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BIO.LOGICAL .~ FISHERIES DATA on ,BUTTERFISH,Peprilus Tria Can Thus (Peck)

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BIO.LOGICAL .~ FISHERIES DATA on ,BUTTERFISH,Peprilus Tria Can Thus (Peck) BIO.LOGICAL .~ FISHERIES DATA ON ,BUTTERFISH,Peprilus tria can thus (Peck) MARCH 1978 Biological and Fisheries Data on butter fish, Peprilus triacanthus (Peck) by Steven A. Murawski, Donald G. Frank, and Sukwoo Chang Sandy Hook Laboratory Northeast Fisheries Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration u. S. Department of Commerce Highlands, N. J. Technical Series Report No. 6 March 1978 CONTENTS 1. IDENTITY 1.1 Nomenclature •• .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Valid NallE •••• oo ............................................................................... .. 1 1.1. 2 Objecti ve Synonomy ............................................................................ .. 1 1.2 Taxol1Omy .............................................................................................................. .. 1 1.2.1 Affini ties ............................................................................................ .. 1 1.2.2 Taxonomic Status ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 1.2.3 Stlbspec ies ............................................................................................ .. 4 1. 2.4 Standard common Names, Vernacular Names •••••••••••••••••• 4 1.3 l-brpho!ogy .......................................................................................................... .. 4 1.3.1 External Morphology .......................................................................... .. 4" 1.3.2 Cytomorphology .................................. oo' .................. 6 1.3.3 Protein Specificity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 2. DISTRIBUTION 2.1 'lbtal Area ........................................................ 7 2.2 Differential Distribution ......................................... 7 2.2.1 Spawn, Larvae, and Juveniles •••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••• 7 2.2.2 Adults •••••••••••••• oo •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 2.3 Determinants of Distribution Changes ••••••.•••.•••••••••••.••••• 8 2.4 Hybridization ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• oo ••••••• 8 3. BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 3.1 Reproduction ..................................... • -................ 8 3.1.1 Sexuali ty .................................................. 8 3.1.2 Maturi ty ••......••. •- ..................................... 12 3.1.3 Ma ting ...................................................... 12 3.1.4 Fertilization •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 3.1.5 Gonads ................................................... 12 3.1.6 Spawning ................................................... 12 3.1. 7 SpaWll. .................................................... 13 3.2 Pre-Adul t Phase ................................................. 13 3.2.1 Embryonic Phase ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 13 3 • 2 • 2 . Iilrval Phase .............................................. 14 3.2.3 Adolescent Phase ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 i PAGE 3.3 ~A~d~u:=l-=tc..!:Ph~a~se~ .•••••• ............................................................................................. 14 3.3.1 Longevity. .............................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 Hardiness ............................................................................................. .. 15 3.3.3 Competi tors .......................................................................................... .. 15 3.3.4 Predators ............................................................................................. .. 15 3.3.5 Parasites and biseases ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 3.4 Nutrition and Growth ................ '............................................................... .. 15 3.4.1 Feeding .............................. •" ........................ ~ ........................................ .. 15 3.4.2 Food ........................................................................................................ .. 15 3.4.3 Growtl1 Ra te .......................................................................................... .. 16 3.4.4 l-Etabolism ........................ oo •••• oo ............................. 16 3.5 Behavior ............................................................. 16 3.5.1 Migrations and Local Movements ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 3.5.2 Schooling ••••, •• ........................................... 18 3.5.3 Responses to Stimuli ••••••••••••••••••.•••.••.••••••••••• 18 4. POPULATION 4.1 Structure .......................................................... .. 19 4.1.1 Sex Ratio ................................................... .. 19 4.1.2 Age ComIXJsi tionoo ............................................... .. 