Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85503-7 - Mesolithic Europe Edited by Geoff Bailey and Penny Spikins Index More information

Index

Abinger, 149 technology, 134, 141 Abora, 34, 40, 45, 56, 362 antler point industry, 24 Abri du Loschbour, 166 Araguina-Sennola, 193 Addaura, 349, 368 architecture, 256. See dwellings, structures, houses adzes, 112, 148, 174, 294, 295 Arctic Ocean, 90, 280, 298 chubby, 78, 81, 83, 101, 104 armatures, 112, 132, 293, 299, 31 0 , 333, 339, flake, 74, 78, 103, 365 346 Nøstvet, 81, 101 Dufour, 311 perforated, 208 Kukrekian, 291, 294 shoe-last, 113, 125, 128 rhombic, 112 stone, 101, 178 trapezoid, 112 unperforated, 208 Arora, S., 161, 173, 215 Vespesta, 81, 83 arrow shafts, 32, 358, 359 Aegean islands, 1 arrowheads. See microliths Agerod,¨ 119 arrows, 112, 113, 184, 216, 264, 280, 311 agriculture, 4, 5, 34, 61, 62, 105, 110, 119, 127, 179, 223, transverse, 102 268, 269, 277, 281, 299, 301, 302, 304, 326, 363, art, 46–53, 166, 202, 219, 239, 278, 313 , 349–352, 364, 370. See also Neolithic transition, 367–369. See also ornamentation domestication, cereals, farming figurative, 298, 350 Ahrensburgian, 73, 74, 78, 86, 110, 112, 163, 194, 195, Levantine, 349, 368 358, 365 parietal, 202, 349, 352 Al Poux, 198 artefact typology, 132, 241 Allee´ Tortue, 194 artefacts, zoomorphic, 47–48 Allerød, 65 Åsgarden, 1, 93, 365 alliance network, 147 Asturian, 304, 314 –318 , 324, 360, 365 Almonda, 322 Atlantic façade, 41, 302, 304, 327 amber, 34, 35, 40, 51, 57, 112, 113, 116, Atlantic period, 19, 66, 162, 194, 283, 318 , 319 , 369 325 An Corran Rockshelter, 154 Atlantic phase, 184, 31 0 , 316 , 319 , 324 Ancylus Lake, 6, 108 Atlantic Scandinavia, 60 Andersen, S., 112, 113, 115, 117–122, 126, Aux Champins, 195 128 Aveline’s Hole, 147, 368 Anseremme, 166 awls, 191, 230, 234, 263, 295, 316 , antler, 16, 27, 30, 31 , 112, 113, 124, 134, 140, 144, 147, 165, 320 174, 190, 191, 208, 210, 216, 219, 232, 234, 252, axes, 112, 129, 148, 165, 294, 295, 320, 359 254, 263, 289, 294, 295, 320, 332, 335, 358–360, antler, 22, 24, 32, 112, 174, 191, 208 365, 367 battle, 115 bevel-ended tool, 148 cobble, 314 , 360 industries, 174 copper, 128 mattocks, 147 core, 23, 27, 110, 112, 113, 163 perforated, 324 flake, 22, 27, 61, 78, 112, 115, 173

453

Index

axes (cont.) eagle, 117 greenstone, 112 goosander, 117 ground, 24 goose, 83, 117 handles, 32 grebe, 117 Kunda type, 294 gull, 118 Lyngby Axe, 24, 141 honey buzzard, 300 Nøstvet, 102 kittiwake, 100 perforated, 208 mallard, 117 polished, 24 remains, 145, 230, 325 polished flint, 128 sparrow hawk, 300 polished stone, 35, 54, 129, 151 swan, 10, 45, 47, 117, 118, 209, 295 semi-polished, 23, 61 water birds, 44 sleeves, 165, 174 waterfowl, 21, 29, 36, 47, 117, 118, 262, 294, 295, 313 , T-shaped antler, 27, 127, 174 339 unperforated, 208 wood pigeon, 300 zoomorphic, 45 Birkenkopf, 213 Azilian, 183, 207, 245, 304, 311 –313 , 315 , 317 , 318 , 324, 325, Birsmatten, 205, 217 332, 345, 346, 350, 352, 360 Bjerck, H., 4, 6–8, 10, 12, 22, 23, 25, 60, 63, 64, 68, Aziloid, 332 72–74, 78, 80, 84–90, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 152 , 302, 359–361, 365, 366, 368, 369 Bac´ın Hill, 232, 236 Bjørnsholm, 118, 120, 121 Baden-Wurttemberg,¨ 12, 203, 217, 219 Black Sea, 6, 203, 262, 280, 281, 283, 294, 347, 360, 362 Bailey,G., 10, 17, 157 , 278, 317 , 349, 357, 364, 365, 369, 370 bladelets, 132, 185, 190, 208, 287, 314 , 320 Balma Abeurador, 344, 362 backed, 194, 295, 304, 31 0 –312 , 316 , 318 –320, 333 Baltic ice shield, 65, 68, 84 convex-backed, 245 Baltic Sea, 18, 19, 24, 31 , 41, 107 Dufour, 310 Bandkeramik, 178 flint, 314 Bann Flakes, 151 microretouched, 24 Barca, 231 narrow backed, 186 Barmose, 119 nibbled, 304 Barova´ Cave, 226, 232 retouched, 195, 294 barrows truncated, 263 long, 118, 121, 128–131 unretouched, 322 round, 128, 131 blades, 24, 74, 78, 87–89, 93, 101, 112, 151 , 169, 170, 172, basaltic rock, 63, 78 177, 185, 190, 208, 216, 234, 281, 295, 315 , 333, Bavans, 195, 197, 198 346, 348, 358, 361, 362 Bavaria, 12, 203, 204, 209, 213, 215, 217, 219, 368 axe, 174 Bay of Biscay, 302, 318 backed, 88, 112, 171, 176, 177, 207, 226, 287, 348 beads, 15 , 51, 116, 146, 263 boar tusk, 191 shell, 200, 259, 276, 311 broad, 132 Bedburg-Konigshoven,¨ 161, 166 broken, 294, 295 belief system, 42–44, 46, 58. See also cosmology convex-backed, 245 Beloles’e, 290, 292 flint, 124, 132, 200, 293, 295 Bergumermeer, 160 long, 178 Bertheaume, 194 narrow, 88, 132 Beuronian, 194, 195, 227, 360 narrow blade assemblages, 140, 147 Beuronien D, 172 notched, 208 Beuronien stages, 207–208. See also Mesolithic (Early) obliquely truncated, 172 Bezdez,ˇ 228, 235, 236 prismatic, 287, 291, 292 Binford, L., 9, 126, 134, 147, 214, 259 production, 185 bipolar technique, 81, 86, 88, 102 punch, 190 birds, 104, 107, 212, 300, 312 , 313 , 324, 344, 345, 346, 365 regular, 208 auk, 66, 100 retouched, 163, 176, 190, 281, 293, 325 coot, 117 sickle, 115 crane, 117 truncated, 287 duck, 47, 117, 118, 209, 279 unworked long, 175

