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Nagaoka Brill’S Japanese Studies Library Nagaoka Brill’s Japanese Studies Library Edited by H. Bolitho K. Radtke VOLUME 29 Nagaoka Japan’s Forgotten Capital By Ellen Van Goethem LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 On the cover: Aerial View of the Nagaoka Capital (from the north). Copyright Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Van Goethem, Ellen. Nagaoka : Japan’s forgotten capital / by Ellen Van Goethem. p. cm. — (Brill’s Japanese Studies Library ; 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16600-4 (alk. paper) 1. Nagaokakyo (Extinct city) 2. Japan—History—Nara period, 710–794. I. Title. DS894.69.K9535V36 2008 952’.1864—dc22 200800490 ISSN 0925-6512 ISBN 978 90 04 16600 4 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all right holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands To Pol Vanden Broucke ⑳ߪᣏ┙ߜ߹ߔ 㐳޿㑆តߒ᳞߼ߡ޿ߚ߽ߩ߇ ߎߩะߎ߁ߦ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ ੹ޓ⑳ߪ߭ߣࠅᣏߦ಴߹ߔ – Hanamoto Yūko – CONTENTS Acknowledgments ....................................................................... xi Illustrations .................................................................................. xiii Tables .......................................................................................... xv Explanatory Notes ...................................................................... xvii List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xxi Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Part One The Founding of a New Capital Chapter One Prince Yamabe’s Rise to Prominence .............. 11 1.1 Yamabe’s Paternal and Maternal Ancestry .................. 11 1.2 From Government Offi cial to Sovereign ....................... 19 Chapter Two Why Establish a New Capital? ......................... 35 2.1 A Flight from Buddhist Infl uence? ................................ 37 2.2 The Confi rmation of the Shift toward the Tenji Line ..... 55 Chapter Three The Search for a Suitable Site ...................... 69 3.1 Better Transportation Facilities ..................................... 76 3.2 A Transfer Backed by Local Families? .......................... 80 Part Two The Construction of the Nagaoka Capital Chapter Four The First Phase of Construction ..................... 95 4.1 The Importance of the Secondary Capital at Naniwa ..... 108 4.2 Wake no Kiyomaro and the Settsu Offi ce .................... 111 viii contents Chapter Five The Assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu .... 115 Chapter Six The Second Phase of Construction .................. 129 Part Three The Layout of the Nagaoka Capital Chapter Seven The Basic Plan of a Chinese-style Capital City ............................................................................. 139 Chaper Eight The Nagaoka Palace Enclosure ....................... 145 8.1 The Palace Gates ........................................................... 146 8.2 Government Offi ces and Other Administrative Structures ...................................................................... 148 8.3 Kanmu’s Residential Quarters ...................................... 165 8.4 Summary: Innovations at the Nagaoka Palace ............. 170 Chapter Nine The Urban Centre at Nagaoka ....................... 177 9.1 The Proposed Grid Plans of the Nagaoka Capital ...... 177 9.2 The Role of the Urban Centre .................................... 193 9.3 Summary: The Nagaoka City Grid .............................. 210 Part Four Why Abandon the Nagaoka Capital? Chapter Ten Another Transfer of Capitals ............................ 213 Chapter Eleven Kanmu’s Centralised Power .......................... 219 Chapter Twelve Why Leave the Nagaoka Capital? ............... 237 12.1 The Financial Support of the Hata Family ............... 239 12.2 The Vengeful Ghost of Sawara .................................. 240 12.3 The Risk of Flooding .................................................. 246 Chapter Thirteen The Perfect Site for a New Capital City ..... 253 contents ix Conclusion .................................................................................. 259 Appendix ..................................................................................... 265 Glossaries .................................................................................... 287 Bibliography ................................................................................ 335 Index ........................................................................................... 357 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people, including colleagues and former professors, specialists in the fi eld of Japanese archaeology, Japanese history and mokkan (inscribed wooden tablet) research, relatives, and friends have contributed to the realisation of this monograph. An entire chapter would be required to fully acknowledge them all. The following is therefore but a brief review of some of those individuals to whom I am indebted. Of the many who have helped me with this project, Pol Vanden Broucke deserves my deepest thanks. He aroused my interest in the Nagaoka capital and the wooden tablets unearthed there. For nearly a decade he was my teacher and mentor, but unfortunately he passed away before reading the fi nal results of my research. In the early stages of my research, Yamanaka Akira of Mie University made the arrangements necessary for me to study in Japan. Ever since my fi rst visit to the country in 1999, he was always willing to take the time to answer any conceivable question concerning Emperor Kanmu, the Nagaoka capital, and the inscribed wooden tablets. He introduced me to Kunishita Tamiki of the Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā (Mukō City Centre for Archaeological Operations), to Yamashita Shin’ichirō, then attached to the Nara bunkazai kenkyūjo (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara), and to mokkan specialist Shimizu Miki. With the generous support provided by Europalia Japan ’89, I was able to conduct research at both the Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā and the Nara bunkazai kenkyūjo during the summer of 2001. In 2003–2004, the Japanese Government (Monbukagakushō: MEXT) sponsored another prolonged research period in Japan. I am grateful to the late Kamada Motokazu, who accepted me as a research student at the History Department of Kyoto University during this time. He read an earlier version of my manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions. Finally, I was granted a fellowship by the Canon Foundation in Europe in 2006 and a Japan Foundation Research Fellowship in 2007, which allowed me to turn the manuscript into a publishable monograph. I would also like to thank Andreas Niehaus, Bart Dessein, Ann Heirman, and Franziska Ehmcke for their advice and guidance over the past years, Mathieu Torck for correcting the transcription of Chinese xii acknowledgments names and terminology, Leslie de Vries for his helpful advice on Taoist thought, and Brigitte VanWambeke for her ever-dependable support. I am particularly indebted to the anonymous reviewer of the initial manuscript. However, I have not always followed their recommendations and must, of course, excuse them from responsibility for any errors in the fi nal text. I owe special thanks also to Patricia Radder, my editor at Brill Academic Publishers, and to my copyeditor, Victoria Hay of Arizona State University. I would like to thank the Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā, the Mukōshi bunkazai chōsa jimusho, the Mukōshi bunka shiryōkan, the Mukōshi kyōiku iinkai, the Nagaokakyōshi kyōiku iinkai, the Kyōtoshi maizō bunkazai kenkyūjo, the Kyōtofu maizō bunkazai chōsa kenkyū sentā, and Yamanaka Akira for granting me permission to reproduce some of their images and drawings. Finally, this monograph would never have materialised without the support and encouragement of my family: Marc Van Goethem, Paulette De Leenheer, Carl Van Goethem, and last but not least Thomas Daniell. ILLUSTRATIONS cover illustration Aerial View of the Nagaoka Capital (from the north) © Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā 1.1 Selected Genealogy of the Imperial Family 3.1 Transportation toward the Nagaoka Capital 3.2 Selected Genealogy of the Yamato and Kudara Families, and Their Intermarriage with the Imperial Family 4.1 Topography of the Nagaoka Capital Adapted from Mukōshi maizō bunkazai sentā, Nagaokakyū ‘Hokuen’, hōdō iseki (MMBCH, vol. 66), 83. 4.2 Schematic Rendering of the Nagaoka Palace with Eave Tile Percentage per Sector Nakajima, “Nagaokakyō shutsudo nokigawara shūsei: keishiki to bunpu kara”. 7.1 The Basic Plan of a Chinese-style Capital City 8.1 The Nagaoka Palace Gates during
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