DOCSLIB.ORG

Part 1 Title.Fm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Part 1 Acoustics Chapter 1 Audio and Acoustic DNA—Do You Know Your Audio and Acoustic Ancestors? by Don and Carolyn Davis Introduction . 5 Genesis . 5 1893—The Magic Year . 6 Bell Laboratories and Western Electric . 7 Harvey Fletcher (1884–1981) . 9 Negative Feedback—1927 . 10 Harry Nyquist (1889–1976) . 10 The dB, dBm and the VI . 10 Bell Labs and Talking Motion Pictures. 11 Motion Pictures—Visual versus Auditory . 11 The Transition from Western Electric to Private Companies . 11 Audio Publications . 12 The “High” Fidelity Equipment Designers . 13 Sound System Equalization . 13 Acoustics . 14 Professional-Level Audio Equipment Scaled to Home Use . 15 Edwin Armstrong (1890–1954) The Invention of Radio and Fidelity . 16 Acoustic Measurements—Richard C. Heyser (1931–1987) . 17 Calculators and Computers . 18 The Meaning of Communication . 19 Bibliography. 20 3 Audio and Acoustic DNA—Do You Know Your Audio and Acoustic Ancestors? 5 Introduction separate term. The interesting meaning of this word along with entrepreneur-tinkerer allows one a meaning- This chapter is the DNA of my ancestors, the giants ful way to divide the pioneers whose work, stone by who inspired and influenced my life. If you or a hun- stone, built the edifice we call audio and acoustics. dred other people wrote this chapter, your ancestors Mathematics, once understood, is the simplest way would be different. I hope you find reading the DNA of to fully explore complex ideas but the tinkerer often my ancestors worthwhile and that it will provoke you was the one who found the “idea” first. In my youth I into learning more about them. was aware of events such as Edwin Armstrong’s con- Interest in my audio and acoustic ancestors came struction of the entire FM transmitting and reception about by starting the first independent Hi-Fi shop, The system on breadboard circuits. A successful demonstra- Golden Ear, in Lafayette, Indiana in early 1952. The tion then occurred followed by detailed mathematical great men of hi-fi came to our shop to meet with the analysis by the same men who earlier had used mathe- audio enthusiasts from Purdue: Paul Klipsch, Frank matics to prove its impossibility. In fact, one of the McIntosh, Gordon Gow, H.H. Scott, Saul Marantz, mathematician’s papers on the impossibility of FM was Rudy Bozak, Avery Fisher—manufacturers who exhib- directly followed at the same meeting by a working ited in the Hi-Fi shows at the Hollywood Roosevelt and demonstration of an FM broadcast by Armstrong. the Hilton in New York City. We sold our shops in Indi- The other side of the coin is best illustrated by James anapolis and Lafayette in 1955, and took an extended Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), working from the trip to Europe. In 1958 I went to work for Paul Klipsch non-mathematical seminal work of Michael Faraday. as his “President in charge of Vice.” Mr. Klipsch intro- Michael Faraday duced me to Lord Kelvin, the Bell Labs West Street per- had a brilliant mind that sonnel, as well as his untrammeled genius. worked without the Altec was the next stop, with my immediate manager encumbrance of a for- being “the man who made the motion picture talk.” At mal education. His Altec I rubbed against and was rubbed against by the experiments were with greats and those who knew the greats of the inception of an early Volta cell, the Art. This resulted in our awareness of the rich sense given him by Volta of history we have been a part of and we hope that shar- when he traveled to ing our remembrance will help you become alert to the Italy with Sir Humphry richness of your own present era. Davy as Davy’s assis- In 1972 we were privileged to work with the leaders tant. This led to his in our industry who came forward to support the first experiments with the independent attempt at audio education, Synergetic electric field and com- Audio Concepts (Syn-Aud-Con). These manufacturers passes. Faraday envi- represented the best of their era and they shared freely sioned fields of force around wires where others saw with us and our students without ever trying to “put some kind of electric fluid flowing through wires. Fara- strings on us.” day was the first to use the terms electrolyte, anode, cathode, and ion. His examination of inductance led to the electric motor. His observations led his good friend, Genesis James Clerk Maxwell, to his remarkable equations that The true history of audio consists of ideas, men who defined electromagnetism for all time. envisioned the ideas, and those rare products that repre- A conversation with William Thomson (later Lord sented the highest embodiment of those ideas. The men Kelvin) when Thomson was 21 led Faraday to a series and women who first articulated new ideas are regarded of experiments that showed that Thomson’s question as as discoverers. Buckminster