454

Index

Blak, 2, 119, 172 flat graves, 129, 131 Blankholm, H., 7–12, 15 , 19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, flexed, 254, 256, 321, 368 52, 53, 57, 89, 106, 107, 112, 116, 117, 119–122, individual, 124, 166, 256, 354 124, 126, 199, 299, 359–361, 363, 364, 367, inhumation, 122, 172, 175, 200, 256, 258, 266, 270, 368 274 blanks, 132, 281 pit, 12, 175, 200, 232, 235 bladelet, 322 ritual, 11, 38, 40, 42, 48, 124, 154 , 218, 265, 274, 292, Bleivik, 97 298, 299, 321, 368 boats, 6, 9, 31 , 32, 35, 45, 46, 68, 71, 83, 84, 90, 152 , 155 , shaft graves, 11, 15 , 40, 50 261, 265, 321, 339, 354, 363, 365, 368 skull, 123, 166, 262 canoe, 9, 43, 113, 151 , 152 , 165, 174, 191, 359, 361 caching, 258 oar, 295 cult, 12, 204, 217 paddle, 9, 31 , 46, 112, 113, 174, 359, 361 removal, 258 sea-faring, 8, 25, 86, 152 , 193, 366 social groups, 10 technology, 84 supine, 258, 266, 270, 274, 292, 368 Bøgebakken, 40, 121, 123, 125 burins, 74, 87, 88, 112, 148, 163, 171, 186, 207, 281, 287, Bohemia, 221, 224–226, 228–233, 236, 237, 362 294, 295, 31 0 , 312 , 316 , 320, 346 bones butchery activity, 12, 116, 118, 119, 144, 145, 322 perforated, 320 Butovian, 293–295, 358 Bonsall, C., 4, 5, 9–12, 15 , 16, 18, 57, 134, 142, 146, 148, 154 , 238, 242, 243, 252, 254–256, 258–261, 263, Cabeço da Amoreira, 319 264, 266, 269–274, 278, 279, 302, 358, 359, 360, Cabeço da Arruda, 319 362, 364, 367, 368 Cabeço do Porto Marinho, 311 Boreal, 19, 36, 42, 43, 47, 72, 101, 107, 108, 168, 184, 185, calculus, 260, 362 194, 195, 208, 225, 232, 285, 287, 294, 295, Caldeirao,˜ 322 299–301, 304, 31 0 , 313 –316 , 318 , 325, 417 carbohydrate, 260, 344, 362 bows, 9, 112, 113, 174, 184, 209, 280, 295, 311 , 358 Carpathian Basin, 221, 229, 275 bracelets, 116 Carpathian Mountains, 269, 280, 289 Breitkeile, 179 Castelnovian, 193, 333, 346 British Isles, 7, 8, 134, 140, 142, 144, 146, 150 –152 , 155 , Castelnovien, 345, 346 156 , 366 Causses, 191 Bromme, 110, 112, 358 Cave of Los Canes, 324 Bronze Age, 52, 54, 56, 58, 325, 340 caves, 24, 50, 154 , 160–162, 165, 166, 172, 174, 198, 204, Broom Hill, 148, 149 205, 208, 209, 214, 221, 222, 224, 226, 230–233, Broomhead Moor Site, 1, 148 238, 240, 245, 252, 287, 311 , 317 , 319 , 322, 340, Brovst, 120 344, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 368 burial, 10, 11–12, 38–41, 47, 48, 50–51, 101, 121–124, 125, cemeteries, 121–124 129, 174, 200–202, 217–218, 233, 235–236, 240, ceramics, 27, 31 , 36, 54, 56, 57, 61, 83, 125, 127, 219, 270, 245, 254, 256–263, 271, 274, 278, 289, 292, 316 , 319 , 323, 324–326, 354. See also pottery 295–296, 312 –314 , 316 , 321, 345, 352–354, 367–369. Combed Ware ‘Neolithic’, 29 See also mortuary practice Corded Ware, 54, 56 areas, 38, 45, 266, 275. See also cemeteries Impressed Ware, 343 cemeteries, 4, 10, 12, 15 , 36, 38, 40, 41, 125, 126, 152 , La Hoguette, 196 183, 200, 231, 235, 258, 290–292, 298, 299, 321, Pit-Comb Ware, 51, 56 326, 343, 353, 368, 369 Pitted Ware, 57, 83 child, 11, 12, 40, 50, 123, 200, 217, 235, 259, 264, 274, Sar¨ aisniemi¨ type, 83 298, 345, 351, 368, 369 technology, 278 collective, 11, 39, 40, 124, 166, 322, 354 cereals, 29, 52, 118, 323, 348, 363. See also wheat contracted, 200, 289, 292, 353 Chateauneuf,ˆ 183, 193, 196, 333, 338, 345 crouched, 235, 267, 270 Chaville, 183 deposits, 45 chert, 81, 215, 217, 233 disarticulated bones, 12, 16, 202, 256, 258, 262 Chiexaus, 14, 16 dog, 11, 40, 48, 124, 175, 259 chisels, 112, 295 double graves, 11, 40, 50, 217, 289 Choisey, 195, 198, 199 extended, 200, 254, 256, 258, 266, 270, 274, 289, 292, Chojnice-Pienki, 27 353 choppers, 304, 314 –316 , 320

