A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

VOL 34, NO. 26 July 1-7, 1991 HE CPC: 70 YEARS If "Maintaining close links with the masses" is a fine tradition of the and an ef• fective weapon for the Party's suc• cess. Top: General Secretary has a heart-to-heart chat with farmers in Yanan, Shaanxi Province. Bottom: , member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and premier of the State Council, calls on workers at Zhong- yuan Oilfield in Henan Province, one of 's largest oilfields. Photos by Bei Xingong HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK BeijingRf^'-

VOL. 34, NO. 26 JULY 1-7,1991

CPCi Seven Decades of Contributions CONTENTS

• In the 70 years following the founding of the Communist Party, China has undergone tremendous changes. The CPC led EVENTS/TRENDS 4 7 the Chinese people in the overthrow of imperialism, feudalism Declaration Calls for Better Environment and bureaucrat capitalism and founded New China, bringing Housing Reform High on Agenda about independence, democracy, peace and stability to the Bangladesh Prime Minister in nation and ensuring the country's all-round economic, cultural and social progress (p. 9). Labour Export to Be Expanded Financial Markets Thrive in China Premier LI Talks to Mexican Newspaperman INTERNATIONAL Wields Influence on • Chinese Premier Li Peng commented on a wide range of EC 8 topics including domestic and international issues during an interview with Mario Vazquz, president of the Mexican news• CHINA paper the Sun Mexico. Sino-Mexican relations were also CPC: Seven Decades of Contribution 9 discussed at the Beijing meeting not long ago (p. 23). Great and Glorious Course—Marking the 70th Anniversary of the Communist Conference on Environment and Development Party of China 17 Li Peng on Domestic and World Issues 23

• In today's world, the environment and development has INDEX (Nos. 1 -26, 1991) I XII become an issue of common concern for all countries. In order to find out an effective way to keep the environment clean, FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 29 30 officials from 41 developing countries recently held a minis• 31-33 terial conference in Beijing, aiming to reach a common Third BUSINESS/TRADE World agreement on international environmental affairs. Par• TOURISM 34 ticipants stressed and called for further co-operation in this field among developing countries and between developing and BOOKS 35 developed countries (p. 4). CULTURE/SCIENCE 36-38

COVER: Top: Chairman Mao at the EC After German Unification grand New China founding ceremony (October 1949). Centre: Deng Xiaop• • The unification of Germany will produce a negative impact ing inspects the Tianjin Economic and on the integration process of the European Community in the Technological Development Area (Au• gust 1986). Bottom: General Secretary short term. But in the long run, a unified Germany will Jiang Zemin lights the Asian Ganic^' strengthen the EC and promote European co-operation (p. 8). torch (August 1990).

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Declaration Calls for Better Environment he Beijing Declaration adopted on June 19 at the T two-day Ministerial Con• ference of Developing Coun• tries on the Environment and Development has been hailed as an important contribution of the developing countries to the 1992 United Nations Confer• ence on the Environment and Development and a historical document guiding world envi• ronmental protection and devel• opment. Premier Li Peng at the opening meeting of tlie conference on the environment and "The conference discussed a development. LISHENGNAN wide range of issues such as co• ordination between developing mental protection and economic backwardness. countries in environmental pro• development are an important They sell raw materials at low tection and economic develop• part of the new international or• prices and buy industrial prod• ment, co-operation between de• der. ucts at high prices, and as a veloped and developing coun• All countries, big or small, result, money keeps flowing tries, the role of developing rich or poor, have a part to play into the coffers of developed countries in global environ• in world environmental protec• countries. The natural resources mental protection and sus• tion and development, he said, of the developing countries are tained development, and fund and developed countries have consumed and their environ• and technology transfer to de• special responsibilities and obli• ments seriously damaged, Li veloping countries," said Song gations in this regard. said. i Jian, minister of China's State He said that every country Only when the unreasonable Science and Technology Com• has the right to decide its stra• economic order is changcid can mission and chairman of the tegy for economic development poverty be wiped out and de• conference, at the closing cere• and environmental protection velopment promoted; only- thus mony. in line with its own conditions, can developing countries;- pro• He said that the declaration and enjoys permanent sover• tect their environments and bet• reflected the developing coun• eignty over its natural resources ter co-operate with the rest of tries' profound understanding and living species. the world in environmentalipro- of and deep concern with the Developing countries should tection. world environment and devel• redouble their efforts in envi• Li noted that large-scale wars opment. ronmental protection, while at and regional conflicta not only The ministerial conference the same time the international threaten existence of mankind was attended by officials from community should offer funds but are also highly destructive 41 developing countries along and technology to fundamental• to the environment. i with observers from eight devel• ly strengthen their capability in "Historical and present facts oped countries and representa• the global cause for environ• tell us that it is necessary for all tives from 12 international or• mental protection and develop• countries to have a peaceful and ganizations. Its aim was to ment. stable international situation in reach a third world consensus Li said that at present, devel• developing economy and pro• on international environmental oping countries are facing the tecting environment," he added. affairs. twofold task of economic devel• Environmental protection is Speaking at the conference's opment and environmental pro• one of China's basic state poli• opening ceremony, Chinese Pre• tection, but many of them are cies, said the Chinese premier, mier Li Peng said that environ- stuck in chronic poverty and and the nation is striving for a

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 EVENTS/TRENDS co-ordinated development of lion urban residents, the cur• economy and environmental rent excessively low rents will protection. be raised to cover maintenance But the premier admitted costs, and some newly-built re• that like many other developing sidences will be sold to indivi• countries China is also facing duals. an arduous task in environmen• said that many urban tal protection and development. citizens welcome the housing re• During the last decade of the form programme. century, China will spare no ef• "What's more," he said, "they forts to raise its environmental now have huge amounts of cash protection work to a new level in hand." while developing its economy, It is estimated that there are said Li. about 800 billion yuan (US$152 "Meanwhile, we will streng• billion) of personal bank sav• then wide-ranging co-operation ings or private savings in China, and exchanges with other coun• and government officials hope tries and regions in this field that the new housing business and make our own contribu• would absorb much of this huge XUE LHAO pile of idle cash. , minister of the State Com• tions to the global environmen• mission for Restructuring the Economy tal protection," added the pre• Twelve cities, 13 counties and and head of the Housing Reform Office. mier. • 300 townships have adopted various housing reform pro• additional 1.65 billion square grammes. metres of housing floorspace so , China's largest that by the end of this century city, initiated the country's first per-capita urban housing space Housing Reform comprehensive housing reform High on Agenda programme last year, and will reach eight square metres. brought it into force on May 1 And in the next five years, ousing reform, which be• this year. about 150 million square metres gan in China three years According to newly appointed should be built every year, he H ago, is now again high Minister of Construction Hou said. on the government's agenda, Jie, China will have to build an Statistics show that over the with the focus on commercializ• Using funds from the state, collectives ;an d individuals, the local government of ing public housing as a means Shantou, Province, has over the past seven years built nearly 20,000 to reactivate a sluggish housing flats, totalling 1.1 million square metres ii n floorspace, for 18,000 families. market. ZHENG YONGjl In a nationwide circular is• sued recently, the State Coun• cil asked 450-odd cities in the country to work out specific housing reform programmes. Chen Jinhua, minister of the State Commission for Restruc• turing the Economy and head of the newly formed Housing Reform Office under the State Council, said in Beijing on June 18 that the current social and economic situation in China is favourable for carrying the housing reform through. During the reform, which was aimed at improving the living condition of the over 300 mil-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 EVENTS/TRENDS past decade China has con• structed housing totalling 1.5 billion square metres in its ur• ban areas, more than double it did in the previous three de• cades. China has invested more than 280 billion yuan in urban hous• ing construction in the last de• cade, and the living space per capita in urban areas rose from 3.6 square metres in 1978 to 7.1 square metres in 1990. But, Hou pointed out, much remains to be done as about 8 million households need to be improved. In addition, there are 50 mil• lion square metres of houses to General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin meeting »iih be reconstructed and 600 mil• Bangladesh Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia on June 20. uu JIANGUO lion square metres to be im• proved. that many developing countries wishes to develop friendly ties He said that the state, collec• find themselves in has given rise with all nations. tives and individuals should all to many problems. Briefing the Bangladesh de• be involved in fund-raising for Li said he hoped that consul• legation concerning China's housing purposes. Real estate tations would be held among de• domestic situation, Li said that business should also be boosted. veloping countries and between great achievements have been developing and developed coun• made since the policy of reform tries on improving North-South was introduced 12 years ago. relations and on narrowing the However, Li admitted that North-South economic gap, and the country is facing many dif• that all countries would make ficulties and that implementing Bangladesh Prime contributions to the establish• reform was a difficult task. Minister in Beijing ment of a just and reasonable Chinese President Yang new international order. Shangkun met with Zia the next rrihe international communi• Li called on the internation• day. ty should pay more at• al community to "show enough During the talks, Yang said T tention to improving rela• concerns and adopt concrete that the Sino-Bangladesh rela• tions between North and South measures" to improve North- tions have been very good and and take practical measures to South relations. such relations will not be affect• solve the growing economic dis• On Sino-Bangladesh relations, ed by any changes in the in• parity between the two areas. Li said that China attaches ternational situation or in .the Chinese Premier Li Peng great importance to its relations domestic situation of their res• made the appeal on June 19 in with Bangladesh, and that "it is pective countries. talks with visiting Bangladesh the consistent policy of China to He hoped the two •countries Prime Minister Begum Khaleda be friendly to Bangladesh." will continue their close co• Zia, who arrived in Beijing on The Chinese premier believed operation on the basis of mutual June 18 for a three-day visit. that Zia's current visit would respect, equality and mutual be• Zia was elected prime minister enhance the already existing nefit. in March this year. friendly ties between the two Yang said that the Chinese Li said the world situation is countries. people had deep sympathy with in a volatile period, the econo• Zia said that regarding the the Bangladesh people suffering mic disparity between North international situation, Bangla• from the recent cyclone calami• and South is widening, and that desh holds identical views with ties. the difficult economic situation China and that Bangladesh He hoped the Bangladesh peo-

6 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 EVENTS/TRENDS pie, under the leadership of 200 million in rural areas. Yet, ple, has been increasingly brick. Prime Minister Zia, would ov• its labour exports still lags far By the end of the year, a total ercome the difficulties caused behind that in other populous of 175.7 billion yuan (about by this disaster, adding that countries. US$33.2 billion) of various China's assistance to Bangla• China's labour export ear• bonds, including national trea• desh, though limited, is a token nings in the past nine years were sury bonds, had been issued. of its sincerity. a mere US$1.1 billion, com• Meanwhile, the business vol• Zia said that she came to pared with a general export re• ume of bonds transactions had China for the furtherance of the venue which exceeded US$50 increased steadily, reaching friendship between the two peo• billion in 1990 alone. 13.58 billion yuan last year. ples, and that the assistance The gazette.attributed this si• All of the country's prov• China had offered to her coun• tuation to poor strategic plan• inces, autonomous regions and try indicated a kind of friend• ning. The underdevelopment in municipalities, with the excep• ship which could only be shared labour export is also because of tion of Tibet, have established between tested friends. poor management which had inter-bank capital markets. She noted that the Bang• caused bad co-operation be• Inter-bank loans throughout the ladesh government attaches tween labour export organiza• country totalled 227.2 billion great importance to increasing tions. yuan last year. production, especially in the To remedy the situation, the The business volume of for• field of agriculture. She said gazette suggests: first, goals for eign exchange markets has also that Bangladesh hopes to learn labour export within a given increased, and more than 90 from the Chinese experience in period of time should be speci• cities have set up foreign ex• this regard, so as to promote its fied; second, the focus should change circulation centres. By economy. be placed on labour-intensive The same day, Jiang Zemin, projects before shifting to the end of last year, the total general secretary of the Chinese technology-intensive projects business volume on these mar• Communist Party, held talks since the quality of China's la• kets reached US$27.99 billion. with Zia and spoke highly of bour force is yet to be improved The gap between the market the contributions the late Bang• and funds are inadequate; and price and the state-set exchange ladesh President Ziaur Rahman third, diversify labour export rates is narrowing. made to establishing and devel• outlets to serve different market At the same time, enterprises oping Sino-Bangladesh friend• needs and put the labour force experimenting with the stock ship. He said that the frequent to best use. system issued a total of 4.6 bil• exchanges of visits by top lead• The gazette also suggests that lion yuan worth of shares, 1.8 ers of the two countries have the government establish a billion yuan of which were sold promoted bilateral relations. • functioning body to manage, su• publicly. pervise and co-ordinate labour Other financial markets, such export from a macroeconomic as those for short-term bills and point of view. Training centres, various other commercial pap• Labour Export it says, need also be set up to ers, have also developed rapidly To Be Expanded improve the quality of workers in the country. going abroad. • It is estimated that more than 300 agencies from 46 companies hina must improve man• agement and adopt fa• have been in bond business in C vourable policies towards China. In accord with the develop• those who work overseas if it is Financial Markets to improve its position on the ment of the financial markets, world labour export market, ac• Thrive in Cliina the People's Bank of China re• cording to an article in the cently established a national Beijing-based Chinese Labour hina's financial business financial information centre in Gazette. network is taking shape Beijing. And sources say that a China has a huge surplus C rapidly, according to fin• unified financial market is ex• workforce, which by the year ancial sources. pected to form in the country 2000 is expected to increase to The bond market, for exam• this year. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 7 INTERNATIONAL

ward the construction of the monetary union. The unification of Germany Germany Wields Influence on EC also makes it difficult for the EC to implement its agricultural pol• by Wan Shuyu icy. The abundant farm products from the eastern part of Ger• ermany's unification on This shift of funds will impede many will only add to the already October 3, 1990 made a EC efforts directed to its less de• glutted EC farm product market. G notable impact on interna• veloped member states for a dur• The EC will have to increase its tional politics and economics, but ation of at least five years. Furth• subsidies for farm products to the European Community is the ermore, following unification, support the prices. At the same region most affected. the eastern part of Germany now time the EC will have to spend The former West Germany was receives about US$4.8 billion an• 1-3 billion more European Cur• one of the six founding members nually in subsidies from the EC rency Units — about one tenth of of the European Economic Com• budget, but 80 percent of that the EC's agricultural budget — munity in 1957. Together with amount is borne by the western to subsidize and transform the France, it served as the en• part. This will consequently lead former East German agriculture. to a cut in German contributions gine of European construction. It From the medium- and long- to the EC. The establishment of a shouldered the biggest share of term point of view, however, the single European market, sched• EC budget — 27 percent — and German unification will provide uled for the end of 1992, will of its trade with the EC accounted a dynamic impetus for the econo• course not be affected by Ger• for more than half of its total. mic integration of the EC. Ger• man unification, but the subse• Now, with its eastern and western man economic might increases by quent establishment of an eco• parts united, Germany naturally one tenth after unification. This nomic and monetary union, has greater influence on the EC. naturally strengthened the EC. scheduled for 1994, will be The influence of unification, Although the reconstruction of slowed down. seen in the short term, will in eastern Germany has consumed the main be negative. First, Ger• Inflation has deteriorated after huge amounts of money, it has many will reduce its support for Germany's unification, and the also stimulated investment and the construction of a European exchange rate mechanism within trade in western Germany and Monetary Union and cut its aid the EC monetary system is thus other EC countries. for underdeveloped EC member affected. There is a great gap be• It has been Germany's strateg• states because it has to spend tween the East and the West Ger• ic goal to promote European inte• huge amounts of energy and fin• man mark, which is 8:1 on the gration. On the other hand, fear• ancial resources to absorb the black market but officially 1:1. ing that a unified, powerful Ger• former East Germany. Western At present, eastern residents' sav• many will break away from the experts estimate that it will take ings deposits amount to 180 bil• EC and threaten their security, about five years for the unified lion East German marks. If that other EC member states believe Germany to update the former amount of money is exchanged at that only by corralling Germany East German economic structure the official rate, the western part within the EC can it be effective• to the level of the western part. will be seriously threatened by ly restrained. Besides, these coun• During this period great social inflation — the volume of money tries want to take advantage of and economic turbulence will oc• in circulation will increase by 10 the unified Germany's gigantic cur in the eastern part and 70 percent. This will trigger a chain financial power and technology percent of its 8,000 enterprises reaction in other member coun• to develop their own national will face bankruptcy. It is esti• tries and thereby damage the economies. In light of the world• mated that an annual 75-100 bil• fixed exchange rate structure. wide trend towards regional co• lion West German marks will be This, in turn, will adversely af• operation in the world economy, spent as unemployment relief, so• fect the community's efforts to European countries have reahzed cial securities, wage increases and cut the fluctuation span among that a single country will have reconstruction fund. It will take major currencies. The weakened difficulty surviving in the world ten years to upgrade the econo• West German mark will then of severe competition; only by mic development level of the east give way to the US dollar. To joining hands can they establish German region to the average EC prop the mark, Germany may their position in the world. This level and will cost about 1 trillion insist upon stabilizing its curren• shared desire makes the expan• West German marks. cy and hesitate in pushing for• sion of the EC a reality. •