Fuller felt that the terms to whether light was affected by passing through an realization and realizer were more accurate. electrolyte—it wasn’t—led to Faraday’s trying to pass Isaac Newton is credited with “We stand on the polarized light past a powerful magnet to the discover shoulders of giants” regarding the advancement of the magneto-optical effect (the Faraday effect). Diamag- human thought. The word science was first coined in netism demonstrated that magnetism was a property of 1836 by Reverend William Hewell, the Master of Trinity all matter. College, Cambridge. He felt the term, natural philoso- Faraday was the perfect example of not knowing pher, was too broad, and that physical science deserved a mathematics freed him from the prejudices of the day. 6 Chapter 1 James Clerk Max- were the technical societies formed around the time of well was a youthful Newton where ideas could be heard by a large receptive friend of Faraday and a audience. Some of the world’s best mathematicians mathematical genius struggled to quantify sound in air, in enclosures, and in on a level with New- all manner of confining pathways. Since the time of ton. Maxwell took Far- Euler (1707–1783), Lagrange (1736–1813), and aday’s theories of d’Alembert (1717–1783), mathematical tools existed to electricity and mag- analyze wave motion and develop field theory. netic lines of force into By the birth of the 20th a mathematical formu- century, workers in the lation. He showed that telephone industry com- an oscillating electric prised the most talented charge produces an mathematicians and electromagnetic field. experimenters. Oliver The four partial differ- Heaviside’s operational ential equations were calculus had been super- first published in 1873 and have since been thought of seded by Laplace trans- as the greatest achievement of the 19th century of forms at MIT (giving them physics. an enviable technical lead Maxwell’s equations are the perfect example of in education). mathematics predicting a phenomenon that was unknown at that time. That two such differing mind-sets as Faraday and Maxwell were close friends bespeaks 1893—The Magic Year the largeness of both men. At the April 18, 1893 meeting of the American Institute These equations brought the realization that, because of Electrical Engineers in New York City, Arthur Edwin charges can oscillate with any frequency, visible light Kennelly (1861–1939) gave a paper entitled itself would form only a small part of the entire spec- “Impedance.” trum of possible electromagnetic radiation. Maxwell’s That same year General equations predicted transmittable radiation which led Electric, at the insistence of Hertz to build apparatus to demonstrate electromag- Edwin W. Rice, bought netic transmission. Rudolph Eickemeyer’s J. Willard Gibbs, America’s greatest contributor to company for his trans- electromagnetic theory, so impressed Maxwell with his former patents. The genius papers on thermodynamics that Maxwell constructed a Charles Proteus Steinmetz three-dimensional model of Gibbs’s thermodynamic (1865–1923) worked for surface and, shortly before his death, sent the model to Eickemeyer. In the saga of Gibbs. great ideas, I have always G.S. Ohm, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, been as intrigued by the Joseph Henry, Andre Marie Ampere, and G.R. Kirch- managers of great men as hoff grace every circuit analysis done today as resis- much as the great men tance in ohms, potential difference in volts, current in themselves. E.W. Rice of amperes, inductance in henrys, and capacity in farads General Electric personi- and viewed as a Kirchhoff diagram. Their predecessors fied true leadership when and contemporaries such as Joule (work, energy, heat), he looked past the mis- Charles A. Coulomb (electric charge), Isaac Newton shapened dwarf that was (force), Hertz (frequency), Watt (power), Weber (mag- Steinmetz to the mind netic flux), Tesla (magnetic flux density), and Siemens present in the man. Gen- (conductance) are immortalized as international S.I. eral Electric’s engineering derived units. Lord Kelvin alone has his name inscribed preeminence proceeded as an S.I. base unit. directly from Rice’s As all of this worked its way into the organized extraordinary hiring of thinking of humankind, the most important innovations Steinmetz. Audio and Acoustic DNA—Do You Know Your Audio and Acoustic Ancestors? 7 Dr. Michael I. Pupin of A. Campbell, and their fellow engineers developed filter Columbia University was theory so thoroughly as to be worthwhile reading today. present at the Kennelly paper. Steinmetz was not at the April 18, 1893 meeting, but Pupin mentioned Oliver sent in a letter of comment which included, Heaviside’s use of the word It is, however, the first instance here, so far as I impedance in 1887. This know, that the attention is drawn by Mr.
Recommended publications
  • 2015 Annual Report