455

Index

chronology, 72–84, 87–89, 110–116, 132–134, 162–163, Danube, 1, 6, 8, 15 , 203, 204, 206, 210, 213–217, 219, 221, 185–191, 205–208, 240–245, 289, 290, 292, 223–225, 231, 236, 238–240, 245, 252–254, 258, 293–294, 295, 296, 304, 328–343 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 269, 272–275, 277–279, chronozone, 74–84 288, 290, 291, 302, 359, 360, 362 Cingle Vermell, 344, 362 dating, 162–163 climate 14 C dating, 63, 73, 241, 243, 245, 254, 256, 263, 268, change, 7, 65–72, 107–110, 158 –160, 163, 184–185, 271, 274, 275, 277, 278 203–204, 225–228, 280–287, 304–31 0 , 334–340, dendrochronology 366 radiocarbon, 62, 68, 127, 132–134, 141, 143, 168, 170, climatic amelioration, 112, 338, 357, 370 218, 225, 226, 232, 235, 236, 245, 252, 295, 315 , Climatic Optimum, 19, 184, 288, 360 318 , 324 Clisura, 238 AMS, 134, 146, 162, 172, 242, 243, 245, 252, Clisurean, 239, 245 254–256, 258, 263, 275, 278, 292, 313 , 320, 324, cobbles 325 engraved, 313 calibration curves, 73 painted, 313 radiometric, 72, 134 retouched, 320 typochronological schemes, 163 Coincy, 1, 2, 194 De Bruin, 174, 175 colonisation, 7–8, 22–25, 84–86, 142–144, 193, 355, debitage, 74, 81, 86, 88, 140, 150 , 190, 193, 194, 199, 333, 357–358 343 recolonisation, 24, 144, 150 , 155 decoration, 115, 174, 196, 349. See also art, pioneer phase, 24 ornamentation residential phase, 24 Deepcar, 8, 140, 145, 146 Colonsay, 152 Deer Island. See Olenii Ostrov Combed Ware Neolithic, 29 deference, 13, 16 composite tools, 79, 81, 88, 233, 281 deglaciation, 19, 22, 24, 66, 84, 134, 142, conchero. See shell middens 363 consolidation phase, 150 dietary analysis copper, 34, 115, 128 isotopic nitrogen, 29 cores, 150 , 169, 320, 322 Dietfurt, 217, 401 bladelet, 322 Dimlington Stadial, 142 conical, 81, 87, 88 Dinant, 166 conical microblade, 23 diversification, 217, 313 disc, 86 strategies, 281 double-platformed, 24 subsistence, 326 flint, 322 Djerdap, 238 handle, 23, 26, 87, 88 DNA. See genetic research multifacial, 78 Dniepr, 1, 290, 291, 292, 294, 296, 298–300, 359, 362, one-sided, 87 368 prismatic, 281, 31 0 Dniestr, 288, 290, 291, 301, 359 unifacial, 24 dolmens, 121, 128, 129, 131, 326 unifacial bipolar, 22 long, 130 unipolar, 22, 185 Doln´ıCave,226 cosmology, 9, 11, 12, 42, 43, 45–47, 51, 58, 340, 356 Doln´ı Vestonice, 231, 233 Couffin I cave, 192 DolskyMl´ yn,´ 228, 230, 233, 236 Creswellian, 142, 358 Dolukhanov, P., 6, 18–20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31 , 32, 34, Crimea, 283, 287, 291, 296, 362 36–38, 53, 54, 56, 280, 281, 288, 290, 292, 296, Crimean Mountains, 280, 287, 289 298, 300, 358–364, 368, 369 Crvena Stijena, 239 domestication, 52, 57, 58, 118, 119, 127, 128, 278, 300, Cubio Redondo, 325 362, 364. See also agriculture, Neolithic Cuina Turcului, 245, 252, 260, 263, 278 transition Curacchiaghiu, 193 dominance tactics, 13–15 Cyclope Cave, 339, 366 Don, 1 Dourgne, 193, 196 daggers, 112, 116 Drents Plateau, 160 bone, 112, 295 Druimvargie, 154

456

Index

Dryas Federsee, 161, 162, 204, 205, 208, 209, 213, 214, Late, 163 216 Upper, 225 Felsstalle,¨ 205, 208, 213, 219 Younger, 65, 107, 205, 207, 253, 254, 283, 294, 295, Ferriter’s Cove, 154 , 156 358, 397 feuille de gui, 177 Dunford Bridge, 148 Fieux cave, 191 Duonkalnis, 40, 50 Finistere,` 194 Duvensee, 119, 161–163 Finno-Ugric, 26 dwellings, 32, 34, 63, 68, 89, 91–92, 96, 98–99, 101, 103, fire management, 148 121, 149, 150 , 167, 175, 232, 279, 292, 294, 295, fireplaces, 90, 91, 99 298, 322, 359, 360, 365, 366, 368 Fischer, A., 18, 20, 22–25, 27, 31 , 32, 35, 52, 54, 57, 67, 74, 84, 85, 89, 118–123, 126–128, 163, 173, 181, 333, Early Stone Age, 61, 73 365 earthen mounds, 129 fish, 25, 29, 32, 36, 46, 66, 104, 107, 212, 230, 259, 261, El Collado, 343 262, 270, 278, 294, 295, 301, 31 0 –312 , 316 , El Juyo, 365 343–346, 348, 350, 358, 361, 363, 365, 368 El Miron,´ 325, 326 anadromous, 20, 29, 122, 261, 313 , 321 Elbe, 221, 222, 224, 225, 231, 236 barbel, 262 encampments, 144, 145, 161, 172 bream, 117, 118, 209, 321 aggregation camps, 29, 32, 35, 119, 354 carp, 259, 261, 262 base camps, 35, 119, 121, 145, 169, 175, 177, 178, 263, catfish, 118, 209, 259, 261, 262, 287, 300 298, 312 , 322, 340 coalfish, 100 exploitation camps, 29, 35 cod, 66, 72, 100, 117, 118, 155 hunting camps, 148, 169, 171, 214 fluvial, 313 logistic camps, 216 freshwater, 55, 254, 287, 344 residential camps, 214, 216 garfish, 118 transit camps, 120 halibut, 83 environmental change. See also sea level, isostatic change, herring, 66, 72, 100 eustatic change; climate changes hucho, 209 environmental changes, 6–8, 36, 126, 134, 212 mackerel, 72, 118 Epigravettian, 333, 345, 346, 360 marine, 20, 55, 324, 339 Epipalaeolithic, 4, 183, 184, 239, 240, 245, 258, 273, 274, otoliths, 341 304, 310 , 311 , 318 , 345 perch, 118, 287 Erft, 161 pike, 46, 117, 118, 175, 209, 262, 287, 295, 300 Ertebølle, 27–29, 32, 40, 61, 110–131, 181, 299, 360, 361, piked dogfish, 118 368–370 pikeperch, 262 Estremadura, 303, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 319 , 322, 323, 326 plaice, 118 ethnicity, 8, 26, 64, 65 pollack, 66, 72, 100 ethnographic comparisons, 42–45 remains, 68, 155 , 325, 360 ethnography, 9, 44, 152 roach, 118, 287, 300 Euerwanger Buhl,¨ 209 salmon, 21, 46, 72, 83, 117, 118, 150 , 151 , 210, 287, 345, eustasy. See sea level 366 exchange, 9, 10, 32, 35, 36, 43, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, sterlet, 260, 261 115, 118, 124, 127, 128, 130, 156 , 161, 178, 179, sturgeon, 259–264, 272, 279, 300 196, 203, 216, 217, 219, 255, 262, 263, 267, 271, tench, 117 300, 326, 342, 354, 362, 364, 369 trout, 100, 117, 150 , 287, 344 system, 57 tuna, 339, 348 fishing, 18, 22, 29, 30, 34, 57, 58, 117, 118, 127, 154 , 155 , Faeroe Islands, 68 178, 264, 267, 293, 300, 332, 365 Falkenstein, 204, 205, 216, 217, 219 bait, 155 , 210, 361 farming, 4, 6, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36–38, 51–58, 61, basket, 32, 295 126–129, 179, 182, 223, 236, 239, 262, 268–278, fish spear. See leister 281, 301, 323, 326, 355, 363, 364, 369 fish traps, 9, 31 , 32, 112, 113, 116, 121, 128, 151 , 152 , Farnham, 149 339 Fatma-Koba, 289 fishhooks, 23, 30, 31 , 88, 112, 210, 295, 335, 339, 348, Federmesser, 163, 207, 245, 358 359

