DOCSLIB.ORG

(Turfs) and the Management of Small-Scale Fisheries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Turfs) and the Management of Small-Scale Fisheries TERRITORIAL USE-RIGHTS IN FISHING (TURFS) AND THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES: THE CASE OF LAKE TITICACA (PERU). By DOMINIQUE P. LEVIEIL DEUG, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 1974 Ing. Agro-Halieute, Institut National Agronomique, Paris-Grignon, 1977 M.A. (Marine Affair), University of Washington, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (School of Community and Regional Planning) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June 1987 © Dominique P. Levieil, 1987 4 6 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date DE-6(3/81) ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate whether the Territorial Use- Rights in Fishing (TURFs) of Lake Titieaca, Peru, are effective in overcoming the common property problem of typical fisheries and therefore whether TURFs may prove valuable as part of a more formal management system. It has recently been argued that TURFs should be incorporated into small-scale fisheries management schemes since they should be effective in controlling fishing effort, in promoting a more equitable distribution of the benefits from fishing and in reducing administrative inefficiencies. To determine whether TURFs are in fact effective in controlling fishing effort, I examine Lake Titieaca fisheries in Peru. First, I demonstrate the widespread existence of Lake Titicaca's TURFs and their control over the entire shoreline, most of the littoral area and even part of the pelagic area. Second, I document how, in spite of TURFs' illegality, Lake Titieaca shore dwellers are able to combine legal and illegal means to enforce their traditional ri-ghts over their fishing areas. Third, by showing that the relative difference between the returns to labour from fishing with those from alternative activities ranges from 50 to more than 100%, I demonstrate that local fishermen capture substantial fishing rents. If one takes into account that most fishing activities are carried out when there is little else to do, this range increases to 90-180%. I thus conclude that Lake Titieaca fisheries have not reached their bioeconomic equilibrium yet and that the predictions of the common property theory do not apply to them. And fourth, I demonstrate that the origins of these rents can be traced to fishermen's membership in TURF-holding communities, their ability to restrict physical access to the shoreline, and the obligations associated with this membership. Among these obligations are the participation in communal projects and celebrations, the i i fulfillment of administrative or ceremonial responsibilities, and the undertaking of agricultural activities, all of which constrain the amount of household labour available for fishing. In the concluding section, I consider the potential role of TURFs in a formal management context. I show that, in the long term, even formally recognized TURFs would not be sufficient in themselves to prevent overfishing. I therefore propose that Lake Titieaca TURFs be incorporated into a broader, decentralized management strategy which would capitalize on their strengths and promote cooperation between members of shore communities, fisheries scientists and administrators. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Objectives and rationale 1 1.2. Need for appropriate forms of fisheries management 2 1.3. Territorial Use-Rights in Fishing (TURFs) 6 1.4. Effectiveness of existing TURFs. 13 CHAPTER 2: CONTEXT, MATERIAL AND METHODS OF THE STUDY 19 2.1. Natural and human environment of Lake Titieaca 19 2.2. Lake Titieaca fisheries 23 2.3. Material and methods 30 CHAPTER 3: EXISTENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND DIMENSIONS OF TURFS 35 3.1. Existence and distribution of Lake Titieaca TURFs 35 3.2. Spatial dimension 44 3.3. Resources dimension , 62 3.4. Demographic dimension 72 3.5. Cultural dimension 85 CHAPTER 4: ENFORCEMENT OF TURFS 99 4.1. TURFs Legal and administrative environment 99 4.2. TURF-related forms of ownership 108 4.3. Enforcement of TURFs 114 CHAPTER 5: EVALUATION OF FISHING RENTS 121 5.1. Fishing costs and fishing returns 121 5.2. Fishing rents 123 5.3. Discussion 130 CHAPTER 6: TURFS AND THE CAPTURE OF FISHING RENTS 138 6.1. Exclusion of inland dwellers from Lake Titieaca fisheries 138 6.2. Communal constraints on individual fishing effort 139 6.3. Discussion of alternative constraints 152 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 156 7.1. Conclusions 156 7.2. Interpretation of the effectiveness of TURFs 159 7.3. TURFs and the management of Lake Titieaca fisheries 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 APPENDIX A: Orestias species of Lake Titieaca watershed 187 APPENDIX B: History of Lake Titieaca fisheries 188 APPENDIX C: Research methods - 194 APPENDIX D: Calculations of fishing costs and revenues 200 i v LIST OF TABLES page Table 1. Types of Fishing Economic Units (FEUs) encountered on Lake Titicaca 26 Table 2. Distribution of answers to question: "Do you encounter difficulties when operating in other fishing areas?" 