    2015 Annual Report

    2015 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL TM ADVANCING PHYSICS REPORT TM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members © 2016 American Physical Society During 2015, APS worked to institute the governance objective: “the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge changes approved by the membership in late 2014. In of physics.” APS is fully committed to the principles of OA accordance with the new Constitution & Bylaws, in to the extent that we can continue to support the production February the Board appointed our first Chief Executive of high-quality peer-reviewed journals. For many years APS Officer—Kate Kirby, the former Executive Officer—to has supported “green” OA and we have been fully compliant head the APS. Kate’s major task has been to transition with the 2013 directive from the Office of Science and the management of APS to a CEO model with a Senior Technology Policy that the publications resulting from Management Team. She appointed Mark Doyle as Chief U.S. federally funded research be accessible to the public 12 Information Officer, James Taylor as Chief Operating months after publication. Since APS is a major international Officer, and Matthew Salter as the new Publisher.
  • 2005 Annual Report American Physical Society

    2005 Annual Report American Physical Society

    1 2005 Annual Report American Physical Society APS 20052 APS OFFICERS 2006 APS OFFICERS PRESIDENT: PRESIDENT: Marvin L. Cohen John J. Hopfield University of California, Berkeley Princeton University PRESIDENT ELECT: PRESIDENT ELECT: John N. Bahcall Leo P. Kadanoff Institue for Advanced Study, Princeton University of Chicago VICE PRESIDENT: VICE PRESIDENT: John J. Hopfield Arthur Bienenstock Princeton University Stanford University PAST PRESIDENT: PAST PRESIDENT: Helen R. Quinn Marvin L. Cohen Stanford University, (SLAC) University of California, Berkeley EXECUTIVE OFFICER: EXECUTIVE OFFICER: Judy R. Franz Judy R. Franz University of Alabama, Huntsville University of Alabama, Huntsville TREASURER: TREASURER: Thomas McIlrath Thomas McIlrath University of Maryland (Emeritus) University of Maryland (Emeritus) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Martin Blume Martin Blume Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) PHOTO CREDITS: Cover (l-r): 1Diffraction patterns of a GaN quantum dot particle—UCLA; Spring-8/Riken, Japan; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab, SLAC & UC Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 085503 (2005) 2TESLA 9-cell 1.3 GHz SRF cavities from ACCEL Corp. in Germany for ILC. (Courtesy Fermilab Visual Media Service 3G0 detector studying strange quarks in the proton—Jefferson Lab 4Sections of a resistive magnet (Florida-Bitter magnet) from NHMFL at Talahassee LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT APS IN 2005 3 2005 was a very special year for the physics community and the American Physical Society. Declared the World Year of Physics by the United Nations, the year provided a unique opportunity for the international physics community to reach out to the general public while celebrating the centennial of Einstein’s “miraculous year.” The year started with an international Launching Conference in Paris, France that brought together more than 500 students from around the world to interact with leading physicists.
  • The HP Garage—The Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California

    The HP Garage—The Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California

    Brochure A home for innovation The HP Garage—the Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California HP Corporate Archives Brochure A home for innovation Tucked away on a quiet, tree-lined residential street near Stanford University, the HP Garage stands today as the enduring symbol of innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit. It was in this humble 12x18-foot building that college friends Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard first pursued the dream of a company of their own. Guided by an unwavering desire to develop innovative and useful products, the two men went on to blaze a trail at the forefront of the electronics revolution. The history of the HP Garage The HP Garage in 1939 (top) and The garage stands behind a two-story Shingle restored in 2005 (bottom). Style home built for Dr. John C. Spencer about 1905. The exact construction date of the garage is unknown, but while there is no evidence of its presence on insurance maps dated 1908, by 1924 it is clearly denoted on updated documents as a private garage. In 1938, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard decided to “make a run for it” in business. Dave left his job at General Electric in Schenectady, New York, and returned to Palo Alto while Bill scouted rentals. The garage was dedicated as the Birthplace of Silicon Valley in 1989, and HP acquired the He found one perfect for their needs on Addison property in 2000. HP is proud to have worked Avenue. Chosen specifically because of a garage closely with the City of Palo Alto to return the he and Dave could use as their workshop, the house, garage, and shed to conditions much property also offered a three-room, ground- as they were in 1939.
  • Delccm's Silent Science Loveland in Perspective from the Chairman's Desk