457

Index

fishing (cont.) Halskov Øst, 112, 113 leister, 31 , 113 Halskov Syd, 112, 113 nets, 24, 31 , 174, 191, 295, 321 Hamburgian, 110, 112, 358 weirs, 30, 31 , 48, 151 , 321, 359, 361, 363 Hangest-sur-Somme, 171 flake, 87, 103, 105, 112, 115, 177, 201, 299, 314 –316 , 360, Hardinxveld-Giessendam, 161, 174, 175, 178, 370 365 Harjavalta, 35 flakes, 74, 78, 83, 86–88, 93, 151 , 163, 169, 170, 176, 177, harpoons, 30, 31 , 88, 289, 294, 295, 316 , 318 , 335 190, 233, 304, 31 0 , 314 , 315 , 322, 333, 348 antler, 23, 191, 304, 358 unretouched, 311 , 320 barbed antler, 216 Flemming, N., 365, 367 bone, 23 flint, 24, 32, 34–36, 57, 61, 73, 80, 81, 86–88, 92, 98, 112, flat-section, 312 , 313 115, 119, 121, 124, 128, 132, 150 , 160, 162, 166, Magdalenian, 312 167, 169, 172, 173, 177–179, 185, 200, 201, 228, single-barbed, 24 233, 263, 267, 270, 277, 279, 292–294, 298, 301, head-dress, 50 311 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 322, 323, 325, 333, 341, 359, 369 headgear, 16, 44, 50. See also head-dress industry, 163, 320 hearth, 119, 145, 148, 151 , 154 , 167, 170, 172, 199, 201, knapping, 13 213, 233, 256, 261, 289, 294, 312 , 314 , 316 , 322 Fløjstrup Skov, 119 Helga-Abri, 205, 213 Fontfaures,` 184, 191, 195 hemp, 34, 362 forest clearance, 31 , 36, 148, 220 Henauhof Nord, 205, 208, 210, 213, 214, 216 Fosna, 23, 25, 61, 68, 72–74, 84, 86, 365 Henauhof Nordwest, 205, 208, 213, 214, 216, 219 fowling, 30, 120, 121, 332, 366 Henauhof West, 205, 213, 214, 217 Franchthi, 239, 339, 341, 342, 345, 347–349, 353, 354, Hensbacka, 23, 25, 72, 74, 84, 86 360–362, 366, 393 Hespriholmen, 64, 79, 101, 102, 361 Frebergsvik, 100 hiatus theory, 182 Friesland, 160, 161 history of Mesolithic research, 61–65, 160–162, 184, Fure, 86 224–225, 238–240 Hoedic,¨ 12, 183, 191, 194, 197, 200, 202 Gamble, C., 5, 22, 24, 26, 127, 333 hoes, 31 , 263, 295, 314 ◦ Gendel, P., 8, 161, 172 Holmegard, 116, 119, 359 gender, 122, 124, 125, 368 Holocene, 6, 7, 9, 19, 25, 66–68, 70, 90, 92, 98, 134, differences, 123, 125, 368 159 –163, 168, 176, 203, 209, 223, 224, 231, 232, distinctions, 298 236, 238–240, 245, 252, 254, 260, 275, 278, 281, issues, 64 283, 287, 296, 302, 304, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 315 , 327, transsexual, 50 328, 332, 333, 335–337, 340, 343–349, 352, 355, 364, genetic research 390, 395, 448 ancient DNA, 55, 362, 363 Holocene environments, 6, 7, 287, 296, 346 mitochondrial DNA, 26 Horsham, 140 Y-chromosomal DNA, 26 houses, 33, 38, 93, 96, 98, 103, 121, 255, 256, 258, 265, Gildasian, 195 276, 279, 359 glaciation, 23, 65, 107, 182. See also deglaciation pit houses, 8, 32, 93, 98, 99, 256 Globular Amphorae, 54, 56 post-framed, 295 Gonzalez´ Morales, M., 311 –314 , 316 –318 , 324–327 wooden, 34 Gramari, 196–198, 345, 353 Howick, 10, 16, 150 , 359, 366 graveyards. See burial human remains, 97, 101 grinding slabs, 81, 102 hunter-gatherer, 12–13, 22, 27, 30, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, Groningen, 161, 172 47, 48, 51–55, 57–58, 105, 144, 155 , 157 , 161, 178, groove-and-splinter technique, 141, 147 240, 259, 260, 263, 274, 275, 279, 281, 299, 334, Grosse Ofnet, 217, 368 337, 352, 355, 363, 364, 369 Grotta dei Cervi, 349 delayed return, 9, 10, 41, 134, 152 , 156 , 157 Grotta dell’ Uzzo, 339, 341, 346, 348, 353 ethnographies, 14 Grotta di San Teodoro, 342, 346, 348, 353 immediate return, 9, 10, 134, 147, 156 Grotta Molara, 353 maritime, 8, 14 Gulf Stream, 22, 65, 304, 366 societies, 6, 12, 13, 15 , 18, 22 hunting, 18, 29, 34, 58, 178, 332 Hajduckaˇ Vodenica, 245, 255, 258, 270, 277, 278 elk, 92

458

Index

equipment, 88 Kergalan, 194 grounds, 7, 54, 67 Kerhillio, 194 posts, 222, 232 Kerjouanno, 194 practices, 7, 196, 197, 333 Kervouyen, 194 reindeer, 84, 90, 103 Kets, 47, 51 ritual, 64 Khanty, 9, 44, 47, 48, 52 sea, 22, 31 , 86 Kierikki, 32, 57, 360 seal, 8, 31 , 34, 53, 54, 56, 58, 85, 155 , 366 Kinloch, 155 specialised, 30, 104, 118, 197, 214 kinship, 9, 51, 130, 134, 147, 152 , 156 , 354, 356 stations, 93, 94, 119 Kjeøy, 73, 80 strategies, 116 knapping, 13, 150 , 185, 199, 314 swans, 10 knives, 10, 15 , 87, 88, 94, 102, 112, 123, 124, 295, 333, 359 technology, 209 backed, 294 whales, 10 ﬂint, 15 husbandry, 30, 34, 38, 57, 58, 119, 179, 304, 363 polished, 81 huts, 151 , 213 reaping, 291 hypergyny, 55 slate, 295 hypogyny, 55 Kokemaenjoki¨ River, 35 Komornica, 24 Iberian Peninsula, 302 Komornice, 27, 359 Ice Age Komsa, 22, 25, 61, 63, 74, 365 Ice Dammed Lake, 19 Kongemose, 27, 110, 112, 117–120, 122 Icoana, 255, 260 Kor¨ os¨ culture, 223, 228, 236 identity, 13, 15 , 26, 38, 45, 52, 61, 63, 102, 147, 182, 184, Kotedalen, 99, 100 191, 274, 298, 345, 356, 364, 370 Kozlowski, S., 5, 23–25, 192, 224, 227, 290 ideology, 11, 17, 38, 40, 41, 45, 51, 54, 58, 64, 129, 130, Kreichi, 15 , 40 202, 350, 364, 369 Kretuonas, 40, 56 Ienevian, 293, 294, 359 Kristiansund, 61 immigration, 219, 220, 271 Kudlaevka, 24 inherited social position, 40 Kudlevian, 294, 358 innovation, 8, 35, 56, 58, 105, 334, 357, 361, 363, 369–370 Kukrekian, 291, 292, 294, 299, 358 ◦ intensiﬁcation, 4, 5, 8, 10, 83, 105, 118, 274, 275, 276, 361 Kulna, 224, 226, 232 Inzigkofen, 205, 214, 216, 217 !Kung, 14, 15 Iron Gates, 6, 9–11, 15 , 16, 238–241, 245, 252, 254, 255, Kunda, 24, 25, 27, 294, 359 258–265, 267–272, 274–279, 302, 360, 362 Kvapani, 40 Islay, 152 , 154 Isle of Mann, 152 l’Abeurador, 191, 197, 198, 202 isostasy. See deglaciation, sea level l’Aulp du Seuil, 192 isotope analysis, 122, 146, 254, 255, 260, 262, 271, la Grange, 198 274–278, 290, 300, 317 , 338, 354, 361, 362, 367, la Pierre-Saint-Louis, 198 370, 387 la Pointe Saint-Gildas, 195 La Poujade, 344, 362 Jagerhaus,¨ 172, 205, 209, 214, 217, 362 La Riera, 312 , 317 , 365 Janislawice, 50, 233 ladles, 45, 47 Janislawician, 290, 293, 294 Lagazha, 56 jasper, 81, 87, 98, 215, 229 Lake Kretuonas, 56 Jaszber´ eny,´ 227, 230, 231 Lake Neuvic, 192 Jasztelek,´ 227, 230 Lake Onega, 38, 47, 48, 296, 298, 368 Jochim, M., 7–10, 12, 15 , 29, 30, 38, 161, 194, 203, 204, landscape, 89–90, 92–94, 97–98 208, 209, 214, 215, 217, 219, 342, 359, 360, coastal, 70, 71, 84–86, 97, 103 362–364, 367–370 cultural, 191–196 Jura, 152 , 154 , 191, 195, 198, 199, 201, 203, 214 frozen, 70 karstic landscapes, 221 Kamegg, 231 postglacial, 65 Karelian Isthmus, 23, 24, 36 Lapland, 22, 36, 48 Kattegat Sea, 107 Laspi, 1, 7, 287, 289, 360

