..
lIBJKIJJ)&lID IBl&§JE]]) illlEIBL!.\IIBTIIL:F1TATICO>~ lYCO>ill §I'ML~IL: §CC.!hlLIE if&_:.r{l0,@Eill§ TIN CCJIJ~~,, R'iICO>Z::l~1£IB3IICQi[JJ%
\
~ 0 • b~~ - {) ').._ k~4PID1L l ~Sf;J bS{, ~ O')_ I ;::i -6--0o-S-O L ~ -0 0
2':·fu'. JJoooiI11anrh 'l,VJ:rri!tie, Cou1Thtlry Di'.rr;;:::fuJr 1 !Parnnfo :si¥.illlill\Ul©Il K.w.ll11J!dmomlb~. Av::;;v.;J'.:;; . I:7!J, r.O. JBl(!x 25311, M2'qpm.fr.((]) Phrnrue: 25§~Jt-42ifii'.H214"26i743 T:ellex: '5- Jl24~ 'l,VOJFtV .MO T:e]:e!fw-;:: 2:'Ji§ .. 1~4!2l4.'1Y6i
--·------~------BROAD BASED REHABILITATION FOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN CENTRAL MOZAMBIQUE
BASELINE STUDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5
1.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES ...... 5 1.2 METHODOLOGY ...... 6 1.3 PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS ...... 7 1.4 CONDITIONS OF THE SURVEY ...... 7
2. RESULTS ...... 9
2.1 FAMILY STRUCTURE, LAND AND LABOR ...... 9 2.2 CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES ...... 11 2.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ...... 17 2.4 COMMERCIALIZATION ...... 18 2.5 CROP STORAGE ...... 24 2.6 PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ...... 27 2.7 INCOME AND EXPENDITURES ...... 27 2.8 WEALTH AND FAMILY POSSESSIONS ...... 30
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 32
APPENDICES
I Summary of Indicators II Questionnaire in Portuguese III Results of the Informal Surveys on the Commercial Network and Producer Organizations IV Data concerning the selling practices of small holder farmers in the six districts V Project Framework WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 1
EXECUTIVE SlJMl'.fARY
Within the framework of World Vision International - Mozambique's (WVM) Agricultural Recovery and Development Program (ARDP), a Baseline Study was conducted between February and April 1995 in six districts)n Central Mozambique, namely Nicoadala and Morrumbala in Zambezia Province, Caia in Sofala Province and Changara, Tsangano and Angonia in Tete Province. The objective of the survey was to generate essential data on the actual cropping systems, commercialization, storage and processing practices and wealth of smallholder farmers in the mentioned districts, to be used for monitoring the implementation of the ARDP.
Smallholder agriculture in the six districts surveyed was shown to be a family act1v1ty, largely undertaken (but not controlled) by women and children. Women had a particularly important role in the cultivation of rice. The use of hired labor is rare. Average farm sizes ranged from 1.09 to 2.82 hectares, with the highest average areas (exceeding two hectares) being reported in the three districts in Tete Province and the smallest in Nicoadala District as a result of the high population pressure. Most families had at least two fields, with at least one plot in an upland area and one in a lowland area.
Cropping systems of the smallholder sector in the six districts surveyed are characterized by a widely grown principle crop (maiz\:'), location-specific crops (rice and coconut in Nicoadala, dry beans in Tsangano and Angonia, onion and garlic in Changara) and a diversification of crops, including fruit and vegetables. The average number of crops grown varies between districts.
Maize is the main staple food in all districts, with the exception of Nicoadala where rice is the principle staple crop. However, maize is inefficiently grown by virtually all farmers. Shortfalls are currently met by buying maize in the market at irregular intervals and many interviewees sell maize after harvest and buy maize later in the year. A proportion of farmers in Caia and Changara districts are already using the improved maize variety Matuba made available through World Vision's emergency seed distribution program (643 in Caia and 753 in Changara respectively). However, few farmers in other districts are using improved varieties and the dissemination of a range of farmer selected varieties of various crops could have a positive impact on crop production in the ARDP area. Farmers in general use poor farming techniques. Improved planting techniques including sowing in lines and thinning plant stands are being used by some farmers in the three districts surveyed in Tete Province and in Caia District, but in Nicoadala and Morrumbala districts planting in lines is uncommon. Farmers in general plant 4 to 4.3 seeds per hole, with the exception of Nicoadala where the recommended 2 to 3 seeds per hole is being implemented. The spread of extension messages linked to improved cultural practices would be valuable project wide, although of particular value in Zambezia Province. Rice is grown by almost all smallholder farmers in Nicoadala (98 % of respondents). A total of 31 rice varieties were reported to be used, the majority of which are regional varieties.
In all districts, farmers diversify their crop base. The average number of crops per family ranged from 9. O in Tsangano to 13 .4 in Caia. Besides maize, other important crops include: sweet potato and cowpea in Nicoadala; cassava. sorghum and pigeon pea in Morrumbala; cowpea, pumpkin and millet in Caia; sorghum, peanut and millet in Changara; and dry bean in Tsangano and Angonia. There was a notable absence of sunflower in all districts and groundnut was most common in Changara and Caia districts. Fruit production is widespread, although individual farmers generally do not have access to more than one or two types of fruit tree. Conunon fruit crops include mangos, orange, cashew, banana, and papaya; coconut being important in Nicoadala. The range of vegetables grown by individual farmers is limited. Tomato is grown in all districts and by most farmers in Angonia, Tsangano, Nicoadala and Changara. Onion and garlic are particularly important in Changara, while okra and cucumber are quite popular in Morrumbala and Caia. Access to vegetable ''
WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 2
seeds probably limits the diversity of vegetables produced.
Seed exchange among farmers is a common practice for rice in Nicoadala, where rice seed is rarely sold. Exchange of maize seed was reported in all other districts and in Tsangano, Angonia and Changara, seed was sold. Most of the seed exchange activities in Morrumbala and Caia appear to be associated with the efforts of the returnees to increase their seed stocks of a desired range of crops, prior to planting. In the case of high value crops such as dry bean and Irish potato, farmers tend to either exchange seed with family members or sell. The existence of farmer-to-farmer seed exchange activities implies that the dissemination of farmer selected varieties made available through the ARDP will occur naturally from initial beneficiaries to family, friends and neighbours.
Livestock production is in general poorly developed and limited, in most cases, to chickens and/or ducks. Only in Changara was there evidence of goat production (40% of the respondents) and in Angonia, 35 % of the interviewees owned pigs. Large animals are seldom seen and were reported to be owned by only a few (approximately 8 %) of the families interviewed in Tete Province.
Considerable differences were detected in terms of the average number, composition and order of importance of crops grown for commercial purposes in the six districts. The average number of cash crops grown ranged from 1.1 in Caia to 3.1 in Tsangano and Angonia. In Nicoadala and Changara, an average of 1.5 and 1.6 cash crops were reported respectively. The main conunercial crops include: dry beans and maize in Tsangano (grown for sale by 91 % and 49 % of respondents respectively) and Angonia (by 81 % and 54% of respondents); onion and garlic were grown by 45% and 32 % of interviewees in Changara; coconut and rice were grown by 57 % and 43 % of the respondents in Nicoadala; and maize was most important in Morrumbala (57%) and Caia (43%). The number· of commercial crops appears to be proportional to family wealth and the stimulation of commercial activities is expected to enhance household income.
Smallholder farmers' decision to grow and sell cash crops seems to be supply rather than demand driven, following a Flood-Trickle-Supply cycle. At harvest the supply increases sharply as farmers sell large quantities of their produce to meet family needs and a few months later, the supply of produce dries up as only a few farmers go to the market place. Improvements in access to market information may stimulate farmers to be more responsive to market demand. While a good proportion of farmers claim to be responsive to overall price fluctuation, there are considerable differences in terms of willingness and ability to sell agricultural produce. Most farmers in Angonia (96 % of respondents), Tsangano (94 %) and Nicoadala (87 %) seem to be \villing to increase the production of certain crops in response to non-temporary change~ in market prices, provided that land and labor are available. However, poor harvests in 1994 limited the farmers' ability to sell what they had planned to sell, priority being given to the maintenance of household food security. Producers of dry beans in Angonia and Tsangano were not planning to increase the area planted to these crops, although the demand is clearly high.
Women have a minor role in decisions concerning the sale of agricultural produce and the control of. family finances, with the exception of Nicoadala where 50 % of the respondents said that the woman of the family decides if and when to sell rice. Men dominate the financial decisions in Morrumbala, Caia, Changara, Angonia and Tsangano in approximately 60% of the households interviewed. In Nicoadala, men and women share financial control, probably because the men are less involved in rn1-farm activities as alternative forms of employment are more common.
The majority of smallholder farmers' sell their produce individually and so lack "bargaining power". As a consequence of the small quantities sold by individual farmers, any economies of scale in marketing are also lost. The most conunon buyers of smallholder farmers' produce are small (informal) traders and individual (occasional) buyers, representing over 80% of the buyers in all WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 3 districts, with the exception of Morrumbala where formal traders/retailers are more active. The informal traders purchase small quantities of produce, mainly from the farmers' house or field, or in some cases at the market place. Transport is therefore not viewed as a constraint by farmers. When farmers take their produce to market, they usually carry it on their head for an average of 2.5 and 4.2 km, occasionally walking as far as 30 km. Their knowledge (or interest in knowing) of transport operators is very limited. The stimulation of group activities will allow farmers to sell their produce jointly, thereby taking advantage of the higher prices available at the provincial markets and for bulk sales of agricultural production.
Smallholder farmers use a diversity of storage systems to maintain food and seed stocks, particularly in-house storage, storage in a granary (with or without smoke) and storage in sacks. Outside storage is less common in Nicoadala due to the high frequency of theft. However, most farmers' storage systems are unable to address the problem of rats and weevil attack, cited by more than 303 of respondents in Zambezia and Sofala Provinces. The introduction of granaries with rat guards would make a significant contribution to the reduction of post-harvest losses and the introduction of smoke to control weevils would be helpful in Nicoadala, Changara, Angonia and Tsangano.
Storing produce for household consumption is common but for sale is not common, being cited by a maximum of 203 of the respondents in each district. Where storage is practiced for sale, farmers rarely store for more than four months. In general, farmers sell their stored produce in small quantities during the months after harvest. The storage of agricultural production for sale should be encouraged, particularly if farmers join together to jointly transport and sell their stored produce later in the season when the demand is high and prices may be twice those at harvest.
Processing of agricultural produce to produce alcohol is common, ranging from 17 % in Caia to 51 % in Nicoadala. While it might be an important source of income, the consequences of its excessive consumption represent a social problem, particularly in Nicoadala. Other types of "value-added" activities such as oil extraction are not practiced and need to be encouraged in all districts.
A proportion of the smallholder farmers interviewed undertake other income generating activities, most commonly running informal business or trade (32 % of the respondents), producing artisanal goods (24%) or working in the fields of others (363). Most informal business or trade takes place in areas bordering neighboring countries or at the main transport corridors, such as in Tsangano, Changara, and Caia districts. Approximately one third of all respondents were engaged in some form of trading activity. Working in the field of others is more conunon in places of land scarcity (Nicoadala), in the cultivation of labor demanding crops such as rice (Nicoadala) and in places of higher returnee populations (Morrumbala). Producing artinsanal goods (such as clay objects, wooden spoons, straw baskets, reed mats, etc) is a dominant source of income in Angonia and Changara, where cross-border trade with Malawi and Zimbabwe is important.
The most common household expenses include food (mainly maize or maize flour) (100% of respondents), medical expenses (76%), clothing (733) and school expenses (55%). Expenses on agricultural inputs are limited to the purchase of tools (25 3) and occasionally seeds and fertilizer. This probably reflects a lack of access to agricultural inputs.
In general, as a consequence of poor harvests, low yields, inefficiency, poverty and the influx of returnees, most farmers face the paradox of producing maize and buying it, either ffgularly or before harvest. The proportion of farmers who bought maize in 1994 in the three districts in Tete Province was impressive (81 % in Angonia, 72 % in Tsangano and 63 % in Changara) while only a few (0 % to 9%) sold it. In Caia more people bought maize (49%) than sold it (19%). In Nicoadala, 93 % of the respondents bought maize but no one sold it. Even in Morrumbala where more than half of the respondents (56%) sold maize, the proportion of farmers who bought maize was high (48%). The WVM Agdcultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 4
wider use of improved storage techniques might reduce the need for farmers to sell large quantities of produce immediately after harvest.
Although in all districts, household wealth indicators imply that the smallholder farmers surveyed are very poor, there is considerable variation among households. Based on the reported ownership of a number of durable goods, such as bicycles, wooden furniture, and radios, and on the type of house owned, farmers in Caia were shown to be the poorest of the six districts.
Through this Baseline Survey, the Agricultural Recovery and Development Program has identified and documented a multiplicity of problems affecting the smallholder agricultural sector in the surveyed districts. Various indicators have been selected to evaluate the ARDP (see Appendix I). WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 5
1. INTRODUCTION
The Agricultural Recovery and Development Program (ARDP) of World Vision International - Mozambique (WVM) has been involved in the distribution of quality seeds, agricultural hand tools and crop production information in the form of manuals to war displaced Mozambican farming families since 1986. In 1992, the Agricultural Recovery and Development Program initiated a research progran1 to evaluate: available improved and local varieties of the principle crops grown by the family sector and to identify improved cultural practices suitable for low-input farming conditions. The variety research program evaluated varieties available in Mozambique, from the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) and the national seed company Sementes de M0<;:ambique (SEMOC), varieties currently grown by the family sector farmer, and varieties available from private seed companies in the region and from the International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs). The research program involved a multi-location fully-replicated trials program and a parallel on-farm trials program implemented in the provinces of Tete, Sofala, Zambezia and Nampula. Farmers were involved throughout the research process and a series of "Farmers Selected Varieties" (FSVs) have been identified with good performance and acceptability in terms of taste, a number of which have been included in the seed packs distributed through the emergency seeds and tools program.
World Vision's emphasis on development has increased with the continued peace and stability of Mozambique. The funding of the World Vision proposal "Broad Based Rehabilitation for Small Scale Farmers in Central Mozambique": will support efforts at increasing crop production in Tete, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces and will also support activities to help farmers participate in conunercial markets. Mozambique is entering a commercialization phase with the rehabilitation of roads, liberalization of price controls and government regulation. The implementation of this project will allow farmers to benefit from increased commercial opportunities and appropriate technologies.
As a means to facilitate the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the WV-ARDP, a Baseline Survey was conducted in six districts included in the project between February and April 1995. This report presents the results of this baseline survey.
1.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the Baseline Study were to provide data on six districts in Central Mozambique, namely Nicoadala, Morrumbala, Caia, Changara, Tsangano and Angonia covering the following issues:
the amount of land currently in production by the family sector farmer; the level of crop diversification including use of improved varieties; trends in land area devoted to a particular crop (either increasing or decreasing); use of improved agricultural technologies and inputs; kinds and numbers of animals owned; the level of farmer participation in markets, how they store their goods, obtain current market pries, bring their good to market and negotiate sales; amount of processing of commodities at the farm level; sources of income and expenditures; index of relative wealth; which family members make decisions about commercial transactions and household expenditure; the existence of producers, farmers, or women's groups; the number and activities of traders; transporters, and shops in the community. WVM Agricultura1 Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 6
The availability of information on the above issues is crucial for the designing of an implementation plan and for the monitoring of project indicators (Appendix VI). This study can be repeated at regular intervals to determine the project impact.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
(i) Survey Instruments
To obtain all the desired information, four information gathering instruments were used:
A structured questionnaire (Appendices II and III) covering most of the objectives in 1.1. The questionnaire contained 36 questions and took about 40 minutes to complete for farmers not involved in commercialization and about one hour for farmers having commercial activities.
An informal survey of producer groups to assess the level of group activities. This study was done by the survey supervisors with key informants, usually taking only 10 minutes to complete.
An informal survey of commercial networks to assess the number and activities of traders, transporters, and shops in the community. This survey was also done by the survey supervisors with key informants (often in the market place) in each village of the study area. These surveys could be completed in an hour or less depending on the level of activities taking place.
In depth case study interviews to uncover an other relevant cultural information which could affect the success of the project.
(ii) Survey Locations
Three to five villages in each of the six districts were chosen for the study. In general the villages were chosen in order to be fully representative of the range of socio-economic conditions of the ARDP project area. For instance in Caia, four villages were chosen, two close to the district market (Malumaimbo and Chaudimba) and two about 25 km away from the center of Caia (Murra<;:a and Phaza). Of these more distant villages, one Murra<;:a has good possibilities for commercialization and the second (Phaza) does not. Details of the districts and villages surveyed are given overleaf, together with information on the number of surveys implemented per village.
After numerous consultations with USAID, the University of Mozambique, Ministry of Agriculture/Michigan State University team, the questionnaire was refined and a sample size of 100 respondents for each district was chosen. Two separate field testings in Nicoadala were done to further refine the questionnaire. The second test coincided with training for· the interviewers. The unit of study was the head of household. Once the villages to be investigated were chosen, respond:'!nts were selected in a random manner and were interviewed in their local language by trained enumerators.
A team of five to six people went out to each district between March 6 and March 18, 1995. This was thought to be the best time to record information about last year's harvest and activities during 1994, as the 1994/95 season's harvest was not yet in. Any further delay would have confused the WVl\1 Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 7
1994 and 1995 activities. Each team required four to six days to complete the required number of questionnaires for a given district. Data was entered into the computer using dBASE III+ and analyzed by district and sometimes by sex to better reveal information by domain.
1.3 PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS
The results of the survey are presented and discussed according to the following sections: family, land and labor; cropping systems, cultural practices and animals; commercialization; storage; processing; income and expenditures; and indicators of household wealth. Data is presented either in a tabular or graphical form. The results of the two informal surveys referred to in Section 1.2 are presented in Appendix IV.
