining Example for Generations of Scientists
Historical profile Elements of inspiration Unerring in her scientific enquiry and not afraid of hard work, Marie Curie set a shining example for generations of scientists. Bill Griffiths explores the life of a chemical heroine SCIENCE SOURCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / SOURCE SCIENCE 42 | Chemistry World | January 2011 www.chemistryworld.org On 10 December 1911, Marie Curie only elements then known to or ammonia, having a water- In short was awarded the Nobel prize exhibit radioactivity. Her samples insoluble carbonate akin to BaCO3 in chemistry for ‘services to the were placed on a condenser plate It is 100 years since and a chloride slightly less soluble advancement of chemistry by the charged to 100 Volts and attached Marie Curie became the than BaCl2 which acted as a carrier discovery of the elements radium to one of Pierre’s electrometers, and first person ever to win for it. This they named radium, and polonium’. She was the first thereby she measured quantitatively two Nobel prizes publishing their results on Boxing female recipient of any Nobel prize their radioactivity. She found the Marie and her husband day 1898;2 French spectroscopist and the first person ever to be minerals pitchblende (UO2) and Pierre pioneered the Eugène-Anatole Demarçay found awarded two (she, Pierre Curie and chalcolite (Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O) study of radiactivity a new atomic spectral line from Henri Becquerel had shared the to be more radioactive than pure and discovered two new the element, helping to confirm 1903 physics prize for their work on uranium, so reasoned that they must elements, radium and its status. -
Marie Curie and Her Time
Marie Curie and Her Time by Hélène Langevin-Joliot to pass our lives near each other hypnotized by our dreams, your patriotic dream, our humanitarian dream, arie Curie (1867–1934) belongs to that exclu- and our scientific dream.” sive group of women whose worldwide rec- Frederick Soddy wrote about Marie that she was Mognition and fame have endured for a century “the most beautiful discovery of Pierre Curie.” Of or more. She was indeed one of the major agents of course, it might also be said that Pierre Curie was the scientific revolution which allowed experimen- “the most beautiful discovery of Marie Skłodowska.” tal investigation to extend beyond the macroscopic It is difficult to imagine more contrasting personali- world. Her work placed the first stone in the founda- ties than those of Pierre and of Marie. In spite of that, tion of a new discipline: radiochemistry. And Curie’s or because of that, they complemented each other achievements are even more remarkable since they astonishingly well. Pierre was as dreamy as Marie was occurred in the field of science, an intellectual activ- organized. At the same time, they shared similar ideas ity traditionally forbidden to women. However, these about family and society. accomplishments alone don’t seem to fully explain the near mythic status of Marie Curie today. One hundred years ago, she was often considered to be just an assistant to her husband. Perhaps the reason her name still resonates is because of the compelling story of her life and her intriguing personality. The Most Beautiful Discovery of Pierre Curie The story of the young Maria Skłodowska leaving In this iconic photograph of participants at the Fifth her native Poland to pursue upper-level studies in Solvay Conference in 1927, Marie Curie is third from Paris sounds like something out of a novel. -
George De Hevesy in America
Journal of Nuclear Medicine, published on July 13, 2019 as doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.233254 George de Hevesy in America George de Hevesy was a Hungarian radiochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1943 for the discovery of the radiotracer principle (1). As the radiotracer principle is the foundation of all diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures, Hevesy is widely considered the father of nuclear medicine (1). Although it is well-known that he spent time at a number of European institutions, it is not widely known that he also spent six weeks at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, in the fall of 1930 as that year’s Baker Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry (2-6). “[T]he Baker Lecturer gave two formal presentations per week, to a large and diverse audience and provided an informal seminar weekly for students and faculty members interested in the subject. The lecturer had an office in Baker Laboratory and was available to faculty and students for further discussion.” (7) There is also evidence that, “…Hevesy visited Harvard [University, Cambridge, MA] as a Baker Lecturer at Cornell in 1930…” (8). Neither of the authors of this Note/Letter was aware of Hevesy’s association with Cornell University despite our longstanding ties to Cornell until one of us (WCK) noticed the association in Hevesy’s biographical page on the official Nobel website (6). WCK obtained both his undergraduate degree and medical degree from Cornell in Ithaca and New York City, respectively, and spent his career in nuclear medicine. JRO did his nuclear medicine training at Columbia University and has subsequently been a faculty member of Weill Cornell Medical College for the last eleven years (with a brief tenure at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (affiliated with Cornell)), and is now the program director of the Nuclear Medicine residency and Chief of the Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics Section. -
