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Ajaw: a Linguistic Index of Culture in a Maya Hieroglyph AJAW: A LINGUISTIC INDEX OF CULTURE IN A MAYA HIEROGLYPH THESIS Presented to the Graduate College of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Kevin J. McKinney Jr., B.S. San Marcos, TX May 2011 AJAW: A LINGUISTIC INDEX OF CULTURE IN A MAYA HIEROGLYPH Committee Members Approved: ____________________________________ Augustine Agwuele, Chair ____________________________________ F. Kent Reilly III ____________________________________ Brian Stross Approved: ________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of the Graduate College COPYRIGHT By Kevin J. McKinney Jr. 2011 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author‟s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Kevin J. McKinney Jr., authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A lot of effort went into the completion of this thesis, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank the people who helped to bring about its speedy completion. First, I would like to thank my Committee, especially my Chair, Dr. Augustine Agwuele, whose good advice, thoughtful criticism, and patience helped me to build my engine, get my gas, and find my way to Austin. I would also like to thank my mentor, Dr. F. Kent Reilly III, his imaginative courses, engaging conversation, and boundless encouragement provided me both motivation and sheltered harbor. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Dr. Brian Stross, for an inspiring conversation over coffee. It was that conversation that allowed me to understand that my journey was both possible and rewarding. Over the course of my research I was able to open up a dialog with several other masters in this field. I would like to thank Dr. Matthew Looper, Dr. Virginia Fields, and Dr. David Freidel. Without their timely advice and assistance, this work would not be as rich or as polished as it has become. Finally, I would like to thank the friends and family that supported this reckless sojourn back into academia. Without the love and support of so many wonderful people (both emotionally and financially), I would never have gotten so far, especially Desi, who made the journey worthwhile regardless of the conclusion. Thank you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix ORTHOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ...............................................................................................................1 1.2 The Maya Hieroglyphic Writing System ...................................................................3 2 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................13 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................24 3.1 Ethnographic Analogy ............................................................................................24 3.2 Historical Linguistic Comparative Method ............................................................25 3.3 Linguistic Analysis of Writing Systems ...................................................................28 3.4 Iconographic Interpretation of Art .........................................................................31 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................................33 4.1 Analysis of Ajaw ......................................................................................................33 4.2 Epigraphy ................................................................................................................35 4.3 Maya Iconography ..................................................................................................40 4.3.1 The Jester God Headband and the Trefoil .......................................................40 4.3.2 Seeds, Maize, and the Maize God: Religion and Politics ................................43 4.3.3 Caves and the Underworld ...............................................................................49 4.3.4 Sak Nik: The White Flower ..............................................................................52 5 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................54 5.1 The Headband Ajaw ................................................................................................54 5.2 The Affix Ajaw .........................................................................................................58 5.3 The Non-Calendrical Ajaw .....................................................................................62 5.4 The Calendrical Ajaw .............................................................................................64 5.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................66 6 REFERENCES CITED ..................................................................................................70 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1.1. Map of Maya Cultural Area .......................................................................................1 1.1.2. Map of Mesoamerica .................................................................................................2 1.1.3. [Calendrical Ajaw] .....................................................................................................2 1.2.1. Formal Qualities of Mayan Hieroglyphs ...................................................................3 1.2.2. Comparison of Early Script Forms ............................................................................4 1.2.3. Highlighting Roots and Affixes .................................................................................5 1.2.4. Mayan Rebus .............................................................................................................6 1.2.5. Reading Order of Maya Script ...................................................................................8 1.2.6. Reading Order of a Maya Glyph Block .....................................................................9 1.2.7. Ajaw Allographs.......................................................................................................10 2.1. Map of Maya and Olmec Cultural Regions ................................................................16 2.2. Isthmian Writing .........................................................................................................19 2.3. San Bartolo Glyph Block ............................................................................................20 2.4. Early Maize Gods .......................................................................................................22 4.2.1. Deconstruction of [Calendrical Ajaw] .....................................................................36 4.2.2. Deconstruction of [Headband Ajaw] ........................................................................37 4.2.3. Deconstruction of [Affix Ajaw] ...............................................................................38 4.2.4. Deconstruction of [Non-Calendrical Ajaw] .............................................................39 4.3.1.1. Iconographic Evidence for the Jester God Headband ...........................................40 4.3.1.2. Comparison of Sculptural Ajaw Elements ............................................................42 vii 4.3.2.1. Boston Museum Plate ...........................................................................................44 4.3.2.2. Maize God as God of the Center...........................................................................45 4.3.2.3. Transition from Olmec Baby Maize God to Maya Maize God ............................47 4.3.2.4. [Non-Calendrical Ajaw] Temporal Changes .........................................................48 4.3.3.1. Comparison of Cave and Alter Iconography ........................................................50 4.3.3.2. Olmec Cave Monster Iconography .......................................................................51 4.3.4.1. The Maya Maize God and the Matawil Shell .......................................................53 5.1.1. San Bartolo Headband Ajaw Elements ....................................................................56 5.1.2. Detail of the La Mojarra Ajaw Element ...................................................................57 viii ABSTRACT AJAW: A LINGUISTIC INDEX OF CULTURE IN A MAYA HIEROGLYPH by Kevin J. McKinney Jr., B.S. Texas State University-San Marcos May 2011 SUPERVISING PROFESSOR:
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