1.4 CONDITIONS OF THE SURVEY
The 1993/94 agricultural campaign was very dry. Most families struggled just to survive. Also many of the interviewees are recent returnees and were using all their resources to rebuild their house and to clear land. The survey teams as a whole believe that the villagers responded honestly, however, some underreporting is possible. Some women in the more rural areas were fearful of responding. WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 8
DETAILS OF THE DISTRICTS AND VILLAGES SURVEYED IN THE ARDP BASELINE STUDY.
DISTRICT DISTRICT DESCRIPTION SURVEYED NO. FAMILIES LOCATIONS SURVEYED
NlCOADALA Close to Quelimane, Zambezia Province; sea level; region l\fagologodo k• Population; 172 ,000 dominated by rice and coconut production; well-distributed rainfall Sao Pedro/Sao Paulo 16 (1400 mm); dry season vegetable production common; access to Mucocora 30 Quelimanc market. Impurrune 30 Naruacha 23
TOTAL: 120
MORRUMBALA Western Zambezia Province; 0-400 m.a.s.'; site of high refugee Mccange 30 Population: 250,000 resettlement; good rainfall (1200 mm); productive maize growing Domingos 27 area; access to Quelimanc, Bcfra and Maputo markets. Boroma 13 Dumbune 6 Joaquim Chissano 24
TOTAL: 100
CAIA Zambezi Valley, Sofala Province; unreliable rainfall (700 mm); Malumaimbo 18 Population: 130,300 site of high refugee resettlement; poor productive potential; limited Chandimba 18 opportunities for vegetable production; access to Quelimane and Murra~a 26 Beira markets. Phaza 38
TOTAL: 100
CHANG ARA Southern Tete Province; 200-500 m.a.s.; very arid (700 mm); Nachinanga 39 Population: 137 ,000 good opportunities for vegetable production; strong market in Tete Cancune 41 City; livestock population relatively high. Capimbi 37
TOTAL: 117
ANGO>f!A Northern Tete Province; upland 1200 m.a.s.; good rainfall (1500- Chiritse 38 Population: 300,000 1900 mm); productive· maize and dry bean growing area; strong Calambo 40 market in Malawi; access to Tete City market. Kampessa 34
TOTAL: 112
TSANGANO Northern Tete Province; upland 1500 m.a.s.; good rainfall (1500- Ligoe 37 Population: 87,000 1900 mm); productive maize and dry bean growing area; strong Kalipale 39 market in Malawi; access to Tete City market. Afutsa 40
TOTAL: 116
1 m.a.s. Meters above sea level WVM Agricultuml Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 9
2. RESULTS
2.1 FAMILY STRUCTURE, LAND AND LABOR
(i) Family Structure
Throughout the survey area, families are basically monogamous with a weak to moderate presence of cases of polygamy, particularly in Changara and Caia districts. Polygamous relationships are highest in Changara (51 % of the male heads-of-household) and Caia (38 % ) and lowest in Angonia (16%), Nicoadala (17%) and Tsangano (18%). The majority of the polygamous families consisted of only two wives. In the case of Angonia and Tsangano, the strong presence of the Catholic church may have reduced the incidence of polygamy. In the case of Nicoadala, the higher cost of living is probably prohibitive to large increases family size. The higher frequency of polygamy in Changara may reflect the fact that livestock production is important in the district and that the women in the family are usually responsible for taking care of the animal herds. The size of a family's herd is also a sign of the family's wealth.
(ii) Farm Size and Number of Fields Cultivated
The average farm size and number of fields cultivated by the families surveyed in the six districts is given in Table 1. Average farm sizes ranged from 1.09 hectares per family in Nicoadala to 2.82 hectares in Angonia. In general, farm sizes were largest in the three districts in Tete Province, as there is plenty of land available and the area cultivated per family is only limited by the availability of labor. In Nicoadala, the population is high in comparison to the amount of land available. The presence of companies such as Madal, the Compania de Zambezia and Boror, each with large areas of land occupied by coconut plantations or earmarked for cattle grazing, further restricts the smallholder farmers' access to land. At the time of the Baseline Survey, the average farm size in Morrumbala appears small. However, as the predominantly returnee population reestablishes itself, each family is expec~ed to expand the area of land cultivated as the availability of land is not limiting.
TABLE 1: AVERAGE FARM SIZE AND NUMBER OF PLOTS OWNED BY SURVEYED FAMILIES.
NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO
FARM SIZE (ha) 1.09 1.56 1.70 2.27 2.82 2.18
NO. OF PLOTS 2.49 2.18 2.45 2.88 1.95 1.62
Most families surveyed owned at least two plots, commonly with one plot in the more fertile lowlands and a second plot in the less fertile uplands. In most districts the low-lying fields are used for dry season vegetable production, relying either on residual soil moisture or hand irrigation. This can represent a significant source of family income and make an important contribution to the nutritional health of the family.
Details of the changes in area cultivated will described in Section 2.4 (Table 11), with the provision of crop-specific data. However, there has been a general expansion in the area cultivated in all six districts. This reflects the fact that, with the advent of peace, improved security has meant that families resident throughout the war are investing in the future and expanding their area cultivated. In the case of the refugees who have recently returned form Malawi to their zones of origin, they are WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 10 gradually expanding their farms to a size required to ensure self-sufficient levels of crop production.
(iii) Composition of Household Labor
The average number of people working on the family farm varied between districts (Table 2). The available workforce in Nicoadala was very low with an average of 2.51 family members contributing to farm labor. In Tsangano an average of 3 .49 people worked on the family farm. In Caia, Morrumbala, Angonia and Changara, the numbers were higher, with 4.48, 4.83, 5.46 and 5.87 people working on the farm, respectively.
TABLE 2: AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF FAMILY LABOR, INCLUDING THE NUMBER OF LABORERS HIRED.
TYPE OF WORKER NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CAI..\ CHANG ARA ANGON!A TSA'\TGANO
WOMEN 1.12 l.13 1.24 1.68 1.30 1.10
MEN 0.77 0.93 0.90 1.03 1.01 0.97
CHILDREN 0.62 1.21 1.44 1.58 0.57 0.74
HIRED LABOR 0 1.56 0.90 1.58 2.58 0.67
The majority of smallholder farmers rely of family members to provide the farm labor required. Although the men play an important role in the provision of labor, particularly when opening up new farms, the women and children provide most of the labor required. The difference in the contribution made by the men and the women was particularly noticeable in Nicoadala, Caia and Changara districts. In Nicoadala, many men have off-farm temporary or permanent employment with the large companies operating in the district. Children clearly represent an important source of labor, particularly in Morrumbala, Caia and Changara districts where the school network is very poor. In Nicoadala, Angonia and Tsangano districts, schools are more numerous, the rate of school attendance is high and consequently children's inputs into on-farm activities are correspondingly reduced.
The contribution of hired labor was generally low and, in all districts the majority of the interviewees (over 70 %) did not hire additional labor. Farmers hiring additional labor were generally those located in the more productive districts of Angonia and Morrumbala and in general, such farmers would hire two or more laborers at one time.
(iii) Control of Family Finances
Despite their position as main labor suppliers for smallholder agriculture, women in general have little authority as far as commercialization of the harvest is concerned. The only exception being Nicoadala district, where the women have more decision-making power concerning the sale of rice and sweet potato and are as likely as men to control the family finances (Figure 1), WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 11
% OF MEN AND WOMEN CONTROLLING FINANCES
/~, -----
::- ~
Figure 1
2.2 CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES
(i) Maize Cultivation Practices
Maize is the main staple food and the most common field crop in all districts, with the exception of Nicoadala District where only 47% of the families interviewed planted maize, as rice is the dominant field crop (planted by 98 % of the respondents). Table 3 shows the percentage of households who produce, buy and sell maize in the six districts surveyed. The overall importance of maize is further stressed by the fact that smallholder farmers in all districts, including Nicoadala, regularly buy maize in response to their production shortfalls and that few farmers sell maize, even in the three districts in Tete Province where virtually all farmers grow maize.
TABLE 3: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO PRODUCE, BUY AND SELL MAIZE.
ACTIVITY NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CA!A CHANGARA AN GO NIA TSAN GANO
PRODUCE 47 100 99 99 100 100
BUY 93 48 49 63 81 72
SELL 1 56 19 0 9 6
.·~~~~ti.0·· ''··' The importance of maize is further witnessed by the relatively high percentage of farmers who stated that they are increasing the area devoted to this crop. The district data expressed as the net percentage of farmers increasing the area cultivated to maize (i.e. percentage increasing the area planted minus the percentage decreasing the area planted) follow: Nicoadala (3 % as a dry season crop WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 12 following rice and therefore reflecting the increase in area cultivated to rice); Morrumbala (56 %); Caia (54 % ) ; Changara (3 % , reflecting the fact that maize is poorly adapted to conditions in Changara); Tsangano (31 %) and Angonia (16%).
Despite the importance of maize, the number of varieties reported as being currently used is small, namely three varieties in Nicoadala District, four in Angonia District, five in Caia and Changara Districts, six in Tsangano District and seven in Morrumbala District. Improved varieties appear to be widely recognized in Tsangano District, with farmers citing the use of Kalahari (5 % of respondents), Matuba (4%), Umbeluzi (16%) (disseminated initially through World Vision's emergency seeds distribution program and through the ARP's "Farm Family First" extension network) and MH14 (4%) and MH18 (2%) (maize hybrids obtained from Malawi). Similarly Matuba and Umbeluzi were being grown by 5 % and 28 % of the respondents in Angonia respectively. Matuba maize which is an early-maturing variety ideally suited for the drought-prone conditions of the Zambezi Valley, is being grown by 72 % of the interviewees in Changara District and by 56 % of the interviewees in Caia District. In Nicoadala, 7 % of the households interviewed were growing Matuba introduced through. the ARP's extension activities. Preliminary tests of the very early maturing variety EV8430 in the Zambezi Valley have obtained a positive response. Although, because of its earliness, EV8430 is lower yielding than Matuba, its early maturity means that farmers are able to eat green ears when food stocks are very low. The promotion of this variety will be a major focus of the extension network in the Zambezi Valley. Another improved variety cited was Manica which had also been distributed through the ARP's emergency relief and extension programs and was being grown by 3 % of farmers in Changara. Very few farmers grew improved varieties in Morrumbala as seed distributions have been limited to recent distributions of Kalahari (cited by 1 % of the respondents) and Matuba (3 % ) to new returnees and flood victims. In this district the diffusion of improved varieties, not only of maize but also of a range of other crops, could have a huge impact on increasing production to meet the high farmer and market demand.
Maize planting techniques are not uniform in all districts (Table 4). In Tsangano, Angonia and Changara districts of Tete Province, and in Caia district in Sofala Province, planting in lines is a widespread practice and the majority of the interviewees said that they thinned the plant stands at the early stages of growth. Thinning was particularly prevalent in Changara District where drought stress is common and an excessive number of plants per hill would guarantee crop failure. Planting in lines is not common practice in Nicoadala or Morrumbala and therefore constitutes an important extension message in these areas. The absence of planting in lines in Nicoadala probably reflects the labor constraints commonly experienced in that district and the lower priority of maize relative to rice. On the other hand, thinning plant stands in practiced in both districts, although only to a limited extent in Morrumbala district. Farmers planted an average of four seeds per hill, with the exception of Nicoadala where an average of two seeds per hill were planted. These seeding rates are adequate when combined with post-emergence thinning of plant stands.
TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS USING IMPROVED CULTURAL PRACTICES. -- PRACTICE NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO - PLANTING IN LINES IO 4 83 74 94 100
NO. OF SEEDS PER HOLE 2.6 4.2 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.7
THINNING 80 59 82 94 90 80
The absence of a functional extension service in recent years in Morrumbala District is reflected in the very limited adoption of improved maize varieties and cultural practices and the ARDP hopes to WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 13 be able to have an impact through its newly established extension network. At this stage of returnee resettlement in Morrumbala, family labor is probably focussing on opening up new land rather than implementing good cultural practices.
(ii) Rice Cultivation Practices
As mentioned above, rice is the most important crop in Nicoadala, grown by 98% of the respondents. A total of 31 different varieties were grown, with an average of two varieties being grown per family; many families plant three to four varieties. This degree of varietal recognition is a sign of the importance of this crop to farmers in this district. A number of the varieties grown are local varieties widely recognized to be highly adapted to the intermittent floods and drought stress experienced in this area, such as Cabo Delgado, Mamima, Chibic;a and Oitava, and the ARP is promoting some of these varieties as Farmer Selected Varieties in areas where they are not normally grown. The only improved variety cited was IT A 312 which can be very productive under good growing conditions but is susceptible to drought stress. The percentage of interviewees growing each farmer selected variety is given in Table 5.
TABLE 5: PERCENJAGE OF HOUSEI;J:i;>LDS GROWING FARMER SELECTED VARIETIES, INCLUDING IMPROVED V ARIEJIES>i'; · ,
CROP NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA AN GO NIA TSANG ANO .. MAIZE Mamba 7· 3 56 72 5 4 Mani ca - - - 3 - - Kalahari - - 1 - - - 5 SEMOC - 1 - - - - MH.1.4 - - - I MH 18 - - 2 Umbeluzi - - - - 28 16 .. "World Vision" - - 8 - - - -· - RlCE Caho Delgado 10 ., 1 - - ' - - Chibi~ 3 - 4 - - - !TA 312 5 1 4 - - - Oitava 58 - - - - - Marnima 23 - - - - - "World Vision" - - 12 - - -
COWP EA Namuesse 22 - - - - - Brahman - - - - 16 3 "World Vision" - - 28 - - -
SORGHUM Chokwe - - 15 - - - SV-2 - - - 10 - - NTS-93 - - - 28 - - "World Vision" - - 22 14 - -
CASSAVA Mucudo Muevia 12 - 2 - - - Mulaleia 3 - - - -
SWEET POTATO 15 Dias 6 - - - - - "World Vision" - 2 - - -
GROUNDNUT Natal Common - - 3 33 12 6 "World Vision" - - 22 13 - ' .
WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 14
Rice is a crop where significant improvements can be made in cultural practices. However, labor is a constraint to the implementation of optimal land preparation, water control and weeding. Efforts need to be made to evaluate labor-saving technologies which could benefit women, as they tend to be responsible for all stages of rice cultivation.
(iii) Use of Farmer Selected Varieties
Details of the extent of the use of farmer selected varieties for selected principle crops in the different districts were given in Table 5. In Caia, "World Vision" maize is probably Matuba, distributed widely through the emergency seed distribution program. Many of the rice varieties included in Table 5 represent farmer selected varieties (Cabo Delgado, Oitava, Mamima, Chibi9a) which are available in Nicoadala as local varieties but which are being introduced into other districts through the "Farm Family First" extension network. In Caia District, "World Vision" probably represents either Chibi9a, Mamima or IT A 312. Cowpea varieties Namuesse and Brahman are being introduced through the extension network and "World Vision" is probably IT 18, introduced through the emergency seed distribution program. Chokwe sorghum has also been identified as being of importance for introduction through the ARP extension network, whereas SV-2, NTS-98 and "World Vision" (probably either SV-2 or NTS-98) have been introduced through the seeds and tools program. Similarly the groundnut variety Natal Common, which is the same as "World Vision" has been introduced in the Ag-paks.
(iv) Crop Diversity
In all districts, families grow a range of different crops to guarantee food production under favorable or unfavorable climatic conditions, to produce variation in food items for home consumption and to produce items with a high market demand. Table 6 shows the percentage of households who grow individual crops and the percentage who grow a particular crop for commercial purposes. The average number of crops grown per family varied between districts, with most diversity being evident in Caia where interviewees grew an average of 13.4 crops; families in Tsangano grew the lowest number of crops (9.02).
From this survey it appears that the number of crops grown is inversely correlated to the families well-being (see also Section 2.7) and to the agricultural potential of the district. The low number of crops grown in Tsangano is an indication of the dependability of the climate in that district and the fact that households concentrate on the production of a few key cash crops. In comparison, the highest diversity in cropping was seen in Caia, probably reflecting the unreliability of the climate and the need to grow a range of drought-resistance crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea, cowpea, pumpkin, groundnut, and sesame to guarantee household food security.
Besides maize in five of the six districts and rice in Nicoadala (as described above), other important crops include: sweet potato and cowpea, planted to follow rice, and cassava in Nicoadala; cassava, sorghum and pigeon pea in Morrumbala; cowpea, pumpkin, millet and sorghum in Caia, the latter two crops being predominantly grown on the drought-prone interior regions; sorghum, peanut and millet in Changara; dry beans in Tsangano and Angonia.
Dry beans are grown by virtually all respondents in Tsangano and Angonia. Onion is also important in Changara and coconut in Nicoadala. However, these crops are grown primarily for their commercial value and do not have the dual importance that maize and rice do as staples. No WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 15
improved varieties were mentioned for dry beans which is surprising considering the importance of the crop. Peanuts were grown on a limited scale, with the exception of Caia and Changara districts. This crop has potential to become a major commercial crop with additional oil processing possibilities.
Cassava was rarely grown in Tete Province. This crop is highly drought tolerant and can be harvested out of season when there is a shortage of food. The promotion of cassava in the drier districts of Changara and Caia would make a useful contribution to household food security.
TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS GROWING & SELLING INDIVIDUAL FIELD, VEGETABLE & FRUIT CROPS.
NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO CROP GROW SELL GROW SELL GROW SELL GROW SELL GROW SELL GROW SELL
PRINCIPLE FIELD CROPS MAIZE 47 0 100 57 99 43 99 6 100 48 100 49 RICE 98 16 45 0 39 0 - - - SWEET POT A TO 85 32 24 0 65 0 19 1 56 22 53 13 COWPEA 74 4 71 9 82 4 60 2 62 32 52 26 CASSAVA 58 3 85 12 50 8 3 0 16 4 3 0 SORGHUM 1 0 81 8 77 4 85 4 4 0 1 0 PEARL MILLET 1 0 19 0 81 5 68 1 - - 1 0 MUNGBEAN 40 0 - - -· ------PUMPKIN 32 0 52 0 82 4 53 2 64 9 60 2 FINGER MILLET 11 0 5 0 12 0 - - 51 3 63 3 PIGEON PEA 7 0 75 12 73 0 - - 3 1 7 1 GROUNDNUT 3 0 30 0 64 5 83 6 53 12 49 15 IRISH POTATO - - - - - 8 0 25 13 50 43 YAM 3 0 ------1 0 SUNFLOWER 1 0 - - 19 0 7 0 2 0 1 0 BAMBARA GROUNDNUT - - 28 0 10 0 5 1 5 0 3 0 LABLAB BEAN 1 0 9 0 -- 5 0 - - - SESAME - - 3 0 7 0 - -- - - DRY BEAN 3 0 4 0 -- 11 0 96 81 97 91 SUGARCANE 3 18 4 8 -- 4 0 13 0 3 0
AVERAGE NO. OF CROPS 10.5 1.5 11.3 1.2 13.4 1.1 10.5 1.6 11.4 3.1 9.0 3.1
VEGETABLES TOMATO 61 4 30 0 59 9 66 19 72 33 51 18 OKRA 43 6 45 0 77 5 53 3 48 2 43 0 CUCUMBER 28 1 41 0 57 0 41 0 14 1 20 0 CHILI PEPPER 26 1 20 0 46 0 29 0 24 0 14 0 ONION 20 2 20 0 49 8 67 44 59 15 42 10 KALE 16 2 34 0 48 6 47 11 50 11 48 11 CHINESE CABBAGE 16 1 10 0 41 0 43 0 32 4 26 3 CABBAGE 11 0 4 0 12 0 23 3 45 14 28 4 \ LETTUCE 6 1 - - -- 55 0 10 0 2 0 GARLIC 7 0 30 0 22 0 55 33 15 5 18 3 GREEN PEPPER 2 0 15 0 33 0 14 2 12 0 8 0 EGGPLANT ------5 0 3 0 PEAS ------1 0 TOBACCO ------25 20 4 0 -
TREE/FRUIT CROPS COCONUT 75 48 2 0 ------MANGO 63 0 81 0 39 0 8 1 79 1 25 0 CASHEW 39 0 67 0 ------LEMON 38 I 9 0 - - - - 6 0 - - BANANA 36 1 44 0 24 0 19 2 73 4 47 3 PAPAYA 27 0 35 0 53 0 15 1 5 0 1 0 GUAVA 21 0 5 0 - --- 21 0 9 0 ORANGE 18 2 19 0 - - - - 91 0 -- SOUR SOP 15 2 ------PASSION FRUIT 5 0 ------TANGERINE 4 0 6 0 - - -- 4 1 1 0 PINEAPPLE 1 0 ------WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 16
(v) Fruit and Vegetable Production
Fruit production is taking place in all districts, differences in the species grown reflecting the climatic conditions. However, levels of fruit production tend to be low as the trees are old and suffer periodic burning due to land clearing activities. Details of the proportions of households growing the different types of fruit trees were included in Table 6. In Angonia and Tsangano, mango, orange, banana and guava are most commonly grown. Due to a lack of soil moisture, fruit production in the districts of Changara and Cai a is confined to the production of bananas, papaya and mango on the banks of the river Zambezi. Mangos and cashew are the most important fruit trees in Morrumbala and in Nicoadala fruit production is dominated by coconuts (grown by 75 3 of the respondents), mangos and cashew. Coconut is an important commercial crop in Nicoadala district, not only to the private companies but also to the family sector, who sell fresh coconut, copra (the dried endosperm) and prepare roofing materials ("nyokas ") for sale. The production and commercialization of these products is the responsibility of the men.
A diversity of vegetables are grown in all six districts (see Table 6). Tomato is the most popular vegetable, being grown by the majority of the farmers in Angonia, Tsangano, Changara, and Nicoadala. Onion and garlic are particularly important in Changara and are sold in Tete City, Zimbabwe and Maputo. Vegetable production in Caia is limited to the low-lying areas along the banks of the river Zambezi and along streams. However, due to its proximity to Beira, market demand is high and the stimulation of vegetable production and commercialization would have a positive impact on household income. Kale, cucumber and okra were also cited as important crops both for home consumption and commercialization. Cabbage is an important vegetable in Angonia, Tsangano, and to a lesser extent in Changara, produced principally for commercialization.
(vi) Seed Sale and Exchange Activities
Details of the seed transactions in each district are given in Table 7.
TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXCHANGING OR SELLING SEED OR PLANTING MATERIAL AMONG FARMING FAMILIES.
CROP NJCOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANGANO
MAIZE - 48 21 6 7 8 RICE 11 9 1 - - - IRISH POTA TO - - - - 6 GROUNDNUT - 3 1 - 4 4 DRY BEANS - - - - 5 3 SORGHUM - 20 3 5 - - MILLET - 1 - - - - COWPEA 5 4 - - - PIGEON PEA - 11 - - - - CASSAVA - 2 - - - - SWEET POTATO ------ONION - - - 5 - -
Seed transactions among farming families seem to be quite uncommon in Nicoadala, Changara, Tsangano and Angonia being limited to the principle crops, presumably because farmers are able to save most of the seed they require. In Morrumbala however, approximately half of the households and in Caia 213 of the households gave maize seed to family, neighbours and friends. Seed transactions in Morrumbala involved ten different crops, including maize, sorghum, pigeon pea, rice and cowpea and in Caia, the principle crops maize, sorghum. It would appear that these seed transactions in Morrumbala and Caia may involve returnees who, upon their return to Mozambique, \VVM Agricultural Recovery and Developmcat Program Baseline Report Page 17 are short of seed for planting and who therefore request seed from family, neighbours or friends. Due to their high market value, transactions involving dry beans and Irish potato in Angonia and Tsangano tend to involve exchange among family members only and sale of seed to people outside the family. In the case of onion in Changara, seed is sold between farmers.
(vii) Availability and Use of Other Agricultural Inputs
The percentage of households who purchased agricultural inputs (seed, tools, and fertilizer) is given in Table 8. In Morrumbala, a proportion of the interviewees had purchased seed and tools. Of the remainder 25 % said that they had received inputs through an emergency distribution and the remainder either did not need inputs or were not aware that they were available. In Caia, very few people bought inputs last year, being restricted to the limited purchase of seeds and tools. In Angonia, 12 % of the respondents said that they bought seed and others mentioned receiving seed and so not needing to buy seed. The highest numbers of farmers purchasing inputs occurred in Tsangano, where 30 % of the interviewees purchased fertilizer and/or seed. Almost all of these purchases were associated with Irish potato production. Until recently Irish potato production in Tsangano has been encouraged by the heavy subsidy of fertilizers by the Malawian government. The cessation of those subsidies will decrease potato production in Mozambique as well as raise Irish potato prices. As emergency seed distributions cease, an increased demand for seed is anticipated.
TABLE 8: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS PURCHASING AGRICULTURAL INPUTS.
INPUT NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CA!A CHANG ARA AN GO NIA TSANGANO
SEED 13 29 5 3 13 15
TOOLS 13 9 6 3 0 0
FERTILIZER 0 0 0 0 2 16
2.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Details of the type of livestock owned by interviewees in the districts surveyed are given in Table 9.
TABLE 9: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LIVESTOCK.
ANIMAL NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANGANO
CHICKENS 53 72 64 53 73 79
DUCKS 7 46 47 14 4 10
GOATS 3 2 6 40 28 27
PIGS 0 20 3 15 35 25
CATTLE 0 0 0 8 9 8
Over 50% of the families interviewed in all districts owned chickens, with a maximum of 79% in Tsangano. Chicken numbers are regularly depleted by Newcastle disease in all districts. Ducks are also produced in all districts but in smaller numbers.
Larger animals such as goats and pigs were rare in Nicoadala, Morrumbala and Caia, and cattle were absent among interviewed families in these districts. In comparison, families in Changara, Tsangano WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 18 and Angonia tend to possess a wider range of animals, including chickens, goats, pigs, ducks and in some cases cattle. Two of the interviewees in Changara could be considered to be large-scale cattle producers, with herds of 37 and 41 head, eleven of the respondents possess herds of eleven or more goats and one respondent in Tsangano also possessed a large herd of cattle.
A range of crop residues (rice, coconut, maize, sorghum, millet) are being used as animal feed, together with the residues from brewing activities. Other sources of animal feed cited were sweet potato, Chinese cabbage, dry beans, finger millet, and squash.
2.4 COMMERCIALIZATION
(i) Cash Versus Non-cash Crop Production
In all districts farmers grow a number of crops for commercial purposes and details of the proportion of farmers growing individual crops in the different districts were given in Table 6. These cash crops are lucrative, aggressively sought after by traders during periods of demand and can easily be sold from the home. Irish potato grown in Tsangano brought in the highest receipts in the survey, with an average of 1. 8 million Meticais in receipts per farmer.
As shown in Table 10, the relationship between the number of crops grown purely for food and the number of crops grown for commercial purposes differs significantly between districts. The highest average number of cash crops was reported in Tsangano and Angonia, where families grew an average of 3.1 cash crops. Conversely, Caia and Morrumbala reported growing the lowest number of cash crops, with an average of 1.1 and 1.2 cash crops per family, respectively. Caia is the poorest and the least commercial district in the survey. Hence farmers cropping patterns are driven by home consumption requirements rather than the demands of the market, with sales being made to obtain cash to satisfy family needs. Although Changara is a drier area than Caia, sales surpassed those of Caia because of a better access to water for dry season vegetable production and the high demand from the Tete City market.
TABLE 10: AVERAGE NUMBER OF FOOD CROPS AND CASH CROPS GROWN BY HOUSEHOLDS.
TYPE OF CROP NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA AN GO NIA TSANGANO
NON-CASH CROP 9 10.1 12.3 8.9 8.3 5.9
CASH CROP 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 3.1 3.1
TOTAL 10.5 11.3 13.4 10.5 11.4 9.0 -
In general the number of cash crops grown seems to be inversely proportional to the total crop diversity, with Caia having very few cash crops but a high crop diversity and Tsangano having the largest number of cash crops but the smallest total crop diversity.
In Tsangano and Angonia the main commercial crops are dry beans (grown principally for sale) and maize (grown for home consumption and sale), followed by Irish potatoes in Tsangano and tomatoes in Angonia grown principally for sale (see Table 6). In Changara the principle commercial crops are onion and garlic and in Nicoadala, commercialization activities focus on coconut and sweet potato. In Nicoadala, rice commercialization is surprisingly unimportant, cited by only 16 % of the interviewees. Rice is preferred for home consumption and consumption commonly exceeds WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 19 production. The most significant commercial crop in both Morrumbala and Caia districts is maize, grown mainly for home cortsumption and secondarily for sale. A large proportion of the pigeon pea sales in Morrumbala are destined for Malawi.
In addition to the above-mentioned cash crops, a number of other crops are grown as secondary commercial crops, such as sorghum, pigeon pea, tomato, sweet potato, cassava and banana. These crops have a lower conunercial value and less robust demands, less trader interest and are more commonly sold at the market rather than from the house or field.
(ii) Patterns in Conunercialization
A Flood-Trickle-Supply Circle characterizes the commercialization of cash crops in all districts. At harvest, the supply of cash crops peaks, with farmers eager to sell their produce and buyers offering minimal prices. A few months after harvest supply dries up and farmers refrain from selling large quantities of produce for food security reasons. Market prices gradually increase as buyers offer higher prices to persuade farmers to sell their produce. With fewer and fewer farmers going to the market places, buyers aggressively look for the farmers who still have supplies available and much produce is sold from the home.
Farmers' decision to sell their produce appear to be supply rather than demand driven, REASONS FOR SELLING PRODUCE1 1 with only 1 % of the farmers
interviewed stating that they r·- NEEDED THINGS 47% sell to take advantage of higher prices (see Figure 2). Virtually all farmers cited the
need for money or household BUYERS AVAILABLE 1% items as the reason for selling. It is unconunon to COULD NOT STORE 5% encounter a farmer who is PRICE WAS GOOD 1% selling stored produce to take advantage of the out-of-season high prices. In fact only 15 % of the farmers interviewed stored produce to sell later Farmers allowed to choose more than one response (see Section 2.4) and 53 said that they sold because they Figure 2 were unable to store.
Farmers' responsiveness to overall price increases was investigated in this survey. An overwhelming majority of respondents (96% in Angonia, 94% in Tsangano, 91 % in Morrumbala, 88% in Caia and 87 % in Nicoadala) were of the opinion that they would increase the production of certain crops in response to changing market prices. However, looking in detail at the interviewees plans to increase the area cultivated to different crops (Table 11), anticipated expansions in the areas planted to commercially important crops such as dry bean, onions, and Irish potatoes were very limited and do not support farmers assurances that they are responsive to long-term price increases. ..
\\'VM: Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 20
TABLE 11: ANTICIPATED NET CHANGE IN LAND DEDICATED TO A SPECIFIC CROP, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENT.AGE OF HOUSEHOLDS INCREASING THEIR AREA PLANTED MINUS THE PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS.DECREASING THEIR AREA PLANTED.
CROP NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO
MAIZE +33 +563 +543 +33 +163 +313 RICE +193 +193 +53 - - - DRY BEAN +13 -13 +23 - +23 - IRISH POT A TO - - - - - +13 COWPEA +143 +163 +163 - 33 - GROUNDNUT +23 +103 +73 - +33 +13 SORGHUM - +333 +303 +93 - - MILLET - - +273 +13 - - CASSAVA 03 +403 +203 - - - SWEET POT A TO +13 - - - PIGEON PEA - - - - - PUMPKIN - - - - - FINGER MILLET - - - - MUNGBEAN +23 -
Unavailability of land and labor were reported as the basic constraints faced by the few farmers unwilling or unable to increase production in response to a possible overall price rise. However, many farmers are still not able to produce sufficient food crops to meet their families needs and as a consequence are planning to increase the area planted to the principle food crops, such as rice, maize, sorghum, millet and cassava. The more widespread introduction of more productive varieties and the adoption of improved cultural practices will also have a positive impact on household food production and will represent one of the thrusts of the ARDP's "Farm Family First" extension program.
Table 12 shows the percentage of farmers who intended to sell their principle commercial crop during 1994 and compares that with fae percentage of farmers who actually sold that principle commercial crop. In the case of Angonia, Tsangano and Caia, the proportion of farmers who intended to sell their main commercial crop (dry beans in the case of Angonia and Tsangano and maize in the case of Caia) was higher than the proportion who actually sold this crop. In these three districts over 90 % of the farmers stated that their sales were lower during 1994 than the previous year and in most cases they said that their production had been poor. The 1994/95 agricultural season was hampered by periodic droughts in these areas, and consequently yields were reduced. In Nicoadala, Morrumbala and Changara, farmers appeared to have sold their produce at a rate comparable to that predicted. In Nicoadala the principle conunercial crop is coconut and the supply and demand of this crop remains fairly constant. In Morrumbala, maize yields during the 1994/95 season were good, allowing farmers to sell their produce at a level predicted. In the case of Changara, the production of the principle cash crop, onion, is fairly constant due to the use of irrigation techniques, and hence sales were as expected.
TABLE 12: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO INTENDED TO SELL THEIR PRINCIPLE CASH CROP IN 1994 COMPARED WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO WERE ABLE TO SELL.
NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA AN GO NIA TSANG ANO Coconut Maize Maize Onion Dry beans Dry beans
INTENDED TO SELL 48 57 43 44 81 91
ABLE TO SELL 47 56 19 46 41 40 ·wvM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 21
(iii) Selling Practices
Farmers selling practices can be characterized as follows:
Most farmers sell their produce in_dividually and not collectively as a fam1ers group or association.
The results of Informal Surveys on Commercial Network and Producer Organizations (Appendix III) indicate an absence of producer organizations in the districts of Nicoadala, Morrumbala, Caia and Angonia. In Tsangano, groups were identified focussing on the joint purchase of inputs rather than the joint selling of produce. In Changara, three producer organizations are focussing on the production of vegetables under irrigation and two groups are establishing joint herds/restocking with goats for group resale at a later stage.
Most farmers are selling their main produce to small traders and individual buyers.
An informal study of the commercial network in each district (see Appendix III) revealed the existence of the following categories of traders: small informal traders who move from one place to another, having trade as the main occupation; individual buyers who occasionally buy farmers' produce but trade is not their main occupation; retailers who represent fully licensed traders with stores; traders with a car; and in some locations the government institution AGRICOM. Table 13 shows the percentage of the smallholders interviewed who sell their main agricultural product to buyers within the informal commercial network, such as small traders and individual buyers as opposed to other more formal options, such as traders with a car, retailer, AGRICOM. The complete details of the selling practices of the households surveyed by crop in the six districts are given in Annex IV for reference.
TABLE 13: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO SELL THEIR MAIN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT WITHIN THE INFORMAL AND FORMAL COMMERCIAL NETWORK.
COMMERCIAL NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHAN GARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO NETWORK Coconut Maize Maize Onion Dry beans Dry beans
INFORMAL 81 39 89 89 85 100
FORMAL 19 69 11 11 15 0
In most districts the immediate clients of over 80% of the smallholder farmers interviewed are found within the informal commercial sector, including small informal traders and individual buyers. Morrumbala is clearly an exception, where 68 % of the smallholder farmers sell their produce to traders or retailers with trucks who come to the district market to purchase the products on sale. Although one might expect the commercialization of coconuts and copra to be fairly formalized, farmers in Nicoadala sold almost equally to retailers, small traders, merchants with vehicles and individuals. VVVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 22
Most smallholder farmers sell their principle produce from the house or field.
