DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index abaku´a,Afro-Cuban 11 Andalusia 32 Acapulco, Mexico, Africans in 2, 43, 97 slavery in 43, 74 Acosta-Rubio, Ra´ul161–162 Spanish dialects 76, 78, 87, 89, 189, 218, Acosta Saignes, Miguel 127, 129 220, 222, 223, 225, 240, 251, 252, 298 Acu˜nade Figueroa, Francisco 102 Andean region 9, 251, 252, 279 Adamwa-Ubangui language family 199 Andrews, George Reid 103 affirmation, double, see double affirmation Angola 11, 25, 27–29, 34–38, 41, 44, 47, 48, Africa, slavery 20–21 55, 60, 66, 101, 103, 115, 120–122, 126, African-American English, United States 5, 198, 200, 219, 242, 247, 258 85, 114, 148, 213, 301, 303 Portuguese dialects 20, 29, 56, 63, 70, 230, Africanisms in Spanish 4 232, 241, 257, 258, 261, 268, 294 Afro-Asiatic language family 198 Angola Maconde, Juan 138 Afro-Caribbean Spanish 276 Angolar creole language 226 Afro-Cuban language 8, 234–236, 243, Annob´oncreole language and people 6, 54, 251–253, 259, 263, 268, 276, 281, 285, 55, 66, 69, 108, 219, 220, 226, 228, 231, 299, 301 235, 270, 275, 299 Afro-Lusitanian elements in Spanish texts Arabic language and people 18, 24, 198, 266 72–73 Arag´on,slavery in 19 Afro-Peruvian language 242, 243, 264, Arar´alanguage and people 11, 105, 122, 126, 268 198 Afro-Portuguese pidgin 6, 74 Araujo, Juan de 130 Afro-Puerto Rican language 235–236, 276, Ardra 36, 66, 105 299 Aretz de Ram´on,Isabel 193 Aguado, Sim´on41, 42, 82–83, 218 Argentina Aguirre Beltr´an,Gonzalo 47, 138, 142 Africans in 2, 46, 100–103, 129, 142–145, Aimes, Hubert 103 216, 220, 229, 243, 258 Ajuda 38 Italians in 4 Akan languages and peoples 18, 19, 39, 60, Spanish dialects 260, 295, 300 97, 106, 200, 202, 203, 214, 217, 218, Arguin Island 24, 36 247, 256, 269, 271 Arizona, Africans in 2 Alba, Julio 162–163 Arona, Juan de 134 Alix, Juan Antonio 149, 174–175 articles Alleyne, Mervyn 206–208, 219 definite 57, 141, 149, 179, 180, 196, Alonso, Manuel 184 267–268, 275, 295, 297, 300 Althoff, F.Daniel 138 indefinite 275, 297, 300 Alvarez de Peralta, Jos´e112 asiento, slaving monopoly 33, 35, 37, 44, 107, Alvarez Nazario, Manuel 115, 147, 178, 183, 121, 125 223, 233, 236, 283, 290, 294 Asturian language 75 Alzola, Concepci´onTeresa 153 Atkins, Guy 208 (a)m´ı, subject pronoun 30, 53, 54, 57, 58, 67, Atlantic-Congo language family 199 73, 82, 93, 158, 162, 249, 275, 276, 303 Atlantic language family, see West Atlantic Amaro, Ana Maria 70 language family 352 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index 353 Austen, Ralph 18 Bolivia Auto de Vicente Anes Joeira, anonymous play Africans in 1, 5, 46–48, 95, 100, 127, 129, 58 137–138, 187 Avellaneda, Francisco de 88 Spanish dialects 131, 137 Avila, Spain, slavery in 43 Bologna, slavery in 15 Ayacucho, Peru 133 Bombay 30, 181 Aymara language and people 137–138 Bonny, Nigeria 44 Azevedo, Rafael Avila de 69 Bon´o,Pedro 112–113 Bosch, Gerardus 107 Bachiller y Morales, Antonio 146, 154–156, Bosch, Juan 175 284 Boyd-Bowman, Peter 185 Badajoz, Spain 73 bozal, definition 5 Bahia, Brazil, Africans in 46 bozal Portuguese 29 