DOCSLIB.ORG

Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2006 *

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2006 * Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level Europe Azerbaijan Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor Terr (Nagorno- Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War 2005 Minor* Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War 3 1994–95 Minor* * The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrasystemic conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational coalitions listed with the primary parties to the conflict.All other cases are internal conflicts. Note that the intensity category Intermediate has been removed (see codebook for discussion). However, it is still possible to determine which conflicts have reached a total of at least 1000 battle-related deaths since it started. This is indicated by * in the intensity column. For definitions, see codebook. This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2005, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001:A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ and http://www.ucdp.uu.se/research/UCDP/our_data1.htm 1 Armenia active in 1992–93 and 2005. 2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93. 3 Possibly war in 1994–95. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Bosnia and Herzegovina cont. Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War 1994 Minor* Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor 1995 Minor6 (Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor Cyprus – Terr (Northern Turkey Cyprus) 1974 War France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War 4 Croatia active in 1993. 5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993. 6 Possibly more than 1000 cumulative deaths by 1995. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 , Zviadists 1991–93 Minor Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor 1993 War Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor 2004 Minor Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War Hungary – Soviet Union Govt 1956 War Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor 7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Russia cont. Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor 1995–96 War 1999–2001 War 2002–03 Minor* 2004 War 2005–06 Minor* Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Minor* Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Minor* Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War 1948 Minor* Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War 1949–50 Minor* Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Soviet Union cont. Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor Terr (Nagorno- Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor 1987 Minor 1991–92 Minor UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor 1978–91 Minor* Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Minor* UK– Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Yugoslavia cont. Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War 8 At the time consisting of Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Middle East Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor Egypt – UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor Iran Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor 1981–82 War 1986–88 Minor* 1991–93 Minor* 1997 Minor* 1999–2001 Minor* PJAK (Partî Jiyanî Azadî Kurdistan: The Free Life Party of Kurdistan), Jondullah (God’s Army) 2005–06 Minor* Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Minor*9 9 Possibly war in 1966–68. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1979–80 War 1981 Minor* 1982 War 1983–88 Minor* 1990 Minor* 1993 Minor* 1996 Minor* Iran cont. Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor Iraq10 Govt Military faction 1958 Minor Nationalists 1959 Minor11 Military faction 1963 Minor SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor 1987 Minor 1991 War 1992–96 Minor*12 10 For information on the states contributing troops to the Iraqi government 2004-06, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database 11 Possibly war in 1959. 12 Possibly war in 1992. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQJBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers), Al Jaysh al-Islami fi Iraq (the Islamic Army of Iraq)13 2004–06 War Iraq cont. Terr (Kurdistan)14 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)15 1961–63 War 1964 Minor* 1965–66 War 1967–68 Minor* 1969 War 1970 Minor* 1973 Minor* 1974–75 War 1976–87 Minor* 1988 War 1989–90 Minor* 1991 War 1992–93 Minor* PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Minor* 13 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad. 14 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87. 15 PUK active from 1975. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)16 1974 Minor 1980–88 War Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War Iraq – Kuwait17 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor 1991 War (Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor 1955–64 Minor*18 PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups19 1965–1988 Minor* 16 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 17 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA. 18 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached a cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths. 19 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given for these years. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLP-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), , PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades), PRC (Popular Resistance Committees) 1989–96 Minor* 2000–06 Minor* Israel cont. Terr (Southern Lebanon) Hezbollah (Party of God) 1990–1999 Minor 2006 Minor* Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War
Recommended publications

  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information Index 1995 Mining Law, 191 Authoritarianism, 4, 11–13, 47, 64, 230–31, 1996 Agreement (with MNLF), 21, 155–56, 232, 239–40, 245 157–59, 160, 162, 165–66 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, 142, 150, 153, 157, 158–61, 167–68 Abu Sayaff, 14, 163, 170 Autonomy, 4, 12, 25, 57, 240 Accelerated development unit for Papua and Aceh, 20, 72, 83, 95, 102–3, 107–9 West Papua provinces, 131 Cordillera, 21, 175, 182, 186, 197–98, 200 Accommodation. See Concessions federalism, 37 Aceh Peace Reintegration Agency, 99–100 fiscal resources, 37 Aceh Referendum Information Centre, 82, 84 fiscal resources, Aceh, 74, 85, 89, 95, 98, Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 101, 103, 105 Agency, 98 fiscal resources, Cordillera, 199 Act of Free Choice, 113, 117, 119–20, 137 fiscal resources, Mindanao, 150, 156, 160 Administrative Order Number 2 (Cordillera), fiscal resources, Papua, 111, 126, 128 189–90, See also Ancestral domain Indonesia, 88 Al Hamid, Thaha, 136 jurisdiction, 37 Al Qaeda, 14, 165, 171, 247 jurisdiction, Aceh, 101 Alua, Agus, 132, 134–36 jurisdiction, Cordillera, 186 Ancestral Domain, 166, 167–70, 182, 187, jurisdiction, Mindanao, 167, 169, 171 190, 201 jurisdiction, Papua, 126 Ancestral Land, 184–85, 189–94, 196 Malay-Muslims, 22, 203, 207, 219, 224 Aquino, Benigno Jr., 143, 162, 169, 172, Mindanao, 20, 146, 149, 151, 158, 166, 172 197, 199 Papua, 20, 122, 130 Aquino, Butz, 183 territorial, 27 Aquino, Corazon. See Aquino, Cory See also Self-determination Aquino, Cory, 17, 142–43, 148–51, 152, Azawad Popular Movement, Popular 180, 231 Liberation Front of Azawad (FPLA), 246 Armed Forces, 16–17, 49–50, 59, 67, 233, 236 Badan Reintegrasi Aceh.
  • Myanmar: Conflicts and Human Rights Violations Continue to Cause Displacement

