Discourse Strategies in Response to the Crimean

CEU eTD Collection

C D RIMEAN In partialIn fulfilment of ISCOURSE Department ofInternational Relations and European Studies C Supervisor: Professor Michael Merlingen RISIS S TRATEGIES IN Central European University the requirementsthe for the degree Masterof Artsof :

T Wordcount: 16,633 Budapest, Hungary Kristina Peschlova S HE Submitted to LOVAKIA 2014 C By

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CEU eTD Collection through framing by specific material discourse strategies, bythemselves donotmatter. relations that demonstrates thesis The Russia. to relation in identities their to that arguing while detail, in investigated Lithuaniaare and Slovakia of studies case two analysis, discourse Slovakia. as such dependence, similar with states small other than rhetoric different strongly are aga acted that links states the of one economic was Russia, to attached as well as security energy whose Lithuania, vigilant. very contrast, in were, which those and Russia towards rhetoric their in vocal rather were which the to reactions the divi been apparent an is There Russia. against regime sanction the of proposal have as Union, European the across different very been have a still Crimea, of annexation Russian the to responsesThe Abstract

t he differen he t responses of these states to the Crimean Crisis are essentially linked essentially are Crisis Crimean the to states these of responses t i

inst its material interests and pursued and interests material its inst de iure de

a part of Ukrainian territory Ukrainianterritory of part a de between countries between de

Through CEU eTD Collection support during atCEUand beyond. studies my Peschl Jozef and Peschlova Daniela parents, my to you Harbord advice, expert his for Merlingen, Michael Professor supervisor, my to thank to like would I foremost, and First Acknowledgements , for his help throughout the writing process and valuable insight. valuable and process writing the throughout help his for , guidance and encouragement and guidance ii

. I would also like express my thanks to John John to thanks my express like also would I .

and my dear dear my friends for their eternal their for friends An e An normous thank normous CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusi 4 3 2 1 Introducti Table of contents Acknowledgements Abstract Table ofcontents

4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1. 1.1 2 TheoreticalFramework andMethodological CaseLithuania Study: Case Study: Slovakia 2.2.4 2.2.3 2.2.2 2.2.1 2.1.4 2.1.3 2.1.2 2.1.1 Historical legacies 1.3.1

on ...... Lithuanian IdentityLithuanianRussia and Identity Slovak and Russia Meth Framing a Threat Constructing the“Other” Constructing the“Self” Closer toEurope Identity Economy over A ‘Othering’ Russia “Milk War” Aiming Russia? Towards Question of security Slovakia vs.Regional Allies “Selective Memory” Slovakia: aForeign Policy on

...... New “Cold War”?

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...... Economic Pro LithuanianIndependence Struggle for “betrayal”?Soviet Economic Between ‘West’ the‘East’ and the Rule The Communist Pro Securitization odology - -

...... European “Bittersweet”? Course: ConceptsRussian ofStatehood

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- - ...... material Relations of Lithuania of material Relations with Russia ofSlovakiamaterial Relations with Russia

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“Hermaphrodite”? ......

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57 54 53 51 48 46 45 44 39 36 35 34 30 30 28 26 24 23 22 20 19 17 16 14 14 12 10 10

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CEU eTD Collection Russia. with example. 2 (NATO). Organization AtlanticTreaty 1 o being for attention EuropeanLithuania Moreover, region. sanctions against openly Russia. supports bla who elites political Lithuanian by delivered actions, Russia’s condemning statements public its in vocal most have states Baltic isariskyRussia business. their in belligerent less be would inflow trade foreign of amount as well as supplies energy to regard Itsanctions. could that with thatare beanticipated countries onRussia small dependent highly (EU) Union European the of states small some of reactions divergent the is however, puzzling, is What factors. many to attributed be can reactions of dissonance peculiar This declarations. public their in careful and cautious Rus towards rhetoric their in vocal rather were which countries sanction the of proposal the to reactions the territoryUkrainian of part Introduction also are Latvia and Lithuania,Estonia When it comes to economic concerns, this showed to be a symptomatic of big countries such as France, for France, suchas countries ofbig symptomatic a be to showed this concerns, economic to Whenit comes a turbulent historical experience with Russia. Lithuania stands out from the crowd as the the as crowd the from out Lithuaniastands Russia. with experience historical turbulent