Bai, invariant form of ir 58, 61 bozal Spanish, hypotheses regarding formation Bakongo, see Congo 6 Balearic Islands, slavery in 15 bozals, used in Catalan 15 Ballagas, Emilio 168 Braccesi, Alessandro 16–17 Bambara language and people 106, 199, 246, Bram, see Bran language and people 264, 266, 267, 269, 271 Bran language and people 47, 247 Bantu languages 9, 19, 70, 200–201, 204, 242, Braschi, Juan 184 247, 266 Br´asio,Ant´onio66 Bari, slavery in 15 Brau, Salvador 236 Barlovento region, Venezuela 285 Brazil Barnet, Miguel 169, 290 Africans in 10, 25, 28, 29, 34–39, 44–46, Basque country, Spain, slavery in 43 48, 49, 105, 126, 128, 258 Basque dialect of Spanish 88, 92, 93 Afro-Portuguese dialects 29, 56, 62 Basque language and people 3 Portuguese dialects, vernacular 57, 93, 216, Bassein, India 31 223, 224, 255–258, 268, 294 Batalha, Graciete Nogueira 69 British, slave trade, see English, slave trade Batavia, Indonesia 30 Bubi language and people 211, 257, 261, 264, Benavides, Celso 177 269 Benguela 28, 34, 37, 103, 257 Buenos Aires, Argentina Benin Africans in 6, 37, 38, 43, 48, 81, 100–103, modern nation 11, 26, 32, 34–40, 44, 66, 126, 127, 242, 243 103, 105, 199 Spanish dialect 221, 225 ancient kingdom 18, 39, 40 Bujeba language and people 211, 257 Ben´ıtezdel Cristo, Ignacio 293 Burgos, Spain, slavery in 43 Berber language and people 24, 198 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 199 Berbesi language and people 47 Berbice, Guyana 34, 246 Caama˜node Fern´andez,Vicenta 177 Berbice Dutch creole 106, 199, 246–247 Cabada, Juan de la 141 Bergman, Hannah 88 Caballero, Ram´on178–179 Biafada, see Biafara language and people Cabinda language and people 200 Biafara language and people 47, 115, 126, Cabrales Arteaga, Jos´e 71–73 247 Cabrera, Lydia 6, 8, 106, 163–168, 259, 273, Bib´ılanguage and people 105 292, 293 Bijago language and people 248 Cabrera, Manuel 151, 292 Bilad Ghana 23 Cadilla de Mart´ınez,Mar´ıa180–182 Bioko (Fernando Poo) 211 C´adiz, Spain, slavery in 43 Bissau 25 Calabar region, Nigeria 36, 37, 44, 105, Black English, US, see African-American 115 English Calcagno, Francisco 153, 160–161 black Portuguese 62 Calder´onde la Barca, Pedro 87–88 Bogot´a,Colombia 91, 240 Calicut 30 Bola de Nieve, see Villa, Ignacio calo´ 4, 96 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information 354 Index Cambunda 96, 103 Choc´oregion, Colombia 48, 56, 76, 121, 258, Cameroon 201, 247 260, 281, 283, 285, 293, 294 Campeche, Mexico 97, 99 Chota Valley, Ecuador 119, 185, 187, Canary Islands 15, 25, 45 281–283, 285, 294, 295 Spanish dialects 89, 189, 220, 222, 262, 298 Ciplijauskait´e,Birut´e83 Cancioneiro geral, Garcia de Resende 40, Ciudad Real, Spain, slavery in 43 52–55, 57, 71, 72, 75 Claramonte, Andr´esde 86, 90, 218, 251 cancionero, song collections 8 Clements, J.Clancy 51 Cang´a96 clitics, subject 250, 262, 265 C˜ao, Diego 26 Cochin 29–31 capataces 11 Cocoliche 81, 225 Cape Verde cofrad´ıa, Afro-Hispanic brotherhoods 19, 60, creole language and people 6, 58, 70, 108, 72, 96 162, 219, 262, 270–272, 274, 285, 287 