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The Modeling of Building Reliability of Menara Kudus Mosque Based on User Perception

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The Modeling of Building Reliability of Menara Kudus Mosque Based on User Perception MISEIC 2019 Mathematics, Informatics, Science, and Education International Conference "Trends, Advancement, and Innovation in Mathematics, Informatics, Science and Educationtoward Sustainable Development Goals" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Modeling of Building Reliability of Menara Kudus Mosque Based on User Perception Agung Sedayu1, Ach. Gat Gautama1 1Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University of Malang Email: [email protected] Abstract. The Menara Kudus Mosque is one of the oldest mosque building sites in Central Java which became the center of Islamic development in Java by Walisongo, especially Sunan Kudus. The condition of the building of this mosque is still functioning properly because of the physical condition of the well-maintained building. The Menara Kudus Mosque is considered to have a good level of building reliability and resistance to all loading. Besides being reliable in terms of physical buildings, the mosque building which is the result of acculturation of local culture show tolerance and harmony of religious people. The architectural style that adopts the Hindu, Buddhist, and Javanese style of the building makes this building show Islam as a religion that supports peace and harmony in society. This study aims to make the modeling of the reliability of the Menara Kudus Mosque building based on user perceptions. The respondents who were targeted by questionnaires were mosque users, namely pilgrims who knew the development of the mosque. The data analysis method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with architectural and structural variables as exogenous variables, stability as moderator variable, and reliability as endogenous variable. The results of the analysis show that the two exogenous variables have a positive effect on the moderator and endogenous variable. The relationship between endogenous variable with moderator variable shows significant effects. 1. Introduction The Menara Kudus Mosque is located in Kauman, Kota District, Kudus Regency, Central Java. This mosque was built in around 1549 by Sunan Kudus which is one of the wali songo (wali nine) as a propagator of Islam in Java. This mosque was a silent witness of tolerance from times between Muslims and followers of other religions at the time, namely Hinduism and Buddhism. This can be seen from the cultural acculturation and architectural style of the mosque tower (minaret) which has Javanese Hindu style, which at the time of Sunan Kudus preached to the majority of the community around the mosque who adhered to Hinduism, Buddhism, and animism [1]. The Menara Kudus Mosque has become a cultural heritage that has an ancient site, namely tower (minaret), gate (gapura), ablution place, original building with pyramid roof, and tomb area of Sunan Kudus and Family [2]. The application of Hindu culture in the Menara Kudus Mosque can be seen from the arrangement of spatial organization in Kudus City which follows the spatial organization arrangement in the Majapahit Kingdom. The combination of Islamic and Hindu culture in the Menara Kudus Mosque shows the interrelation and tolerance between Islam with Hinduism in the time but still guided by 143 ISBN 978-602-0951-28-7 MISEIC 2019 Mathematics, Informatics, Science, and Education International Conference "Trends, Advancement, and Innovation in Mathematics, Informatics, Science and Educationtoward Sustainable Development Goals" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Islam [3]. The around area in the mosque is called Kauman to be a cultural preservation and destination for religious tourism which is constantly maintained and cared for by the Kudus Regency Government. This study aims to make a model of the building reliability of Menara Kudus Mosque based on user perception. Respondents who were targeted in distributing questionnaires were mosque users, namely pilgrims who knew the mosque's development. The worshipers of the mosque users from the surrounding community often use the mosque building as a place of worship. The Menara Kudus Mosque has similar typology and philosophy with other mosques in Nusantara, especially in Java such as the Ampel mosque Surabaya, the Great Mosque of Demak, Mataram Kotagede Mosque, the Great Mosque of Cirebon, and many other mosques. 2. Method Some previous studies are used as a reference in the development of variables and research methods. This research develop and combine many variables, methods, and references from the previous studies. Sedayu [4] used method of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to determine the priority of maintaining the reliability of sustainable construction at the Ampel Mosque Surabaya. He obtained 7 research variables include workability, serviceability, durability, security and safety, comfort and regularity, and maintainability. Salimi et. al. [5] tried to find the role and impact of religion on the architecture of mosques and churches. The hypothesis is In different religions, religion affects on the architecture of religious buildings. Taher et. al [6] conducted a research that has aim to shed the light on teh significant architectural practices in contemporary mosque design by analyzing minaret in order to reinterpret, evaluate and develop mosque design in the contemporary world. The outcome of the research, is to figure out the main characteristics of contemporary minaret through the familiar characteristic appearances of traditional minaret. Kalayci et. al [7] had study focuses on the judgments of high-school students who follow a religion based program in Aydın, Turkey. Participants judged 4 contemporary mosque design approaches. Scores were collected via questionnaire. General like-dislike responses was the dependent variable of the study whereas differentness, exterior, interior, suitability for praying, invitingness and style characteristics of mosques were the independents. The convenience of space circulation in the Mataram Kotagede mosque is influenced by one of them by the presence of a grenteng in a room. The existence of the grenteng which is right in the middle of the door gives an influence on the comfort of the visitors circulation. The research findings show that circulation comfort with the role of grenteng can be achieved on one side of the left either used as an entry or exit circulation [8]. Marwoto et. al. also conducted ar research about simbolism in the great mosque of Demak by studying the human relationship with the place which is motivated by factors of symbols that are dominated by the religious and historical aspects of the City of Demak. The results explain the relationship between human with god presented in the elements of decoration in the Great Mosque of Demak. The diversity of aesthetic elements that are displayed in the door leaf, pillars, symbol, and machinations are the messages in the teachings of Islam [9]. The location of this research is Menara Kudus Mosque, Central Java Province. The methods of data collection use a survey and interview to the respondents. The research instrument was in the form of a questionnaire with a validity and reliability test using the SPSS 20. After the instrument was declared valid and reliable, the next stage was carried out an analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by using AMOS 19,0. The respondents in the study were mosque users namely pilgrims who had a lot of information about the development of Menara Kudus mosque. The scale measured is the level of user satisfaction. The determination of the research sample is sought by the Bernoulli equation [10] which produces 250 respondents. The measurement scale consists of 5 Likert scales: 1. Scale 1: not satisfactory 2. Scale 2: less satisfactory 3. Scale 3: quite satisfactory 4. Scale 4: satisfactory 5. Scale 5: very satisfactory The validity and reliability test of the research instrument was carried out in a trial phase of 30 people [11]. Validity test is conducted to determine the validity of the questionnaire that will be distributed to 144 ISBN 978-602-0951-28-7 MISEIC 2019 Mathematics, Informatics, Science, and Education International Conference "Trends, Advancement, and Innovation in Mathematics, Informatics, Science and Educationtoward Sustainable Development Goals" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- research respondents. For the purposes of correlation testing, Pearson's product moment correlation is used. In this study, an instrument is said to be strongly correlated if the correlation value is above 0,6 [11]. The reliability test aims to find out whether the data collection tool basically shows the level of accuracy, stability, or consistency of the tool in expressing certain symptoms of a group of individuals, even if done at different times. To test Internal Consistency using the coefficient of consistency (Alpha Cronbach). The provisions of the research instrument are called reliable if the alpha coefficient (Cronbach Alpha coefficient) is above 0,60 [11]. The validity and reliability test of the questionnaire by using SPSS 20. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis aims to create a model that explains the relationship between the variables of the
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