On the other hand, there are small EU member states member EU small are there hand, other the On the and Poland was it Russia, towards articulate were that “hawkish”states Amongthe to responses The Despite pressure from the EU and the fromand the EU pressure Despite approac

Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia and Estonia Lithuania, h towards it towards h

vertly friendly towards Russia, described as having “torn loyalties”, such such loyalties”, “torn having as described Russia, towards friendly vertly me Russia for the destabilization of Eastern Ukraine and the Eastern the and Ukraine Eastern of destabilization the for Russia me

the Crimean crisis of 2014 of crisis Crimean the

have been very different across the European Union, as have been been haveas Union, European acrossthe different very been have . Given their economic interests, an antagonistic position against position antagonistic an interests, economic their Given .

theonly ex

United States, France did not cede an expensive warship deal deal warship anexpensive not cede did France States, United - Soviet states that joined the European Union or North North Union or the European thatjoined states Soviet towards the Crimean crisis and the imposition of imposition the and crisis Crimean the towards 1 regime against Russia. There is There Russia. against regime

which were rather contentious, countries contentious, rather were which 1

the

annexation of what is still still is what of annexation 2

that have received international received have that sia and those which were very very were which those and sia

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“Slovakia Nurtures Special Ties to Russia, despite EU Sanctions.” EU Russia,despite to Ties Special “SlovakiaNurtures “Hľaďme Na Vlastné Záujmy, Povedal Fico K Uk K Fico Povedal Záujmy, Vlastné Na “Hľaďme The question that arises is why some small states like Lithuania whose energy security security energy Lithuaniawhose like states small some why is arises that question The

Ukraine’s integrity and its sovereignty. With regards to the position of Slovakia of position the to regards With sovereignty. its and integrity Ukraine’s storytelling storytelling entity (re)assertion. By focusing on the cases of Slovakia and Lithuania,and onthecases Slovakiafocusing entity (re)assertion. By this of trate that material relations relations material that trate - related interests which interlink Slovakia closely with Russia. related interestsSlovakiaclosely with which interlink

and

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CEU eTD Collection 2007. Relations. 5 Lithuanian the that argues thesis This Moscow. from independence its declare to Republic par became later Lithuania as continued country the Russian in influence empire, the of fall the After Empire. Russian of part being of history long rather Crisis the where resurface narratives. inthe states’ example an provides it as unde intersubjective crisis, Crimean the around formed discourse the at look will I end, this To relations. friendly/hostile the to attribute that factors underlying rel the how explain they as attention, deservespecial that discourse the nuancesin exactlythe is it arguethat I however, contrast,In objectives”. European common undercut have states member individual of policies the where t on focuses to approach “not Their of countries”. goal particular the stigmatize with countries”, third the between and EU the within tensions cloak that practices diplomatic and phrases euphemistic the “avoid to tried have to claim Popescu a see threat. as thosewho it apartner to as Russia those who view from stretching axis an on placed generally be can which Poland) and (Lithuania Warriors’ Cold ‘New the and Kingdom) United the and Sweden, Romania, Netherlands, the Latvia, Ireland, Estonia, Denmark, Republic, (Czech Pragmatists’ ‘Frosty Slovakia), and Slovenia Portugal, Malta, Luxembourg, Hungary, Finland, Bulgaria, Belgium, (Austria, Pragmatists’ an (Cyprus Horses’ ‘Trojan categories: five into divide a identified and Russia to regard with EU the

LEONARD, M., POPESCU, N. N. POPESCU, M., LEONARD, t of the Soviet space until until space Soviet the of t

are essentially linked to linked essentially are My argument is that t that is argument My Leonard and Popescu (2007) looked at the relations of old and new member states of of states member new and old of relations the at looked (2007) Popescu and Leonard Gec) ‘taei Prnr’ Fac, emn, tl ad pi) ‘Friendly Spain), and Italy Germany, (France, Partners’ ‘Strategic Greece), d

rstandings that rest on shared historical experience gained the potential to potential the gained experience historical shared on rest that rstandings

A Power Audit of EU of Audit Power A he different responses of Slovakia and Lithuania to the Crimean the to Lithuania and Slovakia of responses different he

1990 and 1990 the countries’ the

ations towards Russia are shaped and what might be the be might what and shaped are Russia towards ations to this day it prides itself on itself prides it day this to

