Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2006 * Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level Europe Azerbaijan Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor Terr (Nagorno- Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War 2005 Minor* Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War 3 1994–95 Minor* * The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrasystemic conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational coalitions listed with the primary parties to the conflict.All other cases are internal conflicts. Note that the intensity category Intermediate has been removed (see codebook for discussion). However, it is still possible to determine which conflicts have reached a total of at least 1000 battle-related deaths since it started. This is indicated by * in the intensity column. For definitions, see codebook. This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2005, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001:A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ and http://www.ucdp.uu.se/research/UCDP/our_data1.htm 1 Armenia active in 1992–93 and 2005. 2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93. 3 Possibly war in 1994–95. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Bosnia and Herzegovina cont. Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War 1994 Minor* Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor 1995 Minor6 (Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor Cyprus – Terr (Northern Turkey Cyprus) 1974 War France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War 4 Croatia active in 1993. 5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993. 6 Possibly more than 1000 cumulative deaths by 1995. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 , Zviadists 1991–93 Minor Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor 1993 War Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor 2004 Minor Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War Hungary – Soviet Union Govt 1956 War Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor 7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Russia cont. Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor 1995–96 War 1999–2001 War 2002–03 Minor* 2004 War 2005–06 Minor* Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Minor* Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Minor* Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War 1948 Minor* Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War 1949–50 Minor* Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Soviet Union cont. Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor Terr (Nagorno- Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor 1987 Minor 1991–92 Minor UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor 1978–91 Minor* Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Minor* UK– Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Yugoslavia cont. Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War 8 At the time consisting of Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Middle East Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor Egypt – UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor Iran Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor 1981–82 War 1986–88 Minor* 1991–93 Minor* 1997 Minor* 1999–2001 Minor* PJAK (Partî Jiyanî Azadî Kurdistan: The Free Life Party of Kurdistan), Jondullah (God’s Army) 2005–06 Minor* Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Minor*9 9 Possibly war in 1966–68. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1979–80 War 1981 Minor* 1982 War 1983–88 Minor* 1990 Minor* 1993 Minor* 1996 Minor* Iran cont. Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor Iraq10 Govt Military faction 1958 Minor Nationalists 1959 Minor11 Military faction 1963 Minor SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor 1987 Minor 1991 War 1992–96 Minor*12 10 For information on the states contributing troops to the Iraqi government 2004-06, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database 11 Possibly war in 1959. 12 Possibly war in 1992. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQJBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers), Al Jaysh al-Islami fi Iraq (the Islamic Army of Iraq)13 2004–06 War Iraq cont. Terr (Kurdistan)14 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)15 1961–63 War 1964 Minor* 1965–66 War 1967–68 Minor* 1969 War 1970 Minor* 1973 Minor* 1974–75 War 1976–87 Minor* 1988 War 1989–90 Minor* 1991 War 1992–93 Minor* PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Minor* 13 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad. 14 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87. 15 PUK active from 1975. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)16 1974 Minor 1980–88 War Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War Iraq – Kuwait17 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor 1991 War (Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor 1955–64 Minor*18 PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups19 1965–1988 Minor* 16 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 17 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA. 18 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached a cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths. 19 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given for these years. Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLP-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), , PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades), PRC (Popular Resistance Committees) 1989–96 Minor* 2000–06 Minor* Israel cont. Terr (Southern Lebanon) Hezbollah (Party of God) 1990–1999 Minor 2006 Minor* Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War