Colombia Islands 25, 32, 34, 39, 45, 47, 55, 122, 203 Africans in 1, 5, 6, 10, 12, 35, 46, 48, 95, Peninsula, Senegal 39 118–123, 127, 129, 187–189 Carabal´ılanguage and people 11, 44, 96, Spanish dialects 91, 93, 221, 222, 224, 263, 105–106, 115, 122, 126, 198, 246 295 Carden, Guy 114 Col´on,Panama 263 Caribbean, Spanish dialects 225, 251, 252, Combe language and people 211, 257, 261 261 Comes, Juan Bautista 91, 93 Caro de Mall´en,Ana 88 concordance, loss of 84, 137, 148, 149, 151, Carpentier, Alejo 108, 165, 170 162, 171, 179, 189, 275, 276, 300, 303 Carrera Vergara, Eudocio 135, 216 Congo, ethnic designation, kingdom 11, Carreras, Carlos 170 19–21, 25–28, 44, 47, 48, 51, 55, 63, 96, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 10, 12, 35, 43, 99, 101, 103, 105–107, 115, 119, 121, 121, 258 122, 126, 144, 147, 192, 242, 247, 263 Carthaginian language and people 3 Congo-Benue languages 9, 148, 200, 245, 247, Casamance 38, 248 250, 254, 256 Castellanos, Jorge and Isabel 104, 106, 146, conjugated verbs, loss of 64, 67 284 consonants, syllable-final in African languages Castile 214 slavery in 43 Consuegra Guzm´an,Ismael 292 Spanish dialects 230, 240 contramayoral 11 Catalan language 15 copula 30, 53, 54, 57–61, 65–70, 78, 80, 82, Catalonia, slavery in 15 84, 87, 89, 93, 135, 148, 151, 160, 162, Caviedes, Juan del Valle 131 170, 178, 181, 182, 190, 193, 261, 269, Ceuta 23 275, 276, 296, 297 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka C´ordoba, Spain 18, 83 Chabacano (Philippine Creole Spanish) 154, slavery in 43 163, 181, 220, 248, 282, 297 Coromandel Coast 31 Chasca, Edmund de 77, 233 Coromantine 36, 38 Chaudenson, Robert 279–281, 286 Correa, Gaspar 49 Chaul 29, 31 Cort´esCort´es,Fernando 74 Ch´avez Franco, Modesto 185 Coss´ıo,Jos´e M.de 71, 72 Chevai 29 Cotarelo y Mor´ı,Emilio 77, 81, 86 Chiado, AntˆonioRibeiro 57–58, 219 creole languages in the Spanish Caribbean Chile 4, 46, 47 116–117 Pacific island labor 8 Crespo y Borb´on,Jos´e(Creto Gang´a)147, China Coast Pidgin English 303 152–154, 162, 293 Chincha, Peru 216 Creto Gang´a,see Crespo y Borb´on,Jos´e Chinese pidgin Spanish 301 Cruz, Celia 169 Chinese, language and people in Latin Cruz, Mary 152, 153 America 4, 49, 108–109, 148, 303 Cruz, Sor Juana In´es5, 85, 91–93, 139, 140, Chinyanga language and people 264 219, 224 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index 355 Cuajicuinalapa, Mexico 98, 142 Eannes, Gil 23 Cuango language and people 126 Easter Island forced labor 8 Cuba Ecuador Africans in 2, 5–8, 10–12, 45, 46, 49, 96, Africans in 6, 46, 48, 118, 184–187 99, 103–111, 5, 126, 127, 129, 135, Spanish dialects 91, 93, 224, 226, 295, 300 145–172, 178, 181, 189, 190, 199, Edo language group 200, 202, 214, 247 206–207, 242–243, 246, 259, 261, Efik language and people 11, 44, 106, 115, 278–280, 283, 284, 301 148, 179, 200, 202, 214, 215, 218, 247, Chinese in 4 264, 266, 267, 269, 271 Spanish dialects 221, 243, 260, 263, 295 elle/nelle as third person pronoun 149, 151, Cuijla, see Cuajicuinalapa
Recommended publications
  • Ehrensperger Report

