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Tesis Ibai Atutxa Rev Universitat de València Facultat de Filologia, Traducció i Comunicació Doctorado en Comunicación SABOTAJES de la CULTURA VASCA Acerca de la nación encima del canon y hacia una nación-otra bajo tachadura TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Ibai Atutxa Ordeñana Dirigida por: Catedrático Manuel Asensi Pérez València, 2014 ÍNDICE 0. General Introduction …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..… 5 1. Metodología …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…... 9 . Sabotaje y Literatura Comparada. Por una democracia radical por venir 1. Siguiendo los rastros de la teoría …...…..…..…..…..…..……. 11 2. Traducciones dialógicas …..……...…..…..…..…..…..…..…... 22 3. In-traducibilidades teóricas …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…... 26 4. Subordinadas, oprimidas, dominadas y subalternas …...……... 35 5. La nación encima el canon y una nación-otra bajo tachadura ... 38 . Crítica al concepto de nación desde la duración 1. Una lectura crítica del Manifiesto Nacionalista ….....…..……. 46 2. Primera ley. Identifica falsos problemas …….…..…..…..…… 49 3. Segunda ley. Diferencias significativas y duración …....…..…. 54 4. Tercera ley. Pensar en duración …..…..…..…..…..….......….... 65 2. Resultados y desarrollo argumental ….…..…..…..…..…..…..………..…... 73 . La formación del sujeto vasco hegemónico 1. Monarquía católica y cristianismos …..…..…..…..…….…….. 75 2. Revolución Francesa y formación del Estado burgués ….....… 90 3. Imperio francés e inglés: entre el Conservadurismo y el Socialismo ….…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…....…… 97 4. De Mayo del 68 a las puertas del Neoliberalismo …...…..….. 125 1 . Textos téticos, atéticos y consolidación del canon 1. Ziutateaz o cómo huir de la minorización …..…...…...…..…. 150 a) Ciudades y campos de concentración …...…………... 158 b) Disciplina, soberanía, gubernamentalidad …..…....…. 164 c) La disciplina del Plan ZEN …..…..…..…..…..…....… 166 d) La disciplina del Plan ZEN y el poder soberano ..…... 175 e) La disciplina del Plan ZEN, el poder soberano y la gubernamentalidad neoliberal ….…..…..…..…...…... 181 f) Conclusiones sobre el carácter atético de Ziutateaz .... 195 2. Bilbao-New York-Bilbao como vacuna contra el virus vasco . 197 a) Estilo: autoficciones, realidades y ficciones …...…..... 204 b) La (post)-Posmodernidad y la Edad Media …..…....... 216 c) El viaje en avión es el cronotopo …......…..…..…..…. 227 d) Tres Generaciones, familia y terrorismo ….…......….. 236 e) Tres Generaciones, tiempo y terrorismo…......…..….. 243 f) Conclusiones sobre el carácter tético de Bilbao-New York- Bilbao ….…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…...........…..….. 258 . Textos atéticos y sabotaje del canon 1. Itxaro Borda y su propuesta para una Queer nation …..……. 263 a) Revisiting Milia Lastur On the Road .…..…..…..…... 270 b) Subjetividades en el tiempo ..…..…..…..…..…..…… 274 c) Subjetividades y sus sexualidades …..…..…..…...…. 277 d) Subjetividades en la frontera …..…..…..…..…..…… 280 2 e) Subjetividades hacia una nación-otra …..…..…..…... 286 f) Novela negra y Road Movie y la explosión de posiciones de sujeto …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..… 290 g) Respuesta desde la degeneración de los géneros .…... 294 h) De-generaciones por una nación-otra .…..…..….…... 301 i) Conclusiones sobre el carácter atético de la literatura de Itxaro Borda …..…..….…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…. 306 2. Hertzainak: ruido y excesos del punk …..…..…..…..…......... 310 a) Producción – Consumo – Regulación …..…..…..…... 315 b) Representación – Identidad (bajo Tachadura) – Producción …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..….. 328 c) Conclusiones sobre el carácter atético de la música de Hertzainak ..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…. 349 3. Conclusiones finales – Final Conclusions …..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..… 353 4. Works Cited .....…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..… 361 5. Anexo digital de las publicaciones originales compiladas 3 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION This thesis stems from a feeling of unrest. An unrest derived from the impression that so-called cultural production is all too often set aside from the social and political discussions that shape a space referred to as Pais Vasco, Euskadi, Euskal Herria, Pays Basque, Zona Especiale Norte and so on. I suspect, however, that the terms of the discussions would be put out of joint if cultural production were invited to the table. Basque literary and musical production does not only let us understand the ins and outs of what some call the “Basque struggle” and others the “Basque problem”, but it also gives a different access point to the space where the struggles take place. In other words, I begin with a certain intuition that thinks of literature and music as the