Although the sale of produce takes place from a variety of locations, it is a common practice to sell from the home or the FARMERS SELLING (%) field, particularly in the ------100 districts of Caia, 100 1 ! i J Changara and Angonia 80' I ! (see Figure 3) where transport routes are adequate (see Appendix III). Small traders will aggressively search the villages in Angonia and Tsangano for available , FARM/HOUSE ~- 16 10 , 57 77 48 ~- supplies of dry beans. 1 I LOCAL MARKET ~ i 45 , 7 ! 11 2 I 4 : 53 Local market places also l_.Q!_ST./PROV./OTHER ~---· _ _113_~ ___:!3._ __2~_:___-~ _ _:_ 15 play an important role as DISTRICT places for farmers to sell their produce, particularly in Nicoadala and Tsangano districts. In the Figure 3 districts of Angonia and Tsangano, 17% and 15% of the farmers respectively export their dry beans to Malawi to take advantage of the higher prices in Malawi. Direct selling of produce in the market of the administrative post, the district or the provincial capital is not a common practice. A notable exception is Morrumbala, where the market at the district capital functions as the focal point for incoming traders and the interior roads are of poor quality making it difficult for traders to travel into the rural areas in search of maize. In Caia and Nicoadala, 32 % and 39 % of the interviewees went to the market at the district capital in search of clients.
Most farmers in the three districts in Tete Province sell their main commercial produce by chance whilst in the other districts there are diverse motives for selling to a particular buyer.
The main reasons cited for selling agricultural produce are given in Table 14. Selling by chance seems to be the main selling practice in the three districts surveyed in Tete Province, particularly in Tsangano and Angonia where 66 % and 60 % of the respondents respectively sell to the first buyer who appears, offering a fair price at a time when the farmer requires cash to satisfy financial or material needs. Respondents from the other three districts reported substantially different motives for selling to a particular buyer. In Nicoadala it is common to sell to only one buyer and always to the same person, a practice not only restricted to the sale of coconut and copra but also to sweet potato. InMorrumbala most farmers sell by chance (21 %), often because they are in a hurry to sell (36%), and in Caia most farmers sell to obtain cash for other requirements ( 48 %) although some farmers still sell by chance (21 %) . WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 23
TABLE 14: REASONS CITED FOR SELLING PRINCIPLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE TO A PARTICULAR BUYER; DATA PRESENTED AS THE PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS CITING EACH REASON.
REASON NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHAN GARA AN GO NIA TSANG ANO Coconut Maize Maize Onion Dry beans Dry beans
ONLY BUYER 63 23 5 5 4 0
WANT TO SELL/ 2 36 48 32 8 13 WANT MONEY
BEST PRICE 15 32 16 15 21 15
BY CHANCE 4 21 21 48 60 66
OTHER 15 2 10 0 0 0
Information on selling prices and market opportumt1es is generally circulated through an informal network of family, friends, neighbours and fellow producers.
Information on selling prices and market demand is circulated by the local informal information network. In all districts the majority of respondents referred to other sellers, neighbours and friends as their main source of price information. Between 10 % and 25 % of the interviewees stated that they obtained price information from buyers and over 30 % obtained market demand information from buyers. Buyers had the greatest influence in Nicoadala and in Angonia, probably because they are aggressive purchasers of coconut and dry beans respectively. Only three of the 113 respondents in Angonia said that they obtained price information from the radio (a Malawi-based broadcast). Nobody obtained information from notices posted on bulletin boards or from other formal methods of price dissemination.
Transport is not perceived as a factor limiting commercialization.
With most smallholder farmers selling only small quantities of produce \METHODS OF TRANSPORT! principally from their homes or fields, FARMERS(%) producers do not view ~~~~~--~~~~~~~--i100 transport as a limiting 100() lao f a c t o r t o I BO I·. !60 commercialization. When 60 asked about the method 140 of transportation of their produce, most farmers 0 reported that they are not using any type of means of transport, or that their main method of transport NONE !21 2 27 57 49 62 59 ON HEAD rn 96 69 42 29 24 24 was on their heads (see , OTHER • 1 3 6 1 23 12 17 Figure 4). DISTRICT
The use of vehicular transport is very rare. Alternative means of Figure 4 'VVl\1 Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 24 transport reported included the use of oxcart in Tete Province (Changara - 14 % ; Angonia - 4 % ; Tsangano - 11 % )and bicycles cited by a small proportion of farmers in all districts (Nicoadala - 2 % ; Morrumbala - 5 % ; Caia - 1 % ; Changara - 14 % ; Angonia - 8 % ; Tsangano - 1 % ) .
The very limited use of vehicular transport reveals the huge opportunity cost associated with the main selling practices of smallholder farmers in the surveyed districts, that of selling small quantities individually from the house or field. In general prices obtained in the main commercial centers, particularly in provincial capitals represent a substantial margin kept by middlemen and transporters and does not necessarily mean that these agents are exploiting smallholder farmers. Farmers knowledge of transport operators is very limited throughout the survey area. In Nicoadala, Morrumbala and Caia only 6 % , 2 % and 3 % respectively of respondents declared knowledge of anyone who offers transport services. Farmers in Tete were more familiar with transport opportunities, with 29% of the respondents in Changara, 27% in Angonia and 18% in Tsangano claiming knowledge of transport operators. Not surprisingly, an insignificant number of the respondents knowing transport operators reported to be actually using them.
Smallholder farmers travel an average of 2.5 km to 4.2 km to sell their main commercial crop, and can travel as far as 20 km to sell their produce.
Ignoring 20 % of the interviewees in Changara who travel up to 100 km by truck to market their onion, the average distances travelled varied between 2.5 km in Changara to 4.2 km in Caia. Intermediate distance were quoted for Tsangano (3.0 km), Nicoadala (3.5 km), Angonia (3.6 km), and Morrumbala (4.1 km). However, many farmers, particularly in Morrumbala, Caia and Angonia, walked up to 20 km to sell their produce.
2.5 CROP STORAGE
(i) Use of Storage Techniques
Storage of farmers' produce to meet food and seed needs is a common practice throughout the survey area. Maize is the most important food crop in all districts surveyed, with the exception of Nicoadala where rice is of primary importance. In the five districts where maize in important, over 90% of the interviewees said that they store maize. In Nicoadala 87% of the respondents stored rice. The reasons cited for storing agricultural products are given in Table 15.
TABLE 15: REASONS CITED FOR STORING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE; DATA PRESENTED AS THE PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS CITING EACH REASON. --- REASON NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG,\RA AN GO NIA TSANG ANO
FOOD 88 98 95 98 92 94 ._ SEED 76 98 93 87 89 90
SALE 3 16 12 21 20 20
As expected, most people store their agricultural produce as a food stock and for seed for the coming agricultural season. Very few people store their produce for sale later in the season. This practice was most developed in Changara, Angonia and Tsangano where approximately 20 % of the interviewees stated that they stored onions and maize for sale later in the season. Slightly less people in Morrumbala (16%) and Caia (12%) said that they stored products, principally maize, for sale. In Nicoadala, only 3 % of the interviewees admitted to storing produce for sale. In this district, most WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Progrnm Baseline Report Page 25
of the rice produced is consumed by the household and, due to its proximity to Quelimane farmers use cash income to purchase additional food.
As mentioned above, storage aims, to a large extent, to meet food and seed needs at a future date. The percentage of farmers in each district storing produce for subsequent sale is low (Table 16).
TABLE 16: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS STORING INDIVIDUAL CROPS AND THE PERCENTAGE SELLING STORED PRODUCE OF EACH CROP.
NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO CROP STORE SELL STORE SELL STORE SELL STORE SELL STORE SELL STORE SELL
MAIZE 13 0 96 30 95 15 93 0 95 5 90 3 RICE 87 4 15 0 10 0 - - - - - DRY BEAN 2 0 8 0 73 15 82 15 IRISH POTATO - - - - 3 1 12 3 COWPEA 40 0 50 1 36 0 18 0 31 3 30 1 GROUNDNUT - - 9 1 7 1 50 0 36 2 20 1 SORGHUM - - 92 8 78 1 87 3 - - - MILLET - - 16 l 74 I 27 0 -- - - CASSAVA 14 2 69 5 10 1 - --- - SWEET POTATO 16 0 ------5 0 - - PIGEON PEA 1 0 66 3 16 l ------PUMPKIN ------7 1 FINGER MILLET 1 0 l 0 2 0 - - 34 1 38 0 MUNGBEAN ------OKRA 3 0 - 1 0 - - - - CABBAGE 1 0 ------ONION l 0 1 1 - 41 24 5 1 GARLIC ------32 16 3 0 - - BANANA l 0 ------BAMBARA GROUNDNUT - - 35 0 1 0 ------LABLAB BEAN - - 1 0 ------SESAME - - - - 1 0 ------SUNFLOWER -- -- 1 0 ------CUCUMBER - - - - 2 0 ------WATERMELON -- - 1 0 ------TOMATO ------15 0 - - - -
The quantities sold after storage varied considerably depending on the crop. In Nicoadala District, the few farmers who stored rice for sale, sold a maximum of 50 kg. In Angonia, Caia, Tsangano and Morrumbala, most farmers sold between 50 and 100 kg of maize following storage, with the occasional farmer selling up to 500 kg of stored produce. Dry beans were stored and resold in quantities of between 50 kg and 500 kg in the districts of Angonia and Tsangano and onions and garlic were stored and resold in large quantities commonly between 100 and 500 kg in Changara District.
(ii) Storage Problems
Despite their multiplicity, storage systems used by farmers are still unable to address the problems of pest and insect attack. As shown in Table 17, rats were the principle storage problem in all districts, being cited by at least 70% of the households in each district. Other insect pests (including cockroaches, termites and possibly weevils) and weevils were also cited as constraints to storage and the relative importance of weevils varied between districts, being more important (cited by over 30% of the respondents) in Nicoadala, Morrumbala and Caia. In Tete Province lower night temperatures may discourage insect development. In all districts, rat attack could be mitigated through the promotion of rat guards on the legs of the grain silos, a technique which is rarely used. \VVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 26
TABLE 17: PERCENT AGE OF HOUSEHOLDS CITING PRINCIPLE GRAIN STORAGE PROBLEMS.
PROBLEM NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO
RATS 82 99 86 69 80 75
WEEVILS 30 33 32 9 10 6
II 78 39 OTHER INSECTS 10 25 51 II
fTYPES OF STORAGE SYSTEMS USEDi
L. ------
FARMERS STORING (%)
100 /1
------··------· • -IN HOUSE ~ 62 76 77 64 40 58 SILO 40 38 35 81 95 90 I 31LO/SMOKE 4 93 71 10 3 1 l___SILO/RAT GUARD 51 2 5 0 0 DISTRICT
Figure 5
A diversity of storage systems is being used in the survey area, with outside storage being the most common in all districts, with the exception of Nicoadala where theft is a problem. As Figure 5 shows, in-house storage in a grain silo is also widespread, with the grain often being stored on a table-like structure near the cooking area. There is also a substantial number of cases of storage in sacks either inside the house or inside the grain silos. There are also considerable geographical variations in the proportion of the different methods used. Special storage techniques were cited for seed storage, such as the use of clay jars or bottles (Angonia and Tsangano) and the addition of sand, ashes, tobacco or chili pepper powder to prevent insect damage. Grain silos with smoke for weevil control are used by 93 % of the interviewees in Morrumbala and by 71 % of the interviewees in Caia, but are rarely found in the other districts surveyed. The use of grain silos with rat guards were reported by only 5 % of the respondents in Changara district and rarely mentioned in other districts.
Nicoadala has traditionally suffered from problems of the theft of agricultural products, not only from stores but also from fields, limiting interest in storage. The fact that the economy of this district is the least agricultural of the six districts surveyed may also influence this situation. In Changara, 24 % of the households stored onion and 16% stored garlic for sale to traders. Onion and garlic were 'VVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 27 stored for periods ranging from one month to eight months, with an average of four months. In Morrumbala, where the largest proportion of interviewees (30 % ) stored their principle agricultural product, maize, the maize was stored for an average of 3.7 months and in some cases farmers stated that they stored their maize for over eight months. In Caia, the 15 % of farmers who stated that they stored maize for resale stored for an average of 3.5 months. The dry bean stored by 15% of the farmers in Angonia and Tsangano for resale is stored for an average of 2.5 and 3.0 months respectively.
2.6 PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
Processing of agricultural produce is being carried out by farmers in all districts, principally for the production of alcohol. This activity is particularly important in Nicoadala and Angonia districts, where 51 % and 50% of the respondents respectively produced alcohol for sale. The importance of alcohol production is lower in Morrumbala, Changara, Tsangano and Caia, with 35 % , 31 % , 30 % and 17 % of the interviewees mentioning this activity. The low incidence of alcohol production in Caia probably reflects the low level of agricultural production. The principle sources of alcohol were maize, sugar cane, rice, cassava and in some cases, millet and coconut. In Nicoadala, an average of 54 liters of alcohol was produced.
Farmer-produced alcohol is available in every district market. Being a high value and an easily transportable product, alcohol is an important source of income. However, the social consequences of it's abuse are considerable. Other types of processing based on agricultural produce, such as oil extraction are almost non-existent in the districts surveyed. Even in Nicoadala where coconut represents a potential source of oil, this type of processing was not reported by farmers. Coconut oil is a constraint felt by many soap producers in the area. Through the ARDP, World Vision will sell Appropriate Technology Inc. Ram Oil Presses to interested village groups and rural businesses for oil extraction from coconut, sunflower and possibly groundnut. In Angonia, a small number of interviewees reported making cakes and chutney ( 4% ) for sale.
2. 7 INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
(i) Sources of Income
In all districts, most respondents reported undertaking alternative income generating activities (Table 18). While diverse in nature, the most common activities were working in the fields of other farmers (36 %), running informal businesses or trading (32 % of respondents) and producing artisanal goods (24 % of respondents). Many of these activities are seasonal, such as on-farm labor and seasonal trading of agricultural goods. WVM AgricuJtural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 28
TABLE 18: FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS CARRYING OUT EACH ACTNITY.
ACTIVITY NICO ADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANG ARA AN GO NIA TSANG ANO
ARTISAN 13 7 19 29 37 40 FIELD LABORER 42 44 29 27 35 38 BUSINESS/TRADING 26 31 33 31 25 46 CARPENTER 6 8 5 3 4 l TAILOR 4 7 6 3 4 3 HUNTING l . . 4 . SELL FIREWOOD l 16 13 3 4 5 SELL CHARCOAL . . . TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 4 5 3 3 . 2 BLACKSMITH/SELL TOOLS 6 2 . 3 2 1 MIDWIFE/NURSE 4 3 1 . I . TEACHER 2 . . . 2 . FISHING 4 3 15 10 1 BUILDER . 7 1 . . . HAMMERMILL . . . . . 1 LENDING MACHINERY . . . . . 1 MAKE BRICKS 1 . . . 1 .
Working in the fields of others is the dominant source of alternative income for most farmers in Nicoadala District, reflecting the scarcity of land and the highly labor-demanding nature of the principle crop, rice. It is also the highest reported source of alternative income in Morrumbala, perhaps because of the prevalence of returnees who have, as yet, not been able to open up all the land to satisfy the families needs. In the other four districts, this form of alternative income was also important.
Conducting business or trade is the dominant alternative income generating activity in Caia, Changara and Tsangano, reflecting the oprortunities created by proximity to neighboring countries in terms of cross border trade and their location on transport corridors. Tractable goods, such as soap, trinkets, padlocks, bicycle parts, clothes, biscuits, plastic shoes, move from Zimbabwe into Changara and from Malawi into Tsangano, Angonia and Caia. Trading in Caia District is also stimulated by its location between Beira and Quelimane. Artisanal activities were also an important source of income in Changara, Angonia and Tsangano, involving the production of household commodities such as clay pots, wooden spoons, straw baskets, reed mats, etc.
(ii) Control of finances
The proportion of the respondents who stated that either the man or the woman, or both are responsible for the family finances is shown in Table 19.
TABLE 19: PROPORTION OF MEN AND/OR WOMEN WITH RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FAMILY FINANCES.
PERSON WITH RESPONSIBILITY NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA AN GO NIA TSAN GANO
MAN 36 60 58 60 56 62
WOMAN 37 23 28 20 25 27 .. BOTH 26 17 16 20 20 11
In over 50 % of the families interviewed the man takes responsibility for the family finances and in an additional 10% to 20% of the households this responsibility is shared between the man and the WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 29 woman. In only 20% to 30% of the households was the woman responsible for family finances.
(iii) Food Related Expenditures
On the expenditure side, purchasing food is one of the most important uses of household income. In all districts, purchasing of maize grain or flour was the most common transaction, despite being produced by nearly all farmers in five out of six of the districts. As shown in Table 3, the majority of the households in the districts of Angonia (81 %), Tsangano (72%), Changara (63%) and Caia (49%) bought maize and few sold maize (less than 10% in the three districts in Tete Province and 19% in Caia District), reflecting the poor harvests obtained from the 1993/94 agricultural season. In Morrumbala, less than half the respondents (48%) bought maize and more than half (56%) sold maize indicating that harvests in this district were good, that most farmers maintained adequate maize food stocks after harvest and that many farmers produced excess to their requirements, which they were able to sell. In Nicoadala, the majority of the households surveyed bought maize (93 % ) as it was an important component of the diet and was grown by less than half (47%) of the households.
Figure 6 demonstrates the differences between districts in the timing of !FREQUENCY AND TIMING OF MAIZE PURCHASES; maize purchases. Most farmers buy maize at regular intervals in Changara and Nicoadala where maize is not a predominant field crop. In the case of Morrumbala, regular purchase of maize was also surprisingly high, probably reflecting the high proportion of new REGULAR §B 68 46 30 50 18 21 BEFORE HARVEST • 28 37 35 36 44 60 returnees within the AFTER HARVEST lilll 5 17 35 14 38 19 district who may not, at DISTRICT the time of the survey, have opened up all the land required to guarantee s e 1 f - s u f f i c i e n c y . Figure 6 Purchases of maize were most frequent before harvest in the districts of Tsangano and Angonia, suggesting that the potential for crop production in these areas often produces sufficient food stocks to cover most of the period between harvests, purchases being necessary only as these food stocks run out prior to harvest. The surprisingly high frequency of maize purchase after harvest in Caia probably reflects the fact that many of the interviewees are new returnees with little established land. Although Angonia is traditionally a productive district, yields in many areas were reduced by a drought and those households who purchased maize after harvest may represent drought-affected families whose maize yields were low. The introduction of techniques capable of increasing production of the staple crops (maize, sorghum, millet, rice) such as the use of improved varieties and better cultural practices, in combination with better post-harvest storage techniques will make a significant contribution to the reduction of staple food expenditures. In Nicoadala, the stimulation of dry season maize production following rice will also have a large impact on reducing maize expenditures. Any positive impact on ..
\VVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 30
yields of the principle staple crops will allow families to diversify their food sources and increase their consumption of "luxury" food items such as meat, dried fish and dry beans.
Other household food expenditures included dry beans in the case of Angonia and Tsangano, where the majority of the purchases were made before harvest. Approximately 20% of the households in Morrumbala and Changara purchased sorghum and cassava for home consumption. In some families, these purchases were made at regular intervals and in other families before harvest. In Nicoadala, food expenditures were regular and numerous (maize, rice, cassava, cowpea and dry beans), reflecting the relatively small areas of land cultivated and the fact that most households have a number of income sources. Sugar, salt and meat were purchased at regular intervals in Nicoadala, Angonia and Tsangano districts.
(ii) Other Non-Food Expenditures
As shown in Table 9, the number of households purchasing agricultural inputs in 1994 was very low, being restricted principally to the purchase of seeds and tools, particularly in Nicoadala (seeds and tools) and Morrumbala (seeds only) Districts. Fertilizer was only purchased in Tsangano District, by 16 % of the respondents, for Irish potato production.
Other important expenditures reported by farmers included medical expenses, clothes, and school expenses, with house repairs being important in Nicoadala, Morrumbala and Caia (Table 20). Caia reported the lowest level of spending on non-food items, reflecting the high degree of poverty in this district. In all districts, schools expenses ranked third, after medical and clothing expenses, reflecting the poorly developed educational system in Mozambique. Less than 50% of the households interviewed in Angonia, Tsangano and Caia spent money on their childrens' education.
TABLE 20: FREQUENCY OF NON-FOOD HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS CARRYING OUT EACH ACTIVITY.
ACTIVITY NICO ADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANG ANO
MEDICAL 87 89 63 79 69 68 CLOTHES 81 87 65 77 67 62 SCHOOL 65 55 49 63 49 48 HOUSE REPAIR 48 48 46 8 6 6 BUYING TOOLS 42 46 23 18 9 12 LUXURY GOODS 12 10 11 0 2 0 TRAVEL 39 34 23 37 13 26
2.8 WEALTH AND FAMILY POSSESSIONS
By assuming the ownership of durable goods such as bicycles, wood furniture, radios and the type of house (brick, tin roof) as indicators of wealth, one can conclude that, in general poverty affects most farmers in all the districts surveyed. However, as Table 21 shows, considerable differences are apparent. WVM Agdcultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 31
TABLE 21: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS POSSESSING DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLD ASSETS AND THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF ITEMS OF EACH ASSET OWNED.
NICO AD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHAN GARA ANGONIA TSANGANO ASSET 3 NO. 3 NO. 3 NO. 3 NO. 3 NO. 3 NO. ITEMS ITEMS ITEMS ITEMS ITEMS ITEMS
PLATES 94 5.5 92 4.4 94 4.5 91 7.0 99 5.1 88 4.5 POTS & PANS 47 2.3 43 1.8 63 I. 9 4b 3.0 76 1.9 72 1.9 RADIO 20 1.1 30 1.0 23 1.1 27 1.0 27 1.1 35 l.l TABLE AND CHAIRS 56 1.5 37 2.6 21 3.0 36 4.0 I8 3.9 21 3.2 BICYCLE 9 1.0 20 1.0 9 1.1 29 1.0 29 1.0 32 1.0 BED 52 1.4 1 1.2 I 1.0 4 3.0 4 1.0 4 1.0 SEWING MACHINE - - I 1.0 I 1.0 - - - - I 1.0 METAL ROOF I 1.0 I 1.0 ------4 1.2 OXCART - - - - - 6 1.0 4 1.0 8 1.1 OX PLOUGH ------3 1.0 I 1.0 6 1.1 BRICK HOUSE 3 1.0 ------5 1.0
TOTAL 14.8 14.0 13.6 21.0 16.0 18.1
Households in Caia District possess the most limited range (seven assets) and number of durable items (13 .6 items), suggesting that poverty in this district is most severe. Households in Caia also have a low number of livestock, together with Nicoadala (see also Table 10). The apparent poverty in Caia reflects the poor levels of crop production and the limited number of income sources available to these households. Both of these factors are a consequence of their recent return to Mozambique and the high degree of risk experienced by crop production in the Zambezi Valley. During the survey, there was evidence that some newly-returned families were selling off their possessions in order to buy food. This is a step only taken by desperate families. In comparison, some of the families who were the last to return from Malawi had accumulated a number of possessions and Kwatcha, both of considerable value for their resettlement in Mozambique.
In comparison, the more wealthy families were detected in Changara and Tsangano, combining a large number of different assets (eight and eleven respectively) and a large number of items (21.0 and 18.1 respectively). Although Changara is a poor crop production area, many farmers are able to produce vegetables in the dry season for sale in the Tete City market and in Zimbabwe, and benefit in many other ways from their proximity to Tete City in terms of income sources. In Tsangano, households grow the largest number of crops for commercialization (see Table 6), generating significant income for household purchases. The situation in Angonia is very similar to that of Tsangano. In all three districts, livestock production is common, further contributing to income and stability in household food security. r·
WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 32
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Small holder agriculture in the six districts surveyed is a family activity, with men, women and children involved in cropping activities. In general women make a greater contribution than men, particularly in Nicoadala where women assume more responsibility for the principle food crop, rice. Children represent an important source of labor, particularly in Morrumbala, Caia and Changara where the school network is very poor. Any innovative technique which can contribute to a reduction in the time required for field work, such as the use of planting methods which facilitate more effective weed control in maize and rice or the use of farmer selected varieties and improved cultural practices which give higher yields per unit area, could contribute to a reduction in the time spent on the farm per unit output.
The use of improved varieties within the surveyed districts is mainly restricted to the use of the early maturing maize variety Matuba which has been made available through World Vision's emergency seed distribution programs in the districts of Caia and Changara. The fact that farming families are still growing this variety indicates that this variety is highly acceptable to the family farmer. Many other farmer selected varieties have been identified through World Vision's Agricultural Recovery Program's on-station and on-farm trials program, including SEMOC 1 and Manica maize, Namuesse and Brahman cowpea, Chokwe and SV-2 sorghum, Mucudo Muevia cassava, 15 Dias sweet potato and Natal Common and Bebiano Branco groundnut. The dissemination of these varieties through the Agricultural Recovery and Development Program's "Farm Family First" extension activities will have a positive impact on household food production, food security and income.
The majority of farmers surveyed do not use a range of improved farming practices designed to maximize yields from their fields, with the exception of some farmers in the districts of Changara, Angonia, Tsangano and Caia. In Nicoadala and Morrumbala, improved cultural practices are rarely used. The Morrumbala District Department of Agriculture does not have an active extension network and therefore extension messages related to planting techniques have not been disseminated. There is a dear need for the dissemination of extension messages related to improved cultural practices in all districts, although the impact may be greatest in the districts of Nicoadala and Morrumbala. Such techniques would have the highest impact on women in Nicoadala where improved cultural practices could facilitate weeding, a task which is often forgotten due to labor shortages, and thereby increase production and rice-derived income generation, a task which is largely under the control of women.
A clear relationship was seen between the number of crops grown for food consumption, the number of crops grown for commercialization and the apparent wealth of farming families. Caia District, the poorest district surveyed, was shown to grow the greatest range of crops but the smallest number of crops of commercial value. In comparison, small holder farmers in Tsangano District grew the most restricted number of crops, but a larger proportion of those crops were grown for commercial purposes. These families appeared to have a greater number and diversity of household items indicating a greater apparent wealth. Activities which stimulate the production of crops of commercial value, the supply of market price information and the establishment of links between farmers and traders will have a positive impact on farmer participation in markets and household income.
Very few families interviewed are storing their produce for sale later in the season. Farmers are often under pressure at harvest to sell a significant proportion of their production in order to satisfy pending household needs. Farmers also suffer significant post-harvest losses of stored grain sue to rats and weevils. The demonstration of improved storage techniques such as the use of rat guards to prevent rat damage and the use of smoke to control weevil populations could have a significant impact on reducing these post-harvest losses and providing an incentive for increased long-term T:.
WVM Agricultural Recovery and Development Program Baseline Report Page 33
storage of agricultural production. There is also a tendency for farmers to sell their products at harvest because they feel that it may be difficult to find buyers for their produce after long periods of storage. Farmers working together as a group would more easily be able to sell their stored produce, taking advantage of the fact that they could jointly arrange transport and obtain higher prices from their out-of-season sales.
Livestock production is poorly developed in the six districts surveyed and is limited, in most cases, to the production of chickens and/or ducks. The three districts in Tete showed the highest numbers of farmers with goats and cattle. Animals can make an important contribution to household food security and restocking activities would have a positive impact on household food security. Stimulation of the use of large animals for animal traction purposes would reduce the time spent by farming families on manual land preparation and would provide a means of transport for the commercialization of agricultural products.
Very little evidence exists for the processing of agricultural products, with the exception of the production of alcohol. There is a potential for value-added agricultural processing activities, such as the extraction of oil from oilseed crops, the use of hammer mills for flour production, the use of rice dehullers and cashew decorticators. Programs to stimulate the processing of agricultural production would have a significant impact on diversifying sources of household income and increasing absolute income levels. These activities could either be done through farmers groups or through individuals, depending on the type of activity being introduced.
This Baseline Study has generated information of considerable value to the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural development activities to be implemented as part of World Vision International - Mozambique's Agricultural Recovery and Development Program. Activities such as the identification and dissemination of farmer selected varieties and improved cultural practice" will increase crop production, giving small holder farmers the option of reducing the area planted to maintain the status quo or of increasing yields per unit area planted. Activities to diversify crop production would result in the diversification of income sources and improvements in the quality of the household's diet. Improving access to seeds of crops of commercial value will also stimulate farmers participation in markets, resulting in increases in household income. Such activities should be complemented by improvements in the availability of market information and the facilitation of links between farmers and traders. The stimulation of small animal production will also have a positive impact by diversifying food sources and providing an insurance to counteract risks associated with crop production in Central Mozambique. By implementing a range of these agricultural development activities, World Vision International - Mozambique's Agricultural Recovery and Development Program hopes to make a significant contribution to household income and food security of farming families in selected districts in Tete, Sofala and Zambezia Province. APPENDIX I
SUMMARYOF INDICATORS
INDICATOR NICOAD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANGANO
RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME INCREASED:
Average# women/men/children working on the farm 1.12/0.77 /0.62 1.13/0.93/1.21 1.24/0.90/1.44 1.68/1.03/1.58 1.30/1.01/0.57 1.10/0.97/0.74 Average# hired laborers 0 1.56 0.90 1.58 2.58 0.67 % farmers buying seeds/tools/fertilizer 13/13/0 291910 51610 3/3/0 13/0/2 15/0/16 % farmers with other household expenditures: medical/school/clothes/house repair/luxury items 87/65/81/48112 89/55/87 /48/l 0 63/49/65/46/l 1 79/63/77 /8/0 69/49/67 /6/2 68/48/62/6/0 Average# of types of household assets owned 14.8 14.0 13.6 21.0 16.0 18.1 Average# of items owned: & & 941411561201910 92/43/37 /30/20/0 94/63/21123/9/0 91 /46/36/27 /2/9/6 99176/18/27/29/4 88172/21/35/32/8 plates/pots pans/table chairs/radio/bicycle/oxcart ! INCREASED ACCESS TO MARKETS:
# field crops grown for commercialization 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 3.1 3.1 % farmers selling principle cash crop coconut: 48 maize: 57 maize: 43 onion: 44 dry bean: 81 dry bean: 91 Net % households increasing area to principle cash crop coconut: - maize: 56 maize: 54 onion: - dry bean: 2 dry bean: 0 Net % households increasing area to principle food crop rice: 19 maize: 56 maize: 54 sorghum: 9 maize: 16 maize: 31 % farmers who increased sales over the previous year 26 14 5 24 10 10 % sales made by chance/need to sell/best price/no choice 4/2/15/63 21 /36/32/23 21/48/16/5 48/32/15/5 60/8121/4 66/13/15/0 % women/men/both deciding to sell principle cash crop coconut: 28/41/28 maize: 30/48/21 maize: 21/37 /42 onion: 5169126 dry bean: 19/55/26 dry bean: 11/45/45 % sales of principle cash crop to informal/formal sector coconut: 81/ 19 maize: 39/69 maize: 89/11 onion: 89/11 dry bean: 85/15 dry bean: 100/0 # farmers groups participating in markets 0 0 0 2 0 0
PRIVATE SECTOR CAPACITY IN TRANSPORT/MARKETING GOODS EXPANDED:
% farmers selling principle cash crop to: coconut maize maize onion dry bean dry bean small traders/indiv ./traders +car/trader+ truck/other 24/15/18/16/28 3217/20/36/6 68/21/0/l 1/0 72/17191012 60/251151010 53141101010 % sales made at: house/farm 16 10 57 77 48 32 local market 45 7 11 2 4 53 ' market at administrative post 16 18 11 4 31 0 market at district/provincial capital/other 13 65 21 17 17 15 % farmers knowing of available transport services 6 2 3 29 27 18 % farmers using available transport services 2 1 0 24 10 8 % farmers transporting on head/bicycle/oxcart/other 96121011 69151011 42/1/0/0 29/3114/6 24181410 2411/11/5 Distance (km) transported to market for principle crop 3.5 4.1 4.2 2.5 3.6 3.0
~..--. INDICATOR NICOADALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGONIA TSANGANO
EXPANDED DISSEMINATION OF IMPROVED MARKET INFORMATION:
% farmers sourcing information on prices from: buyers/family/other sellers/friends/radio 25/22/33/42/0 14/35/36/66/0 16/29/29/52/0 14/9/45/32/0 25/5/19/39/0 17 /11/27 /44/l # markets being surveyed for prices 0 0 0 0 0 0 # market bulletin boards operational 0 0 0 0 0 0 # local radio broadcasts incorporating market information 0 0 0 0 0 0
STRENGTHENED ACCESS TO RURAL FINANCIAL SERVICES:
# farmers groups receiving credit 0 0 0 0 0 l # farmers groups with revolving funds 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers groups receiving training in management of funds 0 0 0 0 0 0
IMPROVED ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS:
% farmers with alternative sources of income sources: business & trade/field work/artisan/selling firewood 26/42/13/1 31/44/7/16 33/29/19/13 31127 /29/3 25/35/37 /4 46/38/40/5 # farmers groups 0 0 0 5 0 2 # farmers groups commercializing agricultural production 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers groups processing agricultural production 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers groups with revolving funds 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers groups receiving training in management of funds 0 0 0 0 0 0 % farmer:; processing agricultural production (excl. alcohol) 0 0 0 0 4 0 # seed producers 0 0 0 0 0 0
INCREASED ADOPTION OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES BY RURAL ENTERPRISES:
% farmers processing agricultural production (excl. alcohol) 0 0 0 0 4 0 % farmers extracting oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 # items of processing equipment installed 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers receiving training in animal traction 0 0 0 0 0 0
~., ; .
INDICATOR NICOAD ALA MORRUMBALA CAIA CHANGARA ANGO NIA TSANGANO
INCREASED AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT: ,
# field crops grown for food 10.5 11.3 13.4 10.5 11.4 9.0 # field crops grown for commercialization 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 3.1 . 3.1 # named farmer selected or improved varieties grown 10 5 6 5 4 7 % farmers using improved cultural practices: planting in lines/thinning plant stands/number of seeds per hole 10/80/2.6 4/59/4.2 83/82/4.3 74/94/3.7 94/90/3.8 100/80/3.7 Net % households increasing area planted to principle food crop rice: 19 maize: 56 maize: 54 sorghum: 9 maize: 16 maize: 31 % farmers buying seeds/tools/fertilizer 13113/0 29/9/0 51610. 3/3/0 13/0/2 15/0116 % farmers exchanging/selling seed, for principle food crop rice: 11 maize: 48 maize: 21 sorghum: 5 maize: 7 maize: 8 Average number of plots per farmer 2.49 2.18 2.45 2.88 1.95 1.62 Average size of farms 1.09 ha 1.56 ha 1.70 ha 2.27 ha 2.82 ha 2.18 ha # farmers groups working with irrigation 0 0 0 3 0 0 # farmers in farmers groups increasing area planted 0 0 0 0 0 0
IMPROVED ON-FARM CROP STORAGE FACILITIES:
% farmm storing to sell 3 16 12 21 20 20 % farmen experiencing storage problems due to weevils 30 33 32 9 10 6 % farmer,. experiencing storage problems due to rats 82 99 86 69 80 75 % farmer,. storing principle crop rice: 4 maize: 30 maize: 15 onion: 24 dry bean: 15 dry bean: 15 Average# of months storing principle crop before sale rice: 3 mths maize: 3.7 mths maize: 3.5 mths onion: 4 mths dry bean: 2.5 mths dry bean: 3 mths # demonstrations of improved storage techniques 0 0 0 0 0 0 # farmers using smoke/rat guards for improved storage 4/1 93/1 71/1 1015 3/0 110
INCREASED PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS:
% farmm. owning livestock: chicken/pigs/ducks/cattle/goats 5310171013 72120/46/0/2 64/3/47 /0/6 53/15114/8/40 73/35/4/9/28 79/25110/8/27 # farmers groups producing animals 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ """"··· i
Page 1
APPENDIX II
LEVANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO LIGADO AS ACTIVIDADES DE COMERCIALIZACAO DO SECTOR FAMILIAR NAS PROVINCIAS DE TETE, ZAMBEZIA E SOFALA
2. Nome do inquiridor: ______Data da entrevista: ___/ ___/1995
3. Nome do entrevistado: Sexo: E chefe de familia? Sim D Nao D Se Nao, quern e? ------Quantas esposas tern o chefe da familia? E campones de contacto? Sim D Nao D
4. Quantas machambas/parcelas tem utilisado? * N° Area total approx.: ha/ac* * (desta primeira epoca 95, e da ultima segunda epoca 94) *Por um circulo na medida certa
5. Pode mencionar todas as culturas, horticolas e frutas que vo~e produziu este ano passado (desta primeira epoca 95, e da ultima segunda epoca 94)? *Porum x na resposta certa
Cultura Variadade(s) Cultura Cultura
Mil ho Manga Tomate
Arroz Banana Ce bola
Mandioca Coco Al ho
Mexoeira Caju Couve
Mapira Limao Couve China
Amendoim Maracuja Repolho
Batata Doce Abacaxi Pimento
Batala Reina Papai a Piri Piri
Feijao Jugo Laranga Beringela
Feijao Vulgar Tangerina Pepino
Feijao Nhemba Abacate Abobora
Feijao Boer Atas Quiabo
Feijao Solocco Goiaba Al face
Gergelim Sopoteira
Cunguduzi Lichi
Murrubi
Madumbi ~· Girassol
docurneat/usaid.svy LEV ANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO Page 2
6. Quantas pessoas da familia trabalharam nas suas machambas durante o ano passado? Homerus N° Mulheres N° Criancas (ate 15 anos) N° ---- Quantas pessoas contratou de fora da familia? N° Para quanto tempo? ------dias · durante o ano.
