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Brazilian Policies and Strategies for Rural Territorial Development in Mozambique: South-South Cooperation and the Case of Prosavana and Paa

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Brazilian Policies and Strategies for Rural Territorial Development in Mozambique: South-South Cooperation and the Case of Prosavana and Paa ELIZABETH ALICE CLEMENTS BRAZILIAN POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR RURAL TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE: SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION AND THE CASE OF PROSAVANA AND PAA PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE – SP OCTOBER 2015 I II ELIZABETH ALICE CLEMENTS BRAZILIAN POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR RURAL TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE: SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION AND THE CASE OF PROSAVANA AND PAA Master’s Thesis presented to the Post-Graduate Program of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the São Paulo State University/Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Presidente Prudente campus, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Geography, with funding from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). Academic Supervisor: Dr. Bernardo Mançano Fernandes PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE – SP OCTOBER 2015 III FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Clements, Elizabeth Alice. C563b Brazilian policies and strategies for rural territorial development in Mozambique : South-South cooperation and the case of ProSAVANA and PAA / Elizabeth Alice Clements. - Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2015 277 f. Orientador: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Inclui bibliografia 1. South-South cooperation. 2. Brazil. 3. Mozambique. 4. ProSAVANA. 5. PAA. 6. Rural territorial development. I. Fernandes, Bernardo Mançano. II. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. III. Título. IV Approval V Acknowledgements So many people have been an important part of this journey of learning that it is difficult to know where to begin to express my gratitude. Although most of the research and writing for this thesis took place between 2013 and 2015, the final text results from many conversations and collaborations with friends, colleagues and researchers in Brazil, Canada and Mozambique, stretching over the last five years. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother, Tracy, and my father, Howard, for making my ideas possible and for their unwavering support of me pursuing my dream to live and study abroad. I especially want to thank my supervisor Dr. Bernardo Mançano Fernandes for his constant support, encouragement and guidance, beginning from the day that I first set foot in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, in 2010, while I was still a Global Studies undergraduate, eager to expand my horizons. I also want to acknowledge the members of my evaluation committee, in particular, Dr. Eduardo Girardi, Dr. João Mosca and Dr. Sayaka Funada-Classen, for their indispensable contributions to this thesis. My thesis, particularly on-site research in Mozambique, would not have been possible without the financial support from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). Special thanks is owed to Dr. João Mosca and the entire research team at the Observatório do Meio Rural (OMR) in Maputo who went out of their way to facilitate research in Mozambique and made me feel at home. My deep appreciation also goes to the National Peasants Union (UNAC), the Rural Association for Mutual Support (ORAM) and the Nampula Platform of Civil Society Organizations (PPOSC-N), in particular, as well as to numerous other organizations in Mozambique that took the time to answer my questions and openly shared their insights during fieldwork. My deepest gratitude goes to all of the families and individuals in Mozambique who opened up their homes to me, offered me a warm meal, and took the time to share with me their experiences and stories. In Brazil, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at UNESP, especially at the Center of Study, Research and Projects for Agrarian Reform (NERA). I am VI especially grateful to Hellen Chistacho, Ana Carol and Nino Sobreiro for their unconditional camaraderie and encouragement. Special mention of appreciation also goes to Rosanna Martins for her help with translations and hours spent reviewing my term papers and other texts I have written in Portuguese, but also for her moral support, generosity and friendship, which began years before my Masters did. Special thanks go to Lana Robinson for her careful reading of earlier drafts of this thesis (along with several other texts that I have written), for being a colleague and a friend, for always pushing me to keep writing, and for being a constant source of inspiration, in all aspects of life. