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A Poetics of Contemporary Science Poetry: the Poems of Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford and David Morley

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A Poetics of Contemporary Science Poetry: the Poems of Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford and David Morley Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature A POETICS OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE POETRY: THE POEMS OF EDWIN MORGAN, ROBERT CRAWFORD AND DAVID MORLEY Merve Sarı Ph. D. Dissertation Ankara, 2016 A POETICS OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE POETRY: THE POEMS OF EDWIN MORGAN, ROBERT CRAWFORD AND DAVID MORLEY Merve Sarı Hacettepe University Graduate School Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature Ph. D. Dissertation Ankara, 2016 iii For Müzeyyen, Bekir and Burcu Sarı iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I must express my deepest gratitude to my adviser Prof. Dr. Burçin Erol who has been a source of inspiration for me ever since my undergraduate years. This work would not have been possible without her dedication, sound instruction, everlasting patience and constant encouragement. Thank you for sharing your deep wisdom with me. My gratefulness must also be extended to my examiners, Prof. Dr. Huriye Reis, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hande Seber, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Uzundemir and Assist. Prof. Dr. Margaret Sönmez for reading this work so thoroughly, discussing it meticulously and guiding me every step of the way with their invaluable academic knowledge and support for the betterment of it. I would equally like to acknowledge my thanks to all of my distinguished instructors in the Department of English Language and Literature whose extensive knowledge and guidance has proved to be most helpful in the process of producing this thesis. I am eternally indebted to you for everything you have taught me. I also owe a special word of gratitude to my dear friends Dr. Özlem Aydın Öztürk and Aziz Öztürk for always being there for me whenever I need support and sound advice. I would also like to express my indebtedness to my dear friend and ally E. Seda Çağlayan Mazanoğlu, who has never left my side during many a sleepless night, for making me believe that it could be done and for attending to my every need during the writing process of this thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without her constant encouragement and assistance. My heartfelt thanks extend to my dearest friends Hakan Yılmaz, Serhan Dindar, Kerim Can Yazgünoğlu and Göktuğ Şener for their high level of tolerance, endless support and assistance. Thank you for putting up with me during this stressful process. I would also like to give special thanks to Fatih Öztürk, Meral Elcan, Özlem Ulaş, Ceren Özgüler, v Dr. Merve Özman, Dr. İmren Yelmiş, Pelin Kut Belenli, Ali Belenli and Bülent Ayyıldız for their help and support. Finally, I am forever indebted to my family, on whose support and endless encouragement I have relied on throughout my –long– years of study. You are the best family anyone can hope for, and I feel so blessed. Thank you for your patience, understanding and support in every phase of my life. Someday I only hope to give back what you have given me. vi ÖZET SARI, Merve. Çağdaş Bilim Şiirinin Şiir Tekniği: Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford ve David Morley’nin Şiirleri, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2016. Bu tezin amacı, şiirlerinde sıklıkla bilim ve teknolojiyi özgün bir biçimde kullanan Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford ve David Morley’in şiirlerinden yola çıkarak çağdaş İngiliz bilim şiirinin şiir tekniğini oluşturmaktır. Birçok şair bilim ve uygulamalı bilim olan teknolojiyi ara sıra şiirlerinde kullansalar da, Morgan, Crawford ve Morley şiirlerinde bilim ve teknolojiyi orijinal bir biçimde ele almalarından ötürü seçilmişlerdir. Günümüzde bütüncül bir bakış açısı ve disiplinlerarası ilgi alanlarının gerekliliğini kabullenen bu üç şairin şiirleri, fen bilimleri ve beşeri bilimlerin bir arada bulunmasını örneklerdir. Farklılıklarına rağmen, Morgan, Crawford ve Morley için çağımızın teknolojik ve bilimsel yüklü olduğu fikri merkezidir. Çağdaş İngiliz bilim şiiri, İngiliz şiirinde fen bilimleri ve beşeri bilimler arasındaki çizgiyi ortadan kaldıran postmodern akımlar sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bütüncül bir bakış açısı fikrini teşvik eden bilim şiiri, bilginin bütünlüğünün gerekliliğini savunur ve fen bilimleri ile beşeri bilimlerin bir arada bulunmalarını özendirir. Bireysel disiplinlere yönelik ilginin kısıtlayıcı olduğunu düşünen, bilim şairleri daha yaratıcı işler için bilimlerarası işbirliğinini savunur. Günümüz bilim şiirinin özellikleri teknobilimsel bilgi ve dilin, edebi ve mecazi amaçlarla olmak üzere, kullanımını dahil eder. Çağdaş arka planlarından ötürü, bilim şiirleri ister istemez kentseldir ve değişimi doğal bir olgu olarak görürler. Bilim şiirleri geleceğe inanır. Biyomerkezcilik ve insanötesiciliğe