7. Aumentou ou diminuiu a area de uma cultura no ano passado? Sim D Nao D Se sim,
Cultura Area: Cultura Area: Aumentou Diminuiu Aumentou Diminuiu
Milho Mandioca
Arroz Amedoim
Mapira Fejao Nhemba
Mexoeira Fejao Vulgar
Outras (quais) Outras (quais)
8. Quais as culturas que produziu especialmente para o mercado em ordem de importancia?
1. 2. 3. ~------~ ~------~ ------4. 5. 6. ~------~ ~------~ ------
Pergunta Vizinho/ Outros Outros Radio Compradores Extensionista Outros Amigo membros da vendedores Visao Mundial Quern familia
9. Quern informa sempre os precos actuais?
10. Como sabe se ha uma procura no mercado para as suas culturas?
11. Seo pre~o da sua cultura principal subir, vai aumentar a produciio para vender mais? Sim D Nao D Se nao, porque nao?------
document/usaid.svy LEV ANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO Page 3
12a. Podemos falar sobre as suas vendas/trocas de produtos agricolas durante o ano passado? * Preencher a quantidade vendida/trocada
Cultura Unidade Preco por unidade Saco 90kg Saco 50kg Kilo Litros Lata 20! Lata 250ml Molho Outro (Mt)* (qua!)
-
Preencher quando trata- se de venda Lista das culturas para copiar o numero certo na caixa de resposta das tabellas desta pagina: 1. Milho 6. Feijao 10. Tomate 14. Bananas 2. Feijao Nhemba 7. Mandioca 11. Cebola 15. Caju 3. Feijao Vulgar 8. Arroz 12. Alho 16. Cocos 4. Mapira 9. Amendoim 13. Mangas 17. Outros (quais) 5. Mexoeira 12b. Podemos falar sobre o ambito de venda/troca de produtos agricolas durante o ano passado?
Cultura A quern/ Porque Local de Distancia da casa Quern da sua com quern vendeu/trocou venda/troca ate o local da familia e vendeu/trocou a/com este venda/troca (km) responsavd pela comprodor venda~
* Preencher o l .Retalhista 1. Unico existente l.Na machamba/ 1. Homem numero da 2. Armazenista 2.Sempre vende a em casa cultura (ver em 3.AGRICOM/ este pessoa 2.Mercado local 2. Mulher baixo) Instituto 3.Deu o melhor 3.Mercado do Nacional de preco posto 3. Ambos Cereais 4.Forneceu administrativo 4.Ambulante trans porte 4.Merc. na capital 5. Companhia 5. Yem com meios distrital 6. Comerciante de consumo 5 .Mere. na capital com o seu carro 6.Passou por provincial 7 .Particular acaso 6. Outra 8. Outros 7.Nao tinha tempo para esperar mais 8. Outros (quais) Cereais Horticulas Frutas Outros (quais)
document/usaid.svy j
LEV ANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO Page 4
12c. Porque vendeu as suas culturas? Precisava de dinheiro D Comprodores disponiveis D Pretendia comprar outra coisa D · Pre<;o interesante D Nao podia armazenar D Outro ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
13. Na sua zona existem normalmente compradores de produtos agricolas? l I Sim (Quantos?) I Nao I Nao sei I Perto da sua casa No mercado local No mercado districtal
14. Que tipo de produtos estes compradores costumam comprar?
15. Conhece um transportador que pode levar a sua prodrn;ao para o mercado? Sim D Nao D Se sim, ja utilizou este transportador? Sim D Nao D Se Nao, como transporta a sua mercadoria? Vefculo D Carossa D Bicicleta D De cabeca D Burros D Nao transporte D
16. Vendeu mais produtos no Ultimo ano do que nos anos anteriores? Sim D Nao D
Se sim, porque?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
17. Armazena uma parte da sua produ~ao? Sim D Nao D
Senao, porque?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Se sim, quais sao as culturas que armazena?
Porque armazena estas culturas? Comer D V ender mais tarde D Semente D Outro D
18. Quern controla os productos armazenados? Homem D Mulher D Ambos D
19. Tern problemas de armazenamento da sua produ~ao? Sim D Nao D
document/usaid.svy LEV ANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO Page 5
20. Que tecnicas utiliza para o armazenamento? Celeiro 0 Celeiro com fumo D Celt:iro auii-raio 0 Bilha D Saco D Garrafa 0 Dentro de casa 0 Outra ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
21. Usou algumas destas culturas armazenadas para a venda? Sim 0 Nao 0
Se sim, vendeu quantos meses depois da colheita?
Cultura Quantidade Quantos meses depois Onde vendida vendida (unidade)
22. 0 seu produto foi rejeitado pelo comprador no ano passado por causa da ma qualidade? Sim 0 Nao D Nao sei 0
23. Usa algumas das suas culturas como alimento para os seus animais? Sim D Nao 0 Se sim, que culturas? ~~~~~~~~~~-
24. Usa algumas das suas culturas para fabricar um outro produto? Sim D Nao 0
25. Se sim, qual e o produto que fabrica?
Cultura Produto fabricado Quantidade vendido (unidade)
26. Vendeu mais destes produtos neste Ultimo ano do que nos anos anteriores? Sim D Nao D Se sim, porque?
docwnent/usaid.svy .
LEV ANT AMENTO SOCIO~ECONOMICO Page 6
27. Alem da venda de produtos agricolas a sua familia tem outras actividades que rendem dinheiro?
Actividade *Porum x na I I resposta certa I Artesanais Carpinteiro Pesca Medicina tradicionais Parteira Aluger de instrumentos ou bens Busca/venda de agua Venda de lenha/capim Trabalhar nas machambas dos outros Fazer negocios Alfaiate Cassa
28. Quem controla o dinheiro na familia? Homen D Mulher D Ambos D
29. Vende-se insumos agricolas (sementes melhoradas, sementes nao melhoradas, fertilizantes quimicos, estrume, pesticidas) na sua zona? Sim D Nao D Nao sei D
30. Comprou insumos no ano passado? Sim D Nao D Se sim, quais? ______
Se nao, porque? ______~
31. No ultimo ano vendeu, trocou ou ofereceu algumas das sementes melhoradas? Sim D Nao D Se sim, qual cultura ea quern ou com quern?
Cultura I Vendeu I Trocou I Ofereceu I Com quern ou a quern
I I I I I I
document/usaid. svy t
LEV ANTAMENTO S6CIO-ECON6MICO Page 7
32. No Ultimo ano usou uma das seguintes tecnicas na prodm;ao de cereais?
I Tecnicas I * Escrever Sim ou Nao I Semear em linhas I Desbaste I I 33. No caso de milho, quantas sementes poem por covacho? N° _____
34. No Ultimo ano comprou alimentos? Sim D Nao D
Se sim,
Tipo de alimento Quando e que comprou? *1 = Um pouco todos os meses; 2 = Antes da colheita; 3 = Depois da colheita
35. Que despesas fez no ano passado?
Despesas Quern decidiu *PH' I I * 1 = Homem; 2 = Mulher; 3 = Ambos
Compra de Roupa/Sapato Esco la Lobo lo Renovai;ao da casa Viagens Artfgos de luxo . Hospital I Medicamentos Instrumentos de produi;ao
document/usaid.svy LEVANTAMENTO SOCIO-ECONOMICO Page 8
37. Tern alguns dos seguiutes auimais ou artigos ua sua casa?
I Numero I Animais II Numero I Coisa I Bo vinos Bicicleta Galinhas Radio Patos Panelas de Aluminium Cabritos Pratos Porcos Cama Outros ( quais) Mesa e cadeiras Casa de Chapas Casa de Tijolos Carroc;a Charrua ( outros quais)
document/usaid.svy APPENDIX III
JruE§1UJL1r§ OlF JINJFOJR.MAJL §1UJRVJEY§ ON 1rlH[lE COMMJEJRCKAlL NJETWOll A.ND iPJROD1UClE1Ft OJRGA.NITZA'fliON§
mSTIUCT§ OlF NJICOADA.JLA, MORRlLJMIDA.JLA, CAfA, CHA.NGAJ..U, ANOONJlA AND TSANG.ANO lBlASlElLJINJE STUDY. AJl>lltllL ll9%
1. INTRODUCTION
During February and April 1995, World Vision International - Mozambique's Agricultural Recovery Program implemented a Baseline Study in six districts in Central Mozambique, namely Nic~adala and Morrumbala in Zambezia Province, Caia in Sofala Province, and Changara, Tsangano and Angonia in Tete Province. The objective of the survey was to generate essential data on the actual cropping systems, commercialization, storage and processing practices and wealth of smallholder farmers in the mentioned districts, to be used for monitoring the implementation of the Agricultural Recovery and Development Program. An informal survey was conducted as part of this Baseline Study to investigate the commercial network in the above-mentioned areas and to determine what producers organizations are functioning in each area. The informal survey used key informants chosen because they had a more global view of their community, with specific knowledge of the subjects in question.
(i) Commercial Network
The informal survey implemented in each area included questions concerning: the number and type of merchants who are operating in each zone; the kind of transport available to farmers; whether farmers use the available transport if and when they need it; how many kiosks and/or shops are operating in the area; what kind of products people can buy/sell in the area; and what other commercial activities can be noted in the area.
Since the questionnaire is informal, this information is generally followed by comments on the general situation of commerce, where the nearest market is, whether people go there regularly, whether people feel that the local commercial network is adequate as it is today, and other problems related to the subject.
(ii) Producer Organizations
The survey also explores the existence of farmers groups or producers organizations in the area. Sometimes the information provided includes former groups, such as cooperatives, etc .. If a group is known, further questions follow about the details of the group (history, purpose, mode of operating, membership, advantages/disadvantages, etc.).
The survey is then completed by comments from the interviewer concerning recommendations, implications for future interviews and interviewer impressions.
This report presents the results of these informal surveys, describing the commercial network and giving details of the producers organizations operating in the administrative posts of Modenga,
February27, 1996 Maquival and Namacata in Nicoadala District (Zambezia Province), the administrative post of Morrumbala Sede in Morrumbala District (Zambezia Province), the administrative post of Caia Sede in Caia District (Sofala Province), the administrative post of Luenha in Changara District (Tete Province), the administrative post of Domue in Angonia District (Tete Province), and the administrative post of Mtengo-Mbalame in Tsangano District (Tete Province).
2. RESULTS
2.1 DISTRICT OF NICOADALA, ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE
2.1.1 Administrative Post of Modenga: Villages of Modenga and Magologodo.
(i) Commercial Network
There are seven stores in Modenga/Magologodo that buy locally produced copra. When each store owner has a truckload of copra, he/she rents a truck to take the copra to Quelimane (only 15 kilometers away) and buys basic foodstuffs, clothes, cloth etc. in Quelimane for resale in the village. Copra prices appear to be relatively standard. Those unhappy with the price can take the copra to Quelimane themselves by bicycle. On the day the survey was conducted, only one merchant was buying copra. Th~ others were waiting to transport the copra that they had accumulated. There was a long line of people waiting to sell copra. Neither the seller nor the buyers wanted to be interviewed. People are very nervous when profitable transactions are taking place. It was evident that much of the copra that the villagers were selling was not well dried. However, the merchant did not check the moisture before buying. Many believe that the merchants cheat the villagers by having light scales and the villagers cheat the merchants by selling high moisture copra.
In this administrative post there is a small daily market with about ten stalls selling items of regular demand, such as vegetables, rice, maize, cigarettes, etc.
Private transport is carried out by renting a truck and a 6-ton truck owned by a local merchant makes frequent trips to and from Quelimane.
(ii) Producer Organizations
No producer organizations were reported in the villages of Modenga and Magologodo.
2.1.2 Administrative Post of Maquival: Villages of Sao Pedro/Sao Paulo "Mercado de Varela".
(i) Commercial Network
There are six stores in these villages, three of which buy copra. Access to these villages is difficult as two bridges are in a poor state of repair. Merchants depend on a tractor from the Madal Company and a truck from Entreposto Co. to transport goods. The merchants stock a range of goods similar to those sold in other markets in the area.
There is an active outdoor market with about 40 stalls where small traders sell the goods they bought in Quelimane. Fish is more common in Maquival than in other markets. Tobacco, bicycle parts, rice, maize and other usual items are also available. ----~- 1
(ii) Producer Organizations
No producer organizations were reported in the villages of Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo.
2.1.3 Aministrative Post Namacata: Villages of Impurrune and Mococora.
(i) Commercial Network
The villages of Impurrune and Mococora produce less copra than the villages described above and hence only five stores were buying copra during the height of the season. These merchants switch to rice at the time of the rice harvest in May and June. They also sell maize flour, cassava, rice, and clothes bought in Quelimane. There is also a small outdoor market with about 60 small traders selling goods bought in Quelimane. There is a shortage of available transport, with only one local merchant having a 3-ton truck. Many of the villagers transport produce on their heads, or by bicycle 12 kilometers to Quelimane.
(ii) Producer Organizations
No producer organizations were reported in the villages of Impurrune and Mococora.
2.2 DISTRICT OF MORRUMBALA, ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE
2.2.1 Administrative Post of Morrumbala-Sede.
(i) Commercial Network
An active market exists in Morrumbala Sede which seems to draw villagers from considerable distances. Numerous markets stalls exist and several informants remarked on the rapid growth of the market in the few months prior to this survey. Clothes, fresh vegetables, bicycle parts, bread, and the usual range of regional market fare are available. Several stalls advertised the acceptance of Malawi currency. Apparently the importation of merchandise from Malawi has become more difficult in recent months because of tighter customs controls and most sellers went to Quelimane or Beira to buy items with cash for resale in Morrumbala Sede.
There are three stores in Morrumbala Sede, with a wider range of items than in the Nicoadala or Caia district markets. Items such as canned tomato paste, canned corn, and scissors are available in Morrumbala but not in other areas.· Bottled rum and wine are also available in significant quantities, indicating the existence of wealthier buyers. Of the three stores, only two occasionally buy produce such as maize in exchange for goods. It seems they prefer to receive cash. There is even a basic photographic store for those interested in having their photograph taken.
At the time of the survey, anywhere from 20 to 50 small traders were found in the Morrumbala market. Most small traders work part-time and are farmers as well. The total number of traders doing business in Morrumbala market is probably in the hundreds. A number of small traders fill one sack at a time with small quantities of grain from local farmers and when they have spent all their money, they wait for a truck and take their sacks to Quelimane for resale. This could take between one day and one week. Some return to Morrumbala with more money and others buy fish, soap, candles and other goods in Quelimane to resell in Morrumbala. Small traders said that transport between Morrumbala and Quelimane was not a problem. The harvest months of May and June are the most profitable for such small traders and the pre-harvest months of February .·~o April are the
Fet>ruary27, 1995 slowest. During these months, these traders go to the more remote villages in order to obtain grain being stored from the previous harvest, as the grain supply close to Morrumbala is exhausted by that time. In these more remote areas, farmers are forced to store grain as the distances to the market are prohibitive (over 25 kilometers). Most traders said that they obtain information concerning the prices of products in Quelimane from other traders.
Several large traders are based in Morrumbala and these traders move large quantities of grain (50 sacks or more). Merchants from Quelimane and Beira will also send trucks to Morrumbala to buy grain. Unlike the small traders, large traders in Morrumbala felt that transport was a problem; probably because they find it difficult to find a truck with enough room to transport a large number of sacks of grain. The large traders (unlike the small traders) frequently go to Beira to sell their produce, thereby taking advantage of the higher maize prices in Beira.
Several visits indicated that during the months following harvest, a change in the general destination of agricultural produce occurs. During April and May, much of the grain purchased from Morrumbala is taken to Quelimane. However, from June onwards, the majority of the grain is purchased and transported to Beira, with some traders taking the grain to Maputo.
(ii) Producer 0rganizations
. ··- No functional producer organizations were reported in any of the four villages surveyed in Morrumbala District. Many families have recently returned from Malawi and the social fabric of the area has been severely disrupted.
2.3 DISTRICT OF CAIA, SOFALA PROVINCE
2.3.1 Administrative Post of Caia Sede.
(i) Commercial Network
An outdoor market operates in Caia Sede with approximately 25 stalls selling goods that one sees at any small market in Mozambique (clothing, grain, oil, salt, hoes, beer, coke, cigarettes, etc.). All stalls are temporary in nature, made of wood, reflecting the fact that the market has expanded rapidly since the signing of the Peace Accord.
