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Studija Biodiverziteta I Zaštite Prirode Obalnog Područja Crne Gore

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Studija Biodiverziteta I Zaštite Prirode Obalnog Područja Crne Gore PROGRAM INTEGRALNOG UPRAVLJANJA OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNE GORE (CAMP CG) STUDIJA BIODIVERZITETA I ZAŠTITE PRIRODE OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNE GORE Dr Danka CAKOVIĆ Dr Dragana MILOŠEVIĆ Podgorica, 2013.godine stručna revizija: Dr Marko G. Karaman, doktor bioloških nauka programska revizija: Daniel Cebrián Menchero Marine Biology Expert. PhD SAP BIO Programme Officer United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Mr Jelena Knežević, nacionalni koordinator za CAMP, Ministarstvo održivog razvoja i turizma SADRŽAJ SINOPSIS 1. PREGLED BIODIVERZITETA 1 1.1. BIODIVERZITET OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNE GORE 2 1.1.1 FLORA 3 1.1.2 Gljive 9 1.1.3 Fauna 11 1.2 BIODIVERZITET MORA 28 1.2.1 Morske alge 28 1.2.2 Morski beskičmenjaci 30 1.2.3 Morske ribe 33 2. PREGLED KOPNENIH I MARINSKIH STANIŠTA 37 2.1 PREGLED OSNOVNIH TIPOVA VEGETACIJE KOPNENOG DIJELA OBALNE 41 ZONE I KARAKTERISTIČNIH ELEMENATA FAUNE 2.2 PREGLED MARINSKIH HABITATA 54 3. PREGLED ZAŠTIĆENIH PODRUČJA – POSTOJEĆIH I POTENCIJALNIH 63 3.1 PODRUČJA PRIRODE OBALNE ZONE ZAŠTIĆENA NACIONALNOM 63 LEGISLATIVOM 3.2 PODRUČJA PRIRODE PREDLOŽENA ZA ZAŠTITU NACIONALNIM 66 ZAKONODAVSTVOM 3.3 IPA PODRUČIJA – VAŽNA STANIŠTA ZA BILJKE 67 3.4 IBA PODRUČJA – PODRUČJA OD MEĐUNARODNOG ZNAČAJA ZA BORAVAK 75 PTICA U CRNOJ GORI 3.5 EMERALD SAJTOVI U OBALNOM PODRUČJU 81 3.6 OBALNA PODRUČJA KOJA SU PREPOZNATA KAO ZNAČAJNA SA ASPEKTA 86 BIODIVERZITETSKOG BOGATSTVA I OČUVANJA SPECIJSKOG I HABITATNOG DIVERZITETA (PA GAP ASSESSMENT) 3.7 PODRUČJA U MORU KOJA SU PREPOZNATA KAO POSEBNO ZNAČAJNA SA 88 ASPEKTA OČUVANJA SPECIJSKOG I HABITATNOG DIVERZITETA (DEVELOPMENT OF A NETWORK OF MPAS IN MONTENEGRO) 3.8 PRIJEDLOZI PODRUČJA ZA ZAŠTITU KAO REZULTAT ISTRAŽIVANJA 91 SPROVEDENIH U OKVIRU PROJEKTA “START UP OF KATIČ MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN MONTENEGRO AND ASSESMENT OF MARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ALONG THE COAST” 3.9 OBALNA PODRUČJA KOJA SU PREPOZNATA KAO POSEBNO ZNAČAJNA SA 95 ASPEKTA OČUVANJA SPECIJSKOG I HABITATNOG DIVERZITETA (PRILIKOM REALIZACIJE CAMP PROJEKTA) 4. FAKTORI KOJI UGROŽAVAJU BIODIVERZITET 101 5. PODRUČJA PRIORITETNA ZA ZAŠTITU 113 6. ZAŠTITA ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 121 6.1 KONCEPT ZAŠTITE PRIRODE I BIODIVERZITETA 121 6.2 MJERE ZAŠTITE I AKTIVNOSTI NA SPROVOĐENJU PREDLOŽENOG 125 KONCEPTA ZAŠTITE 6.2.1 MJERE ZAŠTITE BIODIVERZITETA I STANIŠTA 125 6.2.2 AKTIVNOSTI U CILJU SPROVOĐENJA PREDLOŽENOG KONCEPTA ZAŠTITE 127 7. KARTOGRAFSKA PREZENTACIJA 139 8. LITERATURA 155 9. PRILOG 1 163 BIODIVERZITET OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNOGORSKOG PRIMORJA Tabela 1: Vaskularne biljke obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 165 Tabela 2: Mahovine obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 223 Tabela 3: Lišajevi obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 235 Tabela 4: Gljive obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 241 Tabela 5: Beskičmenjaci obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 253 Tabela 6: Ribe obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 