    Delccm's Silent Science Loveland in Perspective from the Chairman's Desk

    Delccm's Silent Science Loveland in perspective from the chairman's desk ITHIK A FEW DAYS we will issue our annual report Another primary objective in 1965 is to achieve a substan­ . to stockholders covering operations for fiscal 1964. tial increase in our over·all volume of business. To do this, W It was a good year for the company, with sales rising we are going to have to increase the flow of new and im­ 8 percent to a level of $124.9 million, and incoming orders proved products from our laboratories, and get these prod­ totaling $130.4, million, also up 8 percent over last year. The ucts into production with greater speed and efficiency than profit picture improved considerably over 1963, with a net ever before. Moreover, we expect our field sales people to do after taxes of $9.4 million, an increase of 29 percent. a more effective job of expanding existing markets for our We were especially gratified at the improvement in our products and tapping new markets, as well. after-tax profit margin from 6.3 cents per sales dollar in 1963 During this next year we will plat'e increasing emphasis to 7.5 cents in 1964. This is largely the result of your day-to­ on diversification. With the slowup in defense spending and day efforts to reduce costs and do a more effective, produc­ the expectation that the gOYernment will continue to curtail tive job. or modi£} many at its pro~rams, we are working hard to As you know, we spend a great deal of time talking about broaden our base and expand our technolot\1' into new fields.
  • Timeline of Computer History

    Timeline of Computer History

    Timeline of Computer History By Year By Category Search AI & Robotics (55) Computers (145)(145) Graphics & Games (48) Memory & Storage (61) Networking & The Popular Culture (50) Software & Languages (60) Bell Laboratories scientist 1937 George Stibitz uses relays for a Hewlett-Packard is founded demonstration adder 1939 Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop “Model K” Adder David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Alto, California garage. Their first product, the HP 200A A Called the “Model K” Adder because he built it on his Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipm “Kitchen” table, this simple demonstration circuit provides for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 2 proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of model to test recording equipment and speaker systems computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie I Complex Calculator in 1939. That same year in Germany, “Fantasia” in 1940. engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. The Complex Number Calculat 1940 Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 (CNC) is completed Computer 1941 The Zuse Z3 Computer The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC) display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.
  • Austin Tobin, Leo Beranek and the Advent of Jet Travel

    Austin Tobin, Leo Beranek and the Advent of Jet Travel

    Journal of Aeronautical History Paper No. 2017/03 Public Demands and Technological Response: Austin Tobin, Leo Beranek and the Advent of Jet Travel Jameson W. Doig Research Professor in Government, Dartmouth College; Professor Emeritus, Princeton University Abstract As the Luddite protests in the 19th Century and resistance in the 20th Century to building nuclear power plants illustrate, technological change often generates powerful public opposition. In some instances, however, scientific strategies, joined with sustained pressure from well-placed supporters, can be used to ameliorate the worst effects of technological change - as the case described below illustrates. When Pan Am tried to introduce jet planes for travel in the US and across the Atlantic, it generated a battle that lasted more than two years. The public agency that operated all three major airports in the New York region - the Port Authority - had been designed to encourage its officials to emphasize scientifically based analysis in setting policy; and the agency's leader, Austin Tobin, had developed a strong reputation for political independence and integrity. He also had previous encounters with the airlines, described below, leading him to be suspicious of their assertion that jet planes were not unduly noisy. Therefore, to test jet noise, he recruited the nation's premier acoustical engineer, Leo Beranek, and when Beranek concluded that jets were perceived to be much louder than expected, the aircraft industry fought back, challenging the findings, appealing to federal officials, and alleging that Tobin might be corrupt. After two years of conflict, the airplane industry capitulated, and in a few years the standards developed for the New York airports were embraced by airport managers across the United States and Europe.
  • Electronics – William (Bill) Hewlett

