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Time-Space Appropriation in the Inka Empire a Study of Imperial Metabolism BOGADÓTTIR, RAGNHEIDUR

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Time-Space Appropriation in the Inka Empire a Study of Imperial Metabolism BOGADÓTTIR, RAGNHEIDUR Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire A Study of Imperial Metabolism BOGADÓTTIR, RAGNHEIDUR 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): BOGADÓTTIR, RAGNHEIDUR. (2016). Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire: A Study of Imperial Metabolism. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 s LUND STUDIES IN HUMAN ECOLOGY 15 HUMAN ECOLOGY LUND STUDIES IN 15 Ragnheiður Bogadóttir in the Inka Empire Time-space Appropriation Time-space Appropriation in Time-space the Inka Empire A Study of Imperial Metabolism Appropriation in the This thesis analyzes some aspects of the appropriation of labor time and natural space in the Inka Empire (ca. AD 1400 – 1532) in order to illuminate the cultural organization of Inka imperial metabolism. Rather than understanding Inka imperialism simply as a political process with socioecological consequences, it is investigated as an ecological process organ- Inka Empire ized through specific cultural categories. The Inka imperial economy is conceptualized in terms of transfers of time and space between different categories of people. The thesis thus addresses long-standing questions regarding the economic operation of A Study of Imperial Metabolism the Inka Empire as well as central issues in general social theory. It demonstrates how impe- rial power is based on biophysical flows of embodied labor and land, organized by specific cultural permutations of reciprocity and redistribution. The thesis focuses on estimating Ragnheiður Bogadóttir these flows through analyses of time-space appropriation. This is done by reconstructing, on the basis of archaeological, historical and ethnographic data, the production processes of three emblematic Inka artifacts: textiles, chicha (maize beer), and stone walls. Ragnheiður Bogadóttir Human Ecology Division Lund University 193181 ISSN 1403-5022 ISBN 978-91-7623-898-1 789176 9 Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire 1 2 Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire A Study of Imperial Metabolism Ragnheiður Bogadóttir DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Flygeln, Geocentrum I, Sölvegatan 10, Lund, Friday 16th of September 2016 at 10.00 Faculty opponent Professor Cathy L. Costin 3 Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of Human Geography and Date of issue the Human Ecology Division September 2016 Sölvegatan 10, 223 62 Lund Author(s) Sponsoring organization Ragnheiður Bogadóttir FORMAS The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Title and subtitle Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire: A Study of Imperial Metabolsim. Abstract This thesis analyzes some aspects of the appropriation of labor time and natural space in the Inka Empire (ca. AD 1400 – 1532) in order to illuminate the cultural organization of Inka imperial metabolism. Rather than understanding Inka imperialism simply as a political process with socioecological consequences, it is investigated as an ecological process organized through specific cultural categories. The Inka imperial economy is conceptualized in terms of transfers of time and space between different categories of people. The thesis thus addresses long-standing questions regarding the economic operation of the Inka Empire as well as central issues in general social theory. It demonstrates how imperial power is based on biophysical flows of embodied labor and land, organized by specific cultural permutations of reciprocity and redistribution. The thesis focuses on estimating these flows through analyses of time-space appropriation. This is done by reconstructing, on the basis of archaeological, historical and ethnographic data, the production processes of three emblematic Inka artifacts: textiles, chicha (maize beer), and stone walls. Key words: Inka Empire, time-space appropriation, ecologically unequal exchange, historical political ecology, human ecology Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language: English ISSN and key title ISBN 1403-5022 (Lund Studies in Human Ecology 15) 