267 Tabela 7: Vodozemci obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 269 Tabela 8: Gmizavci obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 271 Tabela 9: Ptice obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 275 Tabela 10: Sisari obalnog područja Crnogorskog primorja 287 10. PRILOG 2 291 MARINSKI BIODIVERZITET Tabela 1: Spisak morskih algi 293 Tabela 2: Marinske vrste (fauna) 301 11. PRILOG 3 333 FOTOGRAFIJE 335 SINOPSIS Cilj ove studije je da prikaže vrijednosti biodiverziteta i prirode u obalnom području Crne Gore i da se identifikuju glavni problemi sa aspekta njihove zaštite, te faktori koji ugrožavaju biodiverzitet i potencijalno mogu dovesti do nestanka nekih vrsta. Istovremeno, cilj je da se kao rezultat analize postojeće situacije predlože mjere za prevazilaženje identifikovanih problema i doprinese stvaranju uslova za održivo korištenje prirodnih resursa. Stoga će Studija sadržati smjernice za zaštitu prirode i biodiverziteta, kao i predlog mjera za njihovu realizaciju. U Studiji je dat opis stanja biodiverziteta, koji uključuje: ‐ Pregled biodiverziteta obalnog područja (kopneni i morki biodiverziter), pri čemu je dat naglasak na rijetke i ugrožene vrste ‐ Analizu ključnih tipova habitata, uz naglasak na rijetke i ugrožene habitate, kao i one koji su međunarodno značajni (Habitat Direktiva, NATURA 2000 mreža). ‐ Pregled zaštićenih područja, postojećih i potencijalnih, uključujući područja koja su zaštićena nacionalnom legislativom i ona značajna na međunarodnom nivou (EMERALD, IPA, IBA) Identifikovani su faktori koji ugrožavaju biodiverzitet i zaštićena područja, uključujući utvrđivanje relevantnih trendova biodiverziteta. Posebna pažnja posvećena je područijima koja imaju bogat biodiverzitet, a potencijalno su ugrožena time što se nalaze u neposrednoj blizini naselja, ili je na pomenutim lokalitetima planirana infrastrukturna izgradnja. Predložena su područja prioritetna za zaštitu, na osnovu rezultata analize situacije i identifikacije ugroženosti biodiverziteta Predstavljen je prijedlog koncepta zaštite prirode i biodiverziteta, na osnovu nacionalnih i međunarodnih strategija i podataka prezentovanih u prva tri poglavlja Studije. Takođe, predložene su mjere i aktivnosti, koje treba preduzeti u cilju zaštite prirode i biodiverziteta, definisane u skladu sa pristupom relevantnim za integralno upravljanje obalnim područjem Crne Gore u kontekstu izrade Nacionalne strategije za integralno upravljanje obalnim područjem Crne Gore (NS IUOP) i Plana za integralno upravljanje obalnim područjem CG (IUOP), i na nivou primjene u Prostornom planu obalnog područja Crne Gore, tako da predstavljaju osnovu koja se dalje može razrađivati u lokalnim planovima. Studija sadrži i kartografske prezentacije, uključujući tipove habitata i vrste, koje će biti dio GIS baze podataka obalnog područja koja se razvija u okviru CAMP programa. Date su i fotografije karakterističnih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta, habitata, kao i fotografije koje ilustruju antropogeni uticaj u priobalnoj zoni. Ističemo da je Studija urađena na osnovu literaturnih podataka i terenskih iskustava autora, bez izvođenja ciljnih terenskih istraživanja. Caković, Milošević: STUDIJA BIODIVERZITETA I ZAŠTITE PRIRODE OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNE GORE 1. PREGLED BIODIVERZITETA Područje obuhvaćeno studijom: Crnogorska obala