459

Index

Late Glacial age, 84, 86, 103, 107, 141, 142, 144, 150 , 203, beaver, 15 , 19, 36, 40, 46, 47, 50, 51, 96, 100, 117–119, 216, 224, 225, 231, 238–240, 245, 252, 253, 254, 160, 166, 197, 209, 230, 293–296, 300 275, 283, 296, 299, 357, 359, 364–366 bison, 283, 290, 296, 309, 31 0 , 339, 358 Late Glacial period, 86, 103, 245, 252, 283, 296, 299, 365 boar, 47, 160, 209, 219, 263, 287, 290, 293, 31 0 , 311 , LBK, 52, 55, 56, 178, 179, 196, 219, 370 313 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 321, 324, 325, 339, 345, 347, 366 le Camp de Jouanet, 198 boar (wild), 32, 66, 96, 100, 166, 174, 191, 197, 287, le Pas de l’Aiguille, 192 296, 344, 346, 358 le Pas de la Charmatte, 192 cattle, 29, 37, 52, 54, 119, 125, 127, 130, 157 , 178, 267, Le Petit Marais, 172 270, 275, 300, 350, 358, 362 le Petit-Marais de la Chaussee-Tirancourt,´ 198 cattle (wild), 19, 36, 347 leister, 9, 23 chamois, 197, 209, 245, 309, 311 , 313 , 319 , 344, 346, 357, Lepenski Vir, 9, 11, 12, 57, 239–242, 245, 252, 254–256, 358 258, 265, 266, 268–271, 273–279, 360, 368 deer, 44, 47, 191, 197, 200, 218, 219, 230, 232, 234, 235, les Barraquettes, 192 262, 279, 325, 345, 347, 350, 368, 369 les Perrats cave, 201 deer (fallow), 300 Levanzo, 346, 349, 352 deer (rabbit), 342 Lihult, 27, 101 deer (red), 19, 36, 83, 100, 112, 116, 117, 124, 144, 145, Lillebælt, 6, 107, 108 147, 148, 160, 166, 174, 191, 197, 208–210, 230, Linear Pottery, 223, 228, 236, 301 245, 259, 262, 263, 287, 292, 294, 296, 300, Linearbandkeramik, 126–128, 219, 430 309–311 , 313 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 321, 324, 325, 341, Lista, 101 344–346, 348, 349, 358 Little Ice Age, 261, 277 deer (roe), 19, 36, 112, 116, 117, 144, 145, 160, 166, 197, Littorina ﬂuctuations, 108 209, 259, 287, 293, 296, 300, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 314 , Littorina Sea, 19 316 , 319 , 321, 324, 325, 339, 344, 358 Loch Lomond Stadial, 143 dog, 100, 209, 262, 279, 290, 295, 296, 300, 321, logistic deployment, 134, 145, 147, 154 , 156 362 logistic system, 31 elk, 9, 15 , 19, 24, 35, 36, 40, 44–49, 51, 78, 83, 96, 100, Los Azules, 312 , 313 112, 116, 117, 119, 141, 144, 145, 147, 148, 160, Lough Boora, 151 209, 230, 292, 294–296, 300, 358, 368 Low Countries, 158 –160, 162, 163, 166, 171–174, 179, 181, fox, 100, 117, 118, 150 , 209, 219, 230, 300 358 goat, 29, 37, 52, 119, 178, 196, 267, 270, 275, 287, 300, Lundby, 116, 119 362, 363, 366 hare, 197, 230, 294, 300, 321, 344 Macanskˇ evr´ ˘sky, 231 horse, 24, 29, 52, 145, 160, 166, 197, 206, 209, 210, MacArthur’s Cave, 154 230, 300, 309–311 , 313 , 319 , 321, 339, 344, 345, 347, mace heads, 45 358, 362, 369, 370 macroliths horse (wild), 19, 287, 290, 300 industries, 304, 314 hyena, 287 Mirian, 314 ibex, 197, 209, 245, 309, 311 –313 , 319 , 325, 341, 344, Magdalenian, 22, 182, 199, 203, 207, 210, 232, 304, 345, 346, 350, 357, 358 31 0 –313 , 317 , 326, 332, 333, 345 lynx, 118, 197 Maglemose, 27, 110, 118, 119 mammoth, 287, 296, 298, 358 Magoito, 311 otter, 100, 117, 118, 160, 259, 321 Mala Triglavca, 239 pig, 8, 31 , 32, 36, 37, 52, 112, 116–119, 150 , 178, 230, Malerfels, 205 267, 270, 275, 287, 300, 341, 348, 349, 362, 363, mallets, 34 366. See also boar mammals, 92, 96, 100, 104, 107, 117, 150 , 209, 252, 259, pig (wild), 19, 30, 31 , 36, 145, 230, 245, 259, 262 262, 290, 292, 317 , 319 , 342, 344, 361, 365 pine marten, 117, 118, 121, 160, 197, 209, 230, 300 antelope-saiga, 287, 290, 300, 358 polecat, 117 auroch, 112, 116, 117, 144, 145, 160, 166, 197, 200, 209, rabbit, 197, 319 , 321, 344, 345, 350 230, 259, 287, 290, 292, 293, 300, 309–311 , 313 , reindeer, 19, 22–25, 29, 36, 42, 52, 57, 58, 65, 78, 83, 314 , 316 , 319 , 321, 325, 344, 345, 347, 348, 362, 369 84, 90, 100, 103, 104, 141, 160, 182, 206, 209, 210, badger, 117, 118, 197, 209, 259 287, 290, 292, 295, 296, 299, 31 0 , 326, 339, 358, bear, 15 , 19, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 66, 78, 83, 89, 117, 362, 366, 368 118, 160, 166, 197, 209, 218, 230, 234, 259, 287, sheep, 29, 37, 52, 119, 156 , 178, 196, 267, 270, 275, 300, 294, 300, 363, 368 362

