Marie Curie and the Discovery of Radium
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1 the Equation of a Light Leptonic Magnetic Monopole and Its
The equation of a Light Leptonic Magnetic Monopole and its Experimental Aspects Georges Lochak Fondation Louis de Broglie 23, rue Marsoulan F-75012 Paris [email protected] Abstract. The present theory is closely related to Dirac’s equation of the electron, but not to his magnetic monopole theory, except for his relation between electric and magnetic charge. The theory is based on the fact, that the massless Dirac equation admits a second electromagnetic coupling, deduced from a pseudo-scalar gauge invariance. The equation thus obtained has the symmetry laws of a massless leptonic, magnetic monopole, able to interact weakly. We give a more precise form of the Dirac relation between electric and magnetic charges and a quantum form of the Poincaré first integral. In the Weyl representation our equation splits into P-conjugated monopole and antimonopole equations with the correct electromagnetic coupling and opposite chiralities, predicted by P. Curie. Charge conjugated monopoles are symmetric in space and not in time (contrary to the electric particles) : an important fact for the vacuum polarization. Our monopole is a magnetically excited neutrino, which leads to experimental consequences. These monopoles are assumed to be produced by electromagnetic pulses or arcs, leading to nuclear transmutations and, for beta radioactive elements, a shortening of the life time and the emission of monopoles instead of neutrinos in a magnetic field. A corresponding discussion is given in section 15. 1. Introduction. The hypothesis of separated magnetic poles is very old. In the 2nd volume of his famous Treatise of Electricity and Magnetism [1], devoted to Magnetism, Maxwell considered the existence of free magnetic charges as an evidence, just as the evidence of electric charges. -
Honolulu Star-Advertiser
B CITY EDITOR: David Butts / [email protected] / 529-4310 WEDNESDAY 10/7/20 VANDALS AT WORK A $20,000 digital sign is damaged at Makapu‘u Lighthouse Trail over the weekend >> B2 ——— BIG Q >> B2 COMICS & PUZZLES >> B7-9 KOKUA LINE CHRISTINE DONNELLY Must apply for extended jobless benefits uestion: Are the extended benefits Q automatic once I run out of unemploy- ment? It’s getting close. What do I do? Answer: No, Pan- demic Emergency Unem- ployment Compensation is not automatic. You have to apply for this pro- gram, which adds 13 weeks of benefits for eligi- UCLA VIA AP / 2015 ble claimants, and you must have a zero balance Andrea Ghez, professor of physics and astronomy at UCLA, was one of three scientists who was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in in your Unemployment In- physics for advancing the understanding of black holes. Ghez was photographed on the university’s campus. surance account before you do so, according to the state Department of Labor and Industrial Rela- Nobel winner is Keck Observatory user tions. You would apply through your online UI ac- Astronomer Andrea Ghez has been studying the ry’s telescopes, Lewis said count and answer a series Ghez probably uses them of questions to determine Galactic Center from Hawaii island since 1995 more often than anyone whether you are eligible. else — about a dozen nights For instructions on how Star-Advertiser staff covering a supermassive per year. to apply, see labor.hawaii. and news services black hole at the center of The observatory’s twin gov/ui/. -
Alfred Nobel
www.bibalex.org/bioalex2004conf The BioVisionAlexandria 2004 Conference Newsletter November 2003 Volume 1, Issue 2 BioVisionAlexandria ALFRED NOBEL 2004 aims to celebrate the The inventor, the industrialist outstanding scientists and scholars, in a he Nobel Prize is one of the highest distinctions recognized, granting its winner century dominated by instant fame. However, many do not know the interesting history and background technological and T that led to this award. scientific revolutions, through its It all began with a chemist, known as Alfred Nobel, born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1833. Nobel Day on 3 April Alfred Nobel moved to Russia when he was eight, where his father, Immanuel Nobel, 2004! started a successful mechanical workshop. He provided equipment for the Russian Army and designed naval mines, which effectively prevented the British Royal Navy from moving within firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean War. Immanuel Nobel was also a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and in designing steam engines. INSIDE Scientific awards .........3 Immanuel’s success enabled him to Alfred met Ascanio Sobrero, the Italian Confirmed laureates ....4 Lady laureates ............7 provide his four sons with an excellent chemist who had invented Nitroglycerine education in natural sciences, languages three years earlier. Nitroglycerine, a and literature. Alfred, at an early age, highly explosive liquid, was produced by acquired extensive literary knowledge, mixing glycerine with sulfuric and nitric mastering many foreign languages. His acid. It was an invention that triggered a Nobel Day is interest in science, especially chemistry, fascination in the young scientist for many dedicated to many of was also apparent. -