    Ehrensperger Report

    American Name Society 51st Annual Ehrensperger Report 2005 A Publication of the American Name Society Michael F. McGoff, Editor PREFACE After a year’s hiatus the Ehrensperger Report returns to its place as a major publication of the American Name Society (ANS). This document marks the 51st year since its introduction to the membership by Edward C. Ehrensperger. For over twenty-five years, from 1955 to 1982, he compiled and published this annual review of scholarship. Edward C. Ehrensperger 1895-1984 As usual, it is a partial view of the research and other activity going on in the world of onomastics, or name study. In a report of this kind, the editor must make use of what comes in, often resulting in unevenness. Some of the entries are very short; some extensive, especially from those who are reporting not just for themselves but also for the activity of a group of people. In all cases, I have assumed the prerogative of an editor and have abridged, clarified, and changed the voice of many of the submissions. I have encouraged the submission of reports by email or electronically, since it is much more efficient to edit text already typed than to type the text myself. For those not using email, I strongly encourage sending me written copy. There is some danger, however, in depending on electronic copy: sometimes diacritical marks or other formatting matters may not have come through correctly. In keeping with the spirit of onomastics and the original Ehrensperger Report, I have attempted where possible to report on research and publication under a person’s name.
  • Outlines of a Grammar of the Susu Language, West Africa, Compiled

    Outlines of a Grammar of the Susu Language, West Africa, Compiled

    Indian Institute, Oxford. l^rmAv tfjCk/y/cfrH. &nei4^tj}(c*-' OUTLINES OF A GRAMMAR OF THE SITSU LANGUAGE (WEST AFRICA). " Compiled, with the assistance of THE REV. J. H. DUPORT, of the West Indian Mission to the Powjas, By r. r. LONDON: Snttttg for promoting Christian JtooMtbgi. SOLD AT THB DEPOSITORIES, 77 GBEAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS ; 4 ROYAL EXCHANGE ; 48 PICCADILLY ; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. OUTLINES- OF A GRAMMAR OF THE SUSU LANGUAGE. There are two dialects of the language, differing chiefly in pronunciation, and in words of foreign origin : the one, the Solima Susu, spoken in the interior ; the other, the Kise-kise Susu, spoken near the coast. It is to the latter dialect that this Gram mar refers. It is much used in commerce along the coast between the Gambia and Sierra Leone. The Susu has many words in common with the Mandenga, and a few with the Tene. Most of its religious terms, as is generally the case with the West African languages, are borrowed from the Arabic. In its accidence and syntax it differs very much from the Mandenga. B 4 SUSU GRAMMAR. ORTHOGRAPHY. The following letters and notation appear to ex press conveniently the sounds which occur in the Susu language : — . a pronounced as a short in man, or a long in father. 6 ey in they. e » e in men. ( ee in see. i i in mint. 6 o in bone. 0 » o in hot. u oo in moon, or nearly o in do. u >i u in full. ai >j aye.
  • Language Policy: Legal Aid South Africa

