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RESULTS . 9 2.1 FAMILY STRUCTURE, LAND AND LABOR ............... 9 2.2 CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES . 11 2.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION . 17 2.4 COMMERCIALIZATION ............................ 18 2.5 CROP STORAGE ................................. 24 2.6 PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ............. 27 2.7 INCOME AND EXPENDITURES ....................... 27 2.8 WEALTH AND FAMILY POSSESSIONS .................. 30 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 32 APPENDICES I Summary of Indicators II Questionnaire in Portuguese III Results of the Informal Surveys on the Commercial Network and Producer Organizations IV Data concerning the selling practices of small holder farmers in the six districts V Project Framework WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 1 EXECUTIVE SlJMl'.fARY Within the framework of World Vision International - Mozambique's (WVM) Agricultural Recovery and Development Program (ARDP), a Baseline Study was conducted between February and April 1995 in six districts)n Central Mozambique, namely Nicoadala and Morrumbala in Zambezia Province, Caia in Sofala Province and Changara, Tsangano and Angonia in Tete Province. The objective of the survey was to generate essential data on the actual cropping systems, commercialization, storage and processing practices and wealth of smallholder farmers in the mentioned districts, to be used for monitoring the implementation of the ARDP. Smallholder agriculture in the six districts surveyed was shown to be a family act1v1ty, largely undertaken (but not controlled) by women and children. Women had a particularly important role in the cultivation of rice. The use of hired labor is rare. Average farm sizes ranged from 1.09 to 2.82 hectares, with the highest average areas (exceeding two hectares) being reported in the three districts in Tete Province and the smallest in Nicoadala District as a result of the high population pressure. Most families had at least two fields, with at least one plot in an upland area and one in a lowland area. Cropping systems of the smallholder sector in the six districts surveyed are characterized by a widely grown principle crop (maiz\:'), location-specific crops (rice and coconut in Nicoadala, dry beans in Tsangano and Angonia, onion and garlic in Changara) and a diversification of crops, including fruit and vegetables. The average number of crops grown varies between districts. Maize is the main staple food in all districts, with the exception of Nicoadala where rice is the principle staple crop. However, maize is inefficiently grown by virtually all farmers. Shortfalls are currently met by buying maize in the market at irregular intervals and many interviewees sell maize after harvest and buy maize later in the year. A proportion of farmers in Caia and Changara districts are already using the improved maize variety Matuba made available through World Vision's emergency seed distribution program (643 in Caia and 753 in Changara respectively). However, few farmers in other districts are using improved varieties and the dissemination of a range of farmer selected varieties of various crops could have a positive impact on crop production in the ARDP area. Farmers in general use poor farming techniques. Improved planting techniques including sowing in lines and thinning plant stands are being used by some farmers in the three districts surveyed in Tete Province and in Caia District, but in Nicoadala and Morrumbala districts planting in lines is uncommon. Farmers in general plant 4 to 4.3 seeds per hole, with the exception of Nicoadala where the recommended 2 to 3 seeds per hole is being implemented. The spread of extension messages linked to improved cultural practices would be valuable project wide, although of particular value in Zambezia Province. Rice is grown by almost all smallholder farmers in Nicoadala (98 % of respondents). A total of 31 rice varieties were reported to be used, the majority of which are regional varieties. In all districts, farmers diversify their crop base. The average number of crops per family ranged from 9. O in Tsangano to 13 .4 in Caia. Besides maize, other important crops include: sweet potato and cowpea in Nicoadala; cassava. sorghum and pigeon pea in Morrumbala; cowpea, pumpkin and millet in Caia; sorghum, peanut and millet in Changara; and dry bean in Tsangano and Angonia. There was a notable absence of sunflower in all districts and groundnut was most common in Changara and Caia districts. Fruit production is widespread, although individual farmers generally do not have access to more than one or two types of fruit tree. Conunon fruit crops include mangos, orange, cashew, banana, and papaya; coconut being important in Nicoadala. The range of vegetables grown by individual farmers is limited. Tomato is grown in all districts and by most farmers in Angonia, Tsangano, Nicoadala and Changara. Onion and garlic are particularly important in Changara, while okra and cucumber are quite popular in Morrumbala and Caia. Access to vegetable '' WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 2 seeds probably limits the diversity of vegetables produced. Seed exchange among farmers is a common practice for rice in Nicoadala, where rice seed is rarely sold. Exchange of maize seed was reported in all other districts and in Tsangano, Angonia and Changara, seed was sold. Most of the seed exchange activities in Morrumbala and Caia appear to be associated with the efforts of the returnees to increase their seed stocks of a desired range of crops, prior to planting. In the case of high value crops such as dry bean and Irish potato, farmers tend to either exchange seed with family members or sell. The existence of farmer-to-farmer seed exchange activities implies that the dissemination of farmer selected varieties made available through the ARDP will occur naturally from initial beneficiaries to family, friends and neighbours. Livestock production is in general poorly developed and limited, in most cases, to chickens and/or ducks. Only in Changara was there evidence of goat production (40% of the respondents) and in Angonia, 35 % of the interviewees owned pigs. Large animals are seldom seen and were reported to be owned by only a few (approximately 8 %) of the families interviewed in Tete Province. Considerable differences were detected in terms of the average number, composition and order of importance of crops grown for commercial purposes in the six districts. The average number of cash crops grown ranged from 1.1 in Caia to 3.1 in Tsangano and Angonia. In Nicoadala and Changara, an average of 1.5 and 1.6 cash crops were reported respectively. The main conunercial crops include: dry beans and maize in Tsangano (grown for sale by 91 % and 49 % of respondents respectively) and Angonia (by 81 % and 54% of respondents); onion and garlic were grown by 45% and 32 % of interviewees in Changara; coconut and rice were grown by 57 % and 43 % of the respondents in Nicoadala; and maize was most important in Morrumbala (57%) and Caia (43%). The number· of commercial crops appears to be proportional to family wealth and the stimulation of commercial activities is expected to enhance household income. Smallholder farmers' decision to grow and sell cash crops seems to be supply rather than demand driven, following a Flood-Trickle-Supply cycle. At harvest the supply increases sharply as farmers sell large quantities of their produce to meet family needs and a few months later, the supply of produce dries up as only a few farmers go to the market place. Improvements in access to market information may stimulate farmers to be more responsive to market demand. While a good proportion of farmers claim to be responsive to overall price fluctuation, there are considerable differences in terms of willingness and ability to sell agricultural produce. Most farmers in Angonia (96 % of respondents), Tsangano (94 %) and Nicoadala (87 %) seem to be \villing to increase the production of certain crops in response to non-temporary change~ in market prices, provided that land and labor are available. However, poor harvests in 1994 limited the farmers' ability to sell what they had planned to sell, priority being given to the maintenance of household food security. Producers of dry beans in Angonia and Tsangano were not planning to increase the area planted to these crops, although the demand is clearly high. Women have a minor role in decisions concerning the sale of agricultural produce and the control of. family finances, with the exception of Nicoadala where 50 % of the respondents said that the woman of the family decides if and when to sell rice. Men dominate the financial decisions in Morrumbala, Caia, Changara, Angonia and Tsangano in approximately 60% of the households interviewed. In Nicoadala, men and women share financial control, probably because the men are less involved in rn1-farm activities as alternative forms of employment are more common. The majority of smallholder farmers' sell their produce individually and so lack "bargaining power".
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