8 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 CHINA

CPC: Seven Decades of Contribution

by Sun Dali*

eventy years have elapsed since the founding of the S Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1921. What have these 70 years meant for China? From a Semi-Colony to An Independent Nation From the mid-19th to the ear• ly 20th century, most of China's vast territory was reduced to im• perialist "spheres of influence." Tsarist' Russia occupied five provinces in north China; Ger• many seized Shandong; France took hold of , Guang• dong arid Yunnan; Britain seized six provinces and Shanghai in respective spheres of influence China, abolishing all imperialist the Yangtze River valley and and deprived the Chinese people privileges in China, and achiev• part of Tibet, Henan and Guang• of their human rights and na• ing complete independence for dong-, and occupied Fu- tional dignity at will. For exam• the Chinese nation. jian ^nd Taiwan. The United ple, the French Concession Park Statqs, flaunting the banner of in Shanghai (now Huangpu an "open door" policy, forced Park) even put up a sign at The Mainland: China to provide it with the same the gate saying "No Entrance Finally United privileges "granted" other imper• to Chinese and Dogs." ialist powers. In the 60 years be• During China's battle for inde• In the 38 years beginning with tween 1845 and 1904, imperialist pendence and liberation, many the rule of the Northern War• powers seized more than 30 con• people with lofty ideals rose up lords after the collapse of the cession areas, turning them into against imperialist oppression, in 1911 and ending "states within a state." These striving to find a new road for with the rule of the Kuomintang imperialist countries controlled the nation. However, none suc• (KMT), large and small warlords China's most important harbours ceeded in leading China to the each set up a seperate regime, and ports where the flags of these road of independence. The Com• and the country was never truly countries were hoisted. Imperial• munist Party of China, founded unified. For instance, during the ists enjoyed political, economic in July 1921, led the Chinese peo• rule of the Northern Warlords, and military privileges in their ple to wage 28 years of arduous warlord Duan Qirui controlled struggle and finally established , Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhe- The author is a research fellow of the the People's Republic of China Research Institute of the History of the jiang and Fujian provinces; war• Communist Party of China under the in 1949, for ever ending imperial• lord Zhang Zuolin controlled CPC Central Committee. ist control and the oppression of the three provinces in northeast

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 9 after the casting of three votes between eight o'clock in the morning to ten o'clock in the ev• ening. In 1923, in an attempt to ascend the presidential "throne," warlord Cao Kun tried to pur• chase the votes of assembly members by offering to pay each one from 5,000 to 10,000 silver dollars upon his election. In April 1948, an election was held in the National Assembly of the KMT for the posts of president XINHUA At the Third National People's Congress held in 1965, Premier put and vice-presidents, an election forward the goal of turning China into a powerful socialist country with modern which was touted as the first of agriculture, industry, national defence and science and technology. a democratic nature since the KMT took power. In their com• China; and warlords Feng Guo- into conflict and spread over petition for votes, however, the zhang, Cao Kun and Wu ^ifu more than a dozen provinces. "deputies to the national assem• controlled Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hu- In a bid to bring an end to war, bly" brutally attacked one anoth• bei and Zhili. In addition, war• many kind-hearted people cam• er and even smashed the Nation• lords from other factions oc• paigned for peace. Yet, the war al Salvation Daily. At that time, cupied Yunnan, Guizhou, intensified. It was not until the ordinary citizens did not have Guangdong, Guangxi and Chinese Communist Party led the right to vote at all. . During the rule of the the people to win the victory of A truly general election by the KMT government, some prov• the new democratic revolution Chinese people was held only af• inces in southwest and northwest and found New China that the ter the CPC founded NeW China. China were still under the con• turmoil of war finally came to an The Constitutions of New China trol of different warlords and end in the country's mainland all clearly prescribed that every many decrees of the central gov• and peace and social stability Chinese citizen who had reached ernment could not be carried which China never experienced the age of 18 had the right to out. The feudal warlords levied in the previous 100 years vote and stand for election. In taxes, issued bank notes, mobil• achieved. all elections for the people's de• ized armies and set up a pass puties after liberation, the num• system to strengthen their con• ber of people casting votes ex• trol over specific areas, even var• From Autocracy ceeded 97 percent of the electo• ying the width of railway gauges. To Democracy rate. The people's deputies di• It was not until 1949 when the rectly elected by the masses of CPC led the Chinese people to Without exception, every reac• people can participate in the dis• found New China that this histo• tionary government of old China cussion of major state affair^ and ry of separation by the regimes claimed that it represented the elect state and government lead• of feudal warlords on the main• people and practised democracy. ers according to the people's will. land ended and genuine unifica• None, however, ever dared to tion was achieved. grant the people a genuine right In modern China, imperialist of democracy. In 1913, anxious to 7% Of Land for 22% of invasion and the constant scram• become president, Yuan Shikai Population bling for power by feudal war• declared an election even before • lords had brought about a succes• a constitution was formulated. In Old China, agricultural sion of wars. Between 1840 and Moreover, he sent armed plain- production was stagnant and the 1926, about 35 major wars broke clothed police to surround the amount of wasteland increased out in China. Under the rule National Assembly in order to with each passing year. The ov• of the KMT, wars between new prevent members of the assem• erwhelming majority of people warlords became more frequent. bly from leaving the hall before were in a state of hunger. A na• In the three years between 1927 a president was elected. Deprived tural disaster invariably took a and 1930, seven major wars of food, the members were heavy toll of human lives and brought several million people forced to elect Yuan as president property. 10 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 CHINA In New China, there has been a stable increase in agricultur• al production. In 1990, China's grain output hit 435 million tons, or 383.5 kg per capita and close to 100 percent more than pre- liberation days; cotton output, 4.47 million tons; oil-bearing crop production, 16.15 million tons, or 14.2 kg per capita; meat production, 25.04 million tons, or 22.09 kg per capita; and aquatic product output, 12.18 million tons, or 10.74 kg per cap• ita. They all represented increas• es of four to 11 times. In less than 40 years. New China had solved the problem of food and XINHUA On October 25,1^71, the UN General Assembly adopted a proposal to restore all clothing for 22 percent • of the the legitimate rights and interests of the People's Republic of China in the United world's population on 7 percent Nations. China's five-star national flag at UN headquarters in New York. of the world's cultivated land. Moreover, a considerable num• 40-Fold Increase remarkably. The actual con• ber of people began to lead a sumption level of the people rose from 76 yuan per person in 1952 well-off life. In National Strength to 713 yuan in 1990. The balance The AsiaSat-I communications satellite to be In 1949, China of urban and rural bank savings launched by China's -Ill carrier rocket. ranked 13th world• increased from 1.6 yuan per per• ZOUYl wide in terms of com• son in 1952 to 617 yuan per per• prehensive national son in 1990. . strength, with 55.7 billion yuan in social Taming the Nation's output value, 46.6 bil• lion yuan in indus• Unruly Rivers trial and agricultural output value and 35.8 In Old China, flooding fre• billion yuan in na• quently hit the Yellow and tional income. Huaihe rivers valleys. The Yel• In 1990, howev• low River overflowed its banks er, China's ranking every ten years and the Huaihe jumped to sixth with River inundated surrounding its social output value lands 935 times in 650 years be• hitting 3,771.8 billion tween the 14th to 20th centuries. yuan, industrial and In the face of constant floods, agricultural output the labouring people could do value 2,385.1 billion nothing. Moreover, they had to yuan, and national in• suffer from the extortion and ex• come 1,430 billion ploitation by rulers in the name yuan. They all repre• of "disaster relief." In June 1938, sented 40-odd-time the Kuomintang regime even de• increase. With the liberately destroyed the Yellow constant growth in River dyke at Huayuankou in production, the stan• Zhengzhou, Henan Province, in• dard of living of the undating some 40 counties and people has improved destroying 1.4 million houses in

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 11 CHINA the province. The resulting flood Communist Party and govern• al output value in total social turned 530,000 hectares of culti• ment, besides mobilizing the na• output value reached 61 percent vated land in Henan and 730,000 tion to aid the people there, has in 1988. When judged on the hectares in Anhui and Jiangsu also organized them to be self- basis of internationally acknow• provinces into lakes. Altogether, reliant in crop production and ledged classification, China has 4.8 million people were made home construction. all of the 500 basic industries in homeless and reduced to re• After the 1976 devastating place with the exception of the fugees and beggars, struggling earthquake in Tangshan City, nuclear power industry which is against cold and hunger. Hebei Province, the central peo• still under construction. In 1990, After the founding of New ple's government allocated 2.5 the output of China's major in• China, the Communist Party or• billion yuan to the city for recon• dustrial products was as the fol• struction. lows; 66.04 million tons for steel, ganized the building of banks fourth worldwide; 1.08 billion along the Yellow River, reser• tons for coal, first; 138 million voirs and power stations. The ef• From a Nail Buyer to tons for crude oil, fifth; and forts to harness the Yellow River No.4 Steel Producer 618 billion kwh for electricity, in a comprehensive way over fourth. Of these, rolled steel and the last 40-odd years successful• Old China's industrial produc• crude oil not only satisfy domes• ly brought the river under con• tion was so extremely backward tic construction needs but can trol. The Huaihe River project that even foreign-made nails had also be exported. which freed 60 million people in to be imported. In 1949, the out• the Huaihe River valley from the put of China's steel (158,000 threat of floods for the first time tons) ranked 26th in the world; From'Car on Yaks'to in several centuries took only China had to depend on foreign Railways, Highways five years. In the river valley, the steel products and crude oil for a irrigated area is 5.33 million hec• long period of time. In Old China, communications tares, and the installed generat• After the founding of New and transportation developed at ing capacity reaches 3.5 million China, however, China has built a snail's pace. From 1876, when kw, with the volume or electrici• an independent and fairly com• the Wusong Railway was con• ty generated annually totalling prehensive industrial system and structed, to 1948, China built 18 billion kwh. In the last 40-odd now boasts a formidable indus• only 21,036.14 km of railroads. years after the founding of New trial basis. Between 1950 and Province, known as "the China, although natural disasters 1988, the state investment in land of plenty," had no railroad are unavoidable, people of the fixed industrial assets owned by at all. The Tibetan Plateau was stricken areas no longer have to the people totalled 1,000 billion not accessible by highway, with wander about as refugees. The yuan. The proportion of industri• the result that a car sent to the After 40 years of construction, Beijing presents the visage of a modern city. (Upper) Dalai Lama by a British had Newly built residential quarters to the east of the Fuxingmen Flyover. (Lower) The to be transported to Lhasa with same location in the early days following liberation. XINHUA yaks part by part. By 1949, China had only 21,800 km of railroads, 80,700 km of high• ways, and 706,000 km of postal and delivery routes. After 40 years of construction, by 1988, New China's railroads had reached 52,800 km in total length; highway mileage totalled 999,600 km, inland river naviga• tion routes 109,400 km, civil air routes 373,800 km and interna• tional air routes 128,300 km, pos• tal and delivery routes 5 million km. All the provinces, autonom• ous regions and municipalities in China, except for Tibet, are ac• cessible by railway, each county

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 CHINA is accessible by highway and technical secondary schools, with each provincial capital city is ac• an enrollment of 2.052 million; cessible by air and has telecom• 91,492 middle schools, with an munication services to major ci• enrolment of 47.615 million; and ties throughout the world. 793,261 primary schools, with an enrolment of 125.358 million. The attendance rate of school- School Attendance: age children was 97.9 percent in From 20% to 97.9% 1990, primary school education has basically become universal. Old China's educational sys• tem was backward; some 80 per• cent of the population was illiter• From Import of Balls ate. Only about 20 percent of To Launch of Satellites the school-age children went to schools and most labouring peo• In contemporary China, the ple were denied the opportunity country's scientific and technol• to receive education. In the 36 ogical level lagged far behind years of the Kuomintang regime that of the advanced countries YANG WUMIN The super-fine laser spectral analyser between 1912 and 1948, students worldwide. Before liberation, developed by Zhao Kegong, winner of a graduating from schools of high• China had to purchase even state natural science prize, has raised er learning numbered only 210,- pingpong bahs from abroad. The China's measurement techniques to adv• 800. Central Research Institute, the anced world levels. In the 40 years from 1949 largest comprehensive national when New China was founded scientific research institution in 24.32 million technicians in var• to 1988, China's universities and old China, had a staff of only ious fields. In October 1964, colleges churned out 6.192 mil• 129 people in 1931, and the num• China successfully exploded its lion students and 154,000 grad• ber increased to 197 people in first atom bomb and, in Septem• uate students. The special techn• 1948. ber 1965, the nation's scientists ical secondary schools trained Since the founding of New succeeded in producing the 9.698 million students, adult col• China in 1949, the scientific and world's first synthetic bovine in• lege and adult technical secon• technological contingent has con• sulin imbued with biologos. In dary schools 13.795 million stu• tinued to expand. By the end of November 1981, China was the dents, and high schools 29.684 1990, China boasted 5,820 state- first to transfer synthetic yeast million students. In 1988, China owned independent scientific re• insulin to ribose and nucleic had 1,075 universities and col• search and technological devel• acid. Between 1970 and 1990, the leges, with an enrollment of opment institutions at or above country successfully launched 30 2.066 million; 4,022 special the county level and a total of different types of earth satel• lites. In 1981 China successful• ly launched three satellites with one carrier rocket, becoming the fourth country after the Soviet Union, the United States and France to master the technolo• gy of launching several satel• lites with one rocket. It success• fully tested the world-famous Beijing electron-position colli• der, designed and manufactured with domestic materials a giant Galaxy computer capable of 100 million vector calculations per second. Since April 1990, China has begun to launch satellites for foreign clients and become one of the five countries in the world

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 13 CHINA proved. 'Sick Man Of the East' Now Awalcened Giant Old China did not have a phys• ical culture research establish• ment or a physical cuhure insti• tute. It had only a few physical culture training schools, no ath• letic hierarchy and no standard for physical culture training. In 1949 it had only 4,000 sports grounds. Old China had very few international sports exchanges LI YULONG and never won a world cham• Early rice seedlings grow well in Yuanjiang County, Yunnan Province. pionship in international compe• with the capachy to indepen• per thousand and the average life titions or broke a world record. dently master nuclear and space span rose to 69 years. Formerly Between 1928 and 1948, al• technologies. rampant virulent infectious di• though old China sent its ath• seases such as cholera, plague, letes to take part in the Olym• small pox, relapsing fever, ty• pic Games four times, its larg• Life Expectancy: phus and kala-azar have been est sports delegation consisted of From 35 to Over 69 basically eliminated while the only 80 people whose score each spread of such diseases as snail time was zero and who were eli• In old China, public health or• fever, malaria, local goitre, Kes• minated in the preliminary. For• ganizations and health workers han disease and Kaschin-Beck eign media began to call China were few. In 1949, the country disease has been brought under "the Sick Man of the East." had only 3,670 health organiza• control. As immunization pro• Between 1949 and 1988, New tions with a combined total of grammes have been popularized China established 35 sports 85,000 hospital beds and 505,000 step by step, the health of the scientific research institutions health and medical workers. Be• Chinese people has notably im- with a staff of more than 1,500 cause of the shortage of people and 15 physical cul• medical workers and medi• Tibetan farmers can now afford tractors. ture institutes. It sent 126,- cine, the health of the aver• MA jINC 810 people to participate in age Chinese people was not various international sport guaranteed. The death rate activities, these athletes of the population was 25 won 392 championships per thousand, and the aver• and broke 385 world re• age life expectancy only 35 cords. In 1984, when the years in 1949, making old 353-member Chinese dele• China one of the countries gation won 15 gold medals with the lowest life span in at the 23rd Olympic Games the world. held in Los Angeles, the After the founding of people of the world were New China, medical and amazed at the progress health work developed rap• which China had made and idly. In 1988, the number praised the country as an of health organizations in• "awakened giant." creased to 205,988; hospital beds to 2.795 million and An Unprecedented health and medical workers Leap forward to 3.724 million; the death rate of the population to 6.7 The oppressive and dis-

14 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 CHINA criminatory policies pushed by dustrial base have been set up in clothing all year round. In con• the rulers of old China resulted wilderness and desert. trast, most Tibetans today live a in poverty and backwardness for Transport and communication comfortable life even as the po- minority regions. Some minority conditions have also greatly im• pujation has grown to 2.196 mil• nationalities were in such a prim• proved. Whereas, formerly, there lion. itive society that their members were no highways in Tibet, today engaged in slash-and-burn culti• every county is linked by high• From Defeat vation and kept records by tying ways stretching 21,800 km. knots. Seventy-seven percent of town• To Victory After the founding of New ships are accessible by bus and Old China's national defence China, the minority peoples, un• every county and township has was never strong enough to ward der the leadership of the Com• postal services. off aggression. Between 1840 munist Party, were emancipat• Between the time of the early and 1937, imperialist powers ed and, in the National Peo• Qing Dynasty in the 17th centu• launched seven large-scale at• ple's Congress, the highest organ ry and the peaceful liberation of tacks against China, and each of state power, each minority na• Tibet in 1951, the area's popula• time the Chinese troops suffered tionality had deputies they them• tion dropped by more than 50 defeat. After the Sino-Japanese selves elected. At the Seventh percent. Only 1 million people War of 1894-95 (launched by Ja• National People's Congress, 15 lived in this area covering 1.2 panese imperialists in a bid to percent of all deputies were from million square km. Of these peo• annex Korea and invade China), minority nationalities. The state ple, 90 percent were serfs and China was left without any naval has opened institutions for na• slaves with insufficient food and ports along its 18,000-km-long tionalities, cadres coastline. Between 1931 schools for nationalities and 1935, Chiang Kai- and nationality training shek deployed 1 million classes, turning out a to• troops to encircle and tal of more than 1 mil• suppress the Chinese lion minority cadres. Workers' and Peasants' Some minority national• Red Army and revolu• ities who formerly wan• tionary base areas, while dered from place to allowing Japanese troops place today have their to forcibly occupy vast own autonomous prefec• areas of Chinese territo• tures and autonomous ry in northeast and counties. By the end of north China. 1988, China had five au• The founding of New tonomous regions, 30 China in 1949, however, autonomous prefectures forever put an end to the and 115 autonomous history of foreign ag• counties (banners). The gression in China. No economic construction longer would there be of minority regions has wanton trampling and brought about an unpre• interference in China's cedented change in the internal affairs. Since life of the people. Be• then, the people's army tween 1950 and 1988, has repeatedly dealt in• the state invested a total vaders crushing blows, of 141.69 billion yuan in putting a halt to aggres• capital construction in sion, wiping away the XINHUA minority areas and The economic development of the rural areas since the Third historical humiliation many large and Plenary Session of the Uth Party Central Committee has steeped in past defeats medium-sized industrial helped to increase farmer income and raise their living and defending the inde• standards year by year. (Upper) Children of a kindergarten pendence and territorial projects such as the Bao- in suburban Beijing playing games. (Lower) A peasant wom• tou Iron and Steel Co. an had to sell her own children before China's national integrity of the Chinese and the Karamay oil in• liberation in 1949. nation.