40 Table 3. Distribution of relative frequencies for the number of fishing sites by group of fishermen 40 Table 4. Shore communities of Lake Titicaca for which there is evidence of the existence of TURFs 42 Table 5. Frequency distribution of proportion of shore length to perimeter for Lake Titicaca shore communities 49 Table 6. Distribution of frequencies for the number of fishing sites per interviewed fisherman from Lake Titicaca 84 Table 7. Material and labour costs for Lake Titicaca small scale fisheries 122 Table 8. Returns to fishing and fishingrel ated labour per FEU type in Lake Titicaca small-scale fisheries 123 Table 9. Profitabiblity and availability of cashgenerating activities for the shore dwellers of Lake Titicaca 125 Table 10. Relative difference [%) between hourly returns to labour for fishing on Lake Titicaca and alternative activities available to shore dwellers according to FEU type 130 Table 11. Relative difference (%) between the return to fishing labour and its opportunity cost, with or without granting a lower opportunity cost to fishing-related activities 133 Table 12. Labour requirements for agricultural production in various shore communities of Lake Titicaca 144 v LIST OF FIGURES page Fig. 1. Basic economic model of a single species fishery 3 Fig. 2. Distribution of Lake Titieaca shore communities 20 Fig. 3. Sources of evidence of the existence of TURFs on Lake Titieaca 43 Fig. 4. Facsimile of the map of the community of Ramis, Taraco 46 Fig. 5. Facsimile of the map of the community of Requena, Taraco 47 Fig. 6. Facsimile of the map of the community of Sajo, Pomata 48 Fig. 7. Shore communities of the Lago Sur and Lago Pequeno 50 Fig. 8. Distribution of the three types of TURFs aroung Lake Titieaca 52 Fig. 9. TURF types I, II, and III 53 Fig. 10. Facsimile of the map of the totora reed beds of the communities of Huerta and Millojachi Huaraya 58 Fig. 11. Facsimile of the map of the community of LLachon 61 Fig. 12. Resource dimension of Lake Titieaca TURFs 64 Fig. 13. Access to Lake Titieaca TURFs by birth or by marriage 82 Fig. 14. Map of the "Liga de defensa de la totora de Catura Pampa" 104 Fig. 15. Changes in annual price indices of fish and fishing gear on the Peruvian Altiplano between 1975 and 1982 137 Fig. 16. Agricultural work requirements in a shore community of Lake Titieaca, Peru 145 Fig. 17. Organization of fisheries management on Lake Titieaca 167 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation study sprung from my initial involvement with Lake Titieaca fisheries while working in Peru, between 1979 and 1981, for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unfted Nations. I wish to acknowledge the financial support of the University of British Columbia through its Summer Fellowship and Graduate Student Fellowship programs, of the World University Services of Canada through its Franco-Canadian Fellowship program and of the Donner Foundation. I also wish to acknowledge the support of Project FAO- PER/76/022, the National Science Foundation, the CIDA/UBC/UNTA project and the Canadian Association for Latin American and Caribbean Studies for the undertaking of my fieldwork during the summer of 1984. I wish to acknowledge the support and collaboration of the many individuals without whose help the completion of this project would not have been possible. I particularly wish to thank the following individuals: Homer Campbell, leader of Project FAO/PER-76/022, for introducing me to Lake Titieaca; Rene Alfaro, Eduardo Benites, Eufracio Bustamante, Charo Roncal, Julian Torres and Hugo Trevino, my Peruvian counterparts from the Peruvian Marine Research Institute in Puno (IMARPE-Puno), for their tolerance for my strange "gringo" ways; Cirilo Cutipa, Gil mar Goyzueta, Percy Paz and Pedro Quispe, my interpreters and research assistants, for sharing with me their profound knowledge of the Peruvian Al tipiano and for leading to many of the insights of this study; Tony Dorcey, Gordon Munro, Tom Northcote and Bill Rees, members of my supervisory committee, for providing the intellectual guidance necessary for the completion of my program; and my friend Ben Orlove for freely sharing his knowledge of the Andes and for making available to me the data he had gathered on Lake Titieaca fisheries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Making