je duga 293 km; ukupna dužina pješčanih plaža je 73 km, dok se kamenite plaže protežu na 33 km, uključujući mala ostrva. Osim pješčanih plaža, važno obilježje crnogorske obale su kameni klifovi. Obalna linija je uska, širine od 2 do 10 km, odvojena od unutrašnjosti planinskim vijencem primorskih Dinarida: Lovćen, Orjen, Rumija. Crnogorska obala je podijeljena u tri cjeline - Boko-Kotorski zaliv, centralni dio obale poznat kao Budvanska rivijera i region Bar-Ulcinj. U Boko-Kotorskom zalivu obala je veoma razruđena i odlikuje se velikim brojem malih plaža. Budvanska rivijera se odlikuje pješčanim plažama (osim Buljarica), dužine od nekoliko stotina metara do nekoliko kilometara: Trsteno, Jaz, Mogren, Slovenska plaža, Bečići, Kamenovo, Pržno, Miločer, Sveti Stefan, Petrovac, Lučice. U region Bar-Ulcinj se takođe nalazi nekoliko plaza, veoma pogodnih za razvoj turizma: Čanj, Sutomore, Topolica, Veliki pjesak i najduža plaza crnogorske obale – Velika plaza u Ulcinju, duga 12 km I sa prosječnom širinom od 50 m. Ovom studijom obuhvaćena je obalna zona definisana Zakonom o morskom dobru (Službeni list RCG, broj 14/92)1 i njeno zaleđe, do oko 400 m nadmorske visine uz planinski vijenac primorskih Dinarida. U nekim dijelovima dati su i podaci za veće nadmorske visine, u slučaju kada do većih nadmorskih visina sežu granice područja koje je prepoznato kao značajno sa aspekta zaštite. Po bogatstvu vrsta flore i faune, kao i po raznovrsnosti ekosistema, Crna Gora se nalazi među vodećim zemljama u Evropi. Iz tog razloga međunarodne obaveze Crne Gore podrazumijevaju uključivanje u aktivnosti na zaštiti i očuvanju globalno, stvarno ili potencijalno ugroženih vrsta, a nacionalni prioriteti bi podrazumijevali potrebu Crne Gore da zaštiti i očuva svoju nacionalnu prirodnu baštinu. 1 "morska obala, luke, lukobrani, navozi, nasipi, sprudovi, kupališta, hridi, limani, grebeni, vrulje, izvori i vrela na obali, ušća rijeka koje se ulivaju u more, kanali spojeni sa morem, podmorje, morsko dno i podzemlje kao i unutrašnje morske vode i teritorijalno more, živa i neživa bogatstva u njima i živa i neživa bogatstva epikontinentalnog pojasa. Morskim dobrom, u smislu Zakona o morskom dobru, smatraju se i obale vode rijeke Bojane na teritoriji Republike Crne Gore". 1 1. PREGLED BIODIVERZITETA 1.1. BIODIVERZITET OBALNOG PODRUČJA CRNE GORE Primorski pojas Crne Gore odlikuje se nizom specifičnih i raznovrsnih staništa i životinjskih zajednica. Pregledom raspoloživih literaturnih podataka može se zaključiti da područje Crnogorskog primorja naseljava 1540 biljnih vrsta, 113 lišajeva, 283 mahovine, 232 gljiva, 289 beskičmenjaka, 29 predstavnika ihtiofaune, 18 vodozemaca, 38 gmizavaca, 249 ptica i 69 sisara…Na osnovu zoogeografskih odlika u fauni Crnogorskog primorja razlikuju se kosmopolitske vrste-široko rasprostranjene u čitavom svijetu; holarktičke vrste-koje naseljavaju sjevernu zemljinu poluloptu; palearktičke vrste-koje naseljavaju Evropu, Aziju i Sjevernu Afriku; mediteranske vrste-koje se mogu smatrati mediteranskim endemima; i endemične vrste- koje naseljavaju manje ili više ograničen prostor (istočno/zapadno mediteranski endemi, jadranski, balkanski, dinarski, crnogorski…) Za potrebe izrade ovog dokumenta nisu rađena posebna terenska istraživanja, već su za inventarizaciju flore i faune upotrijebljene postojeće naučne i stručne reference, kao
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