Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index abaku´a,Afro-Cuban 11 Andalusia 32 Acapulco, Mexico, Africans in 2, 43, 97 slavery in 43, 74 Acosta-Rubio, Ra´ul161–162 Spanish dialects 76, 78, 87, 89, 189, 218, Acosta Saignes, Miguel 127, 129 220, 222, 223, 225, 240, 251, 252, 298 Acu˜nade Figueroa, Francisco 102 Andean region 9, 251, 252, 279 Adamwa-Ubangui language family 199 Andrews, George Reid 103 affirmation, double, see double affirmation Angola 11, 25, 27–29, 34–38, 41, 44, 47, 48, Africa, slavery 20–21 55, 60, 66, 101, 103, 115, 120–122, 126, African-American English, United States 5, 198, 200, 219, 242, 247, 258 85, 114, 148, 213, 301, 303 Portuguese dialects 20, 29, 56, 63, 70, 230, Africanisms in Spanish 4 232, 241, 257, 258, 261, 268, 294 Afro-Asiatic language family 198 Angola Maconde, Juan 138 Afro-Caribbean Spanish 276 Angolar creole language 226 Afro-Cuban language 8, 234–236, 243, Annob´oncreole language and people 6, 54, 251–253, 259, 263, 268, 276, 281, 285, 55, 66, 69, 108, 219, 220, 226, 228, 231, 299, 301 235, 270, 275, 299 Afro-Lusitanian elements in Spanish texts Arabic language and people 18, 24, 198, 266 72–73 Arag´on,slavery in 19 Afro-Peruvian language 242, 243, 264, Arar´alanguage and people 11, 105, 122, 126, 268 198 Afro-Portuguese pidgin 6, 74 Araujo, Juan de 130 Afro-Puerto Rican language 235–236, 276, Ardra 36, 66, 105 299 Aretz de Ram´on,Isabel 193 Aguado, Sim´on41, 42, 82–83, 218 Argentina Aguirre Beltr´an,Gonzalo 47, 138, 142 Africans in 2, 46, 100–103, 129, 142–145, Aimes, Hubert 103 216, 220, 229, 243, 258 Ajuda 38 Italians in 4 Akan languages and peoples 18, 19, 39, 60, Spanish dialects 260, 295, 300 97, 106, 200, 202, 203, 214, 217, 218, Arguin Island 24, 36 247, 256, 269, 271 Arizona, Africans in 2 Alba, Julio 162–163 Arona, Juan de 134 Alix, Juan Antonio 149, 174–175 articles Alleyne, Mervyn 206–208, 219 definite 57, 141, 149, 179, 180, 196, Alonso, Manuel 184 267–268, 275, 295, 297, 300 Althoff, F.Daniel 138 indefinite 275, 297, 300 Alvarez de Peralta, Jos´e112 asiento, slaving monopoly 33, 35, 37, 44, 107, Alvarez Nazario, Manuel 115, 147, 178, 183, 121, 125 223, 233, 236, 283, 290, 294 Asturian language 75 Alzola, Concepci´onTeresa 153 Atkins, Guy 208 (a)m´ı, subject pronoun 30, 53, 54, 57, 58, 67, Atlantic-Congo language family 199 73, 82, 93, 158, 162, 249, 275, 276, 303 Atlantic language family, see West Atlantic Amaro, Ana Maria 70 language family 352 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index 353 Austen, Ralph 18 Bolivia Auto de Vicente Anes Joeira, anonymous play Africans in 1, 5, 46–48, 95, 100, 127, 129, 58 137–138, 187 Avellaneda, Francisco de 88 Spanish dialects 131, 137 Avila, Spain, slavery in 43 Bologna, slavery in 15 Ayacucho, Peru 133 Bombay 30, 181 Aymara language and people 137–138 Bonny, Nigeria 44 Azevedo, Rafael Avila de 69 Bon´o,Pedro 112–113 Bosch, Gerardus 107 Bachiller y Morales, Antonio 146, 154–156, Bosch, Juan 175 284 Boyd-Bowman, Peter 185 Badajoz, Spain 73 bozal, definition 5 Bahia, Brazil, Africans in 46 bozal