    Electronics – William (Bill) Hewlett

    By Les Simmonds Electronics – William (Bill) Hewlett This new series of articles on elec- The HP 200 series low distortion high quality and long product life tronics will place emphasis on the resistance-capacitance audio os- possible with electronic equip- second word in the name of this cillator directly descended from ment. magazine "Electronics". HP co-founder Bill Hewlett’s mas- ters degree thesis at Stanford Hewlett’s oscillator used a reso- The electronics subjects we will University in 1939. It was HP's nant RC circuit originated by Max cover will include security elec- first product, manufactured in Wien which was developed in tronics and general electronics, 1939 and in various shapes and 1891 (no typo’s here either) (do both analogue and digital, old and sizes it lasted in the HP product you tech heads remember the new technologies, electronics range for nearly 50 years, yes 50 Wien Bridge?) In 1891 Wien had books, etc. We will also cover years! (Current electronic design- no source of electronic gain so he some of the interesting past and ers and manufacturers please couldn't readily get anything to present electronics industry char- note: The number 50 is not a oscillate. Wien went on to de- acters and equipment. We will typo). velop a network for AC bridge keep it simple, interesting and fun measurements. because, "If it isn't fun it ain’t This machine is real electronics worth doing". (George Thorogood history. It provided a direction In 1939 Hewlett saw that Wien's - R&B Guitarist 1978) methods and standards that have network, combined with suitable been reflected in HP products to electronic gain, offered advan- When I first discussed this series this day.
  • Acoustic Phonetics Kenneth Stevens Pdf

    Acoustic Phonetics Kenneth Stevens Pdf

    Acoustic phonetics kenneth stevens pdf Continue This book presents the theory of the speech sound of a generation in the human vocal system. This long-awaited work represents the theory of the speech-sound generation in the human vocal system. Comprehensive acoustic theory serves as one of the foundations for determining the categories of speech sound used to create differences between words in languages. The author begins by reviewing the anatomy and physiology of speech products, then covering the original mechanisms, vocal tract as an acoustic filter, relevant aspects of auditory psychophysics and physiology, as well as phonological presentations. In other chapters, he presents a detailed study of vowels, consonants and the impact of context on the production of speech sound. Although it focuses mainly on the sounds of the English language, it briefly touches on sounds in other languages. The book will serve as a reference for speech scientists, speech therapists, linguists interested in phonetics and phonology, psychologists interested in speech perception and production, as well as engineers interested in processing speech applications. Whenever someone - a linguist, speech pathologist, or communications engineer - wants to know why the acoustic structure of a particular sound is as it is, it is the book to which they will turn. There is absolutely no other book with anything like this depth of coverage. - Peter Ladefoged, Professor of Phonetics Honorary, University of California, Los Angeles This long-awaited work represents the theory of the speech sound of a generation in the human vocal system. Comprehensive acoustic theory serves as one of the foundations for determining the categories of speech sound used to create differences between words in languages.
  • The Jon Brenneis Photograph Archive

    The Jon Brenneis Photograph Archive

    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8m3317t No online items Finding Aid to the Jon Brenneis Photograph Archive Bancroft Library staff The Bancroft Library 2016 The Bancroft Library University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ Finding Aid to the Jon Brenneis BANC PIC 2002.171 1 Photograph Archive Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library Title: The Jon Brenneis photograph archive creator: Brenneis, Jon Identifier/Call Number: BANC PIC 2002.171 Physical Description: 124,000 photographs (57 boxes (negatives), 14 boxes (photographic prints and transparencies), 3 oversize boxes (photographic prints), 1 box (transparencies)) Date (inclusive): 1940-1990, bulk 1946-1985 Abstract: The professional photographic archive of freelance photojournalist Jon Brenneis of Berkeley, California. Covering a wide range of news, popular culture, and human interest stories, chiefly from 1948 into the 1980s, particular strengths are science and technology, high tech companies of the San Francisco Bay Area, and corporate and business history focused on Bay Area companies. Many of the Bancroft Library collections are stored offsite and advance notice may be required for use. For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the library's online catalog. Access to Collection Collection is open for research; access requires advance notice. Conditions Governing Use Jon Brenneis's copyright in this material has been assigned to the Regents of the University of California, for the benefit of The Bancroft Library. In addition to copyright considerations, the reproduction of some materials may be restricted by terms of University of California gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions, privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks.
  • My Memories of Early Days at Hewlett-Packard Gmbh Willi Jirgal

