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Tesi Doctoral TESI DOCTORAL Títol Anàlisi de la cobertura mediàtica de la revolució tunisiana. Enquadraments, agendes i discurs de la premsa internacional durant l’aixecament popular que va canviar el món àrab Realitzada per David Meseguer Mañá en el Centre Facultat de Comunicació Universitat Pompeu Fabra i en el Departament Departament de Comunicació Dirigida per Carles Pont i Sorribes / Antoni Segura i Mas 2016 II AGRAÏMENTS Abans d’entrar de ple en el contingut de la tesi doctoral, voldria agrair el suport rebut per part de certes persones que ha esdevingut fonamental perquè aquesta recerca hagi arribat a bon port. En primer lloc, als meus directors de la tesi, el doctor Carles Pont i el catedràtic Antoni Segura, de qui he rebut consells, indicacions i ànims en moments de dificultat. Sense la seva inestimable ajuda, paciència i dedicació, de ben segur que aquesta investigació no hauria assolit els objectius desitjats. En segon lloc, voldria destacar l’inestimable suport de la meva parella Beatriz, els meus pares, el meu germà i tota la meva família i amics. Els seus ànims durant aquests cinc anys en els moments de flaquesa i desencant han estat decisius per tirar endavant i no rendir-se. D’altra banda, vull mostrar l’agraïment a diferents persones de l’àmbit acadèmic que han confiat en mi per impartir classes en sessions de grau, màsters i seminaris. Christopher Tulloch i Carles Pont, de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Sandra Balsells, de la Universitat Ramon Llull – Blanquera i Antoni Castel i Xavier Giró de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, m’han donat l’oportunitat que m’ha permès iniciar-me i guanyar experiència en l’àmbit de la docència universitària. Tampoc podria oblidar-me de tots els professionals del periodisme que han confiat en mi i que han compartit viatges, cobertures i consells. Marc Vidal i Carme Colomina em van obrir les portes del diari Ara, Dabi Lazkanoiturburu del diari Gara i Medir Plandolit i Andrés Reymondes van confiar en mi per formar part de l’equip de Vice News. En aquest sentit, agrair especialment el suport de tota la redacció de Vice News, mitjà on treballo actualment com a redactor en cap. Finalment, mencionar periodistes com Karlos Zurutuza, Cristina Mas, Nicolàs Valle i Ricard Garcia Vilanova de qui he après molt i els seus consells han esdevingut molt importants per créixer professionalment. III RESUM Anàlisi de la cobertura informativa que set dels principals mitjans de comunicació del món –les versions online d’Al Jazeera English, CNN, BBC i France 24 English, així com els diaris Le Monde, The Guardian i l’International Herald Tribune– van realitzar durant un esdeveniment de la transcendència històrica i social com la revolució tunisiana de 2010. A partir de l’estudi dels enquadraments, les agendes, el discurs dels diferents mitjans i la realització d’entrevistes en profunditat a professionals que van cobrir la revolució tunisiana, la recerca permet conèixer els diferents factors que van influir en els processos de producció de la informació. L’estudi demostra com Al Jazeera English, France 24 English i Le Monde van fixar l’agenda intermèdia i com la selecció dels temes, atributs i fonts per part d’aquests mitjans van condicionar la cobertura que la resta de mitjans va realitzar de l’aixecament popular tunisià. Paraules clau: Tunísia, revolució tunisiana, món àrab, cobertura mediàtica, agenda setting, agenda intermèdia, framing, tematització, fonts d’informació, Ben Ali, Al Jazeera English, France 24 English, Le Monde ABSTRACT We analysed the coverage that seven of the main media in the world –online versions of Al Jazeera English, CNN, BBC, France 24 English and Le Monde, The Guardian and the International Herald Tribune newspapers– made during an historical and socially important event, the Tunisian revolution in 2010. Studying frames, agendas and media speech, and conducting interviews with professionals who covered the Tunisian revolution, the research reveals the main factors which influence the production information processes. The study shows how Al Jazeera English, France 24 English and Le Monde fixed the media agenda and how such topics, attributes and sources selected by these media conditioned the coverage that other media made during the Tunisian uprising. IV Key words: Tunisia, Tunisian revolution, Tunisian uprising, Arab world, media coverage, agenda setting, media agenda, framing, theming, information sources, Ben Ali, Al Jazeera English, France 24 English, Le Monde V VI ÍNDEX CAPÍTOL 1. PRESENTACIÓ DE LA INVESTIGACIÓ (12) 1.1. Introducció (12) 1.2. Problema d’investigació (13) 1.3. Objecte d’estudi (16) 1.4. Hipòtesis (16) 1.5. Objectius de la investigació (19) 1.6. Aproximació metodològica (21) 1.6.1. Estructura de la recerca i especificitats metodològiques (24) 1.6.2. Apunt metodològic sobre la citació i traducció de textos (25) 1.7. Definició i ús de conceptes específics (26) 1.7.1. Revolució (26) 1.7.2. Violència (28) CAPÍTOL 2. MARC TEÒRIC (30) 2.1. Producció informativa i la construcció de la realitat social (30) 2.1.1. La construcció de la realitat social per part dels mitjans de comunicació (30) 2.1.2. La configuració de l’agenda: teoria de l’agenda setting (32) 2.1.2.1. Tematització (36) 2.1.2.2. Establiment de l’agenda intermèdia (38) 2.1.3. Segon nivell de l’agenda setting: agenda d’atributs i enquadraments (40) 2.1.4. Teories de l’enquadrament: el framing (41) 2.1.5. Tipologia d’enquadraments (45) 2.1.6. Producció i selecció de notícies: el rol del gatekeeper (47) 2.1.6.1. Configuració del discurs periodístics i poder (51) 2.1.7. Cobertura mediàtica de casos excepcionals (53) 2.1.8. Fonts d’informació (54) 2.1.9. Bones pràctiques periodístiques: l’adequat ús de la terminologia (57) 2.2. Síntesi del capítol (59) 7 CAPÍTOL 3. LA COMPLEXITAT D’INFORMAR SOBRE EL MÓN ÀRAB (62) 3.1. Introducció (62) 3.2. La construcció a Occident de la imatge del món àrab i islàmic (63) 3.3. Models mediàtics existents al món àrab (68) 3.3.1. La «premsa de mobilització»: eina propagandística al servei de la “revolució” (69) 3.3.2. La «premsa lleial»: al servei de les monarquies del Golf (70) 3.3.3. El sistema de transició o la «premsa pluralista» (73) 3.3.4. Les agències de comunicació estatals (76) 3.3.5. Mitjans àrabs editats a Occident (77) 3.4. Credibilitat i rol dels mitjans àrabs abans d’Al Jazeera (80) 3.5. Cobertura del conflicte araboisraelià i la Primera Guerra del Golf (83) 3.5.1. Cobertura del conflicte araboisraelià (83) 3.5.2. Cobertura de la Primera Guerra del Golf i el paper de la CNN (86) 3.6. La irrupció de les televisions àrabs per satèl·lit (88) 3.6.1. El llançament d’Al Jazeera: una revolució en el panorama mediàtic àrab i mundial (90) 3.6.1.1. Les sancions a l’Iraq, la causa palestina i la tipologia de programes (91) 3.6.1.2. Bin Laden, la Guerra de l’Afganistan i la Guerra de l’Iraq (93) 3.6.1.3. Al Jazeera suposa una revolució en el panorama mediàtic àrab i mundial (98) 3.7. Els mitjans àrabs creen les seves versions internacionals en anglès (99) 3.8. Els principals mitjans internacionals creen les seves versions en àrab (102) 3.9. Síntesi del capítol (103) 8 CAPÍTOL 4. LA REVOLUCIÓ TUNISIANA (106) 4.1. Els antecedents històrics (106) 4.1.1. Independència de França (107) 4.1.2. Govern de Habib Bourguiba (1957-1987) // (109) 4.1.3. Tunísia governada per Ben Ali (1987-2011) // (115) 4.1.3.1. RCD: un projecte autoritari de partit únic amb la policia com a guardià (116) 4.1.3.2. Violació dels drets humans: repressió de l’oposició i els islamistes i la manca d’obertura democràtica (119) 4.1.3.3. El clan familiar Ben Ali-Trabelsi i el problema de la corrupció generalitzada (121) 4.1.3.4. Del creixement econòmic a l’atur i la frustració social (124) 4.1.3.5. La revolta de Gafsa (2008): la població expressa el seu malestar i exigeix unes condicions de vida dignes (126) 4.1.3.6. Relacions exteriors: la connivència d’Occident amb el règim tunisià (128) 4.1.3.7. Els cables revelats per WikiLeaks posen al descobert la corrupció del règim, la manca de drets humans i la connivència d’Occident (130) 4.1.3.8. Mitjans de comunicació i llibertat d’expressió: de la censura del règim al poder de les televisions per satèl·lit i les xarxes socials (133) 4.2. Cronologia de la revolució tunisiana (142) 9 CAPÍTOL 5. ESTUDI DE CAS: ANÀLISI DE LA COBERTURA MEDIÀTICA DE LA REVOLUCIÓ TUNISIANA (153) 5.1. Metodologia de l’estudi de cas (153) 5.1.1. Justificació de la mostra: selecció i volum del corpus d’anàlisi (154) 5.1.2. Protocol de l’anàlisi de contingut (158) 5.1.2.1. Identificació de la unitat informativa (159) 5.1.2.2. Els enquadraments noticiosos o frames (159) 5.1.2.3. Fonts informatives (160) 5.1.2.4. Punts clau i arguments recurrents (162) 5.1.3. Anàlisi del discurs: terminologia, presentació dels actors i quadre ideològic (162) 5.1.4. Codificació i anàlisi de les dades (164) 5.1.5. Entrevistes en profunditat (165) 5.2. Anàlisi dels continguts (168) 5.2.1. El tractament a la premsa (168) 5.2.1.1. International Herald Tribune (171) 5.2.1.2. The Guardian (173) 5.2.1.3. Le Monde (176) 5.2.2. El tractament a les plataformes online de les televisions (178) 5.2.2.1.
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