battleground for social struggles and a space from where to undermine matrixes of domination. The questions then that motivate this thesis are as follows: how does Basque cultural production act in these struggles? How has it been shaped in modernity? How has it shaped modernity? This thesis is not so interested in studying Basque identity, so much as understanding the multiple processes and their moulding character taking part in its formation. In this thesis I argue that Ziutateaz, Bilbao-New York-Bilbao, Itxaro Borda’s poetry and Hertzanak’s punk music give the reader access to elaborating a strategic critique of modernity, of state and nation formations, and of the heterogeneous subject positions that are silenced with these hegemonic discourses. To do so, I use the following main theoretical concepts to anchor my analytical work. Sabotage, borrowed from Manuel Asensi’s critical proposal (2011), refers to a reading strategy concerned with understanding texts as either naturalizing or unveiling modern matrixes of domination, and undermining this processes or making their work of unveiling apparent respectively. Secondly, using a broader post-structuralist spectrum of critical proposals 5 that connect Jaques Derrida’s work (1975) with other non-structuralist thinkers such as Mikhail Bakhtin (1991), Joseba Gabilondo (2006), Walter Mignolo (2003), and Gayatri Spivak (2010) among others, I try to put the nation under erasure in order to think an- other nation. To put the nation under erasure refers to the inescapability of using the term nation together with the necessity to empty it from its metaphysical fencings and trappings. This alternative kind of collectivity that emerges out of this process as a way to think community in other terms is what I refer to as an-other nation. Finally, I use radical democracy as proposed by the work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantel Mouffe (1996) where the insuturable social space becomes the arena for the encounter of the different democratic struggles of the diverse dominated subject positions. I have organized this text following the classical structure of a thesis, dividing it in three sections: Methodology; Outcomes and Development of the Argument; and Final Conclusions. In the first section I elaborate the concepts of comparative literature and nation as the two main conceptual frameworks that sustain this text. The second section is divided into three chapters. The first is about the construction of the hegemonic Basque subject, starting with the Catholic monarchy and ending with May ‘68, the Franco dictatorship, and the first neoliberal rationalities. The second reads the works of Bernardo Atxaga and Kirmen Uribe as forming the Basque literary canon. And the third takes a look at the firgurations realised by Borda and Hertzanak and their sabotage of the canon. This structure is built upon a compilation of articles I have written, re-written and translated1 into different languages to finally come together as this thesis. These articles, “On the basque literary canon: Bilbao-New York-Bilbao and the construction of the Spanish nation State” –forthcoming in the next issue in the journal Prosopopeya. Revista de crítica contemporánea–,“(De)generar géneros: Itxaro 1Regarding the work of translation, I would like to thank the work done by Roberto Serrano and Sejal Shah that has made the transitions betweenlanguages possible. 6 Borda entre la novela negra y la road movie; desde la identidad lesbiana hacia la nación vasca” –a chapter in the book Nuevas subjetividades / sexualidades literarias (pages 111-116) published by Egales in 2012–, “Hacia una Queer Basque nation desde la poesía de Itxaro Borda” –in Lectora: revista de dones i textualitat, issue 17 (pages 199- 219) in 2011–, and the books Tatxatuaren Azpiko Nazioaz: Euskal Identitatearen Errepresentazioeiburuzko AzterketaItxaro Bordaren Poesian eta Hertzainaken Punk Musikan and Kanonaren Gaineko Nazioaz: Euskal Identitatearen Errepresentazioei Buruzko Azterketa Ziutateaz eta Bilbao-New York-Bilbaon –both published by Utriusque Vasconiae in 2010 and 2012– have taken part in the discussions in Basque literary and cultural discussions at academic level. Their impact is reflected in books such as Ramon Saizarbitoria: L’autre Écrivain Basque –published by L’Harmattan in 2013–by Ur Alapategi and New York-Martutene: Euskal Postnazionalismoaren Utopiaz Eta Globalizazio Neoliberalaren Krisiaz (edo Nola Desiratuko Dugu Orain?) – published by the University of the Basque Country in 2013– by Joseba Gabilondo as well as different articles published in the monographic related to Basque studies in the 9th issue of 452ºF. Electronic Journal of Theory of Literature and Comparative Literature (2013). The final outcome of this thesis and the work of compilation itself have brought about a deep transformation of the first texts. As such, the theoretical and methodological presuppostions, the use
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