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 15 CHINA

society and , thus abolish• Women Folk Holding Up ing the feudal system which had Chinese People Half the Sky held women down for so long. Have Stood Up Today, women workers not only In old China, the broad mass• enjoy equal pay with men for Old China had long been op• es of labouring women suffered equal work but also enjoy the pressed and exploited by oth• from four oppressive feudal pow• right to have maternity leave er countries. Imperialist powers ers (political, clan, religious and with pay during their child- could carve up Chinese territory bearing period. Such a right is male), struggUng to survive at and sell China's rights and in• not materialized even in many the bottom of society. Their right terests at will. After the World to existence and personal free• developed capitalist countries. The number of women workers War I, even though representa• dom was not guaranteed in any tives of the Chinese government way and, from the time of the in China rose from 600,000 in 1949 to 42 million in 1984 and attended the peace confer• government of the Northern women now make up 36.5 per• ence in the capacity of a victo• Warlords to the Kuomintang cent of all workers and staff. The rious nation, they were only government, there were no laws grass-roots election in 1953 was allowed to attend as non-voting ensuring sexual equality. Wages the first time that Chinese wom• delegates and were forced by the for working women were lower en had the right to vote, and well imperialists to accept a treaty of than their male counterparts in over 90 percent of all female ci• national betrayal and humilia• factories, even as they had to tizens participated. Among the tion. Between 1842 and 1919, work each day for as long as 12 elected people's deputies at all Britain, Japan, Tsarist Russia, to 18 hours. Many organizations levels, women deputies won France, Germany, the United had stipulations against hiring about 17 percent of the seats. At States and six other countries married women. The low status the second grass-roots election of women was evident in statis• in 1956, the number of elected forced the Chinese government tics provided by 19 Chongqing women deputies made up 20.3 to sign 709 unequal treaties. organizations of the Kuomin• percent. At the Seventh National After New China was founded tang government in 1945 which People's Congress held in 1987, in 1949, the people's government showed that only 4.6 prcnt of all women deputies made up 21.3 abrogated all unequal treaties clerks at the time were women. percent. Women cadres now oc• and undertook a diplomatic pol• The status of women in New cupy a considerable proportion icy of self-reliance, never yield• of seats in the people's govern• China is a world apart from ear• ing to foreign pressure and never ments at various levels. The sta• lier times. The Constitution sti• allowing itself to become an ap• tus of women in New China has pendage to any big power. pulates explicitly that women made so much progress that they enjoy equal rights with men in Through consultations with the are now praised as "holding up British and Portuguese govern• political, economic, cultural and half the sky." educational fields as well as in ments, the issue of returning the sovereign rights of Hong Kong A centenarian couple at leisure. R£,\ LONG and Macao to the motherland was resolved. At present, China has established diplomatic rela• tions with 130 countries and forged economic and trade rela• tions, based on equality and mu• tual benefit, with 180 countries and regions. As one of the five permanent members of the Unit• ed Nations, China has been play• ing an important role in interna• tional affairs and the country's international influence and pres• tige is growing day by day. Poli• ticians in many countries now regard China as indispensable to the efforts to maintain world peace and stability. •

16 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 CHINA

Great and Glorious Course

Marking the 70th Anniversary of the Communist Party of China

1 5 6 7 8 18 19 3 2 9 14 15 20 21

10 12 4 17 22 16 11 13

P.I p. 2 p. 3 P. 4

1. The Communist Party of China (CPC) re• and peasants in waging a revolutionary struggle, sulted from the merging of the Chinese working established a revolutionary united front with the class movement and Marxism-Leninism. Under Kuomintang (KMT) in the first stage of the the influence of the October Revolution in Rus• new-democratic revolution and joined the sia in 1917 and the May 4th Movement in China Northern Expedition during its first round of in 1919, Marxism spread over China. The esta• co-operation with the KMT. The picture shows blishment and activities of Communist groups in Communist Party member Li Dazhao (first various parts of China, and the workers' move• front left) and Sun Yat-sen attending the First ments and the people's struggle against imperial• Kuomintang Congress. ism and feudalism formed the basis for the set• 5. In April 1927, the Kuomintang reaction• ting up of the Chinese Communist Party. The aries headed by Chiang Kai-shek launched a picture shows Chinese workers working at a fac• counter-revolutionary coup and slaughtered nu• tory run by a British capitalist in China. merous Communists and revolutionaries. Au• 2. Publications disseminating Marxism before gust 1, 1927 saw the breaking out of the Nan- and after the founding of the CPC. chang Uprising led by the CPC to begin an 3. In July 1921, the first Party Congress was armed struggle against the Kuomintang reac• held in this room in Shanghai, where the found• tionaries. The photo shows the site of the head• ing of the CPC was announced. The number of quarters of the Nanchang Uprising. Party members has increased from several dozen 6. In September 1927, led a peas• in the early period to the present 50 million. The ant uprising in the border areas between Hunan Party led the Chinese people to overcome count• and Jiangxi provinces, setting up a people's pol• less difficulties and overthrow reactionary forces itical power and the Chinese Workers' and Peas• both in and outside China. It has transformed ants' Red Army. The photo shows some of the old China, oppressed by imperialism, feudalism Red Army soldiers who successfully arrived in and bureaucrat-capitalism, into a prospering so• northern Shaanxi Province in October 1936 after cialist New China, where the people are the taking part in the world-famous Long March. masters of their own country. 7. The Communist Party of China led the 4. After the Chinese Communist Party was army and people in the War of Resistance founded, it immediately led the Chinese workers Against Japanese Aggression and won the final

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 17 CHINA victory. In August 1945, Japan surrendered un• gle and socialist construction, the traits of self• conditionally. Here are some Japanese soldiers lessness and the spirit of serving the people who• captured by the Eighth Route Army. leheartedly of many excellent Party members 8. The victory of the Chinese revolution was have been praised by the masses. Examples of achieved chiefly by relying on the people's army such Pak^ members were oil worker Wang led by the CPC through a protracted people's Jinxi, county Party secretary Jiao Yulu, PLA war against powerful enemies. During the War soldier Lei Feng (from upper left), farmer of Liberation, the People's Liberation Army Fu Xianzhong, pharmaceutical woman worker (PLA) defeated Chiang Kai-shek's eight million- Xiang Xiuli and scientist Jiang Zhuying (from strong army, overthrowing the reactionary lower left). They are all loved by the people. Kuomintang government. The photo shows a 16. The Third Plenary Session of the Uth PLA attack on the enemy in Jinzhou, northeast Party Central Committee held in December China in 1948. 1978 was a great turning point and of far- 9. On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong reaching significance in the history of the CPC proclaimed the founding of the People's Republ• after the founding of New China. It made the important decision to shift the focus of work ic of China to the world on the Tiananmen to economic construction, enliven the domestic rostrum. economy, and introduce the policy of opening to 10. During the early days of the People's Re• the outside world. public, the Party led the people throughout the 17.1n 1983, first put forward country in fighting against bandits and local the concept of "one country, two systems" for despots, and accomplished land reform in the the peaceful reunification of the country. In newly liberated areas. It started a movement for 1984 and 1987, the Chinese government succes• the suppression of counter-revolutionaries and sively negotiated with Britain and Portugal and peacefully liberated Tibet. It also won the war to reached agreement on China's sovereignty over resist US aggression and aid Korea, thus rein• Hong Kong and Macao. forcing the People's Republic of China. Here the 18. In 1979, the Party Central Committee Chinese People's Volunteers return to China. charted the course for economic reform and 11. Peasants measure land during the land decided to practise special policies in economic reform. activities with foreign countries in Guangdong 12. In 1956, under the CPC leadership, China and Fujian provinces. Here is the new look of the accomplished the socialist transformation of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry 19. As the rural areas of Fengyang County, and commerce. The picture shows a silk fabric Anhui Province, took the initiative in carrying shop in Shanghai celebrating joint state-private out a series of reforms, their production in• ownership of individual enterprises. creased greatly. Here are farmers of Fengyang 13. From the founding of New China until County reaping a bumper grain harvest. 1956, the Communist Party led the Chinese peo• 20. In June 1989, the Fourth Plenary Session ple in rapid recovery of the national economy of the 13th Party Central Committee was held in and practised planned economic reconstruction. Beijing. The meeting elected Jiang Zemin as Here is the Anshan Iron and Steel Company's general secretary of the Party Central Commit• irpn-smelting mill. tee and a new core of leadership was formed. 14. The central work conference (enlarged), Here is Jiang Zemin on an inspection tour in the held in January 1962 with the participation of Tibet Autonomous Region in July 1990. more than 7,000 people initially summed up the 21. Premier Li Peng talks with iron and steel experiences and setbacks during the "great leap workers on an inspection tour in the Inner Mon• forward" campaign and the struggle against golian Autonomous Region. "Right opportunism." Criticism and self- 22. Only socialism can save China and without criticism was carried out. As a series of positive the Chinese Communist Party, there could not political and economic measures were adopted have been a New China—this is a historical before and after the conference, the national conclusion made by the Chinese people after economy developed smoothly by 1966. (From more than 100 years of struggle. The 70 glorious right to left) Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong, Liu years of the Communist Party of China encour• Shaoqi, , Zhou Enlai and Zhu De at ages the Chinese people to strive towards the the conference. significant target of socialist modernization. 15. In the long period of revolutionary strug• (All photos are from the )

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991

BEIJING REVIEW Subject Index

(Nos. 1-26,1991)

Issue Page Issue Page No: No; No: No: I. DOMESTIC phy 2: 4 NPC Deputy Removed From Position 9: 7 Tours Keep Deputies Well-Informed 12: 19 1. Political Local Elections: A Nation Goes to Bal• Revie1) Generaw andl Preview 1 4 lot 12: 22 Confidence Marks Yang's Message 1 7 Electing Deputies to County Congress 12: 24 On Human Rights and Development The Goal of a People's Deputy 12: 27 Right 6 12 Setting the Tune for New Economic Tibetans Speak Out on Human Rights 6 15 Boom 13 :5 Administrative Structural Reform 10 18 People's Motivation: Key to Success 14: 6 Li Peng on Demestic and World Issues 26 23 Democratic Parties: Colleagues, not Puppets 14: 7 2) Chinese Communist Party New Faces in China's Top Echelon 15: 4 China to Enact Its Copyright Law 15: 6 CPC Charts Plan for Coming Decade 1 6 Report on the Outline of the Ten-Year Seventh Five-Year Plan: An Assess• Programme and of the Eighth Five- ment 1: 14 Year Plan for National Economic A Stronger Bond Is National Plea 17 6 and Social Development 15: Centrefold China's Ruling Party Gains Strength 24 4 Li Peng Meets Chinese and Foreign Re• CPC: Seven Decades of Contribution 26. 9 porters 16:14 Great and Glorious Course 26 17 Economic Prosperity—A Hot NPC 3) National People's Congress and the Topic 16:22 Chinese People's Political Report on the Implementation of the 1990 Plan for National Economic Consultative Conference and Social Development and the NPC Enacts Laws on Drugs, Pornogra- Draft 1991 Plan 16:25 Report on the Implementation of the I Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: State Budget for 1990 and on the Turning Point 20:15 Tibet: 40 Years' Economic Develop• Draft State Budget for 1991 16:33 ment 20:19 4) Democracy and Legal System Li: No Haggling on Status of Tibet 21: 5 Tibet: Human Rights Today and Yes• Giving Rein to United Front Work 7-8: 6 terday 21:16 Democrats Active in Political Forum 13:23 The Autonomous Rights of Tibet 21:20 CDL Advises on Yellow River Develop• Special Economic Policies for Tibet 22: 4 ment 13:27 Peaceful Liberation Remembered in Ti• Democratic Parties: Colleagues, not bet 22: 5 Free Medical Cave in Tibet ,22:18 Puppets 14: 7 'My Home Town Is Nicer!' 23:18- 5) Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan 7) The Legal System Taiwan's 'Programme' 'Impractical' 13: 7 Taiwan Announces End of 'Mobiliza• Riot Offenders Get Sentences 2: 7 tion' 20: 8 Ranking Official Sentenced to Death 3: 7 Three Suggestions on Peaceful Reunifi• cation 24: 4 New Law for Animals Export 4:29 'Taiwan Independence' Is a Dangerous Beijing Sentences More Riot Offenders 5:5 Co-operation Needed in Fighting Gun Road 26:29 Smuggling 5: 8 A Court Session on Wang Dan 5 :26 6) National Minorities Beijing: Safe From Terrorism 6: 5 4 Sentenced for Roles in Turmoil 9: 6 Tibet Launches Massive Development Official Collared for Taking Bribes 11: 5 Project 3: 5 Enhancing Public Awareness of Law 11: 6 Tibetans Speak Out on Human Rights 6:15 China to Enact Its Copyright Law 15: 6 Potala Palace Under Overall Renova• Rioter Trials 'Basically Completed' 15 : 6 tion 6:19 China Continues Fighting Corruption 16: 4 Changes in Previous Tibetan 'Lifelong A Long Step Towards Democratization 17:14 China Joins Tripartite Narcotics Opera• Serf Village' 6:24 tion 21: 6 Tibet Works Out Blueprint 11: 4 Income Tax Law of the People's Republ• ic of China for Enterprises With Is Tibet an 'Independent State?' 11:12 Foreign Investment and Foreign Tibet: Religious Beliefs and Reality 11:24 Enterprises 25:24 on Tibetan Is• sues 12:16 8) Others The Origin of the 14: 4 Socialism's Advancing and Tortuous Tibet's Population: 1 Million More in Nature 3:27 40 Years 16:44 State Organs in Efficiency Move 12: 6 Tibet in Stride With Current Reform 17:18 Should a Government Be 'Large' or Dalai Lama and 17-Article Agreement 19:16 'Small' 14:28 The Dalai Lama's Human Rights Re• II cords 20: 4 Working Class: 'Masters of the Land' 19: 7 Preferentia17-ArticlTibeet Agreementl Treatmen:t Ato HistoricaContinuel in 20: 9 Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: Jiang Qing Commits Suicide 24 6 1990s 24 16 State Sets Up Information Office 25 5 Shanghai Takes a Big Step Forward 24 19 Chat Between Jiang Zemin and a Monk Six Characteristics of the 8th Five-Year 26 29 Plan 24 30 2. Economic 2) Industry, Communications and City Construction 1) General China Still Leads the World in Coal Production 5 21 1990 in Retrospect 1 17 Yangzhuang Excels in Coal Production 5 23 Communique of the 7th Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of Gold Mining Gains New Impetus 6 4 the Communist Party of China 1 27 Nonferrous Metals: Going Interna• Keynotes of the Eighth Five-Year Plan tional 9 13 (1991-95) 2 8 First Quarter Industrial Production Up 16 4 Review of China's Economy in 1990 2 11 Flourishing Ethylene Industry 16 46 National Economy: Strategic Changes 4 6 Greater Goals Set by Aviation China Promotes Human Rights 4 12 Industry 17 5 China's Economic Priorities in 90's 4: 26 Progress in Housing Construction 19 21 A Decade Crucial to Modernization 7-8 4 Comments on Energy Policy 21 28 CPC Central Committee's Proposals for Blast Furnace's Repair Makes Overhaul Ten-Year Development Pro• Feat 23 5 gramme and 8th Five-Year Plan 7-8 17 Nuke Industry: Safety First 23 5 China Sees an Upturn in Its Economy 10 4 China—A Major Electrical Appliance Statistical Communique of the State Producer 23 13 Statistical Bureau of the People's Industry Picks Up, Sales Remain Weak 25 7 Republic of China on National Steel Industry Reaching World Stan• Economic and Social Development 17 in 1990 10: Centrefold dards 25 China's Development Programme for 3) Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and the 1990s 12 A 4 Sideline Production 7th Five-Year Plan: GNP Goal Sur• passed 12 5 China Applies Agro-Ecology Practice 2 28 'We Won't Change Our Direction' 12 13 Tibet Launches Massive Development Looking Towards Modernization by the Project 3 5 Mid-21st Century 13 12 Interview: Bumper Harvest and Grain Economic Restructuring, Foreign Trade Reserves 4 17 Reform Are Progressing 15 19 People: A Prefect Who Finds Delight in Quality Vital to Economic Growth 17 4 Agriculture 4 20 Development Blueprint for 1991-2000 18 14 Policy Decision: An Inside Story 5 28 Excerpts of the Eighth Five-Year Plan New Wholesale Rice Market Opens 6 5 (1991-95) 19 10 Today's Dazhai 6 26 Economists on China's Economy 20 31 People: The Man Who 'Brought Gospel Trans-Regional Co-operation Gears Up 23 7 to the World' 7-8 30 Shanghai's Development Plan for the State Farms Hold Trade Fair 13 7 III Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: Economic Tasks for 1991 Outlined 14 8 'Visit China in 1992' to Be Kicked Off 26 :34 China's 1991 Budget Grim But Hopeful 14 9 6) Opening to the World Rural Electrification Efforts Pay Off 17 6 New Satelhte to Be Launched 1 :30 The Huaihe River Successfully Har• nessed 22 12 Largest Sino-French Joint Venture 1 :30 Foreign Funds for Lianyungan 1 :30 4) Finance and Trade Dinosaur Lantern and Trade Fair 1 31 China Opens First Securities Exchange 2 5 Sino-Foreign Auto Enterprises Grow 2 :29 New Trade Agreement With Japan 2 :29 Sichuan Cuisine Wins World Fame 2 34 Foreign Funds Expand Telephone Net• New 'Health' Iron Pots Developed 4 27 works 2 :29 Commodity Prices Stabilized, Taiwan Establishes Hi-Tech Centre 2 :30 Readjusted 5 15 Jinzhou Opens to Foreign Ships 2 :30 Consumers Spend for Quality 5 28 Foreign Funds for Baotou 2 •31 Knowing China by Trade Marks 7-8 8 New Import Duty Rates for 49 Goods 3 •29 China Disbands Unneeded Companies 11 6 Dalian Lures Foreign Businessmen 3 29 China Raises Food Prices 18 5 Policies for Private Businesses Un• Cement Exports Show Promise 3 30 changed 20 31 's First Foreign Regulations 3 30 2nd Round Japanese Loan to China 3 :30 5) Tourism Foreign Exchange Commercial Bills 3 31 HK: Smooth Transition Hinges on Co• Foreign Investment Zone in Wuxi 3 31 Mainland-Taiwan Trade; Look Back operation 2 5 and Into Future 4 :22 Tourism: Prospects for 1991 3 15 Customs Import, Export Figures 4 :29 A Wonderful Ride Down the Shennong Stream 6 34 New Low for Animals Export 4 :29 Harbin Snow and Ice Festival 7-8 50 Foreign Loans for Urban Construction 4 :29 Drawing Inspiration From Folk Art 10 42 Shanghai Sees Export Growth 4 :30 Three Tourism Festivals in Hunan 11 34 Sanmenxia City Wood Foreign Aid 4 :30 Pace-Setting Tourism Employees 17 34 New Medicine Sells Abroad 4 :30 Ethnic Village in Shenzhen 20 34 1990: Foreign Imvestment Grows 5 :30 Largest Natural Bridge 20 34 Relic Copies to Be Offered Abroad 5 :30 Grape Festival in 20 34 Mainland-Taiwan Coal Trade Thriving 5 :30 1992: Beijing's Golden Tourist Year 21 27 Container Shipping on Eurasian Rail• Tianlun Dynasty—a Unique Hotel 23 27 way 5 31 Wushu Show in Henan 23 34 China's New Trade System 6 28 Fengdu—a 'Ghost City' 24 34 Investment in China to Heat Up 6 28 Drop in US Textile Import Quota 6 29 International Tourism Co-operation 24 34 Autumn West Lake Tours in Minister on Chemical Export 6 29 Hangzhou 25 28 Co-operation Sought for 14 Projects 6 29 Song Dynasty Street Catches Former Stainless Steelware for Export 6 30 Glory 26 34 Hunan: An Open Inland Province 7-8 24 rv Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No:

Internationa] Symposium on Tourism 7-8:45 Development of China's SEZ 14 16 Training Classes for Foreign Techn• Building Material Exports Soar 7-8 :46 icians 14 30 Funds Solicited for Telecommunica• Fashion Show to Be Held in Beijing 14 30 tions 7-8:46 Haikou Branch of Chartered Bank Harbin's Trade With USSR Expanded 7-8 :47 Opens 14 31 China and US Jointly Develop Beijing Hosts 2nd International Fair 14 31 Oilfields 7-8:47 Foreign Aid for Water Projects 15 22 Shanghai Seeks Development in '90s 9: 7 New Measures on Foreign Investment 15 22 Makes Progress in Open French Loans for Equipment 15 23 China Protects Intellectual Property 17 31 Policy 9:18 Shanghai Silk Exports Promising 17 31 World Bank Loan for Technical Updat• ing 9:30 New Tax Law Favours Foreign Enter• World Bank Loans Succeed in China 9: 30 prises 18 26 China Buys 560,000 Tons of US Wheat 18 28 China to Dispute EC's Suit 9 : 30 New Customs Bonded Rules 18 28 Petrochemical JV to Be Built 9:31 Hainan SEZ Investment Rules 18 28 Attuning Taxation to Investment Hainan Project to Begin Soon 18 29' Climate 10:22 Anhui Lures Foreign Funds With Pro• Strategies Drawn for Three Open jects 18 29 China, Japan Makes New Burn Medi• Areas 10:34 cine 18 30 Bonded Market to Open in Shenzhen 10: 36 Light Mineral Water to Be Tapped 18 30 EEC-Funds China's Agricultural Pro• US Solon's Falsehood Exposed 19 6 jects 10:36 Rural Businesses Go International 19 8 Co-Manufacturing Music Instruments 10: 36 Hong Kong's Foreign Trade Role Em• Foreign Exchange Revenue Increases 10:37 phasized 19 27 Joint Ventures Make Profits 10:37 Xiamen: a Good Place for Foreign In• Chongqing Lures Foreign Investment 10: 37 vestment 19 28 Carlsberg Beer Made in China 10:38 China to Buy French Copters 19 28 Hainan Courts Foreign Investors 10: 38 World Bank Loans for Jiangsu Province 19 28 Textile Export Announcement 11:29 Orientation Week for Taiwan Investors 19 29 Anhui Attract Foreign Funds 11:29 Hunan Pools Funds to Renovate Facto• Ferruzzi Strengthens Ties With China 19 29 ries 11:30 UNDP Updates China's Machine Tools Better Investment Climate in Yantai 11: 30 Industry 20 28 Made in Beijing, Humidifier Sells Well 11:31 China to Launch Foreign Satellites 20 28 Shanghai's Largest Metallurgical Ven• China Sends Big Shoppers Abroad 20 28 ture 11:31 China and US to Co-operate on Gears 20 29 International Ad Exhibition 11:31 Trade With USSR and E. Europe 20 29 Foreign Banks in Shanghai 12:29 China and Germany in New Materials 20 29 Archaeological Rules for Foreigners 12: 29 Measures to Halt Tax Evasion 21 29 Import Licence System Works Well 12:29 Shanghai Company Seeks Expansion 21 29 Chinese Films Go International 12:30 A Venture Between China, Malaysia 12: 30 V First E. China Export Fair 12:31 Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: Foreign-Funded Banks in China 21: 30 Tangshan Harbour to Operate Du Pont Co. Opens Shanghai Branch 21:30 Soon 26 32 Opportunities for Foreign Businessmen 21:30 For Lease: 84 Lots of Land in Fujian 26 33 Magnetized Cup Popular Among For• New Jinzhou Projects to Use Foreign eigners 21:31 Funds 26 34 Foreign Exchange Market Opens 7) Economic Reform Wider 22:27 Shanghai Starts Housing Reform 2 6 Guangdong to Attract More Economists on Deepening the Reform: Investment 22:27 Why Planned Economy Can Be In• Shanghai Leases More Land 22:28 tegrated With Market Regulation? 3 8 Sino-Tunisia Trade Develops Steadily 22: 28 Economists on Deepening the Reform: China to Export Anti-Cancer Drugs 22: 29 Planned Economy and Market Re• Future Development for Shanghai gulation 3 10 Economists on Deepening the Reform: Volkswagen 22:29 How to Combine the Planned and Tianjin Lures More Foreign Market Economy 3 12 Improving Enterprise Contract System 3 19 Investment 23:29 Incomplete Reforms Spell Difficulties 4 26 New Foreign-Funded Projects in Hain• an 23:29 Main Tasks for 8th Five-Year Plan 6 26 Five New Air Routes 23 :29 Expanding Market Regulations 6 26 Yunnan Attracts Overseas Investors 23: 30 Housing Reform: the Pressure Is On 7-8 5 Medicine Producer Seeks Co-operation 23 : 30 Blueprint Designed for Economic Re• Best-Selling World Clocks 23 : 31 form 10 6 Lyophilized Royal Jelly Powder Export• Economic Restructuring in the 1990s 10 20 ed 23:31 China Deepens Commercial Reform 10 34 New Oil Projects for Foreign Co• Economic Reform: a Long Way to Go 14 28 operation 24:27 Commercialization of Housing Speeds Hebei to Lease Land-Use Rights 24:27 Up 18 20 Hebei Announces Co-operative Projects 24:28 Big Changes in a Small Alley 18 24 Sino-US Nantong Company in Good Technology Market Thriving in China 19 30 Shape 24:29 Five Major Points of Economic Farm Exports Expand 24:29 Reform 19 31 Motor Industry Imports Technology 25 :29 Quicken Economic Structural Reform 24 11 113 Foreign-Funded Enterprises Can• Main Points on Rural Economic Re• celled 25:29 form 24 31 More Chinese to Be Trained Abroad 25 : 29 Stock Exchange Adds Wings to SEZ 25 7 Sino-French Contract Signed 25 : 30 Economic Change Creates New Man- New Programme for Yantai 25 : 30 kets 25 12 Bid for Expressway Construction 25 : 30 China and Australia Co-operate in Plas• 8) Environmental Protection tics 25:31 Electronics Industry Strengthens Ties 26: 31 Marchurian Tigers Barely Surviving 1 34 Yantai's Rules for Taiwan Investments 26:31 Ecological Residence in South China 4 26 China's International Trade VI Arbitration 26:32 Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No:

Protect Wildlife From Poachers 5: 7 Museum of Hemudu Culture Remains 4:34 Massive Drive to Turn Nation Breener 12: 6 Violinist Bridges West and East 6:32 China's Nature Preserves Rapidly Ex• Liuqin Opera in a Mountain Village 6: 33 pand 17:23 Telemovie Captivates Beijing Viewers 7-8:48 Wuyi Mountain—a Heaven for Rare Film Tells Tragic Life of Chinese Wom- Animals and Plants 17:27 en 9:32 'One-Day Tour' on the Sino-Soviet Bor• 9) Others der 10:39 ^ g Tibetan Monastic Art in Beijing 10:40 Pollution Control Makes Headway Xiao Youmei-Pioneer of Modern Impressive Economic Development of ^ Chinese Music 11:32 Yanan Chinese Films Go International 12:30 China Successfully Houses Millions 2 • 28 Encouraging News for Private Sino-Soviet Opera Collaboration 12:32 Economy , ^ Drama Tells Life of First Chinese Rail• Environmental Protection Stressed way Engineer , 12:33 ^ Model Cadre on Screen 13:32 Enterprise Groups Come to the Fore 19-30 Everlasting Friendship 14:23 Death in Coalpit Raises Cry for Safety 21:6 jy gg^-gj Depicts the Story of the The Bustling Taklimakan Desert 23:28 Soong Sisters 14:32 3. Culture Outstanding Geologist Remembered 15:24 An Art Troupe for Fishermen 15:26 1) General Old Writer Shows Determination 16:48 Women Chamber Philharmonic Orches• tra 16:49 Ancient Civilizations in the Liaohe Riv• er Area 5-32 Good Morning, Beijing 17:32 A Land Mass From the Southern Hem• Calligraphy: China's Traditional Art 18:16 isphere 24:33 Nuclear Reactor for Peaceful Use 19: 7 Amateur Art Creation Flourishes 19:24 2) Art and Literature 'Caught in Passion' 19:32 'Black Diamond Cup' Photography Neo-Confucianism Studies Intensified ^'•^^ Competition 19:34 Fledgling Jingpo Literature 1: 34 gg^jgg Country Life Nantional Opera Festival Held in Appreciated 20:32 Zhuzhou ^ • ^2 Wushu Festival to Be Held in Zheng- Farmer Paintings Exhibited in Beijing zhou 21:33 Gallery ^ • ^•^ Spring Everywhere 23:25 2nd Drama and Opera Festival ^ • Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Black Pottery Art Revived 3:34 Painting 23:26 A TV Documentary About '90 Asiad' 3 : 34 Movie Cameras Scan Daily Life 24:24 Zhang Shouxiang: An Wax Statue Ar• New Pingju Opera Reflects Rural Life 25:33 tist 4:27 A Great But Ordinary Man on Show 26: 36 Liu Tingyu and His Inspirational A New Qigong Film 26: 37 Music 4:32 Stone Collector Jiang Zuozheng 4:33 3) Education

VII Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: 5) Medicine and Health Rural Women Seek Education 2:28 Jobs Ensured for College Graduates 5: 7 International Tea Culture Festival in Foreigners Acquire Doctorates in Hangzhou 10:39 China 5:29 Marrow Treatment Cures Cancer 10:41 Public Funds: a Boost to Education 9:22 Acupuncture Centre Founded in Rural Education on the Rise 14:28 Beijing 18:34 CPPCC Calls for Cure of Brain Drain 18: 7 Weight-losing Capsule Has No Side Ef• China's Vocational and Technical Edu• fects 19:33 cation 19:30 Winning Battle Against Cancer 20:25 Returning Students Glad to Be Back 23:20 Medicine Producer Seeks Co-operation 23 : 30 More School Hours for Chinese 'Pizhen'—A New Acupuncture Thera- phy 24:32 History 24: 4 New Therapy Gives Hope to the Deaf 26 : 38 Occupation of Teacher: From Cool to 6) Sports Hot 24:30 1990—A Golden Year for Chinese Ath• Population Quality: a Focal Point 24: 31 letes 5:33 World Records 5 : 34 4) Science and Technology China's Swimming Making Giant Superconductor Research Progresses 3: 6 Strides 9:33 Weather Satellite a Success 5:32 Beijing Bids for the 2000 Olympiad 11:4 Development of China's Nuclear World Cup Bowling Championship to Science 7-8:34 Scientific Exchanges to Be Expanded 14:10 Be Held in Beijing 11: 33 A Geoscience Transect Shaped for the The Chinese Challenge in women's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 15:25 Chess 14:33 Five-Year Plan for Science and Tech• nology 16: 7 Chinese Women Excel in Speed Skating Torch Programme: a Boost to Hi-Tech 17:33 Industries 16:39 Modern Calligraphy—Realm of Free• High-Tech Zones to Take Bold Steps 18: 4 dom - 18:31 Science, Technology Pirotal to 90s China to Sell 1992 Olympic Tickets 18:34 Economy 22: 6 US College Football Teams to Visit Nuke Industry: Safety First 23: 5 China to Hold Its 3rd Technology Fair 23: 30 China 19:33 China Goes Ahead in Optics Research 23:33 Beijing Applies for Hosting Olympics 21:32 Boosting Production With Knowledge 25: 5 Minority Dance Enchants Beijing Audi• People: Bai Chunli and His STM Re• ence 21:33 search 25:20 Keeping in Shape: A New-Found Obses• New Method for Computer Network sion 23: 6 China Supremacy Topplies in Table Tests 25:32 VIII Chemical-Coateuction d Seeds Increase Prod• 25:34 NeBasebal7) wArchaeolog TenniTheorl Gamesy onsy Dinosaurs toan Bde CulturHeld' ExtinctioIne ChinRelica ns 23:3265: :3624 Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No:

Yandi Emperor—From Legend to His• : Shanghai's New Mayor 24:18 tory 12 34 Evidence of China's Maritime Culture 14 34 2) Youth Ceramic Workshop 1,000 Years Old 15 24 People: A British-Educated Doctor Cultural Relics on Display in Beijing Finds His Destination at Home 2:16 18 32 China to Improve TOEFL Supervision 10: 8 Progress in Western Xia Coin Studies 18 33 Chinese Ceramics 10,000 Years Old 18 33 Shanghai Conducts First Sex Survey 10: 34 Official Terra-Cotta Figure Kiln Dis• covered 20 33 3) Senior Citizens Beijing to Host the 13th INQUA Con• Survey: the Secret of Long Life 5:29 ference 20 33 Key to Deng Xiaoping's Longevity Re• Ancient Civilization Brought to Light 21 23 vealed 19:31 Arts Festival to Be Held in Shandong 22 34 4) Women Beijing Cultural Relic Festival People: Deputy Mayor Has a French 22 32 Mother 10:31 Lost Writing Style Interpreted 22 33 Dinosaur Research Makes New Women Today: a Force to Be Reckoned Achievements 23 34 With 10:33 Women Celebrate Their Own Festival 11: 5 8) Books Hu Manli: a Loving Mother to Orphans 22:25 Buddhist Scripture Written in Gold 1:33 Chinese Imperial Customs: the Inside Story 4:28 5) Children Understanding Religions in China 6:31 Night Life in Beijing's Hotels 10: 35 Cultural Relics in Beijing 6:31 Enhancing Awareness of Yangsters' Korean War Reaccounted 6:31 Friendship Studies: Goals and Health 22: 6 Prospects 14:26 Immunization Campaign Targets Child• Biographies Mirror the History of ren 22:20 Tibet 21:26 Hu Manli: a Loving Mother to Feeling the 'Pulse' of Guangzhou Citi• zens 21:28 Orphans 22:25 Review of 'The Core of Chinese Classi• 6) Population and Life cal Fiction' 22:30 Chinese Drama in a Foreigner's Eyes 26:35 China Successfully Houses Millions 2:28 Readjusting the Economy and Deepen• 9) Others ing the Reform 3 : 4 Record Harvests Vs. Population Press Ethics: the Chinese Way 4: 5 Growth 5: 5 The Chinese Dialects 23:28 Today's Dazhai 6:26 4. Social Individual Households Desire Tutors 6:27 Cultural Life at Shoudu Iron & Steel 1) General Co. 7-8:41 Li Peng and His Family 6:27 Family Planning: the Way Out 10:26 Farmers' Cultural Life 14:29 IX Aid-the-Poor Efforts Bring Reward 17: 7 WigsAilin,g aAbacis New Fashiot Gets nBac in kChin on Traca k 2419:3: 61 Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: 24:30 Top Leaders on Human Rights Issues 16: 7 Census Reveals Shifts Labour Ministers Meet in Beijing 18: 6 Phones, Stocks, Decors Signal Better 25: 6 China Joins Tripartite Narcotics Opera• Life tion 21: 6 7) Religion China on Its March Towards the 21st CPC Guarantees Freedom of Region 6: 4 Century 21: 7 8) Others 2) China and the United Nations Match-Making by TV Acclaimed 3:27 The UN Role Strengthened 3:22 9: 4 China Supports UN Meeting on Gulf Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrated 14:29 War 6: 5 Babysitters in Beijing 21:28 UN's Role in a New World Order 23: 8 Shanghai's Founding Date Established 3) China's Foreign Relation, Countries Xian Has a Foreign 'Huifang' and Regions New Vice-Premier Wuhan Works on Population Quality 26:30 II. INTERNATIONAL 1. Asia 1) General China's Ties With Its Neighbours 1: 9 Strengthened 1:11 Foreign Minister Qian on World Issues The GCC Rises to the Challenge 2:23 World Situation Unstable Despite De• 2:24 China's Position on Gulf War 4: 4 tente 3: 5 China Concerned Over Gulf War 4: 4 Prospects for World Economy in 1990s Gulf War Touches Off Strong World- Trade Surplus: Nothing to do With Pro• 5: 4 wide Reaction 4: 7 tectionism 5: 9 China Urges Restraint In War 5: 5 Worldwide Pleas for Peace Intensify War Alters Mideast Political Map . 5:11 Principles Outlined for Environmental '7-8: 7 Gulf Crisis Shakes Oil Market 6: 7 Issues Ground War Begins to China's Keen Peace and Development A Strenuous 7-8: 9 Regret 9: 4 Task in 90s 9:10 Six-Point Peace Proposal by China 9: 4 Confidence-Building in Asia-Pacific Current International Situation and ForPeacefulSettlementof Gulf Crisis 9: 8 IQ-IQ Gulf War: No Boost for the Economy 9: 9 China's Relations With Western 10-15 Gulf: Post-War Security Arrange• Europe ments 11: 7 Western Pacific: A Dynamic Region ^ Tibet: Changes in the Last 40 Years 11: 8 Beijing Bids for the 2000 Olympiad ^ China Suggests Mideast Peace Plan 12: 5 On the Right to Development Possible Solution to Middle East Ques- Development Countries Face Economic 11 tion 13: 4 Woes ^ Nuclear Reactor for Peaceful Use 19: 7 Thoughts on Human Rights Arms Control in Middle Eeat an Unea- Conference 14-11 syJob 24: 7 Foreign Minister Qian Meets the Press 14:15 Combodia Peace Talks on Cambodia Towards Better International Trade Party Chief on International Situation 15: 9 End Without Progress 24: 8 X Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No:

Yang Concludes Southeast Asian Trip 26: 4 Pakistan Pakistani PM's 'Homecoming' to Beijing Bangladesh 24:10 Pakistan Increases Oil Production 10:13 Bangladesh Prime Minister in Beijing 26: 5 Pakistan Reforms Its Economy 22: 8

India Indian Foreign Minister in China 7-8: 5 2. Africa Indonesia Chinese President Ends Indonesian Tour 24: 5 African Economy Rides Out the Gulf Crisis 4:10 Japan OAU Urges 'Pool of Efforts' 25: 8 Japan's Finance Minister in Beijing 3: 5 Japan's Quest for Political Power 4: 9 Angola Japan's Mideast Policy Evokes Controv• Peace Falls on Angola 24:10 ersy 6:10 Changes in Soviet-Japan Relations 10:14 Ethiopia Ethiopia Changes Dramatically 25:11 Japanese-Soviet Relation at Crossroads 15:11

Gulf War Challenges Japan's Foreign Namibia Policy 16: 8 17:13 Gorbachev's Visit Enhances Moscow- Namibia Makes Progress on All Fronts Tokyo Ties 17: 9 Tunisia The Democratic People's Republic Tunisia: Economic Achievements Re• 19: 9 of Korea corded 22:28 Impressions of North Korea • 9:26 Sino-Tounisia Trade Develops Steadily DPRK: Rapid Economic Development 18:12 China Backs DPRK reunification Ef• 3. Latin America: forts 20: 7 Latin America: Listless Economies 11:10 Kuwait Latin America in a Changing World 16:10 China Stands by Kuwait in Crisis Ku• Central America Foresees Peace 23:12 wait 1: 7 President Hails Kuwait's Liberation 10: 5 Peru Lending a Hand to Rebuilding Kuwait 10: 8 Chinese Leaders Meet Peruvian Presi• Kuwait's Reconstruction Proceeds dent 16: 6 Smoothly 17:12

Lebanon 4. North America Lebanon Buries the Hatchet 22:11 The United States Palestine 'Unacceptable': US Human Rights Re• Palestine Back in the Spotlight 12: 9 port 7-8: 5 US Solon's Falsehood Exposed 11: 6

XI Issue Page Issue Page No: No: No: No: 'We Won't Change Our Direction': A Germany Conversation Between President Germany Faces Stern Test 25 9 Yang and Salisbury 12 13 Germany Wields Influence on EC 26 9 MFN Status Important To Sino-US Ties 16 5 Romania Bush-Dalai Lama Meeting Protested 17 7 China, Romania Keep the Ties Close 4 5 US Charges 'Unreasonable' 18 8 A Difficult Mission for Baker 18 10 Soviet Union Moscow, Washington Build New Ties in Sino-Soviet Relations Promoted 10 7 Asia 18 11 Changes in Soviet-Japan Relations 10 14 MFN Status: Two-Way Traffic 20 6 Sino-Soviet Opera Collaboration 12 32 US Economy Sees Recession 20 10 Soviet Referendum Supports Union 13 10 Bush's Remarkd on MFN Commented 21 5 Li Meets Soviet Foreign Minister 15 7 Joint US-Soviet Efforts to Resolve Mi• Japanese-Soviet Relations at Crossroad 15 11 deast Problem 22 10 Gorbachev's Visit Enhances Moscow- Bush's Decision on MFN Welcome in Tokyo Ties 17 9 Beijing 23 : 6 Soviet Economic Crisis and System Future of US Bases Unsure 23. 11 Perestroika 17 10 Moscow, Washington Build New Ties in Asia 18 11 New Development in Sino-Soviet Rela• 5. Europe tions 19 4 Western Europe Conceives Future Se• Party Chief Starts Tour of Moscow 20 6 curity Plan 7-8 13 Soviet Marshal Visits China 20 8 Qian Unveild European Tour 9 6 Jiang Winds up His soviet Tour 21 4 Sino-Soviet Joint Communique 21 13 Albania Joint US-Soviet Efforts to Resolve Mi• China, Albania Pledged Renewed Ties 5 6 deast Problem 22 10 Britain Chinese Leaders Meet Douglas Hurd 15 8 6. Oceania and Pacific Islands France Australia China, France Renew Relations 19 5 Li Stresses China Sticks to Reforms 18 5 France Mends Ties With New Zealand 20 14 New Zealand France Mends Ties With New Zealand 20 14

XII

CHINA

Li Peng on Domestic and World issues Chinese Premier Li Peng was interviewed on May 30 in Beijing by Mario Vazquez, president of the Mexican newspaper ''Sun of Mexico." During the two-hour interview, Li answered questions concerning China's situation, international problems and Sino-Mexican relations. Chinese journalists attended the interview.—Ed.

New Leadership Is Stable Mario: Some Western media give contradictory reports on China's political situation. What's your opinion? Li: If you stay in China for a longer time, you will reach your own conclusion. China's political situation is stable. China's consti• tution prescribes that China prac• tises socialism. The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the lead• ing force and core of China's de• velopment. Political stability in China primarily means the stabil• ity of the CPC, and what is the most important is the stability of its leadership, especially the core of leadership. Premier Li Peng and newspaperman Mario Vazquez (left). XINHUA During the period of revolution tion, and organized student contained many different opi• and construction in China, there movements. Judged by his work nions. Some people have prejud• have been three generations of over the past two years, Jiang has ice against China, and there are leadership. The first generation proven himself undeniably equal probably a few who do not wish was led by Chairman Mao Ze• to his important position. Since to see a stable situation in China. dong, and the core of leadership the new leadership emerged it has of the second generation was faced and solved many difficul• Deng Xiaoping. ties, and has won the trust of the Never Multi-Party Shortly after June 1989, a new people. I believe that the new System in China CPC leadership, with General Se• leaders are capable of guiding the Mario: Some East European cretary Jiang Zemin at the core, Chinese people to work success• countries which previously pur• was formed at the Fourth Plen• fully for the good of the country, sued socialism, are now practising ary Session of the 13 th Party and the new leadership will re• a multi-party system. What polit• Central Committee. Jiang has a main stable during a long period. ical system does China practise, wealth of experience in various Many contradictory reports and will China change to a multi• areas, and is a very learned man. about China initiated by the party system? He participated in underground Western media may occur be• Li: I do not wish to comment on work in the Kuomintang- cause reports originated from the changes in East Europe. We controlled regions prior to libera• many different sources, and thus respect the choice of East Euro-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 23 CHINA pean people. But certainly, China Political Reform and ound the end of the 1980s. Since will not follow the Western-style Economic Reform the Third Plenary Session of the multi-party system. The current Uth Central Committee of the political system of China is multi• Mario: Please talk about the pol• CPC in 1978, China has carried party co-operation under the itical reform measures that China 'out the policy of reform and leadership of the CPC. The CPC has taken. opening up to the outside' world. is the core of leadership which Li: We hold that China should As a result, China's economy de• represents the broad spectrum of carry out political reform, while veloped rapidly and the people's workers, peasants and intellec• at the same time carrying out eco• living standard rose markedly. tuals, or the broad masses. In ad• nomic reform. Political and eco• Also the national strength was dition, China has eight demo• nomic reforms should be con• enhanced. But in the process, ex• cratic parlies which represent to ducted in a co-ordinated manner. cesses in the rate of economic de• varying degrees the interests of The view that China only prac• velopment and the scale of capital different social strata. There have tises economic reform, but not construction caused an imbalance been decades of co-operative rela• political reform, does not con• between total demand and total tions between the CPC and demo• form to reality. In regard to pol• supply. Inflation emerged. China cratic parties. These democratic itical reform, the People's Con• has primarily tackled inflation parties are not opposition parties gress system should be further with economic measures, includ• but parties which participate in improved and become more ac• ing a tight monetary pohcy, rais• government and political affairs. tive in the country's political life. ing interest rates and controlling If China were to follow the In addition, the democratic con• loans. Besides, China has adopt• Western-style multi-party system, sultation system should become ed some administrative measures it would have to be bogged down more prominent in Chinese poli• such as cutting unnecessary eco• in extreme chaos, its economy tics. Not only should the people nomic construction projects. would be on a severe downturn and public opinion play a big• Through two years of efforts, and the Chinese people would re- ger role in supervising the gov• the inflation rate declined from experience the miserable life. So ernment, but that democracy and 18.5 percent in 1988 to 2.1 per• this does not fit the aspiration of the legal system should also be cent in 1990, and the inflation the Chmese people. further strengthened. rate maintained this level into the first half of this year. We have We do not wish to say whether reached the expected goal of some countries' parliamentary de• China Successful in checking inflation in a short per• mocracy is good or bad, nor do we Curbing Inflation iod, indicating that China's econ• wish to say our system is the best Mario: What measures has the omy has great potential and that in the world. But undoubtedly, Chinese government taken to the Chinese government is cap• the multi-party co-operation sys• curb inflation and to reduce fin• able of controlling economy. tem under the leadership of the ancial deficit? China has reduced government CPC is most suitable considering Li: Inflation in China is caused expenses, as well as the purchas• the national conditions of China. by the overheated economy ar• ing power of big social groups, and readjusted the prices of some commodities during the period of rectifying the economy. The state also has cut some price subsidies. These measures have some effect on reducing the state's financial deficit, but it is not so remarkable as controlling inflation. China's financial deficit, which accounts for about 3 percent to 4 percent of the state budget, is still embar• rassing China's economy.

