ARSITEKTUR RUMAH IBADAH KUNO DI MINANGKABAU Sudarman Dan Rusydi Ramli Fakultas Adab Dan Humaniora UIN Imam Bonjol E-Mail: Archeo [email protected]

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ARSITEKTUR RUMAH IBADAH KUNO DI MINANGKABAU Sudarman Dan Rusydi Ramli Fakultas Adab Dan Humaniora UIN Imam Bonjol E-Mail: Archeo Man47@Yahoo.Com DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/tabuah.v21i2.66 ARSITEKTUR RUMAH IBADAH KUNO DI MINANGKABAU Sudarman dan Rusydi Ramli Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Imam Bonjol e-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Rumah Ibadah di Minangkabau tidak hanya menandakan bahwa orang Minangkabau sangat religious, tetapi yang lebih penting adalah bahwa orang Minangkabau termasuk dalam katagori masyarakat multikulturalisme. Yang dimaksud dengan masyarakat multikulturalisme tidak hanya masyarakatnya yang plural, penekannya adalah kebijakan pemerintah kolonial terhadap seluruh aliran agama di ruang public. Melalui rumah ibadah kuno di Minangkabau, penelitian ini menemukan tiga hal. Pertama, penelitian ini menemukan tipelogi arsitektur mesjid dan gereja. Mesjid secara cultural dipengaruh oleh budaya local seperti mesjid yang berarsitektur Bodi Caniago dan Kota Piliang, sedangkan Gereja dilihat dari fungsinya bisa dibedakan antara lain; Katedral, Paroki, Stasi dan Kapel. Kedua, simbol-simbol yang ada di rumah ibadah kuno memiliki makna sacral yang bisa memberikan motivasi kepada penganutnya. Semakin simbol itu disakralkan maka semakin kuat juga makna yang terkandung didalamnya. Ketiga, dengan berdirinya rumah ibadah kuno di kota-kota yang dibangun dan menjadi basis colonial, menandakaan satu dinamika baru dalam pembentukan masyarakat multicultural di Minangkabau. Kata Kunci: Arsitektur, kuno, Minangkabau. Abstract This article aims to analyze the movement of Hizbut Tahrir that carries the issue of Islamic caliphate, a global organization that exists in every country. This movement is known as the movement of transnationalism. Conceptually, Hizbut Tahrir aspires to make the ummah of Islam as a citizen of the world that is not insulated by tribes, regions and nations. According to Hizbut Tahrir, the Khilafah should be realized- as it’s ideals. Khilafah is not an illusion, because it has become part of the history of a world political system. This study negates that the concept of khilafah is not the same as the concept of cosmopolitanism, because the concept of cosmopolitanism does not see racial and national religion. The concept of khilafah is more accurately named as Counter-Cosmopolitan. Keywords: Khilafah, Cosmopolitanism, Hizb al-Tahrir, Transnationalism, Politic 48 Sudarman dan Rusydi Ramli 49 A. Pengantar Justru catatan sejarah Minangkabau Secara konsep, Minangkabau banyak menginformasikan tentang merupakan ranah yang kental dengan ketegangan fisik antara kaum muda dan religiusitasnya, hal ini bisa dilihat dari kaum tua, yang dipicu oleh perbedaan landasan filosofis keagamaannya “Adat perspektif dalam memandang persoalan- basandi sara’, sara’ basandi kitabullah, persoalan aqidah dan ibadah. syara’ mangato adat mamakai’. 