Eve Curie-Labouisse 1904-2007
The Invisible Light The Journal of The British Society for the History of Radiology 21st Birthday Year 1987-2008 The Centenary of the death of Henri Becquerel Number 28, May 2008 ISSN 1479-6945 (Print) ISSN 1479-6953 (Online) http://www.bshr.org.uk 2 Contents Page Editorial Notes 3 X-RAY THERAPY AND THE EARLY YEARS, 1902-1907 by Noel Timothy 4 Start of the “Radium Story” by Richard Mould 11 “The first Argentinean radiological journal” by Alfredo Buzzi and César Gotta 13 “Eve Curie-Labouisse 1904-2007” by Richard F. Mould 16 British Society for the History of Medicine, Congress September 2009 in Belfast 30 Interesting Web sites 31 “William Hunter and the Art and Science of Eighteenth-Century Collecting” 31 And finally: Betty Boop 32 Editorial Notes Our Radiology History Committee was founded way back in 1987. I hope everyone likes this issue of ‘The Invisible Light’ in this our 21st Birthday Year. There are four good articles for you to read. Do please consider getting involved in our committee and do contact me if you are interested. I would be delighted to include any of your articles in the next issue of ‘The Invisible Light.’ Please send me any material that you have. This journal is also available on-line to members. If you wish to receive it in that way please contact Jean Barrett at [email protected] This year 2008 is the centenary year of the death of Henri Becquerel who discovered natural radioactivity and was joint Nobel laureate with Marie and Pierre. -
The Nobel Peace Prize
TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize. -
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating Achievement from Fame
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating achievement from fame Every schoolboy has heard of Einstein; fewer have heard of Antoine Becquerel; almost nobody has heard of Nils Dalén. Yet they all won Nobel Prizes for Physics. Can we gauge a scientist’s achievements by his or her fame? If so, how? And how do fighter pilots help? Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury look for the linkages. “It was a famous victory.” We instinctively rank the had published. However, in 2001–2002 popular French achievements of great men and women by how famous TV presenters Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff published they are. But is instinct enough? And how exactly does a great man’s fame relate to the greatness of his achieve- ment? Some achievements are easy to quantify. Such is the case with fighter pilots of the First World War. Their achievements can be easily measured and ranked, in terms of their victories – the number of enemy planes they shot down. These aces achieved varying degrees of fame, which have lasted down to the internet age. A few years ago we compared1 the fame of First World War fighter pilot aces (measured in Google hits) with their achievement (measured in victories); and we found that We can estimate fame grows exponentially with achievement. fame from Google; Is the same true in other areas of excellence? Bagrow et al. have studied the relationship between can this tell us 2 achievement and fame for physicists . The relationship Manfred von Richthofen (in cockpit) with members of his so- about actual they found was linear. -
World War I Poster and Ephemera Collection: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86h4kqh Online items available World War I Poster and Ephemera Collection: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by Diann Benti. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Prints and Ephemera The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2014 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. World War I Poster and Ephemera priWWI 1 Collection: Finding Aid Overview of the Collection Title: World War I Poster and Ephemera Collection Dates (inclusive): approximately 1914-1919 Collection Number: priWWI Extent: approximately 700 items Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Prints and Ephemera 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection contains approximately 700 World War I propaganda posters and related ephemera dating from approximately 1914 to 1919. The posters were created primarily for government and military agencies, as well as private charities such as the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. While the majority of the collection is American, it also includes British and French posters, and a few Austro-Hungarian/German, Canadian, Belgian, Dutch, Italian, Polish, and Russian items. Language: English. Note: Finding aid last updated on July 24, 2020. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. -
