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Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Shire River-Aquifer System

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Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Shire River-Aquifer System January 2019 Contributors Lucas Chairuca (DGNRH, Mozambique) Patrick Chintengo (Department of Water Resources, Malawi) Girma Ebrahim (IWMI) Christina Fraser (University of Strathclyde) Jonathan Lautze (Coordinator, IWMI) Anita Lazurko (IWMI) Francisco Macaringue (ARA-Zambeze, Mozambique) Manuel Magombeyi (IWMI) Nelson Miranda (ARA-Zambeze, Mozambique) Resego Mokomela (IWMI) Ngcime Mweso (Chancellors College, Malawi) Macpherson Nkhata (Department of Water Resources, Malawi) Peaches Phiri (Department of Water Resources, Malawi) Zione Uka (Department of Water Resources, Malawi) Barbara van Koppen (IWMI) Karen Villholth (IWMI) Reviewers Micah Majiwa (SADC-GMI) Brighton Munyai (SADC-GMI) James Sauramba (SADC-GMI) Acknowledgments This document is the product of multiple consultations and joint stakeholder meetings. The fruitful discussions from all participants in these meetings have been central to the shaping and development of this document. All involved, including the contributors listed above, are acknowledged with thanks. i Acronyms and Abbreviations Please note: To maintain the original meaning of Portuguese abbreviations and acronyms, Portuguese text is first provided followed by an English translation. ADVZ Agencia de Desenvolvimento do Vale do Zambeze (Zambezi Valley Development Agency) AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AIAS Administração de Infrastruturas de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento (Administration for Water and Sanitation Infrastructure) ARAs Administrações Regionais de Águas (Regional Water Administrations) AURA Autoridade Reguladora de Agua (Water Regulatory Authority) AWU Association of Water Users BVCs Beach Village Committees CMCs Catchment Management Committees CNA Conselho Nacional de Águas (National Water Council) CUMSUM Cumulative Sum CV Coefficient of Variation DGNRH Direcção Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos (National Directorate of Water Resources Management) DNA Direcção Nacional de Águas (National Directorate for Water) DUAT Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra (Rights to Use and Benefit from Land) DWR Department of Water Resources EC Electrical Conductivity EGENCO Electricity Generating Company ENRH Estratégia Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (National Water Resources Strategy) ESCOM Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi ETO Evapotranspiration FIPAG Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água (Investment Fund and Heritage of Water Supply) GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Fund GER Gross Enrolment Ratios GLEAM Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model HCB Hidroeléctrica de Cabora Bassa HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus IBAs Important Bird Areas IWMI International Water Management Institute LCCs Land Cover Classification System LIMCOM Limpopo Commission MICOA Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Action MINAG Ministry of Agriculture MIREM Ministry for Mineral Resources MoAIWD Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development MoNREM Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining MOPH Ministry of Public Works MoWDI Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation MTC Ministry for Transport and Communication NER Net Enrolment Ratios NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations ii NLP National Land Policy NWRA National Water Resources Authority PRONASAR Programa Nacional de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento Rural (National Rural Water Sanitation Program) RBOs River Basin Organizations SADC Southern African Development Community SADC-GMI Southern African Development Community- Groundwater Management Institute SAP Strategic Action Plan Shire-ConWat Conjunctive Water Resources Management in the Shire River Basin SRBMP Shire River Basin Management Plan SPEI Standardize Precipitation Evaporation Index SVTP Shire Valley Transformation Project TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis TDS Total Dissolved Solids TIA Trabalho de Inquérito Agrícola (National Agricultural Survey Data) TWRMU Transboundary Water Resources Management Unit UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UoS University of Strathclyde USAID United States Agency for International Development VOD Vegetation Optical Depth WRA Water Resource Act WUAs Water Users Association ZAMCOM Zambezi Watercourse Commission iii Executive Summary Conjunctive Management of Transboundary Waters in Southern Africa: Taking the first step Responding to recognition of the importance of international river basins, there has been prolific activity in transboundary surface-water cooperation in Africa generally and in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) specifically. A growing body of work, however, has also now identified and delineated more than 30 transboundary aquifers in the SADC Region and many more in Africa as a whole. Managing shared aquifers cooperatively and conjunctively – i.e., linking their management with pre-existing cooperative surface water frameworks – can foster progress towards the region’s development goals including strengthening resilience, improving agricultural production, enhancing water security and achieving sustainable growth. A critical first step toward achieving cooperative and conjunctive management is achieving a common understanding of the international watercourse system. Undertaking a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) enables countries, which share a watercourse, to reach this common understanding. Approach to this TDA: This report builds joint understanding of the current state of the surface water and groundwater resources in the Shire River-Aquifer System, shared between Malawi and Mozambique. The main aims of this TDA are as follows: • Gather, interpret, and synthesize information on the water-related context and issues in the shared Shire River-Aquifer System; • Identify and prioritize major transboundary issues in the shared system; • Assess data depth and data gaps related to the shared water system; and • Foster convergence toward a common understanding on the current state of the shared Shire River-Aquifer System Structured into ten sections and populated with data obtained through extensive search and engagement with the two countries, the report is an inclusive, joint effort that includes i) focus on the full basin including portions in both Malawi and Mozambique, and ii) focus on both surface water and groundwater. The report includes focus on demography and socioeconomics, climate, groundwater and hydrogeology, surface water hydrology and quality, water uses, land and water tenure, and institutions and governance. Ultimately, the report is believed to lay a foundation on which water cooperation on the Shire can grow. The Shire System: extensive challenges, urgent opportunities Challenges in the Shire are no doubt extensive. The population of the Shire faces high poverty levels and vulnerability to floods. Climate change may increase temperature and intensify rainfall variability. Water quality may decrease due to increased economic activity and population. This range of challenges brings urgency to identify and implement responses to mitigate the danger of deterioration in conditions. That said, the depth of data that can be used to make informed decisions is often variable. While elaboration of specific actions or solutions is the central focus of the Strategic Action Plan which builds on this TDA, the set of information in this report already provides clear clues on key areas that can facilitate improvements in water management in – and maximize the benefits derived from – the shared system. Central to elaboration of opportunities is improving the base of knowledge, both expanding the depth of data and integrating data from both countries in the system on an ongoing basis, in order to enable clearer understanding of current trends and future potential in the Shire. Five Key Issues Ultimately, review of conditions in the Shire sections of this report led to preliminary identification of five key issues. These five issues are as follows: iv 1. Impacts of climate variability and change require urgent responses There is high inter-annual variability in rainfall, temperature is already increasing and rainfall patterns may change. Impacts of existing climate variability such as floods are already disastrous. While current approaches to early-warning and emergency response have no doubt reduced degrees of adverse impacts felt, the magnitude of the growing challenge may call for additional tools to be applied. Given the relatively limited amount of flow regulation infrastructure in the Shire System, the potential for natural infrastructure – including namely aquifers – to contribute to flood attenuation can be considered. Further, given the reality that floods are felt on both sides, coordination of efforts to plan and respond to floods may be warranted. 2. Water quality challenges may benefit from concerted action Several water concerns were identified in either surface or groundwater. In surface water, concerns include: low dissolved oxygen, sedimentation, and aquatic weeds driven by catchment degradation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and nutrient pollution. While data are less extensive on groundwater, concerns include: fecal coliforms, total dissolved solids, iodine and salinity. Temporal analysis of trends suggests that water quality challenges will increase. Given the connected nature of the Shire System, it is likely that water quality challenges – on the surface or in the ground – in one country may be felt in the other particularly in light of the interactions between the two water sources. The bottom line is
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