MAUDU’ A Way of Union with God MAUDU’ A Way of Union with God MUHAMMAD ADLIN SILA Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Sila, Muhammad Adlin, 1970- author. Title: Maudu’ : a way of union with God / Muhammad Adlin Sila. ISBN: 9781925022704 (paperback) 9781925022711 (ebook) Series: Islam in Southeast Asia. Subjects: Muslims--Indonesia--Sulawesi Selatan. Group identity--Indonesia--Sulawesi Selatan. Ethnic groups--Indonesia--Sulawesi Selatan. Islam--Indonesia--Sulawesi Selatan. Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia)--History. Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia)--Civilization. Dewey Number: 305.800959847 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basis for publication, taking into account other changes that the author may have decided to undertake. In some cases, a few minor editorial revisions have made to the work. The acknowledgements in each of these publications provide information on the supervisors of the thesis and those who contributed to its development. For many of the authors in this series, English is a second language and their texts reflect an appropriate fluency. Contents List of Illustrations . ix List of Tables . xi A Note on Languages . xiii Foreword . .xv Abstract . xvii PART ONE Introduction . 3 1 . The Scope of the Study . 13 2 . The Lontara’: The Bugis-Makassar Manuscripts and their Histories . 27 3 . Origin, Class Status and Socio-cultural Integration in Cikoang . 41 PART TWO 4 . The Ideological Dimensions of Disputes over Religious Practices in Cikoang . 71 5 . The Festivals of Maudu’ and Pattumateang . 91 6 . Concluding Remarks . 107 APPENDICES I . Types of Lontara’: The Bugis-Makassar Manuscripts . 119 II . The Tale of the Three Datok . 123 III . The Kinship Terms of the Cikoangese . 125 IV . Subdivisions of the Anakkaraeng . 127 V . The Ata, or Slaves, of South Sulawesi . 129 Glossary . 131 Bibliography . 137 List of Illustrations Maps The location of Desa Cikoang . 18 Figures Figure 1: Portrait of Sayyid Jalaluddin al-‘Aidid . 35 Figure 2: The sambulayang indicates the social status of the house owner . 54 Figure 3: Balla Lompoa, the house of a former Gowa ruler (Karaeng) . 55 Figure 4: The house of the children of Karaeng (Anakkaraeng) . 55 Figure 5: The house of distinguished people (Tubajik) . 56 Figure 6: The house of commoners (Tusamarak) . 56 Figure 7: The house of former slaves (Ata) . 57 Figure 8: The playing of drums (gandrang) . 57 Figure 9: The kandawari and sulapa’ are put in a bembengan . 96 Figure 10: The kandawari are put on top of the julung-julung . 97 Diagrams Diagram 1: The transmission of Sayyid Descent . 48 Diagram 2: Genealogy of H . Maluddin Daeng Sikki (a Sayyid Karaeng) . 50 Diagram 3: Patrilineal descent . 66 ix List of Tables Table 1: Population of Cikoang by lingkungan and sex (1994) . 17 Table 2: The names of Sayyid clans in Hadhramaut . 22 Table 3: The genealogy of Sayyid Jalaluddin al-‘Aidid . 49 Table 4: Sayyid population by class and lingkungan in Cikoang . 53 Table 5: Sayyid population by class in Luar Batang hamlet, Kelurahan Penjaringan, North Jakarta, 1996 . 73 Table 6: Kinship terms . 126 xi A Note on Languages The following abbreviations for languages cited in the study are as follows: Ar. Arabic, used not with diacritics, nor grammatically with case vowels or the singular and plural forms of nouns; rather, following Indonesian usage Bug. Buginese In. Indonesian Mak. Makassarese For explanations of the terms used in this book, please see the Glossary. xiii Foreword JAMES J . FOX This is a study that calls for greater attention from a wider scholarly audience. It was originally submitted as a Master of Arts thesis in Asian Studies at The Australian National University (ANU) in 1998. It offers a fascinating case study of the Sayyid community of Cikoang in South Sulawesi – in particular, an examination of the role of the descendants of Sayyid Jalaluddin al-’Aidid, a Hadhrami merchant-teacher of great authority and charisma who is said to have initially settled in Gowa in the 17th century. Whether Sayyid Jalaluddin came directly from Hadhramaut or by way of Aceh, when precisely he settled in Gowa, or why he moved to Cikoang and later to Sumbawa is unknown. Instead this study investigates the contemporary consequences of his appearance in Sulawesi and the establishment of the community of his descendants. It focuses on the Sayyid community in Cikoang, their historical intermarriage and cultural association with the Makassar nobility leading to the creation, among other things, of a title system that differentiates between Sayyid Karaeng, Sayyid Tuan and Sayyid Daeng who together comprise over two-thirds of the local community. Sayyid Jalaluddin’s legacy to the Cikoang community is the Tarekat Bahr ul-Nur whose mystic teachings expound the creation of the world from the ‘Nur Muhammad.’ A consequence of this teaching is an enormous emphasis on the celebration of Maudu’ (Maulid, or the Birth of the Prophet) as expressed in the local assertion: ‘My existence on this earth is for nothing but Maudu’.’ Every year this prompts the Cikoang community to hold one of the most elaborate and colourful Maulid cerebrations in Indonesia. If we are to appreciate the diverse historical sources of Islam in Indonesia, this is a study that deserves special attention. xv Maudu’: A Way of Union with God For its author, Muhammad Adlin Sila, this study was a stepping stone to further research. He has now completed his PhD at ANU with a thesis, Being Muslim in Bima of Sumbawa, Indonesia: Practice, Politics and Cultural Diversity. This study of Bima and its religious history establishes him as a major researcher on the diverse traditions of Islam in eastern Indonesia. The publication of this thesis is in line with the goal of the Islam in Southeast Asia series: to publish valuable research on Islam in Southeast Asia emanating from students at ANU. There are two people who deserve special thanks in bringing this thesis to publication. The preparation of the manuscript from the original thesis was ably carried out by Dr Wendy Mukherjee who is a scholar of Indonesian Islam and a superb copyeditor. Dr Martin Slama, who is a scholar of the Hadhrami in Indonesia, played an important role in urging us to consider publishing this thesis. xvi Abstract The village of Cikoang, situated on the south coast of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is home to a community of Sayyid whose members trace their genealogical descent back to the Prophet Muhammad through their home in the Hadhramaut in southernmost Arabia. This is a study of how their identity is maintained both through kinship and marriage and through systems of belief and religious practices. The distinctiveness of the Sayyid of Cikoang is emphasised not only in their home village but also in places to which they have migrated, such as Kelurahan Penjaringan in Jakarta. This study explores the continuing strength of such an identity in contemporary Indonesia. Kinship and marriage systems sustain the conviction of a bloodline that differentiates the Sayyid from other residents of Cikoang. Although marriages do occur between Sayyid and non-Sayyid, these are most usually between a Sayyid male and non-Sayyid female on the principle that children will inherit the descent status of their father. Sayyid women are compelled to marry only within the Sayyid community or to remain unmarried. A complex system of titles and status categories marks out different marriage arrangements entered into in the region. Cikoang beliefs and religious practices, as enunciated by the Sayyid, persist despite the criticism of modernist Muslim groups in Indonesia, which are discussed in this study. Cikoang village members trace these practices to the words and actions of their founder, Sayyid Jalaluddin al-‘Aidid, although they tend to justify them by reference to the Islamic scriptures of the Qur’an and the Hadith. The Sayyid of Cikoang affirm the absolute oneness of God and strive to reach unity with Him within the gnosis of ma’rifatullah. The oneness of humanity and Allah, best exemplified in the persons of the Prophet Muhammad and his descendants, is enacted in Cikoang by the Sayyid through the celebration of the occasion of Maudu’ or Maulid Nabi (Ar. the birth of the Prophet) and through xvii Maudu’: A Way of Union with God Pattumateang (Mak. the purification of deceased souls). These two rituals form the critical practices of the faith of the Sayyid. As well, the veneration of the Prophet and of later holy persons informs the theosophical doctrine of Bahr ul- Nur (Ar. The Sea of Light), the mystical order which they espouse. This is an order so far seldom treated in the study of Indonesian Sufism. xviii PART ONE 1 Introduction The focus of the first part of this study is to discuss in a broader context the origins of the kinship system and religious identity of Hadhrami Sayyid Arabs in a kampung or desa (In. village) called Cikoang within the region of Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their system of marriage, employing the principle of kafa’ah (In.