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The Calling of the Reformed Church in Mozambique Towards Gender Equality in Church and Society

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The Calling of the Reformed Church in Mozambique Towards Gender Equality in Church and Society The calling of the Reformed Church in Mozambique towards gender equality in church and society MJC Nobre orcid.org / 0000-0002-1436-1515 Thesis submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Missiology at the North-West University Promoter: Prof SJ Van der Merwe Graduation: July 2019 Student number: 12405663 PREFACE Acknowledgements and dedication Upon the completion of the present study, I direct my gratitude to God the author and founder of the missio Dei. My journey throughout this research has deepened my understanding of gender from the perspective of the missio Dei. In doing so, it has increased my interest and awareness for the marginalised and discriminated gender. The existence of this work was only made possible by the assistance of so many people, whose names cannot all be mentioned here. I would, nevertheless, like to convey my gratitude to the following professors, professional staff, workmates, family members and friends who have played a particular role toward the completion of this thesis: I am profoundly thankful to my kind and friendly promoter, Prof. Sarel van der Merwe, who has expanded my perception of missiology. I thank him for his valuable insights and encouragement as I undertook this research project; his practical reflections have led me to search for appropriate theoretical frameworks. Prof. Henk Stoker, former Director of Master and Doctoral Programmes at the Faculty of Theology at the Potchefstroom Campus of North West-University, for providing me with an opportunity to pursue this research. Mrs. Hester Lombard, the librarian of the Faculty of Theology and the entire staff of Ferdinand Postma Library of the North West-University for their professional assistance. Dr. Marilda de Oliveira, Extraordinary Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Theology, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, for her encouragement throughout my studies and Sanette Schutte, who has accepted the hard work of editing the entire thesis. I am very thankful to my family (my wife Aurora and to my children Alsides, Tessalónica and Ilundy); they have supported and encouraged me throughout the long time I needed to work on this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my late mother and father for having influenced my love for the Lord at an early age. My deep appreciation also goes to my workmates at Hefsiba – Christian Superior Institute, Rev. Samuel Matunda, Rev. Manasse Matiquele and Rev. Timóteo Fabião for their persistent support and encouragement as I undertook my studies. While writing this thesis, I also served as the Academic Dean of Hefsiba. To all named and unnamed people, let the present work be considered the result of their legacy, warmly shared with many other people in God’s global mission. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to the Reformed Church in Mozambique, where I am presently serving, as from September 2017, as the General Secretary for Mphatso Synod. It is my deepest i wish that this study will provide guidance to the Reformed Church in Mozambique, so that it becomes a light that reaches out and transforms the whole of society towards gender equality, with the saving message of Jesus. Glory, praise and honour be to God the Lord, now and forever! Rev. Miguel Nobre ii ABSTRACT This study has emerged from the observation that there is not a single ordained female minister in the Reformed Church in Mozambique, which is in contrast with the fact that the female gender has attained significant success with regard to their position worldwide. In comparison to the times when women had no rights at all in the family circle or in the church and society at large, the above-mentioned success of women has been a struggle, fought not only by women, but by men as well (Chiziane, 2014:22). Though the female gender has made significant strides, the researcher strongly believes that at the present stage much has still to be investigated regarding the field of gender equality, either in church or society at large. The assumption is that the Reformed Church in Mozambique can partake in the missio Dei by transforming the church and society towards gender equality. The study firstly considers the revelational biblical and missiological narrative in order to gain knowledge on gender relationships therein. Secondly, the study is confined to the context of Mozambican society to determine gender relationships, given that some of the challenges that women (girls) face start or occur within the immediate family circle, which is the nucleus of the society. Then the history of the Reformed Church in Mozambique, which is now officially 107 years old (Gouws, 2005:19), is taken into consideration to establish a background to gender issues in this church. In ecclesiastical circles, where gender discrimination would not be expected to occur, women are still being sidelined to this day. As observed by Magagula (2014), there are no women serving in the pastoral offices of the church and since 1994, when the Reformed Church in Mozambique founded HEFSIBA, the church’s pastors training college, not a single woman has been trained so far. The ultimate purpose of this study is to assess how the Reformed Church in Mozambique can participate in the missio Dei by promoting gender equality in the church and society as well to develop a preliminary paradigm in order to help the church in this task. Key words: missio Dei, missiology, gender equality, church, society, Reformed Church in Mozambique iii OPSOMMING Hierdie studie vloei voort uit die besef dat daar nie ʼn enkele bevestigde vroulike predikant in die gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek is nie, in kontras met die sukses wat die vroulike geslag al in ander velde wêreldwyd bereik het. Die sukses wat vroue, sedert die tye wat hulle geensins enige regte gehad het nie, binne die familiesirkel of in die kerk en samelewing, was ʼn aanhoudende stryd deur nie net vroue nie, maar ook deur mans (Chiziane, 2014:22). Alhoewel vroue al wesentlike vordering gemaak het, glo die navorser dat daar nog veel te ondersoek is in die veld van geslagsgelykheid, in die kerk en ook die samelewing. Hierdie ondersoek gaan van die veronderstelling uit dat die gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek in die missio Dei kan deel deur die kerk en samelewing tot geslagsgelykheid te rig. Hierdie studie oorweeg eerstens die kennis verkry vanuit die openbaringsbybelse en missiologiese perspektief oor geslagsverhoudinge. Dan die studie tot geslagsverhoudinge binne die Mosambiekse samelewing, aangesien ʼn aantal van die uitdagings waarvoor vroue (meisies) te staan kom al binne die gesin, die kern van die samelewing, begin of gebeur. Dan word die geskiedenis van die gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek, nou amptelik 107 jaar oud (Gouws, 2005:19), oorweeg om die agtergrond tot geslagsake in hierdie kerk te bepaal. In ekklesiastiese kringe, waar mens nie sou verwag om geslagsdiskriminasie te vind nie, word vroue steeds tot vandag opsy gestoot. Soos Magagula (2014) noem, is daar geen vroue wat in die herderlike ampte van die kerk dien nie en sedert 1994, met die gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek se stigting van HEFSIBA, die kerk se predikantsopleidingskollege, is nog nie een enkele vrou opgelei nie. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel hoe die gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek in die missio Dei kan deel deur geslagsgelykheid in die kerk en samelewing te bevorder asook om ʼn aanvanklike paradigma te ontwikkel om die kerk in hierdie taak te lei. Sleutelterme: missio Dei, missiologie, geslagsgelykheid, kerk, samelewing, gereformeerde kerk in Mosambiek iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii OPSOMMING .......................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and Problem Statement .............................................................. 1 1.1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Literature Review .............................................................................................. 7 1.3 Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Aim ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Central Theoretical Argument ......................................................................... 8 1.5 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................... 9 1.7 Concept Clarification ........................................................................................ 9 1.8 Provisional Chapter Division ......................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 GENDER EQUALITY IN CHURCH AND SOCIETY .........................................
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