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my partner Richard Zoumanigui for his love, encouragement and companionship at every twist and turn of this journey of learning. VII ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes Brazil’s present role in South-South development cooperation in Africa, focusing on the implementation and impact of Brazilian policies for rural territorial development in Mozambique. Specifically, two different programs for agricultural development—ProSAVANA and PAA Africa—are examined. ProSAVANA is an ongoing trilateral program run by the governments of Brazil, Japan and Mozambique that aims to modernize agriculture in three provinces in Northern Mozambique. PAA Africa is a multilateral partnered pilot-project that promotes local food-purchasing and school- feeding programs in Tete province, financed by governments of Brazil and the United Kingdom and executed by the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Food Program (WFP). The strategies for rural territorial development that each of the programs respectively entails, their influence on national policymaking, the impacts and implications on peasant livelihoods, and the paradigmatic and ideological conceptions that underpin the contradicting Brazilian initiatives are discussed. This thesis argues that Brazil’s dualistic agrarian structure and contradictory agrarian dynamics significantly influence the country’s approaches to international development cooperation in Mozambique—particular Brazilian models of development and their ideological underpinnings play a substantive role in the planning and decision- making process for agriculture development projects abroad, as is evidenced by the case studies presented. Keywords: South-South cooperation, Brazil, Mozambique, ProSAVANA, PAA, rural territorial development VIII RESUMO Esta tese analisa o atual papel do Brasil na cooperação Sul-Sul para o desenvolvimento na África, focando na implementação e impacto das políticas brasileiras para o desenvolvimento territorial rural em Moçambique. Especificamente, dois diferentes programas para o desenvolvimento agrícola são analisados: ProSAVANA e PAA-África. O ProSavana é um programa trilateral atualmente gerido pelos governos do Brasil, Japão e Moçambique, visando modernizar a agricultura em três províncias do norte de Moçambique. O PAA África é um projeto-piloto em parceria multilateral que promove a compra de alimentos produzidos localmente para a alimentação escolar da província de Tete, sendo financiado pelos governos do Brasil e Reino Unido e executados pela United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) e pelo World Food Program (WFP). As estratégias para o desenvolvimento territorial rural que cada um dos programas respectivamente acarreta, sua influência na formulação de políticas nacionais, os impactos e implicações nas unidades camponesas e as concepções paradigmáticas e ideológicas que sustentam as contradições das iniciativas brasileiras são discutidas. Este tese discute também que a dualística estrutura agrária e as dinâmicas agrárias contraditórias influenciam significativamente as abordagens do país para a o desenvolvimento da cooperação internacional em Moçambique – particularmente, os modelos de desenvolvimento brasileiros e suas sustentações ideológicas desempenham um significativo papel no planejamento e no processo de tomada de decisões para os projetos de desenvolvimento agrícolas estrangeiros, como é apresentado no caso de ProSAVANA e do PAA-África. Palavras-Chave: Cooperação Sul-Sul; Brasil; Moçambique; ProSAVANA, PAA, Desenvolvimento Territorial Rural IX List of Figures Map 1 - Location of the Nacala Development Growth Corridor ……........……………..... 81 Map 2 - Mining licenses and concessions in Tete province ....………………………....... 82 Map 3 - Existing railroad system in Northern Mozambique, showing the Sena railway to the Port of Beira and the Nacala-Velha railway to the Port of Nacala ........................ 84 Map 4 - Road and bridge rehabilitation projects financed by JICA in the Nacala Corridor …………………………………………………………..........…………………......... 87 Map 5 - Target area of ProSAVANA (19 target districts)................................................. 89 Graph 1 - Actual use of non-forested arable lands in the ProSAVANA target area ....... 91 Map 6 - “District-wise” zoning of the ProSAVANA target area........................................ 95 Figure 1 - PRODECER-ProSAVANA Parallels ...............................................……........ 111 Figure 2 - ProSAVANA-PEM models and target groups ..........………………................ 139 Photo 1 - Matharia Empreendimentos, Ribaué district, Nampula province ................... 149 Photo 2 - AgroMoz in Lioma, Gurué district, Zambézia province ...……………….......... 153 Map 7 - Tete Province showing the three districts that are involved in PAA Africa....... 180 Map 8 - Location of the Angónia district in Tete province................................................ 181 Figure 3 - First-level associations participating in PAA in Angónia and their respective mother associations ..........................................................………………....... 191 Graph 2 - Contributions of
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