460

Index

sheep (wild), 287 Mesolithic squirrel, 197 Early, 68, 73, 74, 120, 122, 132, 134, 140, 141, 144–148, water birds, 25, 40, 44–48, 51, 197, 368 150 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 161, 163, 166–169, 171, 177, 181, weasel, 197 191, 199, 207–209, 214–217, 242, 243, 245, 254, wildcat, 117, 118, 166, 209, 230, 293 255, 258, 359, 360 wolf, 117, 118, 197, 200, 209, 219, 230, 259, 294 Late, 8, 10, 27, 73, 78–80, 120, 122–124, 132, 147, 148, Mannlefelsen, 195, 198, 199, 217, 218 150 , 152 –156 , 161, 163, 168, 172–179, 181, 190, Mansi, 47 193, 199, 207–210, 214–220, 236, 242, 243, March Hill, 148 254–256, 258–260, 262–264, 266, 267, 274, 276 marine diets, 104, 146 Later, 27, 36, 54, 151 , 227, 235, 252, 254, 299, 333, clam, 117 338–341, 343, 346, 348, 361, 362 clams, 320 Middle, 163 cockle, 117, 118, 154 , 155 , 320 Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, 52–58, 126–131, 178, 179, crab, 316 , 339, 343 196, 219–220, 270–277, 299–301, 324–325, crustaceans, 310 , 313 , 321, 324 354–356, 362–364, 369–370 eel, 21, 117, 118, 150 , 151 , 344 Meuse Valley Project, 161, 176, 179 limpet, 150 , 153 , 154 , 311 , 313 , 316 , 317 , 320, 361 microblades, 81, 171 limpet hammers, 317 technology, 23, 27, 81, 83, 112, 127 mollusc, 153 uniform, 81 mussel, 100, 118, 121, 154 , 209, 259, 262, 279, 290, microburins, 22, 169, 185, 325 320 technique, 74, 163, 304, 320, 346, 348, 359 oyster, 100, 117, 118, 120, 129, 154 , 317 , 320, 360, 361 microlithisation, 8, 24, 163, 224, 281, 333, 343 periwinkle, 100, 154 , 311 , 313 , 316 microliths, 132, 148, 163, 172, 183, 216, 281, 294, 304, 322 sea urchin, 316 , 339, 343 Ahrensburgian points, 163, 294, 296 shellfish, 20, 55, 72, 99, 104, 107, 117, 118, 120, 153 , arrowheads, 169, 281, 294, 295 154 , 183, 197, 212, 259–261, 278, 31 0 , 312 , 314 , Ahrensburgian, 294, 295 316 –318 , 321, 339, 341, 343, 346, 348, 350, 361 bone, 263, 264 whelk, 320 flint, 298 marine mammals, 25, 29, 30, 36, 45, 96, 103, 104, 117, 153 , Post-Swiderian, 294, 295 260, 358, 365, 368 spur, 195 dolphin, 118, 153 Swiderian, 294, 295 otter, 260 tanged, 295 porpoise, 66, 100, 117, 118, 153 transverse, 83, 113 seal, 6, 8, 20, 29, 31 , 32, 34–36, 46, 53, 54, 56, 57, 66, trapeze, 190, 193 72, 78, 83, 85, 86, 96, 100, 103, 117–119, 150 , 153 , Azilian points, 312 154 , 343, 361, 365, 368, 370 backed curved points, 226 whale, 10, 72, 78, 83, 100, 118, 368 backed points, 185, 186, 207, 226, 293, 294, 304, 31 0 , marine reservoir effect, 127 311 , 318 , 319 , 325 marine transgression, 31 0 , 319 broad-blade, 140 marriage, 55, 56, 125 Chateaubriand points, 194 Mas d’Azil, 313 , 332, 350 diagnostic, 112 masks, 48, 51, 166 finished, 322 materials Gazel points, 193 raw, 24, 25, 35, 53, 54, 63, 64, 78, 81, 86, 101, 116, 142, geometric, 132, 140, 147, 150 , 185, 186, 191, 204, 280, 144, 145, 155 , 161, 172, 173, 178, 195, 215, 217, 287, 299, 312 , 314 , 317 , 318 , 320, 324, 326, 333, 334, 228, 233, 259, 263, 277, 319 , 333, 334, 342, 345, 342, 343, 345, 348, 361 348, 354, 359, 361, 370 industries, 304, 360 mattocks, 263, 359 Janislawicy-type points, 294 antler, 31 , 141, 320 lanceolate, 74 Medena Stijena, 239 obliquely blunted points, 140, 147, 150 Mediterranean, 1, 7–9, 26, 172, 184, 196, 203, 217, 274, obliquely truncated points, 192, 194 281, 292, 303, 304, 319 , 325, 326, 328–356, projectile points, 123, 163, 169, 280, 293 360–363, 366, 369, 391 scalene, 192 coast Swiderian points, 296 Mellars, P., 5, 18, 31 , 132, 144, 145, 148, 153 tanged points, 22–25, 27, 74, 81, 83, 88, 103, 163, 227, Merselo-Haag, 177 289, 294, 296, 358, 365