    Myanmar: Conflicts and Human Rights Violations Continue to Cause Displacement

    5 March 2009 Myanmar: Conflicts and human rights violations continue to cause displacement Displacement as a result of conflict and human rights violations continued in Myanmar in 2008. An estimated 66,000 people from ethnic minority communities in eastern Myanmar were forced to become displaced in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict and human rights abuses. As of October 2008, there were at least 451,000 people reported to be inter- nally displaced in the rural areas of eastern Myanmar. This is however a conservative fig- ure, and there is no information available on figures for internally displaced people (IDPs) in several parts of the country. In 2008, the displacement crisis continued to be most acute in Kayin (Karen) State in the east of the country where an intense offensive by the Myanmar army against ethnic insur- gent groups had been ongoing since late 2005. As of October 2008, there were reportedly over 100,000 IDPs in the state. New displacement was also reported in 2008 in western Myanmar’s Chin State as a result of human rights violations and severe food insecurity. People also continued to be displaced in some parts of the country due to a combination of coercive measures such as forced la- bour and land confiscation that left them with no choice but to migrate, often in the context of state-sponsored development initiatives. IDPs living in the areas of Myanmar still affected by armed conflict between the army and insurgent groups remained the most vulnerable, with their priority needs tending to be re- lated to physical security, food, shelter, health and education.
  • Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific

    Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific

    Emerging Issues Report Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific Iffat Idris GSDRC, University of Birmingham January 2021 About this report The K4D Emerging Issues report series highlights research and emerging evidence to policy-makers to help inform policies that are more resilient to the future. K4D staff researchers work with thematic experts and FCDO to identify where new or emerging research can inform and influence policy. This report is based on ten days of desk-based research carried out in December 2020. K4D services are provided by a consortium of leading organisations working in international development, led by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), with the Education Development Trust, Itad, University of Leeds Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), University of Birmingham International Development Department (IDD) and the University of Manchester Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI). For any enquiries, please contact [email protected]. Suggested citation Idris, I. (2020). Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific. K4D Emerging Issues Report 42. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4D.2021.009 Copyright This report was prepared for the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and its partners in support of pro-poor programmes. Except where otherwise stated, it is licensed for non- commercial purposes under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. K4D cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. Any views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of FCDO, K4D or any other contributing organisation.
  • Territorial Autonomy and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand

    Territorial Autonomy and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand

    ICIP WORKING PAPERS: 2010/01 GRAN VIA DE LES CORTS CATALANES 658, BAIX 08010 BARCELONA (SPAIN) Territorial Autonomy T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | WWW.ICIP.CAT and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand Roger Suso Territorial Autonomy and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand Roger Suso Institut Català Internacional per la Pau Barcelona, April 2010 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 658, baix. 08010 Barcelona (Spain) T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | http:// www.icip.cat Editors Javier Alcalde and Rafael Grasa Editorial Board Pablo Aguiar, Alfons Barceló, Catherine Charrett, Gema Collantes, Caterina Garcia, Abel Escribà, Vicenç Fisas, Tica Font, Antoni Pigrau, Xavier Pons, Alejandro Pozo, Mònica Sabata, Jaume Saura, Antoni Segura and Josep Maria Terricabras Graphic Design Fundació Tam-Tam ISSN 2013-5793 (online edition) 2013-5785 (paper edition) DL B-38.039-2009 © 2009 Institut Català Internacional per la Pau · All rights reserved T H E A U T HOR Roger Suso holds a B.A. in Political Science (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB) and a M.A. in Peace and Conflict Studies (Uppsa- la University). He gained work and research experience in various or- ganizations like the UNDP-Lebanon in Beirut, the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) in Berlin, the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights to the Maghreb Elcàlam in Barcelona, and as an assist- ant lecturer at the UAB. An earlier version of this Working Paper was previously submitted in May 20, 2009 as a Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies in the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Swe- den, under the supervisor of Thomas Ohlson.
  • Myanmar: the Country That ‘Has It All’