Unerring in Her Scientific Enquiry and Not Afraid of Hard Work, Marie Curie Set a Shining Example for Generations of Scientists
Historical profile Elements of inspiration Unerring in her scientific enquiry and not afraid of hard work, Marie Curie set a shining example for generations of scientists. Bill Griffiths explores the life of a chemical heroine SCIENCE SOURCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / SOURCE SCIENCE 42 | Chemistry World | January 2011 www.chemistryworld.org On 10 December 1911, Marie Curie only elements then known to or ammonia, having a water- In short was awarded the Nobel prize exhibit radioactivity. Her samples insoluble carbonate akin to BaCO3 in chemistry for ‘services to the were placed on a condenser plate It is 100 years since and a chloride slightly less soluble advancement of chemistry by the charged to 100 Volts and attached Marie Curie became the than BaCl2 which acted as a carrier discovery of the elements radium to one of Pierre’s electrometers, and first person ever to win for it. This they named radium, and polonium’. She was the first thereby she measured quantitatively two Nobel prizes publishing their results on Boxing female recipient of any Nobel prize their radioactivity. She found the Marie and her husband day 1898;2 French spectroscopist and the first person ever to be minerals pitchblende (UO2) and Pierre pioneered the Eugène-Anatole Demarçay found awarded two (she, Pierre Curie and chalcolite (Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O) study of radiactivity a new atomic spectral line from Henri Becquerel had shared the to be more radioactive than pure and discovered two new the element, helping to confirm 1903 physics prize for their work on uranium, so reasoned that they must elements, radium and its status. -
Marie Curie and Her Time
Marie Curie and Her Time by Hélène Langevin-Joliot to pass our lives near each other hypnotized by our dreams, your patriotic dream, our humanitarian dream, arie Curie (1867–1934) belongs to that exclu- and our scientific dream.” sive group of women whose worldwide rec- Frederick Soddy wrote about Marie that she was Mognition and fame have endured for a century “the most beautiful discovery of Pierre Curie.” Of or more. She was indeed one of the major agents of course, it might also be said that Pierre Curie was the scientific revolution which allowed experimen- “the most beautiful discovery of Marie Skłodowska.” tal investigation to extend beyond the macroscopic It is difficult to imagine more contrasting personali- world. Her work placed the first stone in the founda- ties than those of Pierre and of Marie. In spite of that, tion of a new discipline: radiochemistry. And Curie’s or because of that, they complemented each other achievements are even more remarkable since they astonishingly well. Pierre was as dreamy as Marie was occurred in the field of science, an intellectual activ- organized. At the same time, they shared similar ideas ity traditionally forbidden to women. However, these about family and society. accomplishments alone don’t seem to fully explain the near mythic status of Marie Curie today. One hundred years ago, she was often considered to be just an assistant to her husband. Perhaps the reason her name still resonates is because of the compelling story of her life and her intriguing personality. The Most Beautiful Discovery of Pierre Curie The story of the young Maria Skłodowska leaving In this iconic photograph of participants at the Fifth her native Poland to pursue upper-level studies in Solvay Conference in 1927, Marie Curie is third from Paris sounds like something out of a novel. -
George De Hevesy in America
Journal of Nuclear Medicine, published on July 13, 2019 as doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.233254 George de Hevesy in America George de Hevesy was a Hungarian radiochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1943 for the discovery of the radiotracer principle (1). As the radiotracer principle is the foundation of all diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures, Hevesy is widely considered the father of nuclear medicine (1). Although it is well-known that he spent time at a number of European institutions, it is not widely known that he also spent six weeks at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, in the fall of 1930 as that year’s Baker Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry (2-6). “[T]he Baker Lecturer gave two formal presentations per week, to a large and diverse audience and provided an informal seminar weekly for students and faculty members