1 Secara historis, Islam dan Kristen Landasan filosofis itu membawa pesan datang ke Minangkabau memiliki latar yang mendalam bahwa masyarakat belakang yang berbeda, baik masuk dan Minangkabau itu adalah muslim yang berkembangnya maupun penyebarannya. taat, seluruh tatanan kehidupannya selalu Islam misalnya, masuk ke Minangkabau dikembalikan kepada kitab Allah dan melalui dua jalur; pertama, adalah jalur sunnah Rasul. Landasan filosofis itu juga timur atau dikenal sebagai jalur darat. mengisyaratkan bahwa masyarakat Menurut teori ini, pada abad ke-8 M, Minangkabau menafikan pluralisme Islam telah membangun hubungan keagamaan, karena yang diterima dalam dengan pedalaman Minangkabau, kehidupan masyarakat Minangkabau dimana kekuasaan Sriwijaya masih hanyalah Islam, agama lain tidak punya dominan menguasai perdagangan di ruang untuk mengembangkan misi wilayah selat Malaka. Kedua, Jalur keagamaannya. Pantai Barat, pada abad ke-16-17 M, Asumsi di atas menjadi wilayah utama penyebaran Islam ke diragukan ketika disaksikan tinggalan wilayah Sumatera Barat adalah Aceh. budaya materi (material culture) yang Melalui wilayah pantai barat, para bervariasi tegak berdiri disetiap wilayah muballigh Aceh menyebarkan Islam ke pantai pesisir dengan pendekatan tasawuf Minangkabau. Mesjid bukanlah satu-satu 2 monument religious (bangunan dan pendidikan. keagamaan) yang tegak berdiri di setiap Perbedaan wilayah kedatangan nagari, baik di daerah rantau mapun Islam ke Minangkabau memberikan daerah darek. Gereja, vihara serta rumah variasi yang berbeda. Islam yang masuk ibadah yang lainnya juga ikut menjadi melalui jalur darat, lebih cenderung mozaik yang memperkaya khazanah dipengaruhi oleh mazhab Hanafi. Minangkabau, terutama di kota-kota Sedangkan Islam yang dibawa melalui sebagai pusat perdagangan dimana jalur laut, lebih cenderung transformasi budaya berjalan secara mengembangkan Islam Syi’ah. masif. Agama Kristen datang ke Sumatera Bangunan mesjid dan gereja yang Barat bersamaan dengan masuknya ada di Minangkabau, menunjukkan Belanda ke Sumatera Barat ketika tentang multikultural kehidupan terjadinya Perang Paderi di awal abad ke masyarakat Minangakabau yang bisa 19 M (Mochtar Naim, 2005, XV). Karena hidup damai berdampingan dengan penyebaran agama Kristen identik masyarakat yang berbeda agama. Dalam dengan Belanda, maka dalam waktu yang literatur sejarah, di Minangkabau, sulit tidak lama agama Kristen sudah ditemukan ketegangan fisik yang menyebar di kota-kota yang dikuasai oleh dilatarbelakangi oleh perbedaan agama. Belanda. Bukittinggi dan Batusangkar 1 A. A. Navis, Alam Takambang Jadi Guru, Barat: Kajian Tentang Kelanjutan Budaya Tradisi (Jakarta: Grafiti Press,1984), hlm. 45. Megalitik ke BUdaya Islam, (Jakarta: Tesis S2 UI, 2Herwandi, Nisan di Situs Mejan Tinggi, Desa 1994), hlm. 47. Talago Gunung, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Volume 21 No. 2, Edisi Juli-Desember 2017 50 Arsitektur Rumah Ibadah Kuno… merupakan wilayah yang diprioritaskan dan mesjid) yang berdiri tegak di oleh Belanda untuk menjadi kota Sawahlunto. Rumah ibadah kuno tersebut pertahanan, ini sesuai dengan nama Fort belum banyak diteliti sehingga untuk de Kock dan Fort van der Capellen.yang itulah setidaknya penelitian ini dilakukan diberikan oleh Belanda terhadap kota berupaya agar pemahaman akan Bukittinggi dan Batusangkar. Seiring perjalanan budaya Sawahlunto dengan penyebaran agama Kristen di khususnya dan Minangkabau pada beberapa kota di Sumatera Barat, berdiri umumnya. pula gereja sebagai konsekwensi Pada awalnya, melihat terhadap