    Language Policy: Legal Aid South Africa

    130 No. 40733 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 31 MARCH 2017 GENERAL NOTICES • ALGEMENE KENNISGEWINGS Board / Raad/ Board / Raad BOARD / RAAD NOTICE 244 OF 2017 244 Constitution of the Republic of South Afric (108/1996): Legal Aid South Africa: Language Policy 40733 Pv'\ Legal Aid A/ South Africa Your voice. For justice. Independent and within reach. LANGUAGE POLICY TERMS OF REFERENCE Initiated By: Approved By: Date Approved: Version Number: Malebogo Mahape- Board 30 July 2016 Version 1 Marimo: CE Janeske Botes: Board 26 November 2016 Version 2 A/CE This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za 1 | P a g e Final Legal Aid SA Language Policy STAATSKOERANT, 31 MAART 2017 No. 40733 131 PV'\..LegalAid A/ South Africa Your voice. For justice. Independent and within reach. LEGAL AID SOUTH AFRICA: LANGUAGE POLICY 1. Introduction 1.1. South Africa is a multilingual country and Section 6 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) grants official language status to 11 languages, namely Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. 1.2. There is increased awareness of the need to intensify efforts to develop the previously marginalised indigenous languages and to promote multilingualism. 1.3. The Use of Official Languages Act, 2012 (Act No. 12 of 2012) strives to give effect to the constitutional obligation of multilingualism. This Act requires that every national department, national public entity and national public enterprise must adopt a language policy and establish language units. 1.4. Legal Aid South Africa has a constitutional mandate and a legislative mandate (Legal Aid South Africa Act (39 of 2014)) to provide legal representation to persons at state expense, to provide legal aid and legal advice and to provide education and information concerning legal rights and obligations.
  • The Use of the Augment in Nguni Languages with Special Reference to the Referentiality of the Noun Eva-Marie Bloom Ström & Matti Miestamo

    The Use of the Augment in Nguni Languages with Special Reference to the Referentiality of the Noun Eva-Marie Bloom Ström & Matti Miestamo

    [Draft, August 2020; to appear in Lutz Marten, Rozenn Guérois, Hannah Gibson & Eva-Marie Bloom-Ström (eds), Morphosyntactic Variation in Bantu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] The use of the augment in Nguni languages with special reference to the referentiality of the noun Eva-Marie Bloom Ström & Matti Miestamo Abstract This chapter examines the use of the augment, a prefix preceding the noun class prefix, in a number of language varieties in the Nguni subgroup of Bantu languages. The study of these closely related varieties, which show striking similarities as well as differences in the use of the augment, gives new insights into developmental tendencies of the augment. All contexts in which the augment can be omitted are non-fact contexts. Contrary to what has previously been argued for some varieties, however, we find that the presence vs. absence of the augment does not mark a referentiality distinction. It is argued that referentiality constitutes a semantic and pragmatic explanation to the absence and presence of the augment in different contexts in a diachronic perspective, but that this function is eroded in present-day Nguni. What remains is a limited referentiality distinction for some speakers in some varieties. The loss of function explains why the augment is included in the noun in nearly all contexts in some varieties, and omitted everywhere in others. Due to its loss of function, the augment has become free to participate in sociolinguistic and stylistic variation in some Bantu languages. Key-words: negation, non-fact, referentiality, augment, morphosyntax, Nguni 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to explore the connection between the use of a nominal prefix in Bantu referred to as the augment1 and (non-)referentiality, such as has been claimed to exist in Swati: 2 (1) a.
  • Emerged from Antiquity As an All-Jewish Possession, Together with Is Interesting

    Emerged from Antiquity As an All-Jewish Possession, Together with Is Interesting

    7+ Yiddish in the Framework of OtherJewish Languages Yiddish in the Framework of OtherJewish Languages there discoverable threads extending lrom these three linguistic groups "Arabic" as a native tongue amongJews (in z.rr.I it will become to the ancient Parsic? These questions have not yet been touched by cle ar why it is more appropriate to spe ak of a separate Jewish language scholarship. with Arabic stock, which.may be called Yahudic) is current among a 2.ro The sunset of Targumic as the spoken language of a major much larger group. On the eve of World War II the number of Yahudic Jewish community came with the rise of the Arabs (z.r.r). A survey of speakers was estimated at about seven hundred thousand. Of course, we the linguistic condition of the Jews up to the Arab period is therefore in have no statistics on the Gaonic period, but by no means can the current place. figure give us any idea of the proportion and the dynamics of Yahudic The frontal attack of Hellenism on Jewish culture failed; but at least in former years. By virtue of the Arab conquests, Yahudic was firmly it was historical drama on a large scaie, and visible signs olJaphet's established in Yemen, Babylonia, Palestine, and all of North Africa, beauty remained in the tents of Shem, to use a stock phrase so popular from Egypt to the Atlantic; even Sicily and southern Italy, which as a in the Haskalah period. Nor will we leave Persian out of consideration rule should be included in the Yavanic culture area (z.I 2 ), were at times in the overall picture ofJewish subcultures, although the phenomenon considerably influenced by North Africa.
  • The Valencian Linguistic Heterodoxy Juan A. Sempere