    Myanmar: the Country That ‘Has It All’

    Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, Vol. 4 Issue. 1 June 2020 pp. 128 – 139 doi: 10.19184/jseahr.v4i1.17922 © University of Jember & Indonesian Consortium for Human Rights Lecturers Myanmar: the country that ‘has it all’ Susan Banki Department of Sociology and Social Policy - the University of Sydney Email: [email protected] Abstract For scholars of Southeast Asia interested in human rights, Myanmar is a country that ‘has it all.’ I use this tongue-in-cheek expression to suggest the myriad ways that the country remains mired in structural challenges that inform its current human rights problems. In this paper, I point out the country’s most glaring structural challenges and link these to its most pressing human rights problems. A brief section about Myanmar in the context of COVID-19 offers the same conclusion as the rest of the article: while there is variance in the actors targeted and the degree of suppression, the underlying patterns of oppression remain unchanged over time. Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank Nyi Nyi Kyaw for reviewing a draft of this paper and offering helpful comments. I. INTRODUCTION From its independence to the present day, one can look to Myanmar to observe multiple human rights trajectories, which today play out in myriad violations and responses in nearly all regions of the country. With natural resources of jade and teak, a rich cultural heritage with associated physical sites, and a central, if sandwiched, geopolitical location, one might imagine that the moniker I have given the country, ‘The country that has it all’ is a positive one.
  • Transnational Civil Society, Religion, and Power

    Transnational Civil Society, Religion, and Power

    ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: GLOBAL ISLAM IN THE AGE OF CIVIL SOCIETY: TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY, RELIGION, AND POWER Zeynep Atalay, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation directed by: Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz Department of Sociology This dissertation examines the instrumental benefits of civil society discourse for Muslim civil society organizations and their pursuit of conservative agendas. Since early 1990, informal religious communities in the Muslim world have been reestablishing themselves as formal NGOs at unprecedented rates. Additionally, they are joining forces and forming transnational coalitions. The constituents’ goals of religious support and solidarity remain unchanged in terms of their commitment to conservative and religious norms. By contrast, existing transnational civil society literature is dominated with assumptions of liberal and secular agendas. Yet, despite the seemingly inherent contradiction, the members of these faith-based organizations and coalitions persistently position themselves within the sphere of civil society. This dissertation problematizes this conflict and asks: Why are the previously informal Islamist networks adopting the discourse of civil society, transforming into formal NGOs, and establishing transnational coalitions? In this study, I examine one of the largest Muslim NGO coalitions to date - the Union of the NGOs of the Islamic World (UNIW). With its 193 member NGOs from 46 countries, the UNIW aims to consolidate faith-based Muslim NGOs and to coordinate member actions for the welfare of Muslim communities around the world. Based on fieldwork conducted in Turkey, Germany, the U.S., Malaysia and Cambodia, I employ qualitative and ethnographic methods and draw on diverse sources of data including in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis.
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 11:12:11AM Via Free Access

    Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 11:12:11AM Via Free Access

    Book Reviews - Peter Boomgaard, Christine Dobbin, Asian entrepreneurial minorities; Conjoint communities in the making of the world economy, 1570-1940. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996, xiii + 246 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series 71.] - Ian Brown, Fukuda Shozo, With sweat and abacus; Economic roles of Southeast Asian Chinese on the eve of World War II, edited by George Hicks. Singapore: Select Books, 1995, xii + 246 pp. - Ian Brown, George Hicks, Chinese organisations in Southeast Asia in the 1930s. Singapore: Select Books, 1996, xv + 168 pp. - Matthew I. Cohen, Laurie J. Sears, Shadows of empire; Colonial discourse and Javanese tales. Durham/London: Duke University Press, 1996, xxi + 349 pp. - J. van Goor, Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce 1450-1680. Vol. II: Expansion and crisis. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1993, xv + 390 pp. - J. van Goor, Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce 1450-1680. Vol. I: The lands below the winds. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1988, xvi + 275 pp. - David Henley, Saya S. Shiraishi, Young heroes; The Indnesian family in politics. Ithaca/New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1997, 183 pp. [Studies on Southeast Asia 22.] - Gerrit Knaap, P. Jobse, Bronnen betreffende de Midden-Molukken 1900-1942. Den Haag: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1997. 4 volumes. Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën, Kleine Serie, 81, 82, 83, 84. Volume 1 bewerkt door P. Jobse, 2 en 3 door Ch.F. van Fraassen, 4 door Ch.F van Fraassen en P. Jobse. xii + 578, xii + 578, xii + 711, x + 655, xi + 261 pp., Ch.
  • The King's Nation: a Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand

    The King's Nation: a Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand

    THE KING’S NATION: A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATION AND NATIONALISM IN THAILAND Andreas Sturm Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London (London School of Economics and Political Science) 2006 UMI Number: U215429 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U215429 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis, submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled ‘The King’s Nation: A Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand’, represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. Andreas Sturm 2 VV Abstract This thesis presents an overview over the history of the concepts ofnation and nationalism in Thailand. Based on the ethno-symbolist approach to the study of nationalism, this thesis proposes to see the Thai nation as a result of a long process, reflecting the three-phases-model (ethnie , pre-modem and modem nation) for the potential development of a nation as outlined by Anthony Smith.
  • Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State

    Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State

    A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State ASIA PAPER May 2018 EUROPEAN UNION A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State © Institute for Security and Development Policy V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu “A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State” is an Asia Paper published by the published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Paper Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. The Institute serves a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This publication has been produced with funding by the European Union. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the paper lies entirely with the authors. No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. © European Union and ISDP, 2018 Printed in Lithuania ISBN: 978-91-88551-11-5 Cover photo: Patrick Brown patrickbrownphoto.com Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel.
  • Arakan Army, AA)

    Arakan Army, AA)

    Division de l’information, de la documentation et des recherches – DIDR 9 avril 2021 Myanmar / Birmanie : L’Armée de l’Arakan (Arakan Army, AA) Avertissement Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine, a été élaboré par la DIDR en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière et ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Myanmar / Birmanie : L’Arakan Army, (AA) Table des matières 1. Principales caractéristiques de l’Arakan Army ................................................................................ 3 1.1. Une organisation liée à la KIA et à l’UWSA ............................................................................. 3 1.2. Relations avec les autres organisations politico-militaires ...................................................... 3 2. Les opérations armées de l’AA ont entraîné des représailles massives ......................................... 4 3. Les interventions de l’AA à des fins logistiques dans les villages ................................................... 5 4. Enlèvements
  • A History of the Burma Socialist Party (1930-1964)

    A History of the Burma Socialist Party (1930-1964)

    University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Year A history of the Burma Socialist Party (1930-1964) Kyaw Zaw Win University of Wollongong Win, Kyaw Zaw, A history of the Burma Socialist Party (1930-1964), PhD thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/106 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/106 A HISTORY OF THE BURMA SOCIALIST PARTY (1930-1964) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy From University of Wollongong By Kyaw Zaw Win (BA (Q), BA (Hons), MA) School of History and Politics, Faculty of Arts July 2008 Certification I, Kyaw Zaw Win, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History and Politics, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Kyaw Zaw Win______________________ Kyaw Zaw Win 1 July 2008 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Glossary of Key Burmese Terms i-iii Acknowledgements iv-ix Abstract x Introduction xi-xxxiii Literature on the Subject Methodology Summary of Chapters Chapter One: The Emergence of the Burmese Nationalist Struggle (1900-1939) 01-35 1. Burmese Society under the Colonial System (1870-1939) 2. Patriotism, Nationalism and Socialism 3. Thakin Mya as National Leader 4. The Class Background of Burma’s Socialist Leadership 5.
  • No More Denial: Children Affected by Armed Conflict in Myanmar (Burma)

    No More Denial: Children Affected by Armed Conflict in Myanmar (Burma)

    No More Denial: Children Affected by Armed Conflict in Myanmar (Burma) May 2009 Watchlist Mission Statement The Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict strives to end violations against children in armed conflicts and to guarantee their rights. As a global network, Watchlist builds partnerships among local, national and international nongovernmental organizations, enhancing mutual capacities and strengths. Working together, we strategically collect and disseminate information on violations against children in conflicts in order to influence key decision-makers to create and implement programs and policies that effectively protect children. Watchlist works within the framework of the provisions adopted in Security Council Resolutions 1261, 1314, 1379, 1460, 1539 and 1612, the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its protocols and other internationally adopted human rights and humanitarian standards. General supervision of Watchlist is provided by a Steering Committee of international nongovernmental organizations known for their work with children and human rights. The views presented in this report do not represent the views of any one organization in the network or the Steering Committee. For further information about Watchlist or specific reports, or to share information about children in a particular conflict situation, please contact: [email protected] www.watchlist.org Photo Credits Cover Photo: UNICEF/NYHQ2006- 1870/Robert Few Please Note: The people represented in the photos in this report are not necessarily themselves victims or survivors of human rights violations or other abuses. No More Denial: Children Affected by Armed Conflict in Myanmar (Burma) May 2009 Notes on Methodology . Information contained in this report is current through January 1, 2009.