penyebaran agama Kristen. Minangkabau dalam konteks keagamaan Salah satu kota yang lebih cenderung beranggapan bahwa menggambarkan multikultural adalah orang Minangkabau adalah masyarakat kota Sawahlunto dan Padangpanjang; homogen dalam beragama. Asumsi ini Kota Sawahlunto sebuah kota kecil yang juga diperkuat dengan literatur terdapat di Provinsi Sumatera Barat tradisional (tambo), serta filosofis hidup (Indonesia), yang terletak tidak begitu beragama yang selalu bersandarkan jauh, yaitu ± 95 km dari kota Padang kepada Kitabullah. Hal ini menjadi (Ibukota Provinsi Sumatera Barat). Kota kontras ketika melihat tinggalan budaya ini pada masa lalu terkenal dengan kota materi yang ada di kota Sawahlunto dan tambang batubara. Sebelum dilakukan Kota Padangpanjang yang tidak hanya penambangan di Sawahlunto, wilayah menghadirkan satu varian tempat ibadah ini merupakan tanah ulayat nagari-nagari tetapi bermacam varian yang muncul. setempat sebagai lokasi persawahan dan Mesjid dan Gereja merupakan simbol perladangan, seperti Nagari Kubang, pluralitasnya masyarakat Sawahlunto Sijantang, dan lain-lain. Semenjak akhir dalam beragama, karena mesjid dan abad ke-19, sejarah Sawahlunto berubah gereja merupakan bukti fisik tentang berawal dari ditemukannya deposit batu tumbuh dan berkembangnya agama bara di sekitar daerah ini oleh Kolonial Islam dan Kristen di Sawahlunto. Oleh Belanda. karena itu perlunya mengkaji secara Sebagai kota kolonial, yang dihuni mendalam tentang Sejarah berdirinya oleh berbagai etnis seperti Minang, Jawa, bangunan mesjid dan gereja ini, dan Madura, Batak dan Tionghoa. Demikian bagaimana perkembangan arsitekturnya? juga agamanya, Islam, Kristen, Khatolik serta bagaimana multikulturalismenya menjadi agama yang dianut oleh keagamaan masyarakat di Minangkabau masyarakat Sawahlunto. dilihat dari dialektika antara Budaya Konsekwensinya, maka dibangunlah Islam, Kristen dan Minangkabau yang oleh pemerintah Belanda mesjid dan tercermin pada arsitektur bangunannya. gereja sebagai unsur panting untuk Penelitian terhadap bangunan pemenuhan hajat keagamaan masyarakat. ibadah kuno di Minangkabau sangat jarang dilakukan, apalagi mencari Dari paparan tersebut di atas ada hal yang menarik untuk diteliti, yakni relevansinya dengan kehidupan keberadaan rumah ibadah kuno (gereja masyarakat sebagai pendukung dari dan mesjid) di Sawahlunto dan kebudayaan itu sendiri. Padahal rumah Padangpanjang sebagai tempat terjadinya ibadah kuno tersebut dalam kajian persentuhan aktivitas kebudayaan yang arkeologi sangat penting untuk mewakili budaya Minangkabau, Islam, mengungkapkan sejarah serta budaya dan Kristen. Komposisi penduduknya yang pernah hidup disekitar bangunan sangat plural seperti yang tergambar pada tersebut. Karena, bangunan ibadah kuno sebaran tinggalan budaya meteri (gereja itu mengandung fossilized of idea and Majalah Ilmiah Tabuah: Ta’limat, Budaya, Agama dan Humaniora Sudarman dan Rusydi Ramli 51 behavior (mengendapkan budaya ide dan a. Observasi. prilaku). Jadi ketika membahas rumah Melakukan pengamatan ibadah kuno maka sebenarnya membahas secara langsung pada mesjid dan the man behind the material culture gereja yang ada di Sawahlunto (manusia di belakang budaya materi). dengan tujuan identifikasi Maka ada beberapa poin sehingga bangunan bersejarah
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