978-91-7623-898-1 Recipient’s notes Number of pages 198 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 4 Time-space Appropriation in the Inka Empire A Study of Imperial Metabolism Ragnheiður Bogadóttir 5 Copyright © Ragnheiður Bogadóttir 2016 Illustration on rear cover by Kristina Anshelm Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Human Geography and the Human Ecology Division ISBN 978-91-7623-898-1 ISSN 1403-5022 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2016 6 To my parents 7 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 10 1. Introduction 13 1.1 A note on orthography and the term “Inka” 17 1.2 Overview of thesis 17 2. Theoretical framework 21 2.1 Imperialism 23 2.2 Social metabolism and Inka imperial metabolism 24 2.3 Capital accumulation in noncapitalist societies 25 2.4 Historical political ecology 26 2.5 Economic anthropology 34 2.5.1 Reciprocity and moral principles of exchange 35 2.5.2 Ideologies of reciprocity and their materialization 38 3. Methods and perspectives 43 3.1 Data and limitations 43 3.2 Time, space and energy 46 3.3 Time, space and inequality 47 3.4 Time and space in the Andes - Pacha 49 4. Tawantinsuyu, the Inka Empire 53 4.1 Reading the Inka landscape 56 4.1.1 Ritual commensality 58 4.1.2 The zeq’e system 61 4.1.3 Complementarity and dual organization 62 4.1.4 The Inka tribute and administrative system 65 4.1.5 Khipu – Inka accounting technology 69 4.1.6 The productive Andean landscape 71 4.1.7 Andean land-use zones 75 4.1.8 The Andean agropastoral landscape 75 8 4.1.9 The built landscape – Inka architecture 76 5. Case studies: textiles, chicha, and stone walls 81 5.1 A note on the generalization of standards for calculation 83 5.2 Textiles 86 5.2.1 Inka textiles in historical perspective 87 5.2.2 The role of textile in the Inka political economy 87 5.2.3 Who made the textiles? 96 5.2.4 Discussion of results 97 5.3 Chicha 99 5.3.1 Chicha in historical perspective 100 5.3.2 The role of chicha in the Inka political economy 101 5.3.3 Reciprocity, labor, and chicha in the Inka Empire 103 5.3.4 Inputs in chicha production: maize, pots, fuel, and labor 104 5.3.5 The process of chicha brewing 107 5.3.6 Who made the chicha? 122 5.3.7 Discussion of results 124 5.4 Stone walls 125 5.4.1 The Inka culture of stone 127 5.4.2 Inka walls 128 5.4.3 Inka stone masonry in historical perspective 131 5.4.4 Terrace retaining walls 132 5.4.5 Who made the walls? 134 5.4.6 Discussion of results 145 6. Inka imperial metabolism 149 6.1 Reconceptualizing time as space 149 6.2 Prehispanic Andean ecological footprints 150 6.3 Productive capacity of Andean land-use zones 159 7. Results and conclusions 165 7.1 Material footprints of Inka artifacts 165 7.2 Concluding remarks 168 8. References 171 9 Acknowledgements So many people contributed to this work in so many different yet invaluable ways which I can never duly acknowledge in these few lines. I would like to thank first the people who have been part of the Human Ecology Division at Lund University, students and staff alike, since I stumbled across my first undergraduate course in human ecology more than a decade ago and immediately realized here was the place and the knowledge I had been searching for. Some of you became dear friends, and some of you have no idea what impact you made on me. A deep gratitude goes to you all for creating places like this in the world. In this respect, and for continued support, guidance and encouragement throughout the process of thesis writing, special thanks must go to my supervisor and Head of Division Professor Alf Hornborg. Likewise to Professors Thomas Malm and Pernille Gooch who were there from the beginning, and to Professor Susan Paulson who was there for a while and made a very big impression. Abrazos amiga. A very large group of colleagues and fellow PhD students in both human ecology and other fields provided a vibrant and stimulating environment; Anders Burman, Richard Langlais, Love Eriksen, Sabina Andrén, Kenneth Hermele, Nabi Kanta Jha, Sanna Händén-Svensson, Andreas Malm, Rikard Warlenius, Martin Oulu, Gregory Pierce, Sarah Kollnig, Cheryl Sjöström, Anna Kaijser and many more. Although most of the data for this thesis was collected from either dusty library books or through bright screens, there is no source to knowledge like real life.
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