Portuguese 29 Bai, invariant form of ir 58, 61 bozal Spanish, hypotheses regarding formation Bakongo, see Congo 6 Balearic Islands, slavery in 15 bozals, used in Catalan 15 Ballagas, Emilio 168 Braccesi, Alessandro 16–17 Bambara language and people 106, 199, 246, Bram, see Bran language and people 264, 266, 267, 269, 271 Bran language and people 47, 247 Bantu languages 9, 19, 70, 200–201, 204, 242, Braschi, Juan 184 247, 266 Br´asio,Ant´onio66 Bari, slavery in 15 Brau, Salvador 236 Barlovento region, Venezuela 285 Brazil Barnet, Miguel 169, 290 Africans in 10, 25, 28, 29, 34–39, 44–46, Basque country, Spain, slavery in 43 48, 49, 105, 126, 128, 258 Basque dialect of Spanish 88, 92, 93 Afro-Portuguese dialects 29, 56, 62 Basque language and people 3 Portuguese dialects, vernacular 57, 93, 216, Bassein, India 31 223, 224, 255–258, 268, 294 Batalha, Graciete Nogueira 69 British, slave trade, see English, slave trade Batavia, Indonesia 30 Bubi language and people 211, 257, 261, 264, Benavides, Celso 177 269 Benguela 28, 34, 37, 103, 257 Buenos Aires, Argentina Benin Africans in 6, 37, 38, 43, 48, 81, 100–103, modern nation 11, 26, 32, 34–40, 44, 66, 126, 127, 242, 243 103, 105, 199 Spanish dialect 221, 225 ancient kingdom 18, 39, 40 Bujeba language and people 211, 257 Ben´ıtezdel Cristo, Ignacio 293 Burgos, Spain, slavery in 43 Berber language and people 24, 198 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 199 Berbesi language and people 47 Berbice, Guyana 34, 246 Caama˜node Fern´andez,Vicenta 177 Berbice Dutch creole 106, 199, 246–247 Cabada, Juan de la 141 Bergman, Hannah 88 Caballero, Ram´on178–179 Biafada, see Biafara language and people Cabinda language and people 200 Biafara language and people 47, 115, 126, Cabrales Arteaga, Jos´e 71–73 247 Cabrera, Lydia 6, 8, 106, 163–168, 259, 273, Bib´ılanguage and people 105 292, 293 Bijago language and people 248 Cabrera, Manuel 151, 292 Bilad Ghana 23 Cadilla de Mart´ınez,Mar´ıa180–182 Bioko (Fernando Poo) 211 C´adiz, Spain, slavery in 43 Bissau 25 Calabar region, Nigeria 36, 37, 44, 105, Black English, US, see African-American 115 English Calcagno, Francisco 153, 160–161 black Portuguese 62 Calder´onde la Barca, Pedro 87–88 Bogot´a,Colombia 91, 240 Calicut 30 Bola de Nieve, see Villa, Ignacio calo´ 4, 96 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information 354 Index Cambunda 96, 103 Choc´oregion, Colombia 48, 56, 76, 121, 258, Cameroon 201, 247 260, 281, 283, 285, 293, 294 Campeche, Mexico 97, 99 Chota Valley, Ecuador 119, 185, 187, Canary Islands 15, 25, 45 281–283, 285, 294, 295 Spanish dialects 89, 189, 220, 222, 262, 298 Ciplijauskait´e,Birut´e83 Cancioneiro geral, Garcia de Resende 40, Ciudad Real, Spain, slavery in 43 52–55, 57, 71, 72, 75 Claramonte, Andr´esde 86, 90, 218, 251 cancionero, song collections 8 Clements, J.Clancy 51 Cang´a96 clitics, subject 250, 262, 265 C˜ao, Diego 26 Cochin 29–31 capataces 11 Cocoliche 81, 225 Cape Verde cofrad´ıa, Afro-Hispanic brotherhoods 19, 60, creole language and people 6, 58, 70, 108, 72, 96 162, 