Popular and Solidarity Economies in Dollarized Ecuador: Money, Law, and the Social After Neoliberalism Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xx5n43g Author Nelms, Taylor Campbell Nahikian Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Making Popular and Solidarity Economies in Dollarized Ecuador: Money, Law, and the Social After Neoliberalism DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Anthropology by Taylor Campbell Nahikian Nelms Dissertation Committee: Professor Bill Maurer, Chair Associate Professor Julia Elyachar Professor George Marcus 2015 Portion of Chapter 1 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All other materials © 2015 Taylor Campbell Nahikian Nelms TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv CURRICULUM VITAE vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: “The Problem of Delimitation”: Expertise, Bureaucracy, and the Popular 51 and Solidarity Economy in Theory and Practice CHAPTER 2: Saving Sucres: Money and Memory in Post-Neoliberal Ecuador 91 CHAPTER 3: Dollarization, Denomination, and Difference 139 INTERLUDE: On Trust 176 CHAPTER 4: Trust in the Social 180 CHAPTER 5: Law, Labor, and Exhaustion 216 CHAPTER 6: Negotiable Instruments and the Aesthetics of Debt 256 CHAPTER 7: Interest and Infrastructure 300 WORKS CITED 354 ii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Field Sites and Methods 49 Figure 2 Breakdown of Interviewees 50 Figure 3 State Institutions of the Popular and Solidarity Economy in Ecuador 90 Figure 4 A Brief Summary of Four Cajas (and an Association), as of January 2012 215 Figure 5 An Emic Taxonomy of Debt Relations (Bárbara’s Portfolio) 299 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every anthropologist seems to have a story like this one.
    [Show full text]
  • Reed Boats and Experimental Archaeology on Lake Titicaca
    Paul Harmon tests the capabilities of the local totora reed boats. In the past few decades, hollow-hulled wooden boats of European design have largely replaced totora reed boats among the Aymara and Uru-Chipaya peoples of the region. Reed Boats and Experimental Archaeology on lake titicaca by alexei vranich, s much as archaeologists grumble about the scientific merit of Thor Heyerdahl’s paul harmon, and Kon Tiki journey from Peru to Polynesia, one thing is certain: he started a trend. On chris knutson the positive side, archaeologists began experimenting with a variety of ancient n o m technologies as a means to understand r a H l the past. On the negative side, a generation of adventurers u a P d A n decided that the best way to prove their ideas was to build a a h c i raft and set it adrift. Since the famous Kon Tiki, at least 40 sim- n a r V i ilar expeditions have generated adventure by inventing more e x e l and more improbable ways to get from one place to another. A 20 volume 47, number 2 expedition Boats made of everything from popsicle sticks to wine corks have been spotted all over the world, including a reed boat seen recently cruising down the Amazon River en route to Africa using powerful outboard motors! As we spent three months assembling nearly two million totora reeds into a giant bundle 13,000 feet above sea level on the edge of Lake Titicaca in South America, we wondered in which group we belonged, the archaeologists or the adventurers? TIWANAKU AND ITS MONOLITHS Around AD 500, one of the small villages along the shores of Lake Titicaca grew into the largest city that had ever existed in the Andes.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Andean caravans: An ethnoarchaeology Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Nielsen, Axel Emil Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 13:00:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289098 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis arxl dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, cotored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print Ueedthrough. sut)standard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauttwrized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, t>eginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t)een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are availat>le fbr any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Farkındalık Ekonomisi- Ekonomik Farkındalık, Bireyselleşmiş Ekonomi * M
    Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Yenidoğan Dergisi No. 2018/2 Yorum M. A. Akşit Koleksiyonundan 6 Farkındalık Ekonomisi- Ekonomik Farkındalık, Bireyselleşmiş Ekonomi * M. Arif Akşit**, Eda Sayar ***, Mustafa Uçkaç**** *Eskişehir Acıbadem Hastanesinde Ekonomi Üzerine bir söyleşiden alınmıştır. **Prof. Dr. Pediatri, Neonatoloji ve Ped. Genetik Uzmanı, Acıbadem Hast., Eskişehir ***Uluslararası Hasta Hizmetleri, İngilizce İktisat Uzmanı, Acıbadem Hastanesi., Eskişehir ****Serbest Muhasebeci, Mali Müşavir, Mali Müşavir, İşletme Bilim Uzmanı, Eskişehir Yaşamak için yemek ile yemek için yaşamak ikilem olmamalı, ekonomi boyutunda irdelenmelidir, iki farklı boyut, birey temelinde, onun arzu ve isteğinin ötesinde, sağlığı boyutunda, bütünleştirilmeli ve anlamlandırılmalıdır. Yiyeceğin, yeterli ve etkin olması onun beğeni boyutunu kaldırmaz, onu diyet/ilaç boyutuna aldırmamalı, bireye özgün bir yapılanma yapılmalıdır. Ekonominin 3 temel “E” ilkesi; Effectiveness: etkinlik, Efficiency: verimlilik ve Eligibility: olabilirlik/bulunabilirlik olarak ele alındığında, sizin sahip olduğunuz varlık değil, sizin değer yarattığınız öne çıkmaktadır. Bir kişiye verdiğiniz gül sizin için gereksiz ve anlamsız bir harcama olabilir ama eğer karşısında olumlu etki yaratıyorsa, mutluluk oluşturuyorsa, para ile elde edilemeyen bir değer, ekonomik boyutu da olmaktadır. Sorunlu, kusurlu ve engelli olan bireylere harcama yapmaktansa sağlıklı olan kişilere yapılacak harcama daha ekonomik anlamda görülebilir, gelişmeye ancak sağlıklı olanların katkıda bulunabileceği
    [Show full text]
  • Karyotype Characterization of Four Mexican Species of Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) and First Report of Polyploid Mixoploidy for the Family
    Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics ISSN: 0008-7114 (Print) 2165-5391 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcar20 Karyotype characterization of four Mexican species of Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) and first report of polyploid mixoploidy for the family Jorge A. Tena-Flores, M. Socorro González-Elizondo, Yolanda Herrera-Arrieta, Norma Almaraz-Abarca, Netzahualcóyotl Mayek-Pérez & André L.L. Vanzela To cite this article: Jorge A. Tena-Flores, M. Socorro González-Elizondo, Yolanda Herrera- Arrieta, Norma Almaraz-Abarca, Netzahualcóyotl Mayek-Pérez & André L.L. Vanzela (2014) Karyotype characterization of four Mexican species of Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) and first report of polyploid mixoploidy for the family, Caryologia, 67:2, 124-134, DOI: 10.1080/00087114.2014.931633 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2014.931633 Published online: 20 Aug 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 51 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tcar20 Download by: [148.204.124.71] Date: 23 February 2017, At: 09:58 Caryologia: International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, 2014 Vol. 67, No. 2, 124–134, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2014.931633 Karyotype characterization of four Mexican species of Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae) and first report of polyploid mixoploidy for the family Jorge A. Tena-Floresa*, M. Socorro
    [Show full text]
  • Early Settlement Ofrapa Nui (Easter Island)
    Early Settlement ofRapa Nui (Easter Island) HELENE MARTINSSON-WALLIN AND SUSAN J. CROCKFORD RAPA NUl, THE SMALL REMOTE ISLAND that constitutes the easternmost corner of the Polynesian triangle, was found and populated long before the Europeans "discovered" this part ofthe world in 1722. The long-standing questions concern­ ing this remarkable island are: who were the first to populate the island, at what time was it populated, and did the Rapa Nui population and development on the island result from a single voyage? Over the years there has been much discussion, speculation, and new scientific results concerning these questions. This has resulted in several conferences and numerous scientific and popular papers and monographs. The aim ofthis paper is to present the contemporary views on these issues, drawn from the results of the last 45 years of archaeological research on the island (Fig. 1), and to describe recent fieldwork that Martinsson-Wallin completed on Rapa Nui. Results from the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Rapa Nui in 1955­ 1956 suggest that the island was populated as early as c. A.D. 400 (Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961: 395). This conclusion was drawn from a single radiocarbon date. This dated carbon sample (K-502) was found in association with the so-called Poike ditch on the east side of the island. The sample derived from a carbon con­ centration on the natural surface, which had been covered by soil when the ditch was dug. The investigator writes the following: There is no evidence to indicate that the fire from which the carbon was derived actually burned at the spot where the charcoal occurred, but it is clear that it was on the surface of the ground at the time the first loads of earth were carried out of the ditch and deposited over it.