Efficiency, Variety, Quality Mario: What is China's current economic situation? Li: In the process of fighting in-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 CHINA flation, because of the tight cre• ket and overstocking are both ne• 7 percent of the world's arable dit policy, the rate of industrial gative and positive. land. We had achieved the goal growth was lowered during a half- The current growth rate of Chi• by the end of the 1980s. The se• year period from late 1989 to na's industrial production is ap• cond step is to quadruple the early 1990, with several months propriate, and the main task now GNP of 1980 by the end of this seeing no growth in industrial is to make efforts to increase ef• century. The goal of the third step production. This was the price ficiency, variety and quality of is to catch up with the moderately that was to be paid in checking products. That is why the Chinese developed countries in the world inflation. Since last year, the gov• government sets 1991 as the "year through 30 to 50 years of endea• ernment has adopted a fairly of quality, variety and efficien• vours in the coming century. loose policy, including relaxing cy," calling on all enterprises to 2. Priority of development. control on finance and pumping concentrate on them, not a rapid Pressed by a rapidly growing po• circulation funds into enterprises increase in production. pulation, China has to lay em• and other encouraging measures. phasis on agriculture in its econo• During the fourth quarter of last mic development. In spite of a year, the economy was gradually Socialism with Chinese strict family planning policy, the restored, and from January to Characteristics annual growth of p<^ulation is March this year, industrial prod• Mario: Would you please brief about 17 million. We must prod• uction returned to normal. The me on the key points and contents uce sufficient food to meet peo• growth rate of industrial produc• of the Ten-Year Programme and ple's demand. In industry, we will tion during the January-May per• the Eighth Five-Year Plan? primarily strengthen the infras• iod was about 13 percent, which Li: In this decade, China will pre• tructure, such as transportation, we believe is a bit too high. liminarily establish a new system energy, communication and raw Last year China's agricultural of the planned socialist commod• material industry. In manufac• harvest set a record because of ity economy and an economic op• turing, we will concentrate on up• fine weather, an increase in agri• erational mechanism that com• grading the technology of old cultural investment and technol• bines planning and regulation by factories rather than establishing ogical measures. China's annual market forces. China has al• new factories. grain output is usually about 400 ready implemented seven five- 3. Continuing reform and open• million tons to 410 million tons. year plans and began the Eighth ing up to the outside world. In Last year it rose to 435 million Five-Year Plan this year. We this decade, we should basically tons. Many economic crops, such have never mapped out a ten-year establish an economic operational as sugar, cotton and tobacco have programme before. We made the mechanism that combines plan• had good harvests, which not only current ten-year programme be• ning and market regulation. Some guarantees the supply for urban cause we believe that the remain• foreign economists doubt this, but and rural people, but also prov• ing ten years of this century is we have practised it for ten years. ides more raw materials for in• critical to China. Many things Facts have proven that it is feasi• dustrial production. cannot be completed within five ble in China. We are determined Along with the relatively high years. For example, some large- to continue with the method. This interest rates and the declining scale projects will span over five kind of economic operational me• inflation rate, as well as people's years. Therefore, it is necessary to chanism can promote China's eco• reluctance to purchase more, a work out a long-term plan. The nomic development. Thus, it is sluggish market and overstocking main contents of the ten-year pro• feasible. of products occurred. Some for• gramme and the five-year plan, I The mainstream of the ten-year eign journalists said the Chinese think, are as follows: programme is to establish social• markets are rich and have diverse 1. Stable development of the ism with Chinese characteristics. commodities with stable prices. economy. We plan to maintain an That is to say, both reform, open The overstocking of products is a average annual growth rate of the door policy and socialism must be headache which on the one hand gross national product of about 6 maintained. caused a decrease in economic ef• percent in the next ten years. In ficiency, but on the other hand it this way, China can gradually promotes competition. Enterpris• reach the strategic goal of social• Japan Is the Largest es are aware that only by upgrad• ist modernization in three steps Trade Partner ing technology and improving the as advocated by Comrade Deng Mario: Please comment on Sino- quality of products can they sell Xiaoping. The first step is to solve Japanese trade. their products. In this way, tech• the problems of food and clo• Li: Judged by the current situa• nological progress is made. There• thing. China feeds 22 percent of tion, Japan is the largest trade fore, I believe that the dull mar• the world's population with only partner of China. The trade vol-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 25 CHINA ume between the two countries in China, with which foreign mic policies. For instance, the As• rose from US$1 billion in 1972 friends are familiar, is diminish• sociation of Southeast Asian Na• when the two countries nor• ing. This is because we have made tions (ASEAN), the Organization malized relations to the present several adjustments of the ren- of African Unity (OAU), the US$16.5 billion. Last year, Chi• minbi's exchange rates, resulting Gulf Co-operation Council na's export to Japan was about in closeness between the exchange (GCC) and similar organizations US$9 billion, or 14 percent of rates of the state banks and those in Latin America play a positive China's total exports. In the past, of the market. This not only facil• role in regional peace, develop• Japan enjoyed a surplus in Sino- itates our contacts with foreign ment and co-operation. Japanese trade. Now bilateral countries and participation in in• We have notiqed that the Un• trade is basically balanced. Japan ternational economic co• ited States, Canada and Mexico has found it profitable to trade operation and rectification of our plan to form a free trade zone with China over the years. Of economic order, but also is con• and that Mexican President Car• course, it provided China consi• ducive to our foreign trade. los Salinas de Gortari raised the derable loans. It is reported that proposal for an integrated Pacific Japan plans to make some money Basin. We appreciate these ideas from its trade surplus to flow A New International as long as they help promote the back to China. Order development of the world econo• Mario: Many countries have put my and the economic and trade forward different proposals on exchange and co-operation among China Capable of Paying the establishment of a new inter• regions and countries and do not Foreign Debt national order. What is China's serve to exclude other countries Mario: Can China attract foreign stand on it? and regions. investment? Li: The present world situation Now some countries are getting Li: Since China adopted the poli• has undergone great changes. The richer as others become poorer. cy of reform and opening to the old pattern has been destroyed People in some countries are outside world in 1978, China has and a new one has yet to be es• struggling on the boundaries of utilized a certain amount of for• tablished. The world is growing death. This has led to political eign investment. Up to 1990 it more turbulent. Hence it is high• turmoil and even violence in a had absorbed about US$50 bil• ly necessary to advocate the esta• number of countries. Therefore, lion in foreign funds, more than blishment of a new international the establishment of a new inter• half of which is medium and order. national economic order which long-term loans. We have full China believes that the future aims at narrowing the gap be• capability to pay back our foreign new international political and tween the South and the North debts because our total volume of economic order should be based (developing and developed coun• annual exports tops US$50 bil• on the Five Principles of Peaceful tries) should also be considered in lion. Coexistence. It would be danger• addition to a new international In the past two years foreign ous for one or several countries to political order. Deeveloped coun• loans have decreased because lead the world. We consider that tries should do more and take on some Western countries imposed all the countries, big or small, more responsibility for narrowing sanctions on China. This adverse• rich or poor and strong or weak, the gap, adopt a more tolerant ly affected China's economy to a are equal members of the world attitude towards debt, practise ex• certain extent and also harmed family, should enjoy equal rights change of equal values in trade these countries' own interests as to peace and development of the and attach no political strings to well. This is because China's cap• world and should fulfill their own economic aid. ability to buy products from these duties. We also consider that the We believe that the core of the countries was cut due to their re• United Nations should play a new international order is that duction of loans to China. Their greater role in the future new in• the affairs of a given country exports to China have also de• ternational order. should be handled by the people creased. However, China's foreign China also supports countries and government of that country exchange reserves have increased in different regions to set up re• without interference from other markedly since the country start• gional organizations or groups in countries. ed to reform its foreign trade sys• varied forms to enhance their eco• tem and harness its inflation two nomic and political contacts as years ago. There has been a posi• long as they seek co-operation Jiang Zemin's Visit to tive phenomenon since the latter and common development in• the Soviet Union half of last year. The role of stead of military expansion and Mario: Not long ago General Se• the foreign exchange certificate exclusive and protectionist econo• cretary of the Central Committee

26 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 CHINA of the Chinese Communist Party met with Soviet President Mik• hail Gorbachev. What's your comment on this visit? Li: I consider this visit a tremen• dous success. On his visit to China in 1989, Soviet Communist Par• ty General Secretary Gorbach• ev held a summit meeting with Chairman Deng Xiaoping, thus ending the past and opening up the future. "Ending the past" means the end of the past decades of strained Sino-Soviet relations and even confrontation while "opening up the future" means the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations and further develop• The Yongxin Chemical Industry Corp. Ltd. ment of good-neighbourly re• lations of friendship. General Se• viet Union would not be any good resumption of China's sovereign• cretary Jiang Zemin, on his re• for peace and stability in the ty over Hong Kong in 1997. After cent visit to the Soviet Union, has Asian-Pacific region and the Hong Kong returns to the moth• made remarkable fruitful efforts world as a whole. erland, we will pursue the policy for opening up the future. His of "one country, two systems." At visit is a complete success. The that time Hong Kong will contin• itinerary of his visit was richly Hong Kong's Prosperity ue to pursue the capitalist system. varied including several talks be• and Stability We hope that Hong Kong contin• tween Jiang and Gorbachev. Dur• Mario: The governor of Hong ues to maintain prosperity and ing the visit, the two sides signed Kong visited China in January stability. an agreement on the eastern sec• this year. What results has his Another problem which is re• tion of the Sino-Soviet border, visit made? lated to Hong Kong is whether or which is of great importance for Li: The answer to this question not the United States will guaranteeing border security. involves Sino-British relations. extend China's most-favoured• As for the prospects for Sino- Not only has the governor of nation (MFN) treatment. If the Soviet relations, I think that Hong Kong visited China this United States cancels China's China and the Soviet Union year, but also Foreign Secretary MFN status, both China and the should become friendly neigh• of Britain Douglas Hurd. During United States will suffer losses bours. The two countries have a the meeting with Hurd, we talked and Hong Kong will suffer losses more than 7,000 km-long com• much about Sino-British relations no less than China's mainland. mon border. For the security of and the atmosphere of our talks You may know that the price of both sides, it is necessary to devel• was harmonious. There is a dis• labour in Hong Kong is very high op good-neighbourly relations of pute between China and Britain because of the increasingly de• friendship between the two coun• on construction of a new airport veloping economy and improving tries. However, Sino-Soviet rela• in Hong Kong. China recognizes hving standards. Therefore, Hong tions will not return to the al• Hong Kong's need to have a new Kong businessmen come to the liance relationship of the 1950s. airport, but we hope that the new mainland to engage in products We will build our own countries airport will be built with less in• processing, and part of the pro• according to our various concrete vestment than proposed by the cessed products are exported to conditions. British side and will not bring any the United States. Such commod• The Soviet Union is now facing burdens to the government and ities account for 70 percent of some difficulties. We hope that residents of the future Hong Sino-US trade surplus asserted by the Soviet political situation will Kong Special Administrative Re• the United States. become stable. This is because So• gion. In light of this, we are will• On the other hand, since China viet political stability and econo• ing to continue consultations with adopted the policy of reform and mic recovery will be beneficial to the British side on the issue in opening to the outside world, both China and the Soviet Union search of an appropriate solution. quite a number of Sino-foreign and to the Asian-Pacific region as As you know, China and Bri• joint ventures have been set up on well. A chaotic and turbulent So• tain signed an agreement on the the mainland, and many foreign

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 27 CHINA

businessmen have established is unacceptable to the broad mass• sides will develop further? solely foreign-funded enterprises es of the Chinese people. Li: The Chinese government is here. The products they manufac• To show our sincerity about the ready to develop economic and ture are also transported by way peaceful reunification, we have trade relations with Latin Ameri• of Hong Kong to various parts of proposed holding negotiations be• can countries including Mexico the world, including the United tween the Chinese Communist on the basis of equality and mu• States. If China's MFN status is Party and the Kuomintang. At tual benefit. cancelled, these joint ventures the same time, we proposed solv• During Chinese President Yang and solely foreign-funded enter• ing the Taiwan issue along the Shangkun's visit to Mexico last prises will suffer big losses, and same lines as the solution to the year, the Sino-Mexican mixed the damage to Hong Kong's entre- Hong Kong and Macao issues, committee on economic and trade port trade will be big as well. that means following the guide• co-operation held its seventh ses• We have noted that US Presi• line of "one country, two sys• sion, promoting the development dent George Bush has declared he tems." Taiwan, after its return to of economic and trade relations is ready to suggest that China's the motherland, may continue to between the two countries. Mexi• MFN status be extended without practise its capitalist system, and co is the fourth largest trade part• conditions attached. We hope US may even keep its armed forces. ner of China in Latin America. Congressmen will, like President Bilateral trade last year exceeded Bush, adopt a wise attitude to• Korea's Application for US$200 million for the first time. wards the issue. UN iVIembersliip I'm pleased to see that the trade between our two countries has de• "One Country, Two Mario : Would you please briefly veloped steadily in recent years. Systems" for Taiwan comment on the application of Some commodities in large the Democratic People's Republic amounts, such as rolled steel, Mario: How does the reunifica• of Korea and South Korea for chemical fertilizer and paraffin, tion of China progress? Whether membership in the United Na• are gradually traded directly, and or when will Taiwan return to the tions? the goods exchanged between the mainland? Li: Korea is China's neighbouring two countries are diversified. Li: To realize peaceful reunifica• country. China is very much con• China and Mexico are both de• tion of the motherland is the com• cerned about the situation on the veloping countries with large po• mon desire of the entire Chinese Korean Peninsula and want to pulations and have great econo• people, including the people in see stability there. Not long ago mic potential and their import Taiwan. This is because since an• I paid a visit to the Democrat• cient times Taiwan has been an ic People's Republic of Korea and export goods are highly mu• inalienable part of China's terri• (DPRK). President Kim II Sung tually complementary. I believe tory. To achieve the reunification of the DPRK has proposed the that if the two sides enhance ex• of the motherland will surely take idea of "one nation, one coun• changes and understanding, their a long time. However, we should try, two systems and two gov• economic and trade relations will not stagnate. Therefore, both ernments," and realizing the reu• rapidly and soundly develop. sides of the straits should take a nification of the country on the President Yang has invited positive attitude so as to push for• basis of a federal system. We con• Mexican President Carlos Salinas ward the process of the reunifica• sider that this idea conforms to de Gortari to visit China. We are tion of the motherland. the actual situation on the penin• looking forward to his trip to Recently the Taiwan authori• sula, and is beneficial to stability China. We believe that his vis• ties have made some moves which there. it will further strengthen Sino- are objectively beneficial to de• The government of the DPRK Mexican ties of friendship and veloping the relations between the has decided to apply for member• co-operation in various fields. two sides of the straits and to the ship in the United Nations as an Mexico is a country with a long reunification. We express our interim measure before the unifi• history and brilliant culture. The welcome for this. However, some cation, and the move is welcomed Chinese people have always cher• people among the Taiwan author• by international community, in• ished friendly feelings towards ities still attempt to seek an inde• cluding China. the Mexican people. I avail my• pendent political entity equcil to self of this opportunity, on behalf the central government, insisting of the Chinese government and on a policy of "one China, two Sino-iVlexican Relations people, and through you and the governments." This is in fact an Mario: What are the prospects press media, to express cordial attempt to set up "two Chinas" or of Sino-Mexican relations? What greetings and best wishes to the "one China, one Taiwan," which fields of trade between the two Mexican people. •

Z8 BEIJING REVIEW. JULY 1-7, 1991 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS Mao Zedong asked us to watch These frequent activities can• Chat Between Jiang out for the attacks with sugar- not but arouse the people's atten• Zennin and a Monk coated bullets. Historical experi• tion and vigilance. ence tells us that Taiwan independence advo• HENAN RIBAO if the anti-corruption compaign cates threaten that the separation (Heaan Daily) fails, China's society cannot of the mainland and Taiwan has arty General Secretary achieve integrity. In our struggle gradually formed different na• Jiang Zemin visited the against corruption, we must be tional consciousness that makes Baima Monastery in Luo- specially on guard against the Taiwan a community by virtue of P sorts of people who are good in yang City on the afternoon of Fe• fate. This neither conforms to the bruary 8. words but bad in deeds." Jiang facts of history, nor heeds the At the invitation of the head earnestly advised Yinzhong, reality of Taiwan. monk of the monastery, Yinshan, "You have left home, but the There is only one China. The the general secretary walked into problems in your hometown may international community univer• the meditation hall to have a rest. not be solved. Therefore, we must sally acknowledges that Taiwan is A young monk named Yinzhong fight firmly against corruption a part of China. The government gave him a cup of tea. When Yin• and malpractice." of the People's Republic of China zhong was about to leave, Jiang (February 25, 1991) is the sole legal government of cordially called the youthful China. It is recognized by the Un• bonze back to have a talk with ited Nations and most nations of him. Learning that the name of 'Taiwan Independence' the world. This is an objective the 24-year-old monk was Tao Is a Dangerous Road reality that cannot be doubted or Cuizhong, Jiang asked why he changed. had taken the tonsure. Monk Yin• RENMIN RIBAO From ancient times Taiwan has zhong hesitated to answer. Then (People's Daily) been a part of Chinese territory. Jiang encouraged him, saying, "It t the end of March this Most of the ancestors of the resi• is all right. Let's talk freely. Do year, a so-called joint meet• dent Taiwanese immigrated from you have any frustrations and di• A ing was held in Manila by the mainland in successive waves. sappointments in your life? some Taiwan independence advo• Although Taiwan repeatedly suf• Please speak out. I just want to cates from the United States, Ja• fered from invasion by foreign know what is on your mind." pan and Taiwan Province. At the powers in modern Chinese histo• Under Jiang's kind and respect• gathering they called for every ry, the struggle to fight against able gaze, Yinzhong thought for a independence group, both inside the incursion and to safeguard while, then answered that he was and outside Taiwan, to strengthen territory has never stopped. Tai• disillusioned about the pros• connections and communication, wan and the mainland are as close pects for the country because he and to adopt measures to strive as lips and teeth, and their desti• abhorred the malpractices and for united organization. They ny is linked together. People of corruption. For this reason, he plotted to move the "Taiwan in• both sides have always jointly had left home for the monastery, dependence union" from Los An• safeguarded the country's sacred in an attempt to obtain spiritual geles to Taiwan and organize the territory and striven for the de• release. return of overseas Taiwan inde• velopment of the national econo• Jiang became very serious on pendence advocates. They aim to my and culture. The results of the hearing this and reflected for a give enormous publicity to Tai• many public opinion polls among while. Finally he said with deep wan independence during the is• the islanders have shown that the feeling, "There is an old poem land elections to be held towards overwhelming majority of inhabi• that goes, if you want to know the the end of the year. On April 13, tants oppose the concept of Tai• ups and downs under the heaven, some people in Taiwan set up an wan independence. We cannot please look at Luoyang City. Luo- alleged "committee for defending bear to look back on the sadness yang was formerly the capital for Taiwan" and openly adopted a and suffering brought upon our nine dynasties and a model for "draft programme for the defense flesh and blood brothers by the 42 China's feudal eras. If we exam• of Taiwan," claiming to want to years of separation. It has violat• ine each dynasty in China's histo• "safeguard and maintain Taiwan ed the interests and wishes of the ry, we see there existed cor• sovereignty and independence," whole nation. We must stop it. It ruption and struggles against it and to rebuild a constitution. is a common view of the peo• which were linked to the rise and Since May, they have intensified ple on either side of the Tai• fall, and life and death of a dy• activities to prepare for another wan Straits that unification will nasty. As early as the founding of conference to link independence bring benefits and separation will New China in 1949, Chairman advocate groups. do harm to both sides. We all