219, 262, 270–272, 274, 285, 287 Colombia Islands 25, 32, 34, 39, 45, 47, 55, 122, 203 Africans in 1, 5, 6, 10, 12, 35, 46, 48, 95, Peninsula, Senegal 39 118–123, 127, 129, 187–189 Carabal´ılanguage and people 11, 44, 96, Spanish dialects 91, 93, 221, 222, 224, 263, 105–106, 115, 122, 126, 198, 246 295 Carden, Guy 114 Col´on,Panama 263 Caribbean, Spanish dialects 225, 251, 252, Combe language and people 211, 257, 261 261 Comes, Juan Bautista 91, 93 Caro de Mall´en,Ana 88 concordance, loss of 84, 137, 148, 149, 151, Carpentier, Alejo 108, 165, 170 162, 171, 179, 189, 275, 276, 300, 303 Carrera Vergara, Eudocio 135, 216 Congo, ethnic designation, kingdom 11, Carreras, Carlos 170 19–21, 25–28, 44, 47, 48, 51, 55, 63, 96, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 10, 12, 35, 43, 99, 101, 103, 105–107, 115, 119, 121, 121, 258 122, 126, 144, 147, 192, 242, 247, 263 Carthaginian language and people 3 Congo-Benue languages 9, 148, 200, 245, 247, Casamance 38, 248 250, 254, 256 Castellanos, Jorge and Isabel 104, 106, 146, conjugated verbs, loss of 64, 67 284 consonants, syllable-final in African languages Castile 214 slavery in 43 Consuegra Guzm´an,Ismael 292 Spanish dialects 230, 240 contramayoral 11 Catalan language 15 copula 30, 53, 54, 57–61, 65–70, 78, 80, 82, Catalonia, slavery in 15 84, 87, 89, 93, 135, 148, 151, 160, 162, Caviedes, Juan del Valle 131 170, 178, 181, 182, 190, 193, 261, 269, Ceuta 23 275, 276, 296, 297 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka C´ordoba, Spain 18, 83 Chabacano (Philippine Creole Spanish) 154, slavery in 43 163, 181, 220, 248, 282, 297 Coromandel Coast 31 Chasca, Edmund de 77, 233 Coromantine 36, 38 Chaudenson, Robert 279–281, 286 Correa, Gaspar 49 Chaul 29, 31 Cort´esCort´es,Fernando 74 Ch´avez Franco, Modesto 185 Coss´ıo,Jos´e M.de 71, 72 Chevai 29 Cotarelo y Mor´ı,Emilio 77, 81, 86 Chiado, AntˆonioRibeiro 57–58, 219 creole languages in the Spanish Caribbean Chile 4, 46, 47 116–117 Pacific island labor 8 Crespo y Borb´on,Jos´e(Creto Gang´a)147, China Coast Pidgin English 303 152–154, 162, 293 Chincha, Peru 216 Creto Gang´a,see Crespo y Borb´on,Jos´e Chinese pidgin Spanish 301 Cruz, Celia 169 Chinese, language and people in Latin Cruz, Mary 152, 153 America 4, 49, 108–109, 148, 303 Cruz, Sor Juana In´es5, 85, 91–93, 139, 140, Chinyanga language and people 264 219, 224 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index 355 Cuajicuinalapa, Mexico 98, 142 Eannes, Gil 23 Cuango language and people 126 Easter Island forced labor 8 Cuba Ecuador Africans in 2, 5–8, 10–12, 45, 46, 49, 96, Africans in 6, 46, 48, 118, 184–187 99, 103–111, 5, 126, 127, 129, 135, Spanish dialects 91, 93, 224, 226, 295, 300 145–172, 178, 181, 189, 190, 199, Edo language group 200, 202, 214, 247 206–207, 242–243, 246, 259, 261, Efik language and people 11, 44, 106, 115, 278–280, 283, 284, 301 148, 179, 200, 202, 214, 215, 218, 247, Chinese in 4 264, 266, 267, 269, 271 Spanish dialects 221, 243, 260, 263, 295 elle/nelle as third person pronoun 149, 151, Cuijla, see Cuajicuinalapa