    [Show full text]
  • That Do, Notably Hierarchy Models, Treat Such Constituent Elements As Unchanging and Irrelevant to the Operation of the System As a Whole
    THE PERCEPTION AND STUDY OF RURAL CHANGE IN THE ANDES: THE INKA CASE Mary Van Buren ABSTRACT: Archaeologists investigating social complexity often focus on traits that differentiate complex societies from the simpler organizational forms preceding them. Few approaches address the role of households or communities in the development and consolidation of complex polities. Those that do, notably hierarchy models, treat such constituent elements as unchanging and irrelevant to the operation of the system as a whole. An examination of the Inka empire indicates that imperial expansion both modified and was predicated upon the organization of conquered groups. This suggests that archaeologists must address both the structure and history of rural hinterlands in models of social complexity. INTRODUCTION In their investigation of social complexity archaeologists often focus ontraits and institutions which differentiate stratified and state societies from the simplerorganizational forms preceding them. Such features as centralized authority, full-time craftspecialization and urban environments have been used as criteria for establishing the existenceof states and are usually viewed as the constituent elementsof complexity. As a result of equating this array of traits with complex social forms, simplyorganized groups embedded within states are usually excluded from the purview of social evolutionary theory. Rural communities, families and kin groups are not seen as integral parts of complex sociopolitical entities, but areviewed, instead, as stable social units which remain unchanged by their new position within the lowest ranks of a larger hierarchy.In the literature on Andean societies, this view of local level stability is especially prevalent. Social forms such as ayllus, rural communities and traditional leaders are believed to display a remarkable degree of continuity from pre-Incaic timesuntil the end of the colonial period, despite the radical changes that occurred in theAndes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Utilization of Emergent Aquatic Plants for Biomass Energy Systems Development
    SERI/TR-98281-03 UC Category: 61a The Utilization of Emergent Aquatic Plants for Biomass Energy Systems Development S. Kresovich C. K. Wagner D. A. Scantland S. S. Groet W. T. Lawhon Battelle 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 February 1982 Prepared Under Task No. 3337.01 WPA No. 274-81 Solar Energy Research Institute A Division of Midwest Research Institute 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042 Printed in the United States of America Ava ilabl e from: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price: Microfiche $3.00 Printed Copy $6.50 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neith~r the United States nor the United States Depart­ ment of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, complete­ ness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. FOREWORD Emergent aquatic plants, such as reeds, cattails, and bull rushes, are highly productive and are potentially significant resources for alcohol and solid fuel production. It has been estimated that if one-half of the 65,600 mi 2 of marshland in the United States were used for emergent biomass energy plantations, approximately 5% of present total national energy requirements might be met.
    [Show full text]
  • Relación Fenética De Especies Del Orden Poales De Interés Económico En La Laguna El Paraíso, Huacho, 2017
    Relación fenética de especies del orden Poales de interés económico en la laguna El Paraíso, Huacho, 2017 Phenetic relationship of Poales species of economic interest in the El Paraíso lagoon, Huacho, 2017 Hermila B. Díaz Pillasca1, Zoila Honorio Durand2, Carmen Rojas Zenozain1, Miguel A. Durand Meza1 RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la relación fenética de las especies del orden Poales de interés económico de la laguna El Paraíso, Huacho – 2017. Métodos: Para lo cual se aplicó el diseño de una sola casilla; donde la población estuvo constituida por todos los individuos de las especies seleccionadas; de la cual se extrajo una muestra de 43 individuos, mediante un diseño aleatorio estratificado; eligiéndose 34 caracteres cualitativos y 13 cuantitativos; utilizados para estimar variabilidad y distancia fenética dentro y entre especies, mediante estadística descriptiva, inferencial (ANVA y Tukey) y Taxonomía Numérica, a través del programa Past 3.0. Resultados: Los caracteres cuantitativos de interés económico (longitud de culmo) muestran una baja variabilidad fenotípica (CV < 12%) intra e interespecífica, presumiblemente por influencia ambiental; la distancia fenética intraespecífica es estrecha en las tres especies evaluadas, siendo T. dominguensis, la que muestra mayor número de formas fenotípicas; y, C. laevigatus tiene una mayor distancia fenética con respecto a S. californicus y T. dominguensis; las mismas que son iguales entre sí. Conclusiones: El humedad es una comunidad compleja pero poco estable. Palabras clave: Relación fenética, Poales,
    [Show full text]
  • Use Style: Paper Title