    The Valencian Linguistic Heterodoxy Juan A. Sempere

    You are accessing the Digital Archive of the Esteu accedint a l'Arxiu Digital del Catalan Catalan Review Journal. Review By accessing and/or using this Digital A l’ accedir i / o utilitzar aquest Arxiu Digital, Archive, you accept and agree to abide by vostè accepta i es compromet a complir els the Terms and Conditions of Use available at termes i condicions d'ús disponibles a http://www.nacs- http://www.nacs- catalanstudies.org/catalan_review.html catalanstudies.org/catalan_review.html Catalan Review is the premier international Catalan Review és la primera revista scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of internacional dedicada a tots els aspectes de la Catalan culture. By Catalan culture is cultura catalana. Per la cultura catalana s'entén understood all manifestations of intellectual totes les manifestacions de la vida intel lectual i and artistic life produced in the Catalan artística produïda en llengua catalana o en les language or in the geographical areas where zones geogràfiques on es parla català. Catalan Catalan is spoken. Catalan Review has been Review es publica des de 1986. in publication since 1986. The Valencian Linguistic Heterodoxy Juan A. Sempere Catalan Review, Vol. IX, number 2, (1995), p. 97-124 THE VALENCIAN LINGUISTIC HETERODOXY JUAN A. SEM PERE THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG W hile navigating on the lnternet, or more specifically on the World Wide Web, one can log onto information on the languages of Spain. There, in the short rundown on Catalan, we read: "In Valencia and the Balearic Islands, Catalan preserves special dialectal features, particularly in the first named, where there are schools of thought that call for a linguistic distinction."l In its own way, this anonymous piece of information reflects a view held by many in the south of the Catalan-speaking area.
  • Comparison Between the French and Asturian Bilingual Primary Education Systems

    Comparison Between the French and Asturian Bilingual Primary Education Systems

    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PublicacionesDidácticas (E-Journal) Comparison between the french and asturian bilingual primary education systems Autor: Fernandez Fernandez, Beatriz (Maestra. Especialidad en Educación Infantil, Maestra de Educación Infantil). Público: Profesores de lengua extranjera. Materia: Bilingüismo. Idioma: Inglés. Title: Comparison between the french and asturian bilingual primary education systems. Abstract Although France has been traditionally reluctant to Foreign Language teaching we can say its intentions are deep and have a wide point of view as they focus in aspects such as integration, cultural awareness and other sociological aspects. The case of Asturias is more a policy of fast implementation and essay-error oriented towards work rather than culture in some cases in the real life application. Let´s see this kind of diffenrence Keywords: education, bilingualism, foreign language, culture Título: Comparación entre el sistema bilingüe francés y el asturiano. Resumen Podemos observar que mientras que en el país de Francia ha sido tradicional el interés existente por los idiomas extranjeros podemos decir que ha ido creciendo su integración cultural y otros aspectos socioculturales. El caso de la región de Asturias es mas un caso de política y ensayo-error orientado al trabajo antes que a la cultura en algunos casos reales de su aplicación. Vamos a ver las diferencias entre estos dos distintos sistemas de bilingüismo. Palabras clave: educacion, bilingüismo, idioma extranjero, cultura. Recibido 2018-09-08; Aceptado 2018-09-17; Publicado 2018-10-25; Código PD: 100033 INTRODUCTION Bilingualism is a complex concept and so are the different understandings and so are the executions of Bilingual Education around the world.
  • Eslema. Towards a Corpus for Asturian