    My Memories of Early Days at Hewlett-Packard Gmbh Willi Jirgal

    My Memories of Early Days at Hewlett-Packard GmbH Willi Jirgal Foreword Mr. HP Europe Administrator—Willi Jirgal Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard changed literally tens of thousands of lives across the globe. It wasn't so much that we couldn't have found other challenging jobs in high technology. But it was our luck that we signed on to the best company with the best work culture in the world of the second half of the 20th century. That culture which was largely US derived soon found Bill Hewlett extending it internationally. Bill was always the internationalist, and started the HP moves overseas with operations in Switzerland, Britain and Germany. This was done to exploit the new European Economic agreements on trade. Some of this history is covered in the Ray Smelek and Carl Cottrell memoirs on this website. Willi's memories will fill in more information on the rapid growth of the German manufacturing operation. He recalls some writings of Fred Schröder and Eberhard Knoblauch, as they reviewed some of the early decades of their endeavors. It is always interesting to review memories of managers like Fred and Eberhard, as they lead a creative team of enthusiastic engineers and manufacturing personnel to build an entirely new facility in a new land. We can then compare their experiences with other memoirs like Al Steiner's memoir of his success in moving Delcon from Mountain View, California to Colorado Springs. Or Cort van Rensselaer in his establishment of the Oscilloscope Division in the brand new site in Colorado Springs. There is so much in common with all such memories, in a way which shows how HP people adapt previous experiences and successes to install the HP Way across the globe.
  • History Newsletter CENTER for HISTORY of PHYSICS&NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol

    History Newsletter CENTER for HISTORY of PHYSICS&NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol

    History Newsletter CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS&NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol. 46, No. 2 • Fall 2014 The History Programs Publish Physics Entrepreneurship and Innovation By R. Joseph Anderson, Director, Niels Bohr Library & Archives We completed our most recent study PhD physicists and other professionals energy sources, and laser sensors and of physicists working in the private who co-founded and work at some 91 communications, along with a variety of sector at the end of 2013, and the startup companies in 14 states that were new manufacturing tools. final report, Physics Entrepreneurship established in the last few decades. and Innovation, is now available The four-year study is focused on both in print and online. While the investigating the structure and physicists in the study don’t fit the dynamics of physics entrepreneurship conventional model of hard-driving, and understanding some of the risk taking entrepreneurs, physics- factors that lead to the success or based entrepreneurship plays a vital failure of new startups, including role in innovation and the ongoing funding, technology transfer, location, transformation of American industry business models, and marketing. We in just about every business sector. have also considered ways that the companies can work with private For much of the 20th century, and public archives to preserve technological innovations that drove historically valuable records so that U.S. economic growth emerged from future researchers can understand "idea factories" housed within large today’s technology and economy. Our companies—research units like Bell findings include: Labs or Xerox PARC that developed everything from the transistor to • No national standard of entrepre- the computer mouse.
  • Stanford University, News and Publication Service, Audiovisual Recordings Creator: Stanford University

    Stanford University, News and Publication Service, Audiovisual Recordings Creator: Stanford University

    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8dn43sv Online items available Guide to the Stanford News Service Audiovisual Recordings SC1125 Daniel Hartwig & Jenny Johnson Department of Special Collections and University Archives October 2012 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Stanford News SC1125 1 Service Audiovisual Recordings SC1125 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Stanford University, News and Publication Service, audiovisual recordings creator: Stanford University. News and Publications Service Identifier/Call Number: SC1125 Physical Description: 63 Linear Feetand 17.4 gigabytes Date (inclusive): 1936-2011 Information about Access The materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Ownership & Copyright All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6064. Consent is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/pubserv/permissions.html. Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes. Cite As [identification of item], Stanford University, News and Publication Service, Audiovisual Recordings (SC1125). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.