    Volume 6, Issue 2, February – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Territorial Occupation in the Coastal Strip and the Environmental Sustainability of the Wetland Ecosystem of Huanchaco-Peru Carlos A. Bocanegra García Nelson GustavoYwanaga Reh National university of Trujillo National university of Trujillo Trujillo, Perú Trujillo, Perú Zoila Culquichicón Malpica National university of Trujillo Trujillo, Perú Abstract:- Results of the “occupation of the coastal territory on the environmental sutainability of the It is alarming what is recorded in Spain, where a wetlands of Huanchaco-Perú” are presented. The work ranking of coastal destruction was established and was carried out on base of the management and showed that the Mediterranean is the región most processing satellite images, georeferenced databases that affected. The three comunities that lead the destruction serve to obtain past and present information, the method of coastal ecosystems due to urbanizations are used relates different sources of information from the Catalunya, which has the highest percentage of databases of the District Municipality of Huanchaco with urbanized coastal área: 26.4%, the Valenciana remote sensing images from Google Earth. The results community occupies second place, with 23.1% of its show accelerated growth of the mainly urban population, coastline degraded, and in third place is Andalucía with settled on the coast in detriment of adjacent áreas 15.4%. Furthermore, looking only at the beaches, the characterized by precaurious basic. worst provinces are Barcelona and Malaga with 83.6% and Alicante with 80.3%, of their beach line surrounded Keywords:- Territorial Occupation, Coastal Strip, Wetlands by cement (PALOMA NUCHE, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Uros Hand Made Reed Floating Islands
    Uros hand made reed floating islands A proved ancient technique Today a closed cycle in practice to learn from Tomorrow an innovative development Rocío Torres Méndez Because of global warming, rising sea levels and the running out of fossil fuels, it is important to look for sustainable adaptable solutions. Therefore special attention should be given to the potential of floating reeds in construction. This paper is about a closed cycle example in practice, to learn from. It tells the history of a millenary South American civilization named Uros. It gives an overview of sustainable daily practices of the Uros - who live on floating organic hand made islands on the cold waters of Lake Titicaca at 3810 m above sea level in Puno, Peru - and their potential for future innovative developments. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of researching the Totora plant’s floating properties, which will give us insights into its possible diverse applications as a floating material of construction. This study bridges science with traditional knowledge, an inspiring lesson for developing innovative ideas. 1 Location: Puno- Peru Figure 1 : Islands located at five kilometers east from Puno port at 3810m above sea level Source: Google earth The Totora plant This paper is about the Totora plant that grows in Titicaca Lake. Its scientific name is Schoenoplectus californicus ssp. tatora. Totora is an aquatic plant which grows in humid places, wetlands, along rivers and lakes. This plant has a long stem (400 cm long approximately) and its stem section has a circular shape (d =1.5 cm aprox).
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of Ecology and Structure and the Rise of Political Economy and the Cultural Construction of Social Reality*
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by I-Revues The Transformation of Cultural Anthropology : The Decline of Ecology and Structure and the Rise of Political Economy and the Cultural Construction of Social Reality* William P. MITCHELL" Deux principales approches dominent la recherche anthropologique actuelle aux Etats-Unis : l'économie politique et la construction cultu­ relle de l'« autre », motifs qui ont largement remplacé les analyses éco­ logiques et strucluralo-symboliques proposées il y a encore dix ans. Cet article rend compte de ces développements dans l'ethnographie des Andes de ces vingt-cinq dernières années. Dans les Andes, pendant les années 1970 et 1980, de nombreux cher­ cheurs ont étudié l'écosystème vertical, stimulés par l'hypothèse de l'ar­ chipel vertical de John Murra et l'écologie culturelle de Julián Steward et Marvin Harris. L'hypothèse de Murra et le fort zeitgeist écologique des années 1970 ont orienté la recherche andine pendant plus de deux This is a slightly revised version of a talk presented to the Five Field Update panel of the Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges at the 91st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco, CA, November, 1992. I am grateful to the Monmouth University Grants and Sabbaticals Committee for supporting various aspects of my research. Barbara Jaye read several drafts of the paper and has provided me many helpful suggestions. I am grateful to Monica Barnes, Jane Freed, Sean Mitchell, Barbara Price and Glenn Stone for their comments on the paper. I also thank Constance Sutton and Sean Mitchell for demonstrating to me the utility of incorporating identity and construction into issues of class and power.
    [Show full text]