461

Index

microliths (cont.) Nab Head, 10, 15 , 146 Tardenois points, 186 Namforsen,¨ 9, 35, 46–48, 57, 368 technology, 27, 185 Narva, 24, 27, 29, 34, 47, 359 transverse points, 61, 73, 81, 102 Narva-Riikikula¨ I, 40 trapezoid, 236 Nasijarvi,¨ 35 unilaterally retouched points, 163 Natuﬁan, 227, 258, 273 micropoints, 208, 294 Neman, 27, 359 Middagsskarheia, 1, 94 Neolithic, 4–6, 12, 30, 45, 47, 56, 58, 83, 99, 100, 102, middens, 12, 98–100, 154 –156 , 318 , 321, 340, 343, 360 105, 108, 110, 118, 121, 122, 126–129, 157 , 161, shell, 12, 89, 99, 104, 112, 120–122, 126, 152 –154 , 197, 178, 182–185, 193, 196–198, 219–221, 224, 232, 299, 311 , 314 –316 , 318 –320, 324, 365, 368 236, 238–243, 254, 255, 278, 290, 296, 299, 300, Milner, N., 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 30, 122, 146, 367 302, 304, 320, 322–328, 340, 342, 347, 349, 350, Mirnoe, 1, 290 352, 354, 362, 363 Mirnoe I, 360, 362 Early, 54, 80, 88, 107, 115, 118, 120, 122, 124, 127–131, mobility, 9, 12, 14, 35, 36, 103, 104, 145, 146, 198, 202, 167, 178, 179, 223, 228, 243, 256, 260, 262, 278, 213–217, 240, 264, 275, 278, 299, 312 , 322, 333, 279, 300, 315 , 342, 343 337, 340, 341, 344, 349, 359 economy, 271 Moita do Sebastiao,˜ 319 , 321, 345, 354 farming, 6, 51, 208 Møllegabet I, 112 Forest, 29, 34, 38, 56, 369 molluscs, 118, 225, 263, 281, 300, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 317 , 319 , Late, 58, 352 321, 324, 325, 358, 360, 361, 365, 368, 369 Middle, 179 Molodova, 1, 290 societies, 4 Montadian, 192, 193, 197, 360 Sub, 281, 301 Montadien, 333, 345 transition, 4, 10, 127, 158 , 220, 270–278, 326, 364 Montbani, 190, 193, 194 neolithisation, 324 Montclus, 8, 183, 190, 192–195, 197, 345, 351 Nerja, 337, 343, 344, 349, 365 Montclusian, 191, 192, 333, 360 Newell, R., 40, 41, 50, 120, 122, 123, 126, 149, 160, 177, monuments, 128–131, 182, 326 204, 217, 219, 231, 316 , 321, 353, 356 Morava river, 221 Newferry, 151 Moravia, 221, 225, 227–232, 236, 279 Nezvizka, 290 Mortensnes, 91, 96, 100 Nizhnee Veret’e I, 286, 295, 296, 360 Morton, 155 Norsminde, 118, 120 mortuary practice, 267, 276 Nøstvet, 61, 68, 78, 79, 81, 101, 102 cannibalism, 12, 202, 368 Nyhamna, 90, 98, 99 chamber tomb, 258 cremation, 11, 40, 124, 172, 200, 354 Obanian, 154 deﬂeshing, 12, 202, 218, 368 Oberbayern, 203, 206, 214 excarnation, 257, 259, 368 Oberschwaben, 203, 204, 206, 208, 213–215, 217, 219 founding statements, 353 Oberstdorf, 213 grave goods, 10, 11, 39–42, 50, 123–125, 129, 131, 175, obsidian, 229, 267, 277, 342, 348, 349, 354, 366, 369 191, 200, 259, 276, 295, 296, 312 , 319 , 321, 326, ochre (red), 175, 218, 259, 353 353, 368, 369 Odmut, 239 gravestones, 11, 40 Ofnet Cave, 12, 209 mortuary houses, 11, 40, 128, 129 Oleneostrovski Mogilnik. See Olenii Ostrov necropolis, 258 Olenii Ostrov, 11, 15 , 38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, 54, 295, rituals, 45 368 skull open-air sites, 100, 162, 192, 194, 198, 205, 209, 213, 221, removal, 11 224, 226, 228, 230, 231, 233, 239, 252, 311 , 318 , Mount Sandel, 150 , 151 , 155 , 359, 366 340, 345 Muge, 11, 319 , 320, 321, 322, 323, 361, Øresund, 6, 107, 108, 112 368 organic material, 31 , 88, 90, 96, 99–100, 105, 112, 124, Mull, 152 150 , 161, 173, 176, 181, 204, 209, 359, 360, 365 Mullerup, 116 Orkney, 152 Murzakobian, 289 ornamentation, 12, 15 , 46, 54, 147, 191, 200, 202, 204, Musholm, 119, 173 208, 218, 219, 259, 295, 311 , 313 , 314 , 316 , 342, 345, mylonite, 81 348, 353, 356. See also art, burial, mortuary practice

462

Index

Oronsay, 12, 152 –155 , 361 Pluciennik, M., 4, 7–9, 12, 199, 304, 313 , 328, 331, 349, Oslo Fjord, 84 352, 355, 357, 360–363, 366–369 Østfold, 96, 100 Pod zubem, 228, 230, 233, 234, 236 Ostrovu Banului, 252, 255, 260, 278 points, 169, 172, 348 Outer Isles, 152 antler, 165 A-points, 163, 168, 169 Padina, 11, 240, 241, 245, 254–256, 258, 260, 262, 270, barbed, 144, 147, 295 273, 274, 277, 278 barbed antler, 210 Palaeolithic barbed bone, 112, 119 Late Palaeolithic, 27, 61, 110, 112, 161, 163, 167, 203, biserial barbed, 147 204, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 219, bi-truncated, 294 222–224, 226, 232, 236, 287, 290, 292, 298 bone, 32, 165, 295 Upper Palaeolithic, 26, 43, 134, 141, 142, 144–147, 150 , bone pin-shaped, 24 155 , 156 , 203, 210, 221–223, 228, 233, 236, 239, B-points, 163, 168, 169 259, 276, 281, 287, 292, 296, 298, 304, 309, 313 , curved backed, 318 315 , 316 , 325, 327, 333, 339, 340, 341, 347–350, 352, hollow-based, 141 354, 366–369 stone, 295 Pedra do Patacho, 311 Swiderian, 299 pendants, 9, 50, 112, 113, 116, 313 uniserial barbed, 141, 147 amber, 9 population bone, 219, 313 densities, 4, 24, 25, 27, 123, 276, 300 perforated tooth, 40 dispersal, 24 tooth, 32, 40, 48, 50, 51, 123, 124 growth, 24, 55, 62, 134, 143, 156 , 178, 361, 367, 370 percuteurs, 168 Postglacial, 18, 66, 68, 72, 84, 86, 107, 112, 144, 147, 148, perforators, 88, 312 , 314 , 316 150 , 151 , 184, 197, 203, 205, 216, 281, 314 , 315 , 318 , picks, 112, 304, 314 –316 , 324, 360 364, 402 Asturian, 314 , 317 post-holes, 32, 98, 99, 213, 233, 261, 321, 322, 366 cobble, 315 post-Pleistocene warming, 159 pieces pottery, 29, 34, 40, 45, 46, 113, 115, 118, 127, 178, 179, bi-pointed bone, 316 196, 219, 236, 240, 241, 267, 269–271, 273, Pilhaken, 119 275–278, 280, 281, 290, 292, 299–301, 304, 315 , pits, 322 324, 343, 358, 360, 363, 369, 370 roasting, 322 Cardial, 322 plant foods, 8, 30, 36, 56, 104, 107, 184, 197, 198, 206, pounders, 34 209, 230, 260, 290, 296, 311 , 313 , 324, 339, 349, PPNA phase, 258 360, 361, 370 Preboreal, 63, 65, 70, 72, 74, 84, 90, 107, 108, 143, 163, acorns, 260, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 317 , 321, 339, 344, 362 166, 168, 184, 185, 194, 195, 225, 232, 278, 281, beechnuts, 31 0 , 344 283, 294, 295, 304, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 315 , 318 , 366 berries, 31 , 209, 230, 311 , 321, 344 transition, 295 chestnuts, 31 , 31 0 , 362 prestige, 13–17, 35, 38, 52, 54, 112, 115, 125, 129, 130, 179, fruit, 112, 209, 342, 344, 345, 362 263, 276, 369 hazelnuts, 31 , 34, 96, 99, 100, 104, 117, 134, 146, 150 , P˘ribice, 235 167–170, 198, 209, 230, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 317 , 344, 361, Price, T., 4, 5, 27, 30, 38, 41, 49, 52–55, 122–124, 160, 362 161, 177, 181, 355, 363 legumes, 178, 337, 344 protein, 260 mushrooms, 198 animal, 209 nuts, 36, 99, 112, 198, 316 , 317 , 321, 339, 344, 362, 363 Pupicina,ˇ 239 roots, 31 , 36, 321 Putim, 1, 235 seeds, 34, 88, 117, 175, 230, 344, 361, 362 Pyhaj¨ arvi,¨ 35 tubers, 31 , 36, 198, 321 waterchestnuts, 34 quarries, 64, 79, 87, 98, 101, 361 plants quartz, 25, 63, 81, 86, 263, 320, 322 domesticated, 128, 219, 328 quartz crystal, 81, 86 Pleistocene quartzite, 25, 63, 81, 86, 87, 98, 167, 171, 229, 233, 316 , Late, 176, 261, 346, 396 320, 322 Pleistocene deposits, 160 Wommersom, 171–173