interested in the subject. The lecturer had an office in Baker Laboratory and was available to faculty and students for further discussion.” (7) There is also evidence that, “…Hevesy visited Harvard [University, Cambridge, MA] as a Baker Lecturer at Cornell in 1930…” (8). Neither of the authors of this Note/Letter was aware of Hevesy’s association with Cornell University despite our longstanding ties to Cornell until one of us (WCK) noticed the association in Hevesy’s biographical page on the official Nobel website (6). WCK obtained both his undergraduate degree and medical degree from Cornell in Ithaca and New York City, respectively, and spent his career in nuclear medicine. JRO did his nuclear medicine training at Columbia University and has subsequently been a faculty member of Weill Cornell Medical College for the last eleven years (with a brief tenure at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (affiliated with Cornell)), and is now the program director of the Nuclear Medicine residency and Chief of the Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics Section. -
Distribution Coefficients of Polonium Between 0.75 M HDEHP in Cyclo- Hexane and Aqueous Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids Guogang Jia* and Giancarlo Torri
18 The Open Inorganic Chemistry Journal, 2008, 2, 18-21 Distribution Coefficients of Polonium Between 0.75 M HDEHP in Cyclo- hexane and Aqueous Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids Guogang Jia* and Giancarlo Torri Agency for Environmental Protection and for Technical Services, Via V. Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy Abstract: The distribution coefficients (D) of polonium between 0.75 M di(2-ethyhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in cy- clohexane and aqueous hydrochloric and nitric acids have been studied. Results indicate that: (1) D values are ranged from 32.7 to 0.00048 when the HCl acidities vary from 0.10 to 10.0 M, showing that polonium can well be extracted by 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane if the aqueous HCl acidities are 0.050 M and it will not be extracted if 0.10 M HCl; (2) D values are ranged from 47.1 to 0.0117 when the HNO3 acidities vary from 0.10 to 10.0 M, showing that polonium can be extractable by 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane and in a wide range acidity of 4 M HNO3. The different extraction behaviours of polonium in 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane and different acidities of HCl and HNO3 were found. The find- ings will be very helpful to improve the methods involving polonium decontamination for determination and separation of americium, curium as well as other radioelements in environmental soil, water and biological samples. Keywords: Polonium, HDEHP, distribution coefficients. 1. INTRODUCTION on its oxidation state. Therefore, question is raised: which oxidation state is responsible for major polonium volatility, The element polonium (210Po) was discovered by Marie valences of +2, +4, and probably +6? Curie as the first element separated from pitchblende, and named after her home country, Poland [1, 2]. -
Eve Curie-Labouisse 1904-2007
The Invisible Light The Journal of The British Society for the History of Radiology 21st Birthday Year 1987-2008 The Centenary of the death of Henri Becquerel Number 28, May 2008 ISSN 1479-6945 (Print) ISSN 1479-6953 (Online) http://www.bshr.org.uk 2 Contents Page Editorial Notes 3 X-RAY THERAPY AND THE EARLY YEARS, 1902-1907 by Noel Timothy 4 Start of the “Radium Story” by Richard Mould 11 “The first Argentinean radiological journal” by Alfredo Buzzi and César Gotta 13 “Eve Curie-Labouisse 1904-2007” by Richard F. Mould 16 British Society for the History of Medicine, Congress September 2009 in Belfast 30 Interesting Web sites 31 “William Hunter and the Art and Science of Eighteenth-Century Collecting” 31 And finally: Betty Boop 32 Editorial Notes Our Radiology History Committee was founded way back in 1987. I hope everyone likes this issue of ‘The Invisible Light’ in this our 21st Birthday Year. There are four good articles for you to read. Do please consider getting involved in our committee and do contact me if you are interested. I would be delighted to include any of your articles in the next issue of ‘The Invisible Light.’ Please send me any material that you have. This journal is also available on-line to members. If you wish to receive it in that way please contact Jean Barrett at [email protected] This year 2008 is the centenary year of the death of Henri Becquerel who discovered natural radioactivity and was joint Nobel laureate with Marie and Pierre. -
The Nobel Peace Prize
TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize. -
A Brief History of Nuclear Astrophysics