    Eslema. Towards a Corpus for Asturian

    Eslema. Towards a Corpus for Asturian Xulio Viejoz, Roser Saur´ı∗, Angel´ Neiray zDepartamento de Filolog´ıa Espanola˜ yComputer Science Department Universidad de Oviedo fjviejo, [email protected] ∗Computer Science Department Brandeis University [email protected] Abstract We present Eslema, the first project devoted to building a corpus for Asturian, which is carried out at Oviedo University. Eslema receives minor funding from the Spanish government, which is fundamental for basic issues such as equipment acquisition. However, it is insufficient for hiring researchers for a reasonable period of time. The scarcity of funding prompted us to look for much needed resources in entities with no institutional relation to the project, such as publishing companies and radio stations. In addition, we have started collaborations with external research groups. We are for example initiating a project devoted to developing a wiki-based platform, to be used by the community of Asturian speakers, for loading and annotating texts in Eslema. That will benefit both our project, allowing to enlarge the corpus at a minimum cost, and the Asturian community, causing a stronger presence of Asturian in information technologies and, as a consequence, boosting the confidence of speakers in their language, which will hopefully contribute to slow down the serious process of substitution it is currently undergoing. 1. Introduction 1998. The most reliable estimates of the status and vitality We present Eslema, the first project devoted to building a of Asturian nowadays calculate the community of speak- corpus for Asturian, which is carried out by the Research ers corresponds to approximately a third of the population.
  • From Tsonga to Mozambicanidade

    From Tsonga to Mozambicanidade

    FROM TSONGA TO MOÇAMBICANIDADE: CIVIL RELIGIOUS DYNAMICS IN MOZAMBICAN NATIONALISM Samuel Joina Ngale Town Supervisor: Professor David Chidester Cape Thesis Presentedof for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Religious Studies UniversityUNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN December 2011 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University ABSTRACT The relationship between the Romande Mission and the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO) has been the subject of study by a number of Mozambicanists. Most of them agree that the Romande Mission played a key role in educating nationalist elites and in shaping political consciousness among the Africans. Notwithstanding the relevance of this approach, the current study argues that the Tsonga tribal and Mozambican national identities are civil religious constructs. They resulted from sacrificial ritual performances, the expropriation of traditions and symbols, and the creation of sacred spaces. Formed as a linguistic, cultural, religious and tribal unity, the Tsonga provided a historical genealogy and structural template for the emergence of Moçambicanidade as a civil religion. Drawing upon postcolonial theory and discourse analysis, the thesis uses the analytical
  • Spanish-Based Creoles in the Caribbean

    Spanish-Based Creoles in the Caribbean

    Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean John M. Lipski The Pennsylvania State University Introduction The Caribbean Basin is home to many creole languages, lexically related to French, English, and—now only vestigially—Dutch. Surrounded by Spanish-speaking nations, and with Portuguese-speaking Brazil not far to the south, the Caribbean contains only a single creole language derived from a (highly debated) combination of Spanish and Portuguese, namely Papiamentu, spoken on the Netherlands Antilles islands of Curaçao and Aruba. If the geographical confines of the designation `Caribbean’ are pushed a bit, the creole language Palenquero, spoken in the Afro-Colombian village Palenque de San Basilio, near the port of Cartagena de Indias, also qualifies as a Spanish-related creole, again with a hotly contested Portuguese component. There are also a number of small Afro-Hispanic enclaves scattered throughout the Caribbean where ritual language, songs, and oral traditions suggest at least some partial restructuring of Spanish in small areas. Finally, there exists a controversial but compelling research paradigm which asserts that Spanish as spoken by African slaves and their immediate descendents may have creolized in the 19th century Spanish Caribbean—particularly in Cuba—and that this putative creole language may have subsequently merged with local varieties of Spanish, leaving a faint but detectable imprint on general Caribbean Spanish. A key component of the inquiry into Spanish-related contact varieties is the recurring claim that all such languages derive from earlier Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles, formed somewhere in West Africa1 and carried to the Americas by slaves transshipped from African holding stations, and by ships’ crews and slave traders.
  • Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia

    Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia

    Bibliographie provisoire des langues atlantiques – mai 2010 G. Segerer - LLACAN [CNRS-INALCO] [email protected] Carte des langues Atlantiques et des langues limitrophes -16° -14° -12° -10° -8° 3 1 Mauritanie Langues atlantiques 2 1 1 Langues mande 16° km 16° Langues kru 0 50 100 150 200 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 7 2 8 5 19 4 3 1 1 1 Sénégal 14° 1 1 14° 3 1 1 3 1 Gambie 1 1bis 1 2 Mali 25 18 26 13 10 24 14 14 9 23 27 16 1 12 20 19 2 11 2 22 9 21 2 2 16 13 14 30 12° 28 15 12° 2bis 32 Guinée Bissau 20 17 2bis 32 29 31 2 31 32 36 31 Guinée 3 33 4 2 10° 35 10° 2 2bis 4 35 35 6 3 5 6 7 41 37 34 8 13 37 9 37 37 9 8 Sierra Leone 15 16 10 11 8° 14 14 8° 39 12 Côte 38 1 LANGUES ATLANTIQUES LANGUES MANDE 38 40 d’Ivoire 1 wolof 22 bayot 1 mandinka 17 2 pulaar 23 bandial 1bis malinke 12 2bis fuuta jalon 24 gusilay 2 yalunka 17 18 11 3 sereer sine 25 mlomp 3 maninka de kankan 4 safen 26 joola karon 4 susu 5 noon 27 nyun 5 loko 2 6 lehar 28 kobiana/kasanga 6 kuranko 7 ndut 29 bijogo 7 lele LANGUES KRU 7 8 palor 30 sua 8 toma 1 kuwaa 3 4 9 basari 31 nalu 9 manya 2 dewoin Liberia 6° 10 bedik 32 landuma 10 kpelle de Guinée 3 bassa 8 6° 11 wamei (konyagi) 33 baga sitemu 11 dan 4 gbii 8 12 12 jaad 34 temne 12 mano 5 tajuasohn 5 9 13 manjaku 35 limba 13 kono 6 klao 13 14 mankanya 36 mbulungish 14 mende 7 krahn ouest 15 pepel 37 kisi 15 bandi 8 krahn est 6 16 balante 38 gola 16 loma 9 sapo 10 17 biafada 39 sherbro 17 vai 10 grebo nord 18 joola fonyi 40 krim 18 kpelle du Liberia 11 grebo de Barclayville 19 joola kasa 41 bullom 19 soninke 12 glio-oubi 20 joola kwaatay 20 jahanka 13 glaro-twabo 21 joola ejamat 14 grebo sud 11 14 6 © Guillaume Segerer - CNRS LLACAN - 2004 -16° -14° -12° -10° -8° Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia G.
  • The West Indian Mission to West Africa: the Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963

    The West Indian Mission to West Africa: the Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963

    The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 by Bakary Gibba A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Bakary Gibba (2011) The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Bakary Gibba Department of History, University of Toronto Abstract This thesis investigates the efforts of the West Indian Church to establish and run a fascinating Mission in an area of West Africa already influenced by Islam or traditional religion. It focuses mainly on the Pongas Mission’s efforts to spread the Gospel but also discusses its missionary hierarchy during the formative years in the Pongas Country between 1855 and 1863, and the period between 1863 and 1873, when efforts were made to consolidate the Mission under black control and supervision. Between 1873 and 1900 when additional Sierra Leonean assistants were hired, relations between them and African-descended West Indian missionaries, as well as between these missionaries and their Eurafrican host chiefs, deteriorated. More efforts were made to consolidate the Pongas Mission amidst greater financial difficulties and increased French influence and restrictive measures against it between 1860 and 1935. These followed an earlier prejudiced policy in the Mission that was strongly influenced by the hierarchical nature of nineteenth-century Barbadian society, which was abandoned only after successive deaths