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 29 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS belong to the Chinese nation and Zhu hates perfunctory, bureau• Northeast Industrial Department share the same culture, whether cratic way of work, which ignores to the State Planning Coipmis- we are in Taiwan or on the main• reality. One day, he went to in• sion, but he was forced to leave land. So', it is natural for us to call spect a factory. Learning that by the anti-Rightist movement for reunification. Taiwan and the economic efficiency had seriously and did not return until 1979. He mainland are closely related in slided, while the head of a bureau became head of a department, de• economic development. Unifica• who was responsible for the facto• puty head of a bureau, member, tion can enable us to learn from ry's work had not come to the vice-minister and deputy Party each other's strong points and to factory for months, he became secretary of the State Economic offset each other's weaknesses so quite angry. He criticized the Commission. The zig-zag experi• as to obtain a common prosperity. head as lacking responsibility to• ences in his life have not changed wards the plant which was head• his honest and frank temper• Over 1.1 billion Chinese people ament. Rather than being the including Taiwan compatriots ing into bankruptcy and ordered "serious person" that some have and the Government of the Peo• him to return to the factory to said, he has a wide range of in• ple's Republic of China cannot solve its problems. terests. He is fond of great writers tolerate the plots of a small band In recent years, much notice• such as , and Mao of people to separate this jewel of able work has been done in Dun. He also likes to watch and an island from the nation. Shanghai to implement the poli• sing Peking opera and can even Taiwan independence activities cies of reform and opening to the play the erhu (a two-stringed aim to split the country and the outside world. The development bowed instrument). nation. This is a very dangerous of the Pudong area a year ago road. Those who advocate Taiwan raised the curtain on the city be• (Issue 8, 1991) independence must stop their ac• coming an important economic tivities. Otherwise, their guilt is centre in the western Pacific in Weihai Worlcson bound to be condemned by his• the next century: the first stock tory. exchange in Shanghai marked a Population Quality (June 3) new breakthrough in financial re• ZHONGGUO RENKOU BAO form; the ongoing housing re• (China Population Daily) forms, discussed, decided upon New Vice-Premier and supervised by people from all r»~lhe Weihai city government Zhu Rongji walks of life, provided new ideas I in Shandong Province has for reforms. ... All these innova• JL declared that youths with• BAN YUE TAN tions show the painstaking efforts out senior high school level qual• (Fortnightly Forum) ifications cannot be hired. of the early leaders, and especial• The city started its family plan• n April 8, 1991, Zhu ly Zhu and his colleagues. ning programme in the 1950s. Rongji, then the mayor of When asked by a foreign re• Now the birth rate has dropped to O Shanghai Party secretary, porter what was his biggest fail• 1.24 percent and per-capita na• caught the spotlight when he and ure, Zhu confidently replied that tional income has reached 2,474 Jiahua were appointed vice- he did not have any. This is be• yuan, both the top in the prov• premiers. cause he has paid attention to ince. Weihai does not have an As soon as he was elected to be mass involvement and collective unemployment problem. mayor in April 1988, he vowed leadership. All important de• While controlling population that he and his colleagues would cisions have been discussed by the growth, the city government has construct an authoritative, effi• members of municipal committee shifted lis focus of work to im• cient and clean municipal govern• and government who then incor• proving the quality of population ment. porate the useful opinions of ordi• and people's cultural level in an Following the principle of strict nary citizens. attempt to promote economic de• administration, Zhu demanded Maybe the early deaths of his velopment. the municipal supervisory bureau parents cultivated Zhu's disposi• In the rural areas the best look over 1,000-odd high officials tion of independence and enter• buildings are kindergartens and to ensure their honesty on the job. prise. Entering Qinghua Univers• schools. A nine-year compulsory He declared that only when of• ity in 1947 from Changsha, the education is universal in the ficials keep clean of corruption, capital of Hunan Province as ma• countryside and senior middle can a clean work-style be set up in jor in electrical machinery manu• school education in the cities the city. It is obvious to all that facturing, he involved himself where young workers have senior malpractices, such as bribery and in the student movements and high school levels or above. giving dinners and gifts at public joined the Party at the age of 21. (March 18, 1991) expenses, have decreased. In 1952, he transferred from the

30 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 BUSINM^S/TRADE

cial international co-operation de• partment to supervise trade and economic and technological co• operation for its electronics prod• ucts. Organizations under CNEIC include the China electronics Im• port & Export Co., the Interna• tional Co-operative Co. and the China Information Trust and In• vestment Co. At present, CNEIC is in charge of nearly 100 major electronics enterprises across the country. • Yantai's Rules for Taiwan investments In order to speed up Taiwan investment, the Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone recently announced the YU HUIRU Provisions Concerning the En• China Hewlett-Pacliard Co. Ltd., the first Sino-US joint venture in the field of couragement of Investment of electronics, has assembled ten types of logical analyzers according to the world's advanced standards. About 90 percent of them are for export. Taiwan Compatriots. The regulations have 12 arti• cles. Taiwan investors coming to Electronics Industry ments and meters, and accelerate invest in the Yantai development the renovation of consumer elec• zone will enjoy preferential treat• Strengthens Ties tronics products. ment in gaining approval for pro• The, head of China Nation• "CNEIC will adopt joint ven• jects, the remittance of profits, al Electronics Industrial Corp. tures, technological transfer, taxes, use of land, employment, (CNEIC), set up in early June, equipment leasing, joint design• agents' fees and the job placement has sa;id that his company will ab• ing, co-operative production and for Taiwan investors' relatives on sorb foreign advanced technology processing of imported materials the mainland. and liianagerial expertise, and ex• to strengthen international eco• Examination and approval pro• pand economic and technological nomic and technological co• cedures will take only 30 days co-operation with foreign coun• operation," Zhang said. once all application documents tries'and regions to promote the The company has set up a spe- for projects are received. The pro- development of China's electron• ics industry. Yantai Port. XIIAS YAS/'ii Zhang Xuedong, CNEIC gener• al manager, made the statement when he introduced CNEIC's aims, functions and development orientation to over 200 people fr^m foreign embassies and busi• ness agencies stationed in China. "Our company will concentrate on hi-tech research and develop• ment," he said, "It will work on a new generation of electronics products centred on microelec• tronic technology and focused on technologies for computers, software and communications." Meanwhile, Zhang said, CNEIC will develop electronic chips, special equipment, instru•

BEIJING REVIEW, JVLY 1-7,1991 31 BUSINESS/TRADE cedures apply to projects with in• software imported for the produc• and dealing with matters relating vestment under US$30 million tion of export products will be to the recognition and enforce• which take place within the devel• bonded under the supervision of ment of China's arbitration laws. opment zone and are in accord• the customs in accordance with • ance with the state industrial pol• approved documents and licences. icy. The development zone will The land-use fees will be exempt Tangshan Harbour to handle procedures for Taiwan too. investors applying for multiple Standards on wages and bon• Operate Soon entry visas or to settle in the zone uses for employees working in a Work on Tangshan Harbour or Yantai City. Taiwan-funded enterprise will be has been under way for two years. Taiwan businessmen are per• decided by the venture itself. • The 15,000-ton-class No. 8 bulk mitted to remit abroad part of the berth will begin to handle salt by profits and legal income they ob• China's International late August. It, with another sim• tain from their investment in the ilar berth, the No.7 berth, will go zone as well as post-liquidation Trade Arbitration into formal service by the end of capital. If they reinvest their Statistics indicate that 238 cases this year. share of the profits obtained in were accepted and dealt with by Located in the centre of the Bo- the zone or donate them to public the China International Trade Ar• hai Bay, the Tangshan Harbour is undertakings, all the income tax bitration Commission in 1990, re• 64 nautical miles to Qinhuangdao already paid on the reinvested presenting a 39 percent increase in the north and 70 nautical miles portion will be returned. over 1989. During the first quart• to the Xingang Harbour of Tian- A Taiwanese who invests in the er of this year, the commission jin in the south. Its wide and zone before the end of 1992 or accepted and handled 72 new cas• smooth land area has aided in the who is engaged in developing es and wound up 36 files, an in• building of a six-km coastal line to land, will enjoy preferential treat• crease compared with the same the harbour. In addition, Chinese ment of a 10-20 percent reduction period last year. and foreign experts cite the exist• in site charges, depending on the Among the cases received and ence of deep water, steep slopes amount of investment and the completed in 1990, 30 cases were and sluggish tide flow as i factors nature of the project involved. arbitrated through invited justices that make the site a good one for Building materials imported by from Hong Kong and overseas. a port. an investor for land development The commission plans to invite Construction of the project be• will be exempt from import duties more foreign experts to act as ar• gan in August 1989. At present, under the supervision by the cus• bitrators in the future so as to basic work on infrastructureTacil- toms and the consolidated indus• expand international co-operation ities such as highways, water and trial and commercial tax. in the field. electricity supply systems and re• A new hi-tech enterprise sched• At present, China's justice arbi• sidential quarters has been com• uled to operate for over a decade, tration system enjoys a high repu• pleted. The 77.3-km railways line in addition to benefiting from var• tation both at home and abroad. from Tuozitou to Tangshan Tlar- ious existing state and zone pre• The cases adjudicated by the com• bour is also ready. A project for a ferential policies, will also enjoy mission were mostly brought by 480-channel digital communica• the following favoured treatment. litigants on their own account. tions is under construction. With All product tax, value-added tax, Few cases which were not accept• a total investment of 120 million infrastructure tax, income tax and ed by one party were carried out yuan, the first stage of the project the consolidated industrial and after the application of the oth• entails building a 94-metre-wide commercial tax turned over to the er party to the court. The Hong pool containing eight berths with state will be repaid to the enter• Kong Supreme Court enforced for a total annual handling capacity prise by the zone's administrative the first time adjudication arbi• of 6.5 million tons. Completion is committee in the first three years. trated by the commission in June scheduled before the end of 1995. Another 50 percent of income tax 1989. Up to the first quarter of Construction of the 35,000-ton- will be refunded to the venture in this year, the Hong Kong Su• class No.l berth to handle exports the fourth and fifth year. If the preme Court disposed of a total of of mainly cement should be fin• above-mentioned two conditions 30 cases under these terms. The ished by the end of 1993. will not be realized during this Supreme Court of New Zealand Plans for the Tangshan Har• preferential period, the zone will began to recognize and carry out bour aim to make it a first-class return to the enterprise all levies China's judicial settlement for the port for external trade by the end already handed to the state from first time last year. The courts of 1992. Under preparation at pre• financial reserves. Raw materials, of the United States, Japan, Ita• sent are the six units of customs, components, auxiliary parts and ly and Thailand are also accepting harbour supervision, commercial

32 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 BUSINESS/TRADE inspection, health quarantine, an• bidding and 76 granted by the gy and equipment and establish• imal and plant examination, and signing of agreements. At the ing foreign-funded enterprises border inspection. symposium, the province will also (joint ventures, co-operative and Upon completion, the Tang- announce ten projects for the de• solely foreign-owned enterprises.) shan Harbour will become a new velopment of land covering an As of now, the city has set up 27 window to the outside world in area of 115 square km. foreign-invested businesses, worth north China. With the Qinhuang- At present, the province's ten some US$200 million in foreign dao Harbour and the Xingang projects for the opening up of real capital and introduced technology Harbour of Tianjin, it will form a estate have been approved in such for 250 technological projects. At multiple-purpose dock group for cities and counties as Fuqing, the same time, the city has esta• handling energy exports from Quanzhou, Longhai and Fuzhou. blished economic and trade rela• Qinhuangdao, imports and ex• The total area to be developed tions with over 40 countries and ports of raw materials from Tang- covers more than ten square km regions including Japan, the Unit• shan, and two-way container load and US$270 million in foreign ed States, the Soviet Union, Switz• trade from the Xingang Harbour capital will be used. • erland, Indonesia, Thailand, Sin• in Tianjin. gapore, the Philippines and Hong by Li Ning Kong, Macao and Taiwan. New Jinzhou Projects According to Hu, several years To Use Foreign Funds of construction have greatly im• For Lease: proved the investment climate. 84 Lots of Land in Fujian Hu Zhanshan, mayor of Jin• The Jinzhou Harbour is northeast zhou City, Province, re• China's third open port which can According to a provincial offi• cently announced ten major pro• accommodate foreign ships. Con• cial in charge of land administra• jects to use foreign funds. struction of the first-stage project tion, Fujian Province will offer The projects include petro• of the harbour was completed at foreign businessmen 84 pieces of chemical processing, medicine, the end of last year. At present, real estate at the Fujian Prov• harbour construction, expansion one 10,000-ton-class oil tanker incial Foreign Investment Trade of cement plants, books and per• berth and two 10,000-ton-class Symposium to be held in Xiamen iodical printing, paper-making, bulk goods' berths have been put in September. textile and building materials. into operation. A 12-km railway The land covers 4.1244 million With the approval of the state, line linking the harbour, to be square metres and is the largest Hu said, his city will enjoy prefer• completed within the year, can for lease in Fujian Province. Of ential treatment similar to that of ship commodities for import and the lots, six are to be auctioned, the Pearl River Delta in introduc• export nationwide and then on two transferred through public ing foreign investment, technolo• to Europe through the Eurasian Continental "Bridge." The har• bour's petroleum pipeline will be connected this June and will allow the direct export of crude and fin• ished oil from China's Daqing and Liaohe oilfields. Expansion of the Jinzhou Air• port is expected to be completed in the first six months of this year. At that time, the airport will be able to handle medium-sized air• craft. Improved telecommunications facilities and 15,000 programme- controlled telephones will make it possible for Jinzhou to be linked with 182 countries and regions throughout the world. In addition, the construction of a 1.27-square-km processing dis• trict for harbour storage is in full swing. by Li Ming

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 33 TOURISM The special one-year tourist Song Dynasty Street promotion will offer 249 high- Catches Former Glory grade unique tourist routes, ex• ceptional food and accommoda• new, unique tourist spot in tion and easy access to scenic Kaifeng, Henan Province, spots such as the Great Wall, an• A the Song Dynasty Imperial cient Silk Road and pleasure boat Street, was completed and opened cruises along the Yellow River to the public on April 20 this year. and the Three Gorges of the On entering the street, people Yangtze River, along with tours of mountains and winter scenery. can catch a glimpse of the af• Fan Mansion Inn on the Song Dynasty fluence of the capital during Street. Special study tours will be held the Northern Song Dynasty for vacationing students. There (960-1127). Replicas of Song will also be special tours on buildings flank both sides of the traditional health care, cook• avenue. The 55 shops have far too ing, honeymoon for newly-weds, many inscriptions, signs and lan• customs of China's southwest na• terns in front of their doors for tional minorities and to the water the eye to take in. Store-owners villages south of the Yangtze. Pil• wear Song Dynasty dresses to sell grimages to the four famous their goods to tourists while Buddhist mountains, and trips for "Song Dynasty Langzhong" (doc• overseas Chinese seeking to pay tors) feel the pulses of patients respects to their ancestors in their and diagnose treatment. A young ancestral villages and help some search for their roots will also couple attired in period costume Store-owners in Song Dynasty attire of• can be seen holding a Song period fer you age old services. be arranged. During the period, wedding ceremony. XU XIANGJUN Chinese organizers will schedule The Fan Mansion Hotel at the some major activities as follows: northern end of the street is con• its construction. Guide Lou Jien Starting from January, the first structed in Song courtyard-style said that in recent years he took group of tourists to arrive in each with five three-storied buildings more than ten Chinese and for• part of China will be accorded on the four sides and at the centre. eign tourist groups there. The lavish receptions. One hundred In the Song days, the establish• sightseers all said, "The beauty of lucky tourist groups will receive ment was the best of the 72 res• this street defied description." preferential treatment for air tick• taurants where high-ranking offi• With a history of over 2,700 ets, accommodation, shopping, en• cials, nobles, scholars and poets years, Kaifeng is known as one of tertainment and other details. often gathered to drink and com• the seven large ancient capitals of Between February and March, pose poems. A current popular China along with Xian, Luoyang, the Ministry of Culture will hold love story is that of Emperor Hui Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou and a China Arts Festival in Kunm• Zong of the Song Dynasty and the Anyang. Seven dynasties esta• ing, Yunnan Province, and the famous prostitute Li Shishi of Fan blished their capitals in Kaifeng, State Cultural Relics Administra• Mansion. The hotel is now one of of which the Northern Song Dy• tion will put on a major relics the largest cultural and recrea• nasty, with a span of 168 years and exhibition in the Palace Museum tional centres in Kaifeng. It prov• nine emperors, was the longest. In in Beijing. ides food, accommodation, tours, those days Kaifeng was known as From May to October, var• shopping and recreation facilities. Dongjing and Bianjing. ious unique festivals of mouth• Tourists can drink tea there, taste by Feng Jing watering food will be conducted Song delicacies, wear Song appa• in Beijing, Guangzhou, Shang• rel, stay in period houses, and hai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Cheng• even don imperial dragon robes