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS PART I THE ENERGY OF THE SUN AND STARS Nikos Prantzos Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris Stellar Origin of Energy the Elements Nuclear Astrophysics Astronomy Nuclear Physics Thermodynamics: the energy of the Sun and the age of the Earth 1847 : Robert Julius von Mayer Sun heated by fall of meteors 1854 : Hermann von Helmholtz Gravitational energy of Kant’s contracting protosolar nebula of gas and dust turns into kinetic energy Timescale ~ EGrav/LSun ~ 30 My 1850s : William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) Sun heated at formation from meteorite fall, now « an incadescent liquid mass » cooling Age 10 – 100 My 1859: Charles Darwin Origin of species : Rate of erosion of the Weald valley is 1 inch/century or 22 miles wild (X 1100 feet high) in 300 My Such large Earth ages also required by geologists, like Charles Lyell A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. Homer Lane ; 1880s :August Ritter : Sun gaseous Compressible As it shrinks, it releases gravitational energy AND it gets hotter Earth Mayer – Kelvin - Helmholtz Helmholtz - Ritter A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. Homer Lane ; 1880s :August Ritter : Sun gaseous Compressible As it shrinks, it releases gravitational energy AND it gets hotter Earth Mayer – Kelvin - Helmholtz Helmholtz - Ritter A gaseous, contracting and heating Sun 푀⊙ Mean solar density : ~1.35 g/cc Sun liquid Incompressible = 4 3 푅 3 ⊙ 1870s: J. -
The Riches of Uranium Uranium Is Best Known, and Feared, for Its Involvement in Nuclear Energy
in your element The riches of uranium Uranium is best known, and feared, for its involvement in nuclear energy. Marisa J. Monreal and Paula L. Diaconescu take a look at how its unique combination of properties is now increasingly attracting the attention of chemists. t is nearly impossible to find an uplifting, and can be arrested by the skin, making found about uranium’s superior catalytic funny, or otherwise endearing quote on depleted uranium (composed mainly of 238U) activity may not be an isolated event. The Iuranium — the following dark wisecrack1 safe to work with as long as it is not inhaled organometallic chemistry of uranium was reflects people’s sinister feelings about this or ingested. born during the ‘Manhattan project’ — code element: “For years uranium cost only a few Studying the fundamental chemistry of name of the development of the first nuclear dollars a ton until scientists discovered you uranium is an exotic endeavour, but those who weapon during the Second World War. This could kill people with it”. But, in the spirit of embrace it will reap its benefits. Haber and field truly began to attract interest in 1956 rebranding, it is interesting to note that the Bosch found that uranium was a better catalyst when Reynolds and Wilkinson reported the main source of Earth’s internal heat comes than iron for making ammonia2. The preparation of the first cyclopentadienyl from the radioactive decay of uranium, isolation of an η1-OCO complex derivatives6. The discovery of thorium and potassium-40 that keeps the of uranium3 also showed uranocene electrified the field outer core liquid, induces mantle convection that, even though it is as much as that of ferrocene and, subsequently, drives plate tectonics. -
Europe's Biggest General Science Conference Concludes Successfully
SCIENCEScience PagesPAGES Special Report - ESOF 2016 Europe’s biggest generalSpecial Report science conference concludes successfully ESOF 2016, Europe's biggest general science conference concludes successfully in Manchester,in Manchester,UK UK Theme: Science as Revolution Theme: Science as Revolution - Veena Patwardhan rom 23rd to 27th July, 2016, FManchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the seventh edition of EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF 2016). A bi- ennial event held in a different European city every two years, this time it was Manchester's turn to host this globally reputed science conference. Around 4500 delegates – scien- tists, innovators, academics, young researchers, journalists, policy makers, industry representatives and others – converged on the world's first industrial city to dis- cover and have discussions about the latest advancements in scien- rd th Manchester Central, venue of ESOF 2016 tific and technological researchFrom 23 to 27 July, 2016, Manchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the across Europe and beyond. The seventhmain theme edition this of EuroScienceyear Laureates Open Forumand distinguished (ESOF 2016). Ascientists biennial inevent the held packed in a different was 'Science as Revolution', indicatingEuropean that city the every focus two of years,Exchange this time Hall it wasof Manchester Manchester's Central, turn to hostthe venuethis globally of the reputed the conference would be on how sciencescience andconference. technology conference. could transform life on the planet, revolutionise econo- The proceedings began with a string quartet render- mies, and help in overcoming challenges faced by global ing a piece of specially composed music.