A Brief History of Nuclear Astrophysics
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS PART I THE ENERGY OF THE SUN AND STARS Nikos Prantzos Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris Stellar Origin of Energy the Elements Nuclear Astrophysics Astronomy Nuclear Physics Thermodynamics: the energy of the Sun and the age of the Earth 1847 : Robert Julius von Mayer Sun heated by fall of meteors 1854 : Hermann von Helmholtz Gravitational energy of Kant’s contracting protosolar nebula of gas and dust turns into kinetic energy Timescale ~ EGrav/LSun ~ 30 My 1850s : William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) Sun heated at formation from meteorite fall, now « an incadescent liquid mass » cooling Age 10 – 100 My 1859: Charles Darwin Origin of species : Rate of erosion of the Weald valley is 1 inch/century or 22 miles wild (X 1100 feet high) in 300 My Such large Earth ages also required by geologists, like Charles Lyell A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. Homer Lane ; 1880s :August Ritter : Sun gaseous Compressible As it shrinks, it releases gravitational energy AND it gets hotter Earth Mayer – Kelvin - Helmholtz Helmholtz - Ritter A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. Homer Lane ; 1880s :August Ritter : Sun gaseous Compressible As it shrinks, it releases gravitational energy AND it gets hotter Earth Mayer – Kelvin - Helmholtz Helmholtz - Ritter A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. -
Ion Trap Nobel
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 was awarded jointly to Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems" David J. Wineland, U.S. citizen. Born 1944 in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Ph.D. 1970 Serge Haroche, French citizen. Born 1944 in Casablanca, Morocco. Ph.D. from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Group Leader and NIST Fellow at 1971 from Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Professor at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Collège de France and Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France. Boulder, CO, USA www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-serge-haroche/biography.htm www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp10/index.cfm A laser is used to suppress the ion’s thermal motion in the trap, and to electrode control and measure the trapped ion. lasers ions Electrodes keep the beryllium ions inside a trap. electrode electrode Figure 2. In David Wineland’s laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, electrically charged atoms or ions are kept inside a trap by surrounding electric fields. One of the secrets behind Wineland’s breakthrough is mastery of the art of using laser beams and creating laser pulses. A laser is used to put the ion in its lowest energy state and thus enabling the study of quantum phenomena with the trapped ion. Controlling single photons in a trap Serge Haroche and his research group employ a diferent method to reveal the mysteries of the quantum world. -
The Riches of Uranium Uranium Is Best Known, and Feared, for Its Involvement in Nuclear Energy
in your element The riches of uranium Uranium is best known, and feared, for its involvement in nuclear energy. Marisa J. Monreal and Paula L. Diaconescu take a look at how its unique combination of properties is now increasingly attracting the attention of chemists. t is nearly impossible to find an uplifting, and can be arrested by the skin, making found about uranium’s superior catalytic funny, or otherwise endearing quote on depleted uranium (composed mainly of 238U) activity may not be an isolated event. The Iuranium — the following dark wisecrack1 safe to work with as long as it is not inhaled organometallic chemistry of uranium was reflects people’s sinister feelings about this or ingested. born during the ‘Manhattan project’ — code element: “For years uranium cost only a few Studying the fundamental chemistry of name of the development of the first nuclear dollars a ton until scientists discovered you uranium is an exotic endeavour, but those who weapon during the Second World War. This could kill people with it”. But, in the spirit of embrace it will reap its benefits. Haber and field truly began to attract interest in 1956 rebranding, it is interesting to note that the Bosch found that uranium was a better catalyst when Reynolds and Wilkinson reported the main source of Earth’s internal heat comes than iron for making ammonia2. The preparation of the first cyclopentadienyl from the radioactive decay of uranium, isolation of an η1-OCO complex derivatives6. The discovery of thorium and potassium-40 that keeps the of uranium3 also showed uranocene electrified the field outer core liquid, induces mantle convection that, even though it is as much as that of ferrocene and, subsequently, drives plate tectonics.