dayanarak, bilim şiirleri insan olmayan varlıklara da ses verirler. Günümüz gelişmeleri ve bilim ve teknolojinin yaygın kullanımını kabullenen bu şairler, bununla beraber bilim ve teknolojinin kötüye kullanımını eleştirir. Bunun sonucunda, ekolojik meseleler ve evren ve küçük evren arasındaki ilişkiler bilim şiirlerinde sıklıkla vurgulanır. Sanal gerçeklik, bilgisayar ve yapay zeka teknolojileri, siber uzay, uzay ve uzaylı vii etkileşimleri bilim şairlerinin ilgi alanlarının bir başka kısmını oluşturur. Aynı zamanda doğayı korumaya ilgi duyar ve bunu başarabilecek teknolojilerle ilgilenirler. Bilim şiirleri genelde nesnel bir niteliğe sahip olmakla birlikte, öznel bir nitelik de kullanılabilir. Gözlem, deney ve bilgi edinme, bilgi toplayan ve bilimsel çıkarımlarda bulunan bazı bilim şiirlerinin temelini oluşturur. Başka örnekler bilimi mecazi amaçlarla algıları değiştirmek için kullanabilir. Kentsel niteliklerinden ötürü, bilim şiirleri her seferinde genellikle kafiye yapmayan günlük bir dil kullanır. Yenilikçi konularına bağlı olarak çağdaş bilim şairleri biçimle değişiklikle yapar ve sone ve lirik şiir gibi eski türleri yenilemenin yanı sıra güzel somut şiir örneklerine de katkıda bulunur. Farklılıklarına gelince, Edwin Morgan’ın şiiri fütüristik ve değişimin temel bir unsur olduğu teknobilimsel bir şiir tekniği sunar. Geleneksel biçimleri yenilemek için bunları değişime uğratan Morgan’ın bilgisayar teknolojilerine olan ilgisi bilgisayar şiirlerinde açıkça gözükürken, uzayın keşfine olan düşkünlüğü bilim-kurgu şiirlerinin en güzel örneklerinden bir kısmını ortaya çıkarır. Crawford ise bilim ve teknolojiye olan ilgisiyle birleşmesi sonucu teknobilimsel ögelere duyguların yüklemesini sağlayan lirik şiiri kullanır. Crawford’ın şiirlerinde bilim ve teknoloji çoğunlukla mecazi amaçlarla kullanılsa da, Morley’de teknobilimsel terim ve kavramlar hem edebi hem de mecazi amaçlarla kullanılır. Morley, eğitim gezisi olarak adlandırılabilecek şiirlerinde, bilimsel işlemlerin basamaklarını taklit ederek bilimsel yöntemi yansıtır. Bu nedenlerle, bu tezin amacı çağdaş İngiliz bilim şiirinin şiir tekniğini, şiirlerinde sıklıkla bilim ve teknolojiyi kullanan Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford ve David Morley’in şiirlerinden yola çıkarak oluşturmak ve önerilen bu şiir tekniği bağlamında şairlerin ortak özellikleri ve farklılıklarını analiz etmek olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler Çağdaş İngiliz şiiri, bilim şiiri, şiir tekniği, bilim ve teknoloji, biyomerkezcilik, insan ötesicilik, bilim-kurgu şiirleri, bilgisayar şiirleri, eğitim gezisi şiirleri, Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford, David Morley. viii ABSTRACT SARI, Merve. A Poetics of Contemporary Science Poetry: The Poems of Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford and David Morley, Ph. D. Thesis, Ankara, 2016. This thesis aims to form a poetics of contemporary British science poetry based on the poems of Edwin Morgan, Robert Crawford and David Morley whose poems make original use of science and technology abundantly. Although a number of poets make science or technology as applied science an occasional interest in their poems, Morgan, Crawford and Morley are chosen due to their unique treatment of science and technology in their poems. Acknowledging the necessity for an integrated worldview and interdisciplinary interests in the present age, the poems of all three poets exemplify the co-existence of sciences and humanities. Despite their differences, for Morgan Crawford and Morley, the idea that the present age is technologically and scientifically charged remains central. Contemporary British science poetry developed as a result of postmodern currents in British poetry which blurred the line between sciences and humanities as a result of deconstructive theories. Promoting the idea of an integrated worldview, science poetry defends unity of knowledge as essential and encourages the co-existence of sciences and humanities in its products. Regarding interest in singular disciplines as reductive, science poets advocate interdisciplinary collaborations for more creative work. The elements of contemporary science poetics include the use of technoscientific data and language for literal or figurative purposes. Due to their contemporary background, science poems are necessarily urban and regard change as a natural phenomenon. They have faith in the future. Relying on biocentrism and posthumanism, science poems give voice to non- human agencies. Accepting recent developments and the widespread use of science and technology, these poets are, nevertheless, critical of uses science and technology for negative purposes. As a result, ecological issues and an emphasis on relations between microcosm and macrocosm are frequently stressed in science poems. Virtual realities, computer and AI technologies, cyberspace, space and alien interactions constitute more chief elements of the science poets’ interest. They are also interested in the preservation of nature and in those ix technologies that promote it. Although
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