Although Caia is closer to Quelimane than Beira, difficulties in crossing the Zambezi River mean that the majority of the commerce in Caia takes place in the direction of Beira. A few of the traders go to Quelimane to buy coconuts to bring back to Caia, but the vast majority travel between Caia and Beira taking goods and agricultural produce down to Beira, selling them and bringing back other goods to be sold in Caia. Some merchants also go to Malawi to buy goods to be sold in Caia. However, merchants going to Quelimane or Malawi in search of goods for sale in Caia, take money with them to purchase the goods; there is little movement of agricultural produce from Caia to either Quelimane or Malawi.
The small traders use market trucks to travel to other cities. Maize, sorghum, cowpea, chickens and goats are examples of the more profitable goods which can be sold in Beira. Dried fish, diesel fuel, salt, clothing, and cigarettes are often bought in Beira for resale in Caia.
One can easily contact transporters at the market who have pickup trucks or 3- to 10-ton trucks. The owners of these trucks generally live in Beira and send their trucks through Caia en route to the north or to Quelimane.
F~bru~ty 27. 11391.:l When the supply of grain is low as it was during the survey (February and April 1995) it is common for merchants to drive out to the villages and to go from house to house looking for grain to buy. Usually five to ten sacks are collected rather than a complete truckload. This system ensures access to villagers who are either reluctant to sell or who are too busy to take their produce to market.
(ii) Producer Organizations
One cooperative was reported in Caia but it has not functioned for a number of years.
2.4 CHANGARA DISTRICT, TETE PROVINCE
2.4.1 Administrative Post of Luenha: Villages of Nashinanga, Capimbi and Cancune.
(i) Commercial Network
Some traders from Caomba, Cancune, Changara, Tete, Chimoio, Beira and Maputo visit the Administrative Post of Luenha occasionally to buy agricultural produce. There are a few local buyers in the area known to those who had something to sell. The main produce of commercial value is onions, garlic, tobacco, goats, chickens and pigs. As Cancune is on the main Tete to Beira road, numerous traders from Changara, Tete and Beira visit this village. Besides the above mentioned goods, the people in Cancune also sell cattle, kale, green maize and mats.
In general each village in the Administrative Post of Luenha has three to six kiosks. However, Nashinanga did not have any kiosks. Each village surveyed also has at least one small shop selling basic food stuffs, clothes and blankets.
Other commercial activities include making mats, catching and drying fish, making pots and pans, making alcoholic drinks, hunting, cutting thatching grass, pounding flour, building houses, making baskets, carpentry, repairing radios, maize hammer mills, making traditional drums, working on other people's farms, metal work, sewing clothes, and working for non-governmental organizations operating in Luenha.
Transporters serving this area come from Changara. The Union of Cooperatives in Capimbi has a truck which is now broken down. Agricultural produce is usually transported to the main Changara to Tete road by ox and oxcart, hired from local owners. Two people in Changara also hired out tractors and trailers. The main method used for the transport of agricultural produce in Cancune is to use trucks and taxis passing on the main road, while several people use oxen and carts to take produce to Changara.
(ii) Producer Organizations
Five producer organizations were identified in the Administrative Post of Luenha, Changara District, namely: the Nashinanga Growers Association; the Union of Cooperatives in Capimbi; the growers association at the Cancune Irrigation Scheme; the Mazoe Ponte Small Animal Producers Association; and the Union of the Nhartanda Valley. Details of the activities being carried out by each producer organization are given below:
Nashinanga Growers Association - World Vision Tete has been giving assistance to an association of 26 farmers working on an irrigation scheme alongside the Mazoe River, initially by lending the association a pump and pipes and by providing technical assistance. During the first year of operation, World Vision also provided fuel-for-the.pump:::JUiWever, from the second year onwards, members of the farmers association have been covering all running costs. The initial area of 2.5 hectares in the first season has now been expanded to 10 hectares, as each member has opened up new land. The main problems encountered by the association members are a lack of seeds, a lack of chemicals for pest and disease control, and a lack of transport to enable members to sell their vegetable produce in nearby markets.
Union of Cooperatives at Capimbi - This Union of Cooperatives at Capimbi was established in 1978. However, due to the war and political changes, the individual cooperatives have almost disappeared and the only assets left (a broken truck, a broken irrigation pump and a hammer mill) are under the control of a management group of seven men in Capimbi village. The management group intends to use the profits from the hammer mill to finance the repair of the truck and irrigation pump.
Cancune Irrigation Scheme - World Vision began to work with a group of 42 farmers in Cancune interested in producing vegetables, during the 1993 dry season. World Vision provided a pump and irrigation pipes, and supplied fuel for the first year. From the second year onwards, the group began to cover the running costs. This resulted in a reduction in the number of farmers participating in group activities from 42 to 16. The growers association is now producing vegetables on an area of 2.5 hectares and they hope that this year the numbers of members will rise again to over 20.
Mazoe Ponte Small Stock Producers Association - This group, just outside the actual area of influence of World Vision's Agricultural Recovery and Development Program, was formed recently by farmers interested in producing goats. They have pooled resources and plan to buy some goats. They intend to sell the offspring and divide the profits.
Union of the Nhartanda Valley - This group of three cooperatives located near Tete City has decided to invest in goats. The goats will be kept at Capimbi village and the profits of the sales will return to the cooperatives. Three herds of 70 goats each will be bought and the president of the Union of Cooperatives in Capimbi will look after the animals. Corrals are currently being built.
2.5 DISTRICT OF ANGONIA, TETE PROVINCE
2.5.1 Administrative Post of Domue: Villages of Chiritse, Calambo, and Kampessa.
(i) Commercial Network
Traders arrive in Domue every Friday, by car, to buy goods for resale in Tete City. If there are no traders that come directly to the village, the villagers are forced to carry their produce to Domue over distances ranging from 4 km to 12 km depending on the village. Small local traders arrive irregularly by bicycle and buy small quantities of high value goods, such as dry beans, cowpea and groundnut, and sell them elsewhere. Some villagers go to the main connecting road between Domue and Vila Ulongue in the hope of selling their produce to a passing car or truck. Many people sell agricultural produce in Malawi, often taking their produce across the border by oxcart.
There are usually one to three kiosks in the village markets, with the exception of Calambo which did not have a kiosk. These kiosks sell basic goods, such as soap, biscuits, cigarettes, matches, pens, hand/hair creme, etc.. They sometimes also sell vegetable seed. There is one larger shop in Kampessa which sells a range of basic food stuffs, vinegar, soap, cigarettes, pens, matches, hand cream, soft drinks, dresses, capulanas, vegetable seed, and sometimes hoes. This shop owner also sells his harvest in his shop. Sometimes, traveling salesmen bring other goods from Tete, which they exchange for agricultural produce.
F.tirua1Y27, 1996 In Domue, there is plenty of transport available. However, prices are high and therefore people do not arrange for trucks to come out to their villages to buy their agricultural produce. Some people bring their produce from the villages to Domue, and from there, they can access transport going to Tete City once a week.
There is very little additional commercial activity in Domue, although Kampessa boasts a butcher, a tailor, two hammer mills, and some out of work carpenters and bricklayers.
(ii) Producer Organizations
No producer organizations were reported in the villages of Chiritse, Calambo or Kampessa in Domue Administrative Post.
2.6 TSANGANO DISTRICT, TETE PROVINCE
2.6.1 Administrative Post of Mtengo-Mbalame: Villages of Ligoe, Calipale 1, and Afutsa.
(i) Commercial Network
The only traders that come into the administrative post of Mtengo-Mbalame are small traders with no transport, mostly young men from the surrounding villages. The farmers often "sell" their dry beans or Irish potatoes to their son or to another young man who then goes to nearby Vila Ulongue to ask a truck owner to come out and transport the produce to Vila Ulongue. From there it is taken to Tete City. People do not sell Irish potatoes in Malawi because the price is too low.
Most of the villages had between one and five small kiosks, while Afutsa did not have a kiosk. Such kiosks sell soap, biscuits, cigarettes, etc. Some "sell" their goods in exchange for agricultural produce. They also serve as tea room. In Bifolo (close to Calipale 1), there is a well-stocked shop run by a trader from Tete City.
Oxcarts are the only form of transport in Ligoe and Afutsa. Calipale is along a Malawi road and therefore producers are able to "hitch a lift" for their produce to the nearest Malawi market.
(ii) Producer Organizations
There are no existing producer organizations in the area surveyed in Tsangano District, and in some areas people are extremely skeptical about group activities. Groups probably can be formed around the collective purchase of inputs, and dam building, but less likely around the sale of agricultural produce. For example, a group of young Irish potato farmers in the village of Nhuwane obtained credit from DANIDA in order to buy potato seed and fertilizer. In Afutsa, farmers join together to buy inputs in Malawi; one farmer takes the money collected from collaborating farmers and travels to Malawi to buy vegetable seed, fertilizer and Irish potato seed, depending on the availability of transport.
I I
I I
to to
Wife Wife
Husband Husband
Both Both
Wife Wife
Both Both
Husband Husband
Both Both
Wife Wife
Husband Husband
Wife Wife
decided decided
Husband Husband
Both Both
Both Both
Wife Wife
Husband Husband
% %
% %
17% 17%
33% 33%
50% 50%
16% 16%
50% 50%
21 21
29% 29%
58% 58%
26% 26%
38% 38%
33% 33%
29% 29%
28% 28%
28% 28%
41 41
Who Who
sell? sell?
to to
km km
km km
km km
km km
km km
2.0 2.0
3.0 3.0
4.8 4.8
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
Average Average
market market
distance distance
DISTRICTS DISTRICTS
SIX SIX
post post
post post
post post
post post
capital capital
capital capital
capital capital
THE THE
capital capital
market market
market market
market market
market market
IN IN
market market
market market
market market
market market
Sold Sold
Other Other
Local Local
Provincial Provincial
Other Other
Field/house Field/house
District District
Local Local
Other Other
Field/house Field/house
Local Local
Field/house Field/house
Other Other
Administrative Administrative
Local Local
Field/house Field/house
Administrative Administrative
Provincial Provincial
Administrative Administrative
Administrative Administrative
District District
Local Local
Field/house Field/house
Provincial Provincial
Other Other
Provincial Provincial
District District
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
3 3
% %
% %
% %
5 5
5% 5%
5 % % 5
5 5
14% 14%
7 % % 7
14 14
9% 9% 11 11
2 % % 2
2 % % 2 11 11
29% 29%
43 43
41 41 10% 10%
32 32
40% 40% 14% 14%
18 18 35% 35%
16% 16%
25% 25%
36% 36%
16 16
FARMERS FARMERS
45 45
Where Where
HOLDER HOLDER
a a
goods goods
goods goods
to to
person person
person person
IV IV
person person
person person
SMALL SMALL
wait wait
wait wait
same same
same same
trader's trader's
same same
same same
trader's trader's
selling selling
buyer buyer
buyer buyer
price price
buyer buyer
price price
buyer buyer
buyer buyer
price price OF OF
price price
price price
buy buy chance chance
for for
buy buy chance chance
chance chance
APPENDIX APPENDIX
Other Other
Best Best
Other Other
Always Always
Best Best
Only Only
Other Other
Best Best
Always Always
Only Only
Other Other
By By
Always Always To To
Only Only
Other Other
Best Best
Couldn't Couldn't
Only Only
Always Always
To To
By By
Best Best
Couldn't Couldn't
By By
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
5% 5%
5% 5%
5% 5%
3% 3%
14% 14%
7% 7%
7 % % 7
2% 2%
4% 4%
57% 57%
29% 29%
37% 37%
15% 15%
21 21
15% 15%
32 32
30% 30%
11 11
35 35
32% 32%
15 15 15% 15%
36% 36%
18% 18%
45% 45%
particular particular
Reasons Reasons
PRACTICES PRACTICES
car car
car car
car car
car car
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
trader trader
trader trader
SELLING SELLING
trader trader
trader trader
trader trader
respondents. respondents.
kale. kale.
116 116
THE THE
Other Other
Individual Individual
Small Small
Other Other
Individual Individual
Small Small
Trader Trader
AGRICOM AGRICOM
Other Other
Trader Trader
Individual Individual
Small Small
Other Other
Individual Individual
Small Small
Other Other
Individual Individual
Small Small
Trader Trader
Retailer Retailer
Retailer Retailer
Trader Trader
Warehouser Warehouser
and and
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
% %
0 0
5% 5%
5 % % 5
14% 14%
16% 16%
16% 16%
4% 4%
11% 11%
57 57
29% 29%
I I 37% 37%
10% 10%
21 21
14% 14%
50% 50%
25 25
14% 14%
15% 15%
18 18
67% 67% 16% 16%
24% 24%
24 24
Buyer Buyer
District. District.
maize, maize,
7 7
CONCERNING CONCERNING
19 19
20 20
28 28
55 55
sold sold
cowpea, cowpea,
Nicoadala Nicoadala
Number Number
who who
in in
DATA DATA
garhc, garhc,
cane, cane,
Farmers Farmers
Farmers Farmers
6% 6%
16% 16%
% %
17% 17%
24% 24%
46% 46%
of of
sugar sugar
Practices Practices
groundnut, groundnut,
Mango Mango
Rice Rice
Tomato Tomato
Sweet Sweet
potato potato
Copra Copra
Coconut Coconut
Crop Crop
" "
Selling Selling
old old
s s
1: 1:
*Also *Also
Table Table
,, ,,
I I
I I
JI JI
--- V\ V\ to
decided
Wife
Husband Husband
Both Wife Both Wife Wife Both Husband
Husband Husband Both Wife Both
Who 123 sell? 303 48% 37% 213 37%
373
37% 503 253
37% 253
253 503 253
to
km
km
km
km
km
Average
distance
market
4.1 6.6
6.3
5.8 8.3
post
post
post
market
market market
market market
market
market
market
market
Sold
District Field/house
Field/house Administrative
District Local Local Administrative District District Administrative Field/house District Local
Local Other
3
3
3
%
% 3 3
% %
23 73
10
18
Where
123
63 12
123 25 62
50% 25 38
38% 50 753
a
goods
goods
goods
goods goods
to
person
person
wait
transport
transport
to
same
same
traders
traders
traders
traders selling traders
buyer
buyer
buyer
buyer
buyer
buyer
Price Price
Price
Price Price
for
time
buy
chance buy
buy chance
chance buy chance buy
chance
Only To
To Always Only By No Best Only Best By Provided Always Only Best To Only To By To Best By Best
By
Provided
3 3 3
% 3 % 3 %
3 % % % % 3 3 %
2 3 2
11 12 16% 12% particular
12 12% Reasons 12 12
12 32 203 37% 12 21 12
25 25 25 25%
38% 25
25
503 25
car
car
respondents.
+
+
trader
trader
trader
118
Retailer
Trader Individual Retailer Trader Other Company Retailer
Retailer Small Trader Small Individual Retailer
Small
Company AGRICOM Individual Other
3 3 %
%
% % 3
23
23
7% 2%
Buyer 363 12% 123
323 12 District. 203 37 123 25 63% 25 50% 25
50
75
8
8
8
8
56
sold
Morrumbala
Number
in
who
Farmers
Farmers
%
8%
83
83
8%
563
of
pea
Practices
Crop
Maize
Cowpea
Sorghum Cassava
Pigeon
Selling
2:
Table
~
\]"',.'\ to
Husband
decided
Wife Wife
Both Both Husband Both Both Wife
Husband Husband Husband Husband
Wife
Wife Both Wife
%
0% 03
03
03
113 100%
433 503 33% 723
28% 50% 57% 37% Who 21 42% 563
sell?
to
km
km
km
km km km
Ave.
market distance 6.6
3.9
0.5 4.2 2.14 0.6
post post post post post post
market
market market market
market
market market
market
market market
Sold
Field/house Administrative Local District Administrative Administrative
Local Local Local Local District District Administrative Field/house Administrative
Other District Field/house Field/house
Administrative
Provincial
3 3 3
3
% % 3 3
3 3
53
143
16 11 14% 14%
11 11
503
57 57 Where 22 22 403 503 403 43 45 203 293 29%
a
goods
goods
to
person
person
person
person
person
sell
same same
same same
trader's
trader's
same
selling
reasons
to
buyer
price
price
price
price price
price
for
chance chance chance buy chance
chance
buy
Always Best Always Other Best Other Best Want By By Always Best Best By Always To By Best By To
Always
% % % % % 3 %
%
5 3 5
16 11 11 143 10%
14 14 14%
14%
80%
Reasons particular 21 33 503 503 203 453
483 29% 293 72
respondents.
Others
Individual Others Retailer Trader Trader Others Individual
Individual Individual Individual Individual Others Trader Trader
Trader
Trader
% %
%
%
%
118
11 143
11 143
33% 503 60% 50%
203 57% Buyer 21 563
20
57 29% 683 29%
District.
2
5 9
7 7
19
sold
Caia
Number
in who
Farmers
Farmers
%
53
23
7% 93
73
193
of
Practices
Crop
Cowpea Kale
Tomato Cassava Onion
Maize
Selling
3:
Table
11
'I
11
'~I
,
.....