19 4.1.3 Size ComJ?<)sition ••• 0 .......................................... 19 4.2 Abundance and Density ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4.3 Natality and Recruitment •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4.3.1 Reproduction Rates ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4.3.2 Factors Affecting Production ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4.3.3 Recruitment •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4.4 Mortality and Morbidity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 4.4.1 :r.:Iortali ty Rates •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 22 4.4.2 Factors Causing or Affecting Mortality ••••••••••••••••••• 22 4.4.3 Factors Affecting Morbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 4.4.4 Relation of Morbidity to MOrtality Rates ••••••••••••••••• 22 4.5 population Dynamics ................................................ 22 4.6 The Population in the Community and the Ecosystem ••••••••••••••• 22 ii PAGE 5. EXPLOITATION 5.1 Fi shing Equiprnen t ........................................................................................... .. 22 5.2 Fishing Areas .................................................................................................... .. 25 5.3 Fishing Seasons ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 5.4 Fishing Operations and'Results •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 5.4.1 Effort and Intensity •••••••••••.•..••••..••..•.•••••••.•• 25 5.4.2 Selectivity ................................................................................. .. 25 5.4.3 Catches •••......•••.•...•.•.•••.••...•.•...•••.•..•.••... 36 6. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 6.1 Regulatory M~asures •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 36 REFERENCES .....................................................'.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 iii FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Life history stages of the butterfish, ~. triacanthus; A - egg, B - larva 6 rom, C - fry 15 rom, D - adult (adapted from Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953).................... 5 Figure 2A. Winter (January and February) distribution of butterfish off the northeast coast of the United States. Numbers of fish per stratum is the cumulative NMFS research survey catch per stratum from 1964-1966 (from Horn, 1970) ••••• 9 Figure 2B. Summer (July and August) distribution of butterfish off the northeast coast of the United States (1963-1965; from Horn, 1970) ••••••••••••.••••••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••• 10 Figure 2C. Autumn (October, November, and early December) distribution of butter fish off the northeast coast of the United states (1963-1965; Horn, 1970) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 Figure 3. Length and age composition of Japanese first-quarter butter fish samples, 1970-1976 (from Murawski and Waring, 1977) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 Figure 4. Yield per recruit of butterfish with various mesh sizes (M=O.8) (from Murawski and Waring, 1977) •••••••••••••••••••••• 23 iv TABLES PAGE Table 1. Back-calculated fork lengths of butterfish in the lower York River in the fall of 1969 and from ICNAF S.A. 5-6 (from DuPaul and McEachran, 1973 and Kawahara, 1977) ••••••••••• 17 Table 2. Percent domestic landings of butterfish by gear type, in 1952 and 1972.................................................................................. 24 Table 3. Fifty percent retention lengths and selection factors derived for butter fish from experimental data plus theoretical 50% retention lengths and selection factors computed from regressions (NO = no data available) (from Meyer and Merriner, 1976) •• '............................. 26 Table 4. Annual landings (metric tons) of butterfish by ICNAF IDemrer countries............................................................................................. 27 Table 5. New England historical catch statistics for butterfish, 1879-1965 (from Lyles, 1967)................................... 29 Table 6. Middle Atlantic historical catch statistics for butterfish, 1880-1965 (from Lyles, 1967)................................... 31 Table 7. Chesapeake Region historical catch statistics for butterfish, 1880-19651 (from Lyles, 1967).................................. 33 Table 8. Annual U. S. A. commercial landings (xlOOO pounds) of butterfish by state............................................ 35 v 1. IDENTITY 1.1 Nomenclature 1.1.1 Valid Name Peprilus triacanthus (Peck). 1.1.2 Objective Synonomy Stromateus triacanthus, Peck 1804. Stromateus cryptosus, Mitchill 1814. Rhombus cryptosus, Cuv. and Val. 1833. Peprilus triacanthus, Storer 1839. Rhombus triacanthus, DeKay 1842. Poronotus triacanthus, Gill 1861. Rhombus triacanthus, Jordan and Evermann 1896. 1. 2 Taxonomy 1.2.1 Affinities Suprageneric Phylum Vertebrata - Subphylum Craniata - Superclass
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