463

Index

radiocarbon dating. See dating Rozoy, J.-G., 158 , 163, 182–185, 191, 192–197, 333, 340, radiolarite, 215, 263 345, 352, 354, 356 Radovanovic, I., 240, 255, 258, 259, 269, 270, 271, 273, Rude Mark, 119 274, 278 Ruffey-sur-Seille, 195, 198, 199, 201 reciprocity, 43 Ruzˇ´ın, 230, 234 regionalisation, 8, 361 Reindeer Island. See Olenii Ostrov Saami, 26, 47, 49, 52 relatedness, 13, 356 Saarland, 203 reptiles, 46, 49, 368 Sablonniere,` 183, 194 frog, 230 Sablonniere` of Coincy, 183 lizard, 46 Sælneshøgda, 78 snake, 15 , 40, 46, 47, 51, 295, 296 Saint-Mˆıtre, 191 tortoise, 300 Sand Rockshelter, 154 turtle, 230 Sandarna, 23, 27, 101, 359 resin, 234 S¯arnate, 34, 56, 360 resistance Sauveterrian, 171, 183, 191–195, 318 , 333, 343, 345, 346, strategies, 57–58 348, 360 resources, 10, 266 Scania, 22, 27, 54, 107, 112, 121 animal, 259 Schela Cladovei, 11, 239–252, 255–261, 263–268, 275, 276, aquatic, 19, 21, 25, 30, 36, 38, 252, 261, 275, 296, 314 , 278, 279, 360, 362 359, 364, 367 Schleswig-Holstein, 107 diverse, 348 Schotz,¨ 1, 7, 205, 209 fish, 99, 104, 122 Schrage¨ Wand, 205, 213 food, 9, 10, 19, 21, 22, 24, 31 , 32, 55, 155 , 181, 184, 198, scrapers, 78, 87, 88, 94, 112, 115, 148, 150 , 163, 169–171, 210, 212, 216, 275, 298, 31 0 176, 177, 186, 207, 208, 263, 295, 31 0 , 333, 343, marine, 29, 84, 85, 90, 92, 97, 104, 117, 122, 146, 299, 346, 348 338, 343, 357, 365, 366 endscrapers, 208, 245, 281, 287, 291, 295, 304, 31 0 , 314 , retouchoirs, 166 316 , 318 , 325 Retzian, 195 flake, 312 Rheinland-Pfalz, 203–205, 208, 213, 215, 219 sculptures, 15 , 40, 49, 51, 274, 276, 277 Rhine, 1, 8, 15 , 162, 163, 171, 173, 203, 206, 210, 214, sea level, 7, 70, 97, 98, 107, 146, 158 , 159 , 174, 203, 280, 215, 217, 219 283, 337, 357, 365, 367 Rhum, 152 , 155 change, 19, 63, 66–67, 146 rings, 51, 116 eustatic change, 19, 108, 150 Risga, 154 isostatic change, 19, 66–68, 360, 361, 365, 368 ritual, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41–52, 56, 58, 64, 110, 118, 124, 125, rise, 108, 159 , 337, 349, 357–360 130, 147, 152 , 252, 259, 271, 295, 352, 364, 367, seasonality, 31 , 121, 146, 214, 278, 312 , 317 , 321, 368, 371. See also burial ritual 340 Rochers d’Auffargis, 183 food, 42, 352 rock art, 9, 45–47, 64, 83, 102, 104, 367 sedentism, 10, 27, 34, 38, 65, 120, 121, 126, 198, 240, 255, rock carvings, 46, 47, 49. See also rock art 258, 275, 298, 300, 322, 341 rock painting. See rock art Seedorf, 172 rockshelters, 89, 99, 154 , 198, 202, 204, 205, 209, 213, segmentary lineage system, 130 214, 221, 222, 224–228, 230–234, 236, 238, 240, Seine, 161, 173, 191, 192, 194 245, 287, 340, 344, 345 Selmeston, 149 Romanellian, 245, 346 settlement, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 25–27, 32–40, 43, Romanello-Azilian, 245 46, 54, 56–58, 65, 85, 90, 98, 119, 122, 140, 142, rope, 174 145, 146, 149–152 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 162, 190, 191, Roquefure, 192 193, 202, 217, 222, 223, 226, 239, 253, 255, 258, 263, 272, Rossen, 179 276, 278, 296, 300, 312 , 318 , 343, 347, 358, 359, Rottenburg-Siebenlinden, 205, 209, 213, 214 361, 364, 366, 370 Roucadourian cycle, 184 economy, 171 Rouffignac, 183, 185, 186, 191, 193, 202 hierarchy, 47 Rowley-Conwy, P., 4, 5, 10, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29–32, 36, 38, maritime, 8 41, 54–57, 118, 119, 121, 125–127, 131, 144, 181, patterns, 9, 10, 13, 24, 32–35, 84, 92, 96, 98, 102, 104, 299, 301, 319 , 320, 326, 363 119–121, 198, 199, 205–212, 216, 230–233, 236,

464

Index

287, 289–290, 292, 294, 295, 320–322, 332, 337, spirits, 14, 43, 44, 48, 265 340–343, 345, 346 Spitalhohle,¨ 213 pioneer, 7, 84, 103 spoon-bowls, 45 strategies, 221, 224, 231 Stad, 88 systems, 10, 11, 64, 158 , 181, 338, 361 Stakaneset, 64, 79, 101, 102 typology, 161 Stallerupholm, 119 Severskiy Donets, 290 Star Carr, 4, 8, 16, 140, 144–146 shamanism, 44, 45, 50, 52 Starcevo-Kˇ or¨ os-Cris¨ ¸, 262, 279 shamans, 11, 14, 15 , 38, 43, 44, 48–52, 295, 298, Starunja, 1, 289 368 Steinbergwand, 205, 217 Shankobian, 289 Stickbandkeramik, 128 shell middens. See middens stockbreeding, 300 shells stones furrow, 320, 322 anvil, 81, 213 marine, 150 , 200, 325, 339, 341, 342