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 BOOKS

ing the period from the beginning of the tenth century Chinese Drama in a Foreigner's Eyes to 1949, the year the People's Republic of China was founded, and the second the period from 1949 lo Chinese Drama: A Historical Survey 1988, the year the book was completed. In both parts, Authored by Professor Colin Mackerras Professor Mackerras considers the drama as a branch Published by New World Press of the performing arts, as a literary and musical form, First Edition 1990, page 274 and as an important part of Chinese society. Reviewed by Shi Jicai In the first part, the author discusses the drama of ot only does (Chinese) drama rank high among north and south China separately, thus adopting a China's art, but China stands high in its regional approach, rather than one which treats each N dramatic tradition among the world's civili• dynasty separately. There is also a special chapter on zations," says Professor Colin Mackerras in his recent the minority nationalities. The second part, on New book Chinese Drama: A Historical Survey. China, emphasizes the creativity of the Chinese dra• Colin Mackerras is a professor of the Division of matists, especially in the period of reform since 1978, Asian and International Studies and co-director of the but also points out the disastrous impact of the "cul• Key Center for Asian Languages and Studies, both at tural revolution" (1966-76), a time of extreme politi- Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. He has calization, on the theatre. visited China many times since 1964 and has a wide- The appendix of the "Translated Terms" in En• range of experience in the review of Chinese drama, glish, Chinese and Chinese characters provides as well as wide contacts in the world of Chinese technical terms for designation of drama forms, items theatre. As the author of The Rise of the Peking of costuming, musical instruments and many other Opera (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972), The Perform• aspects of the art which have no really accurate En• ing Arts in Contemporary China (Routledge and Ke- glish equivalent. gan Paul, London, 1981) and editor and contributor The "Select Bibliography" shows that the sources to the book Chinese Theatre from Its Origin to the for the book are mainly Chinese, including both pri• Present Day (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu mary sources written by people who saw first hand 1983, 1988), he is a well-known expert on Chinese what they wrote about and secondary sources written drama. by Chinese scholars. In a letter stating the outline of the book. Professor The 25 well-chosen coloured pictures are a repre• Mackerras writes, "The book will attempt a general sentative historical survey of Chinese drama. They historical survey of the Chinese drama, the historical include pictures of 2000-year-old stone carvings, wall background which produced the various forms and paintings depicting the earliest performances and pic• items of drama, and also present some material on tures of theatrical performances in the 19th century the performance and musical aspects of the different to the present day. Four pictures of stages and stage genres and types of drama. In addition, there will be sets, and portraits of the three famous dramatists some attempt to set the drama against the society of Guan Hanqing, Tang Xianzu and Tian Han are also which i it was a part. The aim is thus to be fairly included. comprehensive in coverage.... The style of writing will The author says in "Conclusion" that the Chinese target the general reader and avoid the denseness of a drama of all periods must be evaluated according to purely academic work, but will nevertheless aim to be what the creators themselves hoped to achieve and both accurate and thought-provoking." any criteria for assessing Chinese drama, like drama Professor Mackerras succeeded in achieving his of any civilization, should be based on the culture aim, set forth in the outline and in condensing the itself. So it is "pointless (for Westerners) to criticize long and splendid history of Chinese drama into a Chinese dramatists for failing to produce tragedies in 274-page book. the Western classical mould when such an aim never The book is divided into two parts, the first co,ver- occurred to them." • will take place in Beijing, Shang• Tourism Administration will of• holding star rating approval, hai and Guangzhou. fer bonus tours to 1,000 tourist China now has 72 large and 700 In October, Guangzhou will put agencies that have done outstand• medium-sized travel services; on the 1992 China Travel Art Fes• ing work in China's travel promo• CAAC, with its 127 passenger planes has opened up 45 interna• tival presenting many colourful tion. tional air routes in addition to performances. Today, China's travel agencies eight flights to Hong Kong and A photo competition for travell• have the capabilities to provide a Macao and 372 domestic destina• ers, "China As I See It," will also wide range of services. According tions. These agencies are all ready be held in 1992. to official statistics, by the end to provide every convenience to To conclude the 1992 tourist of 1990, 1,987 tourist hotels had a tourists visiting China. campaign, the China National 293,827-room capacity, with 496 by Li Ning

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 35 CULTURTA SCIENCE in his eyes. He says slowly, "Any• A Great but Ordinary Man on Show ing was born in 1922. He's only 28. Shortly after his birth, he hile many films strive to Zhongnanhai, the residence of moved about with us. Later he display Mao's rare gifts Chinese leaders, but Mao's secre• was put into jail with his mother W and bold strategy in war, tary finds it hard to pass it on to Yang Kaihui whom he lost at the the newly released Mao Zedong Mao, so he goes to Premier Zhou age of eight. He then took up and His Son tells the little- Enlai instead. Mao is in a fever roaming the streets of Shanghai known story of Mao's family life, and Zhou decides to conceal the with his two younger brothers.... portraying him as an ordinary tidings temporarily. Zhou asks This was only because he was the man. the secretary to keep the secret son of Mao Zedong." Mao re• In 1950, the United States sent from Anying's bride Liu Siqi. veals his guilt that he has not troops to Korea and the flames The daughter of a revolution• acted as a good father. of war were threatening Chinese ary martyr, Liu was adopted by After this, Mao does nothing territory. China decided to dis• Mao when she was young. She but smoke. He becomes extreme• patch a volunteer army to help goes to see Mao every week as ly sad and listless. He recalls the the Korean people fight against her husband asked her. Whenev• naughty child who was strict their enemy. was er she betrays her longing for with himself as he grew up. appointed commander of China's Anying, her father-in-law con• Mao concentrates on work to volunteer troops. In the movie, soles her. forget his sorrow. But the once-a- Mao Anying, Mao's eldest son, is Happily celebrating a birthday week visit of his daughter-in-law asked by his father to learn mil• with his family members, Mao is is emotional torture for him. itary affairs from Peng. Mao also pleased with the victories of Chi• Mao keeps the secret from her gives a few of his old shirts to his na's volunteer army on the Ko• because he cannot bear to see the son to take with him. rean battlefield. Premier Zhou, young woman suffer from great Anying, who was a student cautious as always, allows the se• emotional pain. Whenever Liu in the Soviet Union and then cretary to tell Mao the bad news. complains that she has not heard worked as a peasant and later The secretary screws up all his from Anying for quite a long as a worker after he returned to courage to say "Anying has time, Mao pretends to be happy China, goes to Korea to work died." Mao is stunned by the and says, "I have also had a sim• in the army headquarters. The news, but a few minutes later, he ilar experience. I remember that young man is eager to go to the recovers and asks for the details when I roamed about f'or the war front. However, before he about Anying's death. Hands cause of the revolution in Chang- realizes his wish, he sacrifices trembling, Mao is unable to take sha, I had to part with your himself saving his comrade from out a cigarette, so the secretary mother-in-law Kaihui. Separ• an air raid. lights one for him. He inhales the ating was really unbearable. I The bad news travels to smoke heavily, tears welling up did not know that in 1927 we CULTURE/SCIENCE were parting forever. She died blood and hands have frozen. rather than break off relations After seeing Liu off, Mao sits A New Qigong Film with me as the enemy desired." alone. He smokes one cigarette Liu was moved by Mao's words after another. He dimly sees the man in loose white clothes and said with understanding, "It shadows of his son Mao Anying, is doing qigong exercises. is no matter to part for several his wife Yang Kaihui, brothers AAs the focus goes up, an ancient tower appears along with years for our young people. Tens Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan, images of blue sky, flying sea of thousands of volunteer sol• cousin Mao Zejiang, and nephew gulls and a small island. Then diers left their wives and child• Mao Chuxiong, who all gave the light dims into blackness. A ren; some of them even gave their lives to the revolution, com• drop of water streaks over the their lives." ing towards him. panorama of huge lifelike green Early in 1951, Peng returns Zhang Jinbiao, director of the leaves, on top of which are drops from Korea. The commander film at the Hunan Xiaoxiang of water that sparkle crystal- says to Mao with regret, "Chair• Film Studio, commented that clear, lit by side lighting. Then man, I failed to take care of Any- "most Chinese people have never the drops dissolve, and a man ing. This is unforgivable and I seen Mao close up. They have appears, sitting cross-legged ask for punishment." Mao stops taken him as a god. In fact, Mao quietly. Finally, the sun rises him, saying, "You don't need to was both a great man and an from the sea. tell me this. It is a general rule ordinary man at the same time. that the victor should not be This is a sequence of scenes condemned. War always exerts a He had his happiness, anger and from an art and teaching film, price. Allying was an ordinary sorrows. The film focuses on the "A Selection of the Best Tradi• soldier. His death should not be simple side of Mao and not his tional Chinese qigong for Main• considered important just be• famous self." As a Chinese say• taining Health." It was produced cause he was my son. This is not ing goes, "The most mournful jointly by the Chinese Wushu justified. Old Peng, you should happening is that somebody loses (Martial Art) Research Institute not excessively reprove your• his son when he is old, his wife and the International Culture self." in middle age or a father when Exchange Audio and Video Pub• When Mao, on an inspection young." From this angle, the film lishing Corporation. tour, comes across a white-haired reveals the feelings—between The film lasts about 150 min• old woman who has put his pic• father and son, husband and utes. The first half hour des• ture on the front wall of her wife, and between comrades-in• cribes the concepts, aims and room while placing her son, who arms. The audience can see that basic methods of qigong. It ana• gave his life in the Korean War, when Mao descended from the lyzes its cultural origins, devel• on the side wall, he wants to ex• lofty rostrum of Tiananmen, he opment and significance. The ar• change the two pictures. Seeing lived a life like anyone else. This tistic and scientific commentary the old woman Uving in poverty, helps them further understand gives a basic outline of qigong. Mao says, "Our people starved to their leader. This exercise method that stimu• send^ their sons to fight in the Wang Ren, who plays the role lates various internal organs can warland die. They were all living of Mao Zedong in the film, has make people healthy when they souls born by parents. I feel sorry been a performer for four de• engage in certain actions, brea• forlhem!" cades. Beginning in the early thing routines and thoughts. When the Korean War is 1980s, he has played Mao in Such practice provides an under• drawing to an end with the many operas, TV dramas and standing of the relationship be• triumph of the Korean and films. Talking about the creation tween humans and nature. Over Chinese people in the movie, of the role, Wang said, "The core the last several thousand years, Anying's death has been con• of the film is the display of emo• many different styles of qigong cealed for two and a quarter tions. If I had only tried to re• have evolved, mainly represent• years. Mao says to Zhou, "I no produce the appearance and spir• ed by sitting, standing, walking longer want to play this embar• it of Mao, I would have failed. and sleeping exercises. Qigong rassing role." One day when Liu Therefore, I paid more attention reflects the insights and lifestyles comes to see Mao, he asks her, to the inner character of the of people of the distant past. "Siqi, can you cry?" When Mao leader to portray his character A further 30 minutes of the tells her the true story in a roun• and nature, and to narrow the film gives a detailed explanation dabout way, she can't help sob• distance between me and the im• of the practical forms and meth• bing, yet, there are no tears in age I created." ods of four traditional styles of Mao's eyes. It seems that his by Hong Lanxing classical qigong. The nine-turn

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7,1991 37 CULTURE/SCIENCE exercise for longevity effectively cream of China's traditional cul• ear, and some degenerated nerve preserves health and treats di• ture. We hope these films can cells can be rehabilitated. Quite a sease. The 12-form internal exer• make a contribution towards the number of cases of deafness are cise is the most typical method of physical and mental health of the result of inhibitory nerve the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) mankind. • cells and nerve cell damage in and was used at the imperial the inner ear. Based on such an• court for keeping fit. The bro• New Therapy Gives alysis, Shao prepared a herbal cade exercise in eight forms from medicine he named "Anti-Deaf 2,000 years ago is the earliest Hope to the Deaf Pill." He prescribes the pills to style. Developed by the famous his deaf patients and at the same doctors Hua Tuo and Tao r • ihe spring of 1989 was one time uses qigong and massother- Hongjing, it was widely in vogue I of the most memorable apy as supplementary methods. during the Sui and Tang springs in the life of Zhang Patients are also required to dynasties (581-907). The sinew- Xiaohong, a 11-year-old girl in transforming exercise originated practice a special clinical qigong Linyi County, Shanxi Province. he created and take language re• from the Shaolin Temple of the After being deaf for eight years Songshan Mountains. Early peo• covery training. The results are as a result of stretomycin ana• ple based it on the postures of quite successful, especially in the phylaxis, .*he is finally able to birds and animals. It can be used case of nerve deafness. hear the twittering of birds and both to maintain health and for An eight-year-old girl from all the lovely sounds of the self-defense. Longjing City, Jilin Province, world, thanks to a three-month suddenly suffered a loss of hear• The film score features the treatment by Shao Kangli, a synthesizer music "Sky" and ing in both ears on March 2, young aural surgeon at an army 1990. When her parents learned "Silent" of the Japanese compos• hospital in Yuncheng City, er Kitaro. The music, scenes and of Shao's therapy, they took their Shanxi Province. commentary blend together well, daughter to Yuncheng for treat• producing a beautiful film with Zhang Xiaohong is only one of ment after a tedious three days' poetic and philosophic touches. 3,000 deaf patients Doctor Shao journey. Shao worked out a spe• has treated in the past five years. In order to make the pro• cial treatment for the small girl. Among them, more than 2,200 gramme scientific and to stan• One month later, she was able to have had their auditory faculties dardize it, relevant qigong ex• have conversations with people. remarkably improved and more perts were invited to take part in Dong Xiaxuan, 72, is the old• the filming. The production was than 900 have recovered. Shao's new therapy has an impressive est patient Zhao has cured. 20 supervised by advisor Xu Cairen, years ago, Dong became deaf director of the Chinese Wushu effectiveness rate of 74.1 percent and a success rate of 30 percent. while suffering from a heavy Research Institute and top cold. Since then he heard no• Wushu coach Wu Bin, director Shao, 30, graduated from the Chinese Medicine Section of thing except frequent ringing in of the Technical Committee of his ears. In the past 20 years he the Wushu Federation of Asia. Yuncheng Medical School in has gone to many doctors with• Xu Xiangdong, Su Xiaoping, 1980. Since then he has been col• out the least result. After Shao's Wang Xiurong and Zhang Yong- lecting and studying the materi• shen who performed qigong in als and records concerned with treatment he regained his hear• the film are all famous figures in the treatment of deafness and ing and the ringing disappeared. Wushu and qigong circles. The consulting veteran doctors who At present he practices qigong film director was Zhang Hai- have experience in this field. everyday and feels better and fang, who has won international Based on clinical practice, he better. He said he never dreamed and Chinese government film created a new therapy using of regaining his auditus at such awards. Chinese herbal medicine as the an old age and he felt as if he had The film has both Chinese and main prescription. returned to 20 years ago. English subtitles. It has been dis• Traditional Chinese medical At present Shao Kangli and closed that it is the first in what theory claims that blindness and his colleagues are planning to set is to be a series on Chinese deafness are the direct result of up a deafness recovery center qigong. A sequel entitled weak kidney energy. Shao has and an aural training base to "Qigong and Beauty Treatment" discovered from a large number provide systematic and compre• and others are to appear one af• of deafness cases that all nerve hensive treatment for deaf pa• ter another. deafness is not caused by the de• tients. Wu said that qigong is the generation of nerve cells in the by Cheng Gang

38 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 1-7, 1991 Deng Xiaoping (made by Cheng Yunxian) Changyi Foreign Trade Corp. of Shandong Province The Changyi Silk Printing and Dyeing Fac• the FB501-type ring spinning frames for wool. tory, a comprehensive modern dyeing and The factory is capable of producing 10 million finish processing enterprise for such products square metres of adhesive-bonded fabrics, 50,- as silk and its intersect weaving fabrics, rayon 000 square metres of steel sash and 30,000 filament and its intersea weaving fabrics, syn• pieces of nickel netting annually. The faaory's thetic filament and its intersect weaving fa• products enjoy good sales in many countries brics, all cotton and its intersect weaving including Pakistan and Singapore. fabrics as well as other kinds of interlacing The Changyi Refrigeration Factory, with a fibre and, blended fabric. The products are sold quick-freeze capacity of up to 50 tons and a in many countries and regions including Eu• refrigeration capacity of 500 tons, can accom• rope and America, Japan, Hong Kong and modate 20,000 chickens a month. The factory Southeast Asia. exports more than 20 varieties of products The Changyi Textile Machinery Faaory, including headless prawn and shrimp meat, with four affiliated branches—textile machi• packaged chicken as well as chicken vdngs, nery, adhesive-bonded fabric, steel sashand feet, legs and breasts. nickel net factories—produces 1,000 large- scale textile machines annually. It has devel• oped and manufactured singeing machines, silk sizing machines, fabric grinding machines, plane washing machines, various types of paste spreading machines for printing web roller and some two dozen new products including FA502-, FA506-type ring spinning frames and

The Changyi Foreign Trade Corp., Shandong Province Manager Fan Shimin Address South Yanwei Road, Changyi County, Shandong Postcode 261300 Tel: 2691 SHANDONG CHANGYI