__
!.,
·~!\ to
decided
Wife
Wife
Husband
Husband Both Husband Both Both
Husband
Husband
Both
Wife
Wife
Both
Wife
%
9%
5%
0%
653
Who
63 sell? 25% 263 25% 69% 26%
50%
41
53% 50% 503
to
km km
km
' km
km
14.93
Ave.
market
distance
2.33
45.9
25.45 23.44
post post
Post
Post
capital
capital
capital
capital
market
market
market
market
market
market
market
Sold
Field/house Administrative
District District Provincial
Administrative Field/house Field/house Provincial
Field/house District Field/house
Provincial District
Local
Provincial
Administrative
Administrative
Local District
%
3 3
3
3
3
83
6 3 6 3 7 % 7
53
4 3 4
2 % 2 2
10% 17
103 153
17
103
83
50% 753 20%
Where
83
773
a
goods
goods
goods
to
car
wait
wait
wait
wait
wait
selling
trader's
trader's
trader's
+
buyer
buyer
buyer
buyer
price
price
price
price
price
for
chance
chance
chance chance
chance
buy
buy
buy
Couldn't
Best Couldn't Couldn't Best By
Couldn't
Best
Best Only
By By
Best Couldn't By
By
Trader To
Only
To
Only To
%
3 3
3
3 3 3
3
3
3 % 3 3 % 3
5
3 3 3
5
4%
17% 173 10%
17%
193
153
57
particular 33 33
45 253
Reasons 22
563 48
283
25
car
car
car car
+
+
+ +
trader
trader
trader
trader
trader
respondents.
118
Trader Individual
Small
Individual
Individual Trader
Individual Individual
Small AGRICOM Small
Small
Small
Other
AGRICOM
AGRICOM AGRICOM Trader Trader
%
3
3 % 3
3 3 3
3
7%
53 5
33
93
23
13
10%
17
11 17%
143
17
20 703
Buyer 66
72 703
72
District.
6
30
20
54
36
sold
Changara
Number
in who
Farmers
Farmers
%
53
173
253
313
463
of
Practices
Crop Tobacco
Onion
Kale
Garlic
Tomato
Selling
4:
Table
:l'I ~·
to
decided
Wife Wife Both Wife Husband Husband Both Husband Husband Both Wife Husband Both
Wife Both
Both Husband Husband Wife Both
Husband Wife Both
Wife
%
0%
193 10% 10%
Who
sell? 55% 103 31 443 30% 133 25% 30% 60% 263 60%
90%
333 223
373 20% 443 503
60%
20%
to
km
km km
km
km
km
km
km
Ave. 3.58 distance 10.63
market 3.69 1.80
3.5 4.00 4.5
6.11
post
post post
post
post
post
post
market
market market market
market
market
market market
Sold
Administrative Local Field/house Local Administrative Field/house Malawi Administrative Field/house Administrative Local Field/house Field/house Malawi Local Field/house Field/house Field/house Administrative Administrative Local
Administrative Malawi Local
Local
Local
% % % 3
%
3
4%
19%
17%
10% 10% 103 Where
31 31 48% 20% 20% 50% 30%
50% 50 33 50% 403 33 37%
333 25
403 403
25% 203
a
to
person
person
there
goods goods
goods
goods
wait
wait
wait wait
wait
wait
same
same selling
buyer
trader
price price price
price price price
price
price
for
chance chance chance chance chance
chance chance chance
By Couldn't By Best By Best Best By Always Couldn't Best By Only Exchange Couldn't Exchange By Best Best Best By Couldn't By Best Exchange
Couldn't Always Couldn't Exchange
% %
% % % % 3
63
8% % 4
6%
193 10% 10 10% 103 103 13 Reasons particular 60% 10% 103 63 133
60 21 50% 30%
20% 50% 333
33 22 753
40% 403
203
car
car car
car
+ +
+ w/
trader trader
trader trader
trader trader
trader trader
respondents.
Individual Small Individual
Individual Trader Small Individual Small Individual Trader Small Trader Individual Small Small Individual 113 Small Small
Individual Trader
% % %
3
3 3
% 3
153
60% 10
103 13 Buyer 60% 25 37 63
50% 603 40% 30%
40% 87 44 44 403
403 20%
District.
8
9 5
16
10
10
10
sold
48
Angonia
Number
in
who
Farmers
Farmers
%
9% 9% 9%
8%
43 73
14%
42%
of
Practices
bean
Dry Crop
Tomato
Cowpea
Cabbage Maize
Onion Groundnut
Kale
Selling
5:
Table
I
I
:1
\
...
·~
'"""'-
:-.
,,/
"'
\; "·,~I
~~~
to
decided
Wife Both
Husband Wife Both Both Both Husband Wife Husband Husband Husband Both Wife
Husband
Both
Wife
Wife
03
03
173
113
13% 83% 373 803 37% Who 293 453 373 423 sell? 503 253 293
453 203
to
km km
km km km
km
12.50
10.63
Ave.
distance market 8.12 6.38
2.98 2.43
post post
capital
market market market
market market market
Sold
Administrative
Field/house Field/house Local Local Administrative Field/house Field/house Local Local Field/house Field/house Provincial Local Local Malawi Malawi
Malawi
3
3 3
3 3 % % 3 3 3 3
13
153 33
33 62 333
32 32 43 53 293 Where 20% 37 253
28% 25 25 20%
a
to
wait
wait wait
wait
wait
selling
buyer
buyer
price price
price
price price price
for
chance chance
chance chance chance chance
Couldn't
Best
Couldn't Couldn't Couldn't By Best Best Couldn't By Best By By By By Best
Best
Only
3 3
% % % % 3 3
8 % 8
163
163 133 15
133 163
13 67 253
25 71 373 293 Reasons particular 66 203 75 56
car
+
trader trader trader
trader trader trader
respondents.
118
AGRICOM
Individual Individual Small Small Individual
Individual Small Individual Individual Small Small Small
Retailer
Trader
3 3
% 3 3 3 3
3
43
4 3 4
13
33 67 293 363 53 56% 57 63 Buyer 87 473 25 293
District.
6 8 8
7
47 25 sold
Tsangano
Number
in who
Farmers Farmers
%
63 53
7% 73
403 21%
of
Practices
Potato
bean
Crop
Dry Irish Tomato Onion
Kale Maize
Selling
6:
i
I
rble
ll1l
..
, USAID AGRICULTURAL RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
Project Goal: To increase the productivity and well being of rural households in a sustainable manner.
Funding Agency: USAID Implementing Agency: WVRD/MOA
Initial period of funding: January 1995 to December 1996 Date of Framework Revision: 16.01.95
Initial Two Year Funding Allocation (USAID/WV Match): US$ 4,854,353 Date of Project Evaluation/Review: September 1996
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
PROJECT STRUCTURE: VERIFIABLE INDICATORS SOURCES OF ASSUMPTIONS AND OVERALL OBJECTIVES VERIFICATION CONDITIONS
1. Increase Agricultural 1. Strengthening of private 1. Formal and Informal 1. Security will prevail in project Marketed Output. agricultural enterprises and the surveys of farming families sites. promotion of farmer marketing: within the project area and, if possible, a comparable 2. Absence of exceptional natural 1.1 Smallholder households area not influenced by the disasters (drought, flood, pest attack, actively participating in markets project. etc.) which would limit production. with improved prices through value added activities and 2. Baseline and follow-up 3. Continued support for World seasonality of sale. surveys of household social Vision by the Min. of Cooperation structure, economy and and the Min. of Agriculture at the 1.2. Growers acting collectively farming systems with gender national and provincial levels. through associations and NGO's to disaggregation. obtain a fair price and maximize 4. Absence of health epidemics access to markets. 3. Marketing Surveys. among targeted communities
2. Increase in Agricultural 4. Documentation of the 5. Min. of Finance will grant Production and Productivity: growth of farmers exemption of import duties for all organizations, growers importations of capital equipment 2.1 Greater availability and associations and utilization of improved agricultural producers/sellers of 6. Funding available in a timely inputs. improved agricultural manner inputs. 2. 2 Increased access to and 7. Basic inputs are available both to utilization of improved production 5. External consultant the project and to the targeted /post harvest technology. evaluation reports and farming community monthly narrative reports. 2. 3 Improved management of natural resources. 6. Where available, baseline and follow up WV 2.4 Improvement in the health Health Project and MOH and general well being of rural health monitoring reports. households within the project area. USAID AGRICULTURAL RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES
PROJECT STRUCTURE: VERIFIABLE INDICATORS SOURCES OF ASSUMPTIONS IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES VERIFICATION (1)
1. Strengthening of private 1.1. Farmers groups facilitate 1. Results of Formal and - Production surpluses agricultural enterprises and commercialization and gain improved unit Informal Survey of farming are produced the promotion of farmer prices for their members. families within the project area marketing: and if possible, a comparable - Traders are interested 1.2. Farmers expand their level of non area not influenced by the in collaborating with the processed traditional agricultural project). At least one formal ARDP production and are able to market this survey time of by September increased production. 1996.
1.3. Farmers expand their level of 2. Baseline survey in processed/value added agricultural February/March 1995 and production and are able to market this follow-up surveys at the same increased production. time in 1996 and possibly six month intervals. To measure 1.4 Increase in agricultural and non social structure, changes in agricultural earnings and diversification of household productivity, cash income sources. income, To include a study of household wealth by gender. 1.5. Farmers making use of natural Consumption of off-farm food resources in a sustainable manner for sources, non-agricultural goods income generation. and use of social services.
1.6 Supply of improved agricultural 3. Marketing surveys; monthly inp1:1t~ __through a semi-commercial/trader monitoring of the availability network. and sale of agricultural products and consumer goods with gender disaggregation.
4. Project and MOA external consultant documentation of the growth of growers associations, local NGO's and producers of improved agricultural inputs.
5. External Consultant evaluation reports (August 1996) and Monthly narrative reports.
6. Survey of the production and commercialization of improved inputs. ' '
.... USAID~-'fl:JRAb-RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
lMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
PROJECT STRUCTURE: VERIFIABLE INDICATORS SOURCES OF ASSUMPTIONS IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES VERIFICATION (CONTINUED)
2. Increase Agricultural 2.1. Farmers growing, consuming and/or 1. Baseline survey in - Farmers are interested Production and Productivity: marketing a wider range of farm products February/March 1995 and in increasing, To diversify farmers' follow-up surveys at the same diversifying and cropping systems to respond 2.2. Farmers mar.imizing production in a time in 1996 and possibly six marketing their to market demands and to sustainable manner through the use of month intervals. To measure production maximize benefit for improved varieties and improved farming changes in household household consumption. practices. productivity, use of improved - Traders are interested agricultural production inputs in selling improved 2.3 Increase in the use and productivity and storage techniques. inputs. of on-farm labour 2. External Consultant 2.4 Farmers utilize improved storage evaluations (August 1996) and techniques to store more crops for longer Monthly narrative reports. periods and improve the quality and extend the period of sale to realize better 3. Survey of the production, prices for the sale of this produce. project distribution and commercialization of improved 2 .. 5 Improved nutritional status inputs. particularly among women and children. 4. Documentation of extension 2.6 Agricultural and marketing training activities. information available through an operational "Farm Family First" extension 6. Field trials and network. demonstrations with improved inputs and storage techniques.
7. Where available, baseline and follow up surveys WV Health Project and MOH growth monitoring at the community and health post level with particular reference to children under 5 years and pregnant/breast feeding women. ,, ..
USAID AGRICULTURAL RECOVERY PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
OUTPUTS
PROJECT STRUCTURE: INDICATORS OF ACHIEVEMENT HOW INDICATORS CAN BE ASSUMPTIONS AND OUTPUTS (I) QUANTIFIED OR ASSESSED CONDITIONS
1.1. Farmers organizations 1.1. l. At least 20 farmers organizations, - Results of Formal and - Farmers are interested formed and progress towards with between 10-20 members each Informal Survey of farming in working together for a the registration of growers existing by August 1996. families within the project area. collective advantage associations. 1.1.2 Major progress made towards the registration of at least 2 pilot local - Report on Baseline survey in - Farmers organizations growers associations within the high February/March 1995 and are functional, members priority districts of the project area by follow-up surveys at the same are motivated and August 1996. time in 1996 and August 1996. sanctions available against opportunistic 1.2. Increased volume of 1.2.1 Transport and/or trader contacts - Reports on Marketing members. marketing of non-processed provided as a pilot scheme to facilitate surveys; monthly monitoring of traditional agricultural linkages with markets and facilitate access the availability and sale of - Traders are interested production. * to agricultural inputs. agricultural products and in collaborating with the 1.2.2. Successful commercialization of consumer goods with gender ARDP agricultural production by Farmers disaggregation. Associations through use of truck leasing and the collective use of information on - Project and MOA external marketing. consultant documentation of the 1.2.3. Increase in cash income from growth of growers associations, marketed produce by 1996. local NGO's and producers of 1.2.4. Farmers and traders aware of improved agricultural inputs. prices and marketing opportunities. - Reports of the ARDP and 1.3. Increased volume of 1. 3 .1. More farmers are processing their Provincial/District Directorates marketing of processed agricultural production for sale, such as of Agriculture. agricultural production. * the sale of flour instead of grain, oil extraction from sunflower and animal - Grower Association Reports production. and membership information 1.3.2 See 1.2 above - Project staff and external 1. 4 Increase in off-farm 1.4.1. Number and gender of family consultant interviews with agricultural and non members able to take advantage of off farmers and traders agricultural earnings and farm employment and other income diversification or generating activities is increased. - Marketing and Business specialization of income 1.4.2 Increased consumption of off-farm Management training course sources. * food sources, non-agricultural goods and curricula and reports use of social services. 1.4.3 Household wealth (possession of radios, bicycles, padlocks, lanterns, animals, shoes, use of social services, cattle ownership etc.) in the project area increased.
1.5 Use of natural 1. 5 .1. More farmers are utilizing and resources in a sustainable selling natural resources and receiving manner for income orientation in their sustainable use. generation. *
1.6 Farmer organisations 1.6.1. Number and gender of technicians, and associations, farmers and farmers and association members trained. technicians trained in 1.6.2 Number and gender of technicians relevant aspects of passing on information through extension agricultural marketing and program. management. * 1. 6. 3 Number and gender of Farmer Organizations and Grower Association members putting their training into practice.
1. 7 Supply of improved 1. 7 .1 Improved inputs available through agricultural inputs through a traders or an interim ARDP semi commercial network. * commercial network.
* Quantifiable targets to be defined following the baseline survey in February 1995. -~------·-····-~u~s-A~l~D~A~GRIClJL TURAL RECOVERY AND DEVELOPI\tlENT PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
OUTPUTS (CONTINUED)
PROJECT STRUCTURE INDICATORS OF ACHIEVEMENT HOW INDICATORS CAN BE ASSUMPTIONS AND OUTPUTS (CONTINUED) QUANTIFIED OR ASSESSED CONDITIONS
2.1. A wider range of farm 2 .1.1. The proportion of farmers - Report on Baseline survey in - Farmers are interested products for sale and producing sufficient agricultural produce February/March 1995 and in increasing, household consumption. to allow commercialization is increased by follow-up surveys at the same diversifying and 1996. time in 1996 and August 1996. marketing their 2.1.2 The diversity o? crops produced production on-farm is increased, z.nd includes high - Monthly Narrative Reports value crops such as garlic, onions, wheat, on project activities, field Irish potatoes, beans, groundnut, fruits, demonstrations and cashew and out-of-season vegetables. At documentation of extension least one" new crop" for each of 120,000 training activities. farming families by August 1996. 2.1.3 The diversity of crops sold is - MOA reports. increased (see above). - External Consultant 2. 2. Increased crop 2.2.l Increasing use of improved evaluation reports (August production and targeting for varieties and improved farming practices 1996). periods of shortage and - use of at least one improved input or relatively high price. technique by 20,000 small holder families - Reports on the evaluation of by August 1996. the production, project 2.2.2 An increased number of farmers in distribution and the project area are growing and commercialization of improved saving/swapping/selling seed of improved inputs. crop varieties. - Field Survey of the adoption 2.3. Farmers using storage 2. 3. 1 The time which farmers store their of improved inputs and storage techniques which allow them agricultural produce prior to sale is techniques to reduce losses and better increased, losses are decreased and exploit market opportunities. quality is improved. At least 2,000 - Technical INIA/ARDP Higher quality produce families exposed to improved storage reports on field trials and available during times of technology within the project area. demonstrations with improved high market demand. 2.3.2 Increase in cash income from inputs and storage techniques. marketed produce by August 1996. - Where available, Reports on 2 ..4 Improved nutritional 2.4. l Decrease in the level of baseline and follow up surveys status particularly among malnutrition amongst the targeted by WV Health Project and women and children. population with particular reference to MOH growth monitoring at the children under 5 years and community and health post pregnant/breast feeding women. Decrease level. in the incidence of disorders related to vitamins and minerals, for example - Report on Project Evaluation anemia and skin/eye disorders. in September 1996.
2.5 An operational 2.5.l At least 100 trained extensionists - Survey report of fluctuations extension network with and contact farmers in the project area by in market prices within the participating contact farmers. August 1996. agricultural season; compared with time of sale of produce 2.5.2 Testing and demonstration of farmer selected technologies and crop varieties in 40 replicated field trials by August 1996.
2.5.3 At least 200 on-farm evaluations/ demonstrations throughout the project area by August 1996.
"New crop" is defined as a crop that would not have been available to the farmer without project intervention USAID AGRICULTURAL RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: PROJECT FRAMEWORK
INPUTS
PROJECT STRUCTURE: INPUTS MEANS OF VERIFICATION
USAID & WVRD
- Expatriate Staffing: - Annual ARDP budget Project Managers (20 %) x 1, Provincial Coordinator (100%/25%) x2, - National Salary Sheet Ag. Economist xl, Regional Coordinator x 1, - World Vision list of assets Agronomist (50 3) x 1, Support Staff (10 3) - On going financial accounts and administrative records
- National Staffing - Bi-Annual Financial reports Ag Economist x2, Agronomists (50%) x2, - Inspection of Field Stations and project area Coordinator (90 3) x 1, . Technicians/Extensionists x30, Store Managers x2, Secretarial (20 3) x3, Support Staff (103
- Consultants for project implementation and evaluation.
- Funding for salaries, crop multiplication, training, travel, transport, evaluation and audit.
- Supplies and materials to support and promote the extension network
- Germplasm/fertilizer
- Field Station and sub-Station Facilities
WVRD
- Capital equipment for Field Stations and Dept. of Agriculture.
- Cars (x4) and Motorcycles (x6)
- Finance for revolving funds