- identiti 3 Russia Relati Russia

es in relation to Russia. Lithuania has a a has Lithuania Russia. to relation in es ons . European Council on Foreignon Council European part e xmnto o te “areas the of examination he 5

In their stud of the USSR. USSR. the of being the first Soviet Soviet first the being y, Leonard and It

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CEU eTD Collection “storytelling”andare “framing” ineffect. presented follow thesis, the of culmination Lithuania,respectively. and Slovakia with Russia of relations material economic the introduces subsection A 1990s. the in gained independence of period the to a Slovakia both of legacies and Russia with relations historical chapter, second the In chapters. moves. securitization “other”, the and “self” of the from constructivist internationalaround relations’ literature. debaterevolvesthenotions further The drawing interaction, social by constituted as presented is Identity construction. and Slovakia between Russia. cooperation of effectiveness the hindering Ukraine of notion the with not than often more underscored been has This country. the of partner critical and long proj and interest” economic “national of light the in downplayed were Slovakia, of case Inthe elites. political Lithuania’s for fears and identity nd Lithuania are presented in connection to identity formation and development, leading up up leading development, and formation identity to connection in presented are Lithuania nd to devoted is thesis the of chapter first The

its integrity as the situation in Ukraine escalated, which was further accentuated by by accentuated further was which escalated, Ukraine in situation the as integrity its the way history and the and history way the It

es h tertcl rmwr ta i te ai o the of basis the is that framework theoretical the sets

where the “other” is presented as an object of threat framing and framing threat of object an as presented is “other” the where

where through an in an through where

experience 4

Russian invasion Russian in contrast, in

the discussion of identity and identity identity and identity of discussion the - depth discourse analysis, the cases of cases the analysis, discourse depth negative historical experiences experiences historical negative was narrated, was E ection of Russia as a a as Russia of ection mpir ical chapter ical sparked off off sparked following s , the the -

CEU eTD Collection p. 1992. 397 (2). 46 Vol. Organization. 6 situation and context fixed not however, are, states, the case, our in actors,of role “stable, as described meanings, collective of creation the in part Through taking actions.” our organize which structures the is constitute it that stresses, meanings Wendt “collective As “other”. and “self” of perceptions states’ the to constitutive are “the on “distributi the depends on expectations, them and effects understandings intersubjective it how Waltz), (K. friends and enemies their towards act states which in manner the on effect an has capabilities and power of distribution the though arguest interaction.Wendt and socialization through acquired “inherentlyrelational”, 1.1 Lithuania,Slovakia and both of identity preexistent the with not, or line, in constructed was Crimea of annexation re identity for environment bot of narratives the in resurfaced Russia with how demonstrates Crimea around formed discourse The gap. this in fill to seem however, Russia, of projections Iden positions. policy foreign between divergence apparent the explain to economic of matter a only not were Crimea 1

WENDT, A. Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International International Politics. ofPower Construction Social ofit: The whatStatesMake A. is Anarchy WENDT,

Theoretical andMethodological Framework Constructing the “Self” According to Wendt, identities and interests are not exogenously given; rather they are they rather given; exogenously not are interestsand identities Wendt, Accordingto in crisis the to states small some of responses in difference the that argues thesis This the intersubjective understandings that rest on shared historical experience historical shared on rest that understandings intersubjective the i wih hy ok I te nrhcl niomn o international of environment anarchical the In work. they which in s we ne

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RINGMAR, E. On the Onto On E. RINGMAR, 1996. NEUMANN; 1992; WENDT, “other”, the concepts of security vary. How an actor views the “other” largely determines largely “other” the views actor an How vary. security of concepts the “other”, A more linguistically s linguistically more A 7

a legitimate actor in the international arena unless accepted as such by other actors actors byothersuch acceptedas international unless the arena in legitimate actor a logical Status of the State. European Journal of International Relations. London: London: Relations. ofInternational Journal European State. ofthe Status logical

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Yet one cannot tell just any story; one’s story also story one’s story; any just tell cannot one Yet the images of the “self” and the “other” become become “other” the and “self” the of images the - prepared the story further. toretell These stories oil o atgnsi bhvo, o example. for behavior, antagonistic or social, 6

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RINGMAR.E. “The International Politics of Recognition.“ In: Erik Ringmar & Thomas Lindemann, eds.: The The eds.: Lindemann, & Thomas In:Ringmar Erik ofRecognition.“ Politics International “The RINGMAR.E. During the process of demanding recognition, we need attention from those who are to to are who those from attentionneed we recognition, demanding of process Duringthe (4) we affiliation” want (3) we individuality, want (2) we respect, want “(1) we out, points Ringmar As –

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want our existence our want tobeacknowledged, Recognition. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers. 2010. 7 p. 2010. Publishers. Paradigm Boulder: Recognition. provides an opportunity for potential “storytellers” to enter the picture picture enterthe “storytellers” potential to opportunityfor an provides

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Constructing the “Other” - makers may have the ability to act upon the world with new knowledge and new new and knowledge new with world the upon act to ability the have may makers Framing describes Framing set to manipulation social and calculation of means different use may actors Different and reality social the shapes constructed are interests and identities way The e see the world”. According to Lakoff, “Framing is about getting language that fits that language getting about is “Framing Lakoff, to According world”. the see e “ Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics. World in Constructivism Ground: Middle the Seizing Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame Frame Values Your Know and Elephant!: an of Think Don’t - 4

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Journal of Information Technology & Politics. Vol. 4(1). 2007 4(1). Vol. &Politics. Technology ofInformation Journal tside of the wider “security contexts”, such as the state of war which may may which war of state the as such contexts”, “security wider the of tside Cyber

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CEU eTD Collection W.George Bush and Truman 21 discourse “a suggests, Milliken As Lithuania. and Slovakia both in actors political relevant demonstrate To identities. preexistent with the ornot, historywas inline, narrated theway and formation attentionpaid identity is to Close crisis. Crimean the around discourse to regard with positions policy foreign their in material theinterplay out factorstopoint ofpolitical andeconomic fo economic the address also I Lithuania. in Slovakia both of Russia with relations historical beliefs certain about.” why come behavior of explanation better a for allows constructed is world the how of understanding the as studied, being phenomenon the of context the reconstruct to attempt identity, the sideof Slovak is interest my on Ukraine, of possibly, (and Russia to subject relation with “othering” The and “self” the thesis. of construction the to central is which part, empirical introduce briefly and research the 1.4 amplified o t ‘frame’ makers policy the How actions. policy foreign for implications have and behavior of expectations chapters pay will I discourse, through constructed concepts‘othparticularattention tothe of was Crimea of annexation Russian of issue particular

ÖSTEDT, R. ÖSTEDT, Methodology In the previous sections, my intention was to provide the theoretical foundations for for foundations theoretical the provide to was intention my sections, previous the In crisis Crimean The will will national r, in demonstrate, the intersubjective understandings of the ‘self’ and ‘other’ create create ‘other’ and ‘self’ the of understandings intersubjective the demonstrate, The Discursive Origins of a of Origins Discursive The

contrast, deemphasized.contrast, he debate constructs political reality within which threat perceptions are are perceptions threat which within reality political constructs debate he ia). narratives to gain significance over othe over significance gain to narratives

According to Sjöstedt, “in a discourse analysis, the starting point is to is point starting the analysis, discourse a “in Sjöstedt, to According 21 . Foreign Policy Analysis. Vol. 3. 2007. 239 p. 2007. 3. Vol. Analysis. Foreign Policy .

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Doctrine. Norms, Identity, and Securitization under Harry S. S. Harry under Securitization and Norms,Identity, Doctrine.

this, I will analyze selected speeches provided by by provided speeches selected analyze will I this,

ering’, ‘framing’ and ‘storytelling’. As the empiricaland Asthe ering’,‘framing’ ‘storytelling’. 12

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HANSEN, L. HANSEN, J. MILLIKEN, 23 According to Hansen, “the productive nature of language implies that policy discourse discourse policy that implies language of nature productive “the Hansen, to According

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BIDELEUX, R. BIDELEUX,

re b Rsi, uti ad rsi. h cmowat cae t eit s i the did as exist to ceased commonwealth The Prussia. and Austria Russia, by ories Lithuanian Identity Lithuanian From 1915, Lithuania was occupied by the German army. On February 16, 1918 16, February On army. German the by occupied was Lithuania 1915, From of history has Lithuania

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the Russia the lth with Poland was established. This political arrangement was was arrangement political This established. was Poland with lth

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timidation in society and eventually increased increased eventually and society in timidation

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RESENDE, E., BUDRYTE, D. Memory and Trauma in International Relations: Theories, Cases and Cases and Theories, Relations: International in Trauma Memoryand D. BUDRYTE, E., RESENDE, Mic GlobalEDGE. “Lithuania:History.” Molotov Pakt “Tzv. Jiří. Sovadina, MunichAgreem In1938 pation”

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CEU eTD Collection 50 49 p. 45 1999. Macmillan. 48 47 Lithuanian older the of memories and experiences personal in dwell not does however, perestr of politics and movement nationalist Lithuanian 2.2.2 gulagsexile. or also occupation” Soviet “second The yearspartisans that followed during the 1944 re Soviets the and army Red the were inhabitants of summer 370,000 the In Jews. were around which of most 1945, murdered, to 1941 from occupation the During installed. anti an and troops Nazi by occupied became Lithuania indepen of period brief a After Lithuania. of territory the history present still are occupation Soviet the during happened 971. 2,028, was time po Lithuanian the of size the at looks one when striking more become numbers persecution. and terror political face to had people 30,000 and children) 5,124 were

BRESNEVIČIUTE 20 D., BUDRYTE, E., RESENDE, 1918 Republic, ofthe First Years The Politics: in European Lithuania A. al. et EIDINATS, 1940 A.Teroras ANUŠAUSKAS,

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andLithuania for have current strong implications 50 48

NOSÁLOVÁ, H. Stručná historie státu: Litva. státu: historie Stručná H. NOSÁLOVÁ,

Struggle for Independence that deportations and repressions political the argue, authors some As

- 13. 1958 m. Vilnius: Versus aureus. 2012. m. Versus 1958 Vilnius: -

occupied the country. The armed resistance of anti of resistance armed The country. the occupied resulted in the deportations of around 130,000 people to people 130,000 around of deportations the in resulted - 1953 took a toll, leaving tookatoll, than20,000dead. 1953 more 24

- oika of the eighties. Its significance, significance, Its eighties. the of oika

1944, Lithuania was “won back” by by back” “won was Lithuania 1944, Soviet/anti Libri. 2006. p. 152. 2006. Libri. in the meta the in - dence that lasted about a month, month, a about lasted that dence Russia relations.Russia

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Soviet Soviet These CEU eTD Collection 54 53 p. 35 1993. University. Stanford 52 p. 87 2001. Press. CornellUniversity 51 powerLandsbergisVytautas andLithuania. President chairman, its becametheof first movement the by Lithuania of an 11, March, On independence. proclaim to USSR the weakness oftheRussianBritish state, and policies diplomacy, eastern German from resulted state Lithuanian independent identity. an of establishment Lithuanian separate a supporting the than in rather role big Poland a to ties “encouraged played society, Lithuanian which contemporary Church, The intelligentsia”. insignificant relatively the beyond much reach not did sentiments “nationalist the and peasant” completely “almost Lithu empire, tsarist the within out, points Suny As state. separate a for rowing elites conscious nationally of result a however, the not, was Lithuania independent of deprived effectively which Russia creation The Men’. Soviet ‘New creating Soviet by individuality and autonomy their of Lithuanians to opposition the on founded identity national shared of source the also was It been. have may it insignificant and brief however many among shared memory, historical “constructed, a Lithuanians”. rather is but generation,

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was adopted. The first democratic elections democratic first The adopted. was 51

Sajudis

- the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Union.Stanford: the Soviet of Collapse and Revolution Nationalism, thePast: 36

founded in 1988 which sought to depose the Communists from Communists the depose to sought which 1988 in founded

Act on the Re the on Act

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Soviet States in Comparative Perspective. Perspective. Comparative in States Soviet that took place that year were won won were year that place took that 52

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LANE, T. Lithuania: Stepping Westwards. New York: Routledge. 2001. P. 124 P. 2001. Routledge. York: New Westwards. Lithuania: Stepping LANE,T. Station TV Lithuanian at Bloodshed “1991: Esther, Fein. E. “Lithuanians Offer Ne Offer “Lithuanians Fein.Esther, E. oes ad ys t dmcay n sprto fo te oit no. oi Yeltsin, Boris Union. Soviet the from separation and democracy to “yes” said voters -

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y re t poet h bidns f ihain eeiin and television Lithuanian of buildings the protect to tried ey w Compromises to Avoid Blockade”. The New The Blockade”. Avoid w to Compromises

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style economy was marked by rising prices of energy and exports of exports and energyof prices risingby marked was economy style l seek to “develop mutually advantageous relations with each state state each with relations advantageous mutually “develop to seek l

Lithuania. . No. I/2622. June, 8, 1992 8, June, I/2622. No. . Constitutional Act on Nonalignment of the Republic of of the Republic of Nonalignment on Act Constitutional 27

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, “autonomy from Russia and the the and Russia from “autonomy , - nerto it the into integration as Belarus, for for Belarus, as 60

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Capitalist Diversity on Europe’s Periphery Europe’s Diversityon Capitalist Trade with Russia contributes to around one third o third one around to contributes Russia with Trade

- sustain strong ties with Russia. Russia. with ties strong sustain Atlantic political huania with Russia 28

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New York: Cornell University CornellUniversity New York: not ania to this day. this to ania inferior to the to inferior f Lithuania’s f ere capable ere CEU eTD Collection 2013 Institute. Europe Notre Tomorrow. Todayand Yesterday, EU: states inthe Baltic The K.: Maslauskaite, 64 63 62 reality’ surrounding ‘framing’ and ‘storytelling’ Crisis Crimean The economic of notion this on vulne especially Russia towards position its constructs contrast, members. EU other are States Russia towards approach its in hawkish would one leverage, significant this well against as “counterweight Western its capital” inthe Baltic. penetr economic of sectors. kind energy this Through the in ventures joint of creation and objects” “strategic of privatization p. 172 2010. J., ŠLEIVYTE, J. ŠLEIVYTE, GRIGAS, A. GRIGAS, rability, building on the ‘ the on building rability, Both Lithuania and Slovakia have strong e strong have Slovakia and Lithuania Both

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when it comes to comes it when 29

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64 less be would Lithuania like country small a conomic lacking , . New York: Routledge. 2010. 171 p. 2010. Routledge. New . York:

that follow that national narratives are exposed to to exposed are narratives national - . In: G .

material ties to Russia. to ties material nry ytm cnetd o the to connected systems energy international issues international 63 rigas, A., Kasekamp, A., A., Kasekamp, rigas,

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Ibid. Ibid. hn Prt Br, ii Iett ad oeg Plc. Baltic Policy. Foreign and Identity Eiki: Berg, Piret, Ehin,

the events surrounding the the surrounding events the

As regards scholarly work on identity, “most of the existing literature focuses on on focuses literature existing the of “most identity, on work scholarly regards As s hn n Br pit u, te eonto ta mn o te rbes n Baltic in problems the of many that recognition “the out, point Berg and Ehin As reaction Lithuania’s 9. , p. 9 , o example, for d to promote. d topromote.

per t hv come have to appears we can see that that see can we

invasion an invasion like in the case of Lithuania, but on the on but Lithuania, of case the in like invasion an

of Crimea were more easily integrated into the the into integrated easily more were Crimea of 127 55

the concepts of ‘storytelling’, ‘othering’ and and ‘othering’ ‘storytelling’, of concepts the

By focusing on what is neglected by Leonard by neglected is what on focusing By s of the Lithuanians ofthe

cos s oe osnul domestically consensual more as across - usa Rltos n Europea and Relations Russian 128 . This thesis contributes to the to contributes thesis This . trustworthy’, ‘imperialist’ and and ‘imperialist’ trustworthy’, anatory frameworks and and frameworks anatory - - Russian relationship.Russian e of e of friendly frame that the the that frame friendly the relationship n Integration. Integration. n .

- ,

CEU eTD Collection reality re identity and to prone are action and thinking both for framework a provided that paradigms a serves Crisis Crimean The experience understandings intersubjective t surrounding discourse the of analysis within whichwithin threatperceptions areamplified, orby contrast,deemphasized. create expectations of behavior and have implications for foreign policy actions. policy foreign for implications have and behavior of expectations create - assertion. assertion. How the policy the How a eape f ‘hlegd re’ wee long where order’, ‘challenged a of example an s

of the ‘self’ and ‘other’ which which ‘other’ and ‘self’ the of - makers makers e rma Cii, hs work this Crisis, Crimean he 56

then ‘frame’ the debate constructs political constructs debate the ‘frame’ rest on shared historical historical shared on rest eosrts that demonstrates ‘storytelling’ ‘storytelling’ - established established

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