Transformasi Atap Masjid Raya Bandung

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Transformasi Atap Masjid Raya Bandung Seminar Ikatan Peneliti Lingkungan Binaan Indonesia (IPLBI) 1, A 533-538 https://doi.org/10.32315/sem.1.a533 Transformasi Atap Masjid Raya Bandung Zuhrissa Putrimeidia Aswati Mahasiswa Program Sarjana, Sekolah Arsitektur, Perencanaan, dan Pengembangan Kebijakan, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Korespondensi: [email protected] Abstrak Masjid Raya Bandung, yang saat ini berstatus sebagai masjid provinsi Jawa Barat diperkirakan berdiri pada tahun 1812, telah mengalami perubahan berkali-kali. Eksterior bangunan terlihat berbeda pada masa kolonial Belanda dan masa setelah kemerdekaan RI. Atap menjadi salah satu bagian dari Masjid Raya Bandung yang banyak mengalami perubahan dari sejak masjid didirikan hingga sekarang. Salah satu perubahan yang mencolok terjadi ketika karakteristik masjid Priangan seperti atap tumpang yang dimiliki oleh Masjid Raya Bandung pada masa kolonial berubah menjadi atap berbentuk kubah seperti bawang bergaya timur tengah bersamaan dengan berlangsungnya Konferensi Asia Afrika pada tahun 1955. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas transformasi atap pada Masjid Raya Bandung dari masa ke masa. Hasil tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan yang terjadi berkali-kali pada atap Masjid Raya Bandung banyak dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aspek seperti teknologi, sumber daya, serta kondisi ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya pada masa itu. Kata-kunci : masjid, Bandung, perubahan, atap Pendahuluan Masjid Raya Bandung, yang dulu dikenal sebagai Masjid Agung Bandung, berstatus sebagai masjid provinsi Jawa Barat. Masjid ini diperkirakan berdiri pada tahun 1812 bersamaan dengan dipindahkannya pusat kota Bandung dari Krapyak, sekitar sepuluh kilometer selatan kota Bandung ke pusat kota sekarang. Sejak didirikan, Masjid Raya Bandung telah mengalami delapan kali renovasi pada abad ke-19 kemudian lima kali pada abad ke-20, hingga direnovasi kembali pada tahun 2001 hingga peresmian oleh Gubernur Jawa Barat saat itu, H.R. Nuriana, pada 4 Juni 2003. Masjid Raya Bandung berlokasi di Alun-Alun Bandung, dekat ruas Jalan Asia Afrika, dan menjadi pusat Kota Bandung. Lokasi masjid di pusat kota memudahkan masyarakat untuk menemukan masjid tersebut. Gedung Merdeka dan Hotel Savoy Homann, dua bangunan yang lekat dengan peristiwa Konferensi Asia Afrika tahun 1955, terletak tidak jauh dari Masjid Raya Bandung. Ruas Jalan Asia Afrika menjadi saksi dari peristiwa Konferensi Asia Afrika di mana pemimpin negara Asia- Afrika berjalan dari Hotel Savoy Homann, tempat mereka menginap, ke lokasi konferensi di Gedung Merdeka, termasuk untuk shalat1 di Masjid Agung Bandung. Transformasi Masjid Raya Bandung sejak didirikan hingga sekarang terlihat sangat kentara. Pada masa kolonial, Masjid Raya Bandung memiliki karakteristik yang serupa dengan masjid agung lain di Priangan. Salah satu karakteristiknya terdapat pada atap tumpang tiga. Sementara pada masa setelah kemerdekaan RI, renovasi yang telah dilakukan membuat karakteristik masjid Priangan pada Masjid Agung Bandung tidak tampak lagi, dimulai dari renovasi pada tahun 1955. Pada renovasi tersebut, atap masjid berubah menjadi kubah persegi empat bergaya timur tengah seperti bawang. Renovasi ini dilakukan menjelang Konferensi Asia Afrika tahun 1955 atas gagasan Presiden Soekarno. Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Cirebon, Universitas Indraprasta, Universitas Trisakti Prosiding Seminar Heritage IPLBI 2017 | A 533 ISBN 978-602-17090-5-4 E-ISBN 978-602-17090-4-7 Transformasi Atap Masjid Raya Bandung Kegiatan Saat pertama didirikan, Masjid Raya Bandung merupakan bangunan panggung sederhana berstruktur kayu dengan dinding anyaman bambu dan atap tumpang dari rumbia. Pada area masjid terdapat kolam besar yang digunakan sebagai tempat bersuci atau wudhu2 sebelum beribadah. Air kolam ini pun berfungsi sebagai sumber air untuk memadamkan kebakaran yang terjadi di daerah Alun-Alun Bandung pada tahun 1825. (a) (b) Gambar 1. (a) Ilustrasi Masjid Agung Bandung oleh W. Spreat 1852 dalam buku De Zieke Reiziger (sumber: id.wikipedia.org, 2017); (b) Masjid Agung Bandung 1880 (sumber: media-kitlv.nl, 2017) Setahun setelah kebakaran, pada tahun 1826, dilakukan perombakan terhadap bangunan masjid termasuk mengganti atapnya menjadi berbahan kayu. Perombakan dilakukan kembali pada tahun 1850 bersamaan dengan pembangunan jalan Groote Postweg (kini jalan Asia Afrika). Perombakan dilakukan atas instruksi Bupati R.A. Wiranatakusumah IV dan atap masjid diubah menjadi genting. Kemegahan Masjid Agung Bandung diabadikan dalam lukisan pelukis Inggris bernama W. Spreat pada tahun 1852 (Gambar 1. (a)). Dalam lukisan tersebut, atap yang dimiliki masjid terlihat berbentuk limas besar bersusun tiga tinggi menjulang sehingga masyarakat biasa menyebutnya sebagai bale nyungcung3. Bentuk atap serupa terlihat pada tahun 1880, kemiringan atap pada masing-masing tumpuk terlihat lebih jelas dengan kemiringan yang lebih curam di bagian atas dan kemiringan yang lebih landai di bagian bawah (Gambar 1. (b)). (a) (b) Gambar 2. (a) Masjid Agung Bandung 1890 (sumber: Istiqomah, 2013); (b) Masjid Agung Bandung 1910 (sumber: media-kitlv.nl, 2017) Pada tahun 1890, perubahan besar pada atap masjid menjadi atap perisai sebanyak 3 buah yang berjejer secara paralel (Gambar 2. (a)). Bentuk atap tersebut sangat berbeda dari bentuk atap sebelumnya maupun dari atap masjid di Priangan pada umumnya. Pada tahun 1910, atap masjid kembali ke bentuk atap tumpang 3 tumpuk seperti tahun 1880. Atap tersebut juga memiliki dua sudut kemiringan dan bukaan di antara masing-masing tumpuk (Gambar 2. (b)). A 534 | Prosiding Seminar Heritage IPLBI 2017 Zuhrissa Putrimeidia Aswati (a) (b) Gambar 3. (a) Masjid Agung Bandung 1925-1933 (sumber: Istiqomah, 2013); (b) Masjid Agung Bandung 1950 (sumber: commons.wikimedia.org, 2017) Atap masjid pada tahun 1925 pun memiliki tambahan mengikuti penambahan massa serambi dan dua menara. Atap perisai digunakan untuk bagian serambi dan atap tumpang digunakan untuk kedua menara (Gambar 3. (a)). Atap menara berupa atap tumpuk dua yang memiliki bukaan di antara keduanya. Lalu pada tahun 1950, terdapat penambahan atap pada Masjid Agung Bandung untuk massa tambahan di kedua sisi masjid (Gambar 3. (b)). Pediment4 pun ditambahkan di bagian depan serambi yang dilengkapi atap perisai terpancung. Pada tahun 1955, ketika berlangsung Konferensi Asia Afrika, Masjid Agung Bandung mengalami renovasi besar pertama. Renovasi berupa perluasan masjid dilakukan untuk mengakomodasi tamu- tamu Konferensi Asia Afrika. Hasilnya atap tumpang tradisional Jawa diubah dengan atap berbentuk bawang khas timur tengah yang desainnya diusulkan langsung oleh Presiden Soekarno (Gambar 4. (a)). Sayangnya, atap kubah berbentuk bawang tersebut hanya bertahan sekitar 15 tahun. Setelah mengalami kerusakan akibat tertiup angin kencang dan pernah diperbaiki pada tahun 1967, kemudian atap kubah bawang diganti kembali pada tahun 1970. (a) (b) Gambar 4. (a) Masjid Agung Bandung 1955-1970 (sumber: id.wikipedia.org, 2017); (b) Masjid Agung Bandung 1973 (sumber: rjsyahrulloh.blogspot.co.id, 2017) Masjid Raya Bandung mengalami perubahan besar-besaran lagi berdasarkan SK Gubernur Jawa Barat tahun 1973. Lantai masjid dibuat lebih luas lagi dan dibuat menjadi bertingkat. Atap kubah berbentuk bawang pun diubah menjadi atap Joglo (Gambar 4. (b)). Namun pada tahun 1980-an, tembok tinggi dengan ornamen batu granit dan pintu gerbang besi dibangun di muka Masjid Agung Bandung sehingga menutupi penampilan masjid dan seperti benteng yang mengisolasi masjid menjadi tempat tertutup. Banyaknya bangunan perkantoran dan restoran di sekitar kawasan masjid juga mungkin mengurangi ketertarikan masyarakat terhadap Masjid Agung Bandung. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan Masjid Agung Bandung seolah-olah terisolasi di antara hiruk pikuk lingkungan Alun-Alun Bandung. Prosiding Seminar Heritage IPLBI 2017 | A 535 Transformasi Atap Masjid Raya Bandung Renovasi terakhir dilakukan pada tahun 2001 sebagai bagian dari proyek rehabilitasi Alun-Alun Bandung. Pada saat inilah Masjid Agung Bandung berubah menjadi Masjid Raya Bandung dan memperoleh status sebagai masjid provinsi Jawa Barat. Desain baru masjid adalah hasil dari kolaborasi antara empat desainer asli Bandung: Keulman, Arie Atmadibrata, Nu’man, dan Slamet Wirasonjaya. Atap masjid berbentuk atap limas diubah kembali menjadi kubah berdiameter 30 meter yang dibangun dengan konstruksi space frame untuk mengurangi beban dan ditutup dengan material metal yang dipanaskan dalam suhu sangat tinggi (Gambar 5. (a)). Penggantian atap tradisional masjid menjadi bentuk kubah diharapkan dapat memberi kesan bangunan masjid yang lebih mudah dikenali sebagai upaya mengembalikan citra Masjid Raya Bandung menjadi kebanggaan masyarakat Bandung dan Jawa Barat. (a) (b) Gambar 5. (a) Masjid Raya Bandung 2001-2014 (sumber: rjsyahrulloh.blogspot.co.id, 2017); (b) Masjid Raya Bandung 2017 (sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2017) Selain kubah utama, Masjid Raya Bandung dilengkapi pula dengan dua kubah berukuran lebih kecil masing-masing berdiameter 25 meter yang terletak di atas bangunan tambahan di sampingnya. Sama seperti kubah utama, dua kubah tambahan ini menggunakan konstruksi space frame namun ditutup dengan material transparan untuk memberi efek cahaya ke dalam masjid. Selain itu terdapat tambahan berupa dua menara kembar yang masing-masing setinggi 81 meter. Menara tersebut direncanakan setinggi 99 meter untuk merepresentasikan 99 nama Allah (Asma’ul Husna) tetapi diubah menjadi 81 meter akibat pembatasan tinggi bangunan terkait posisi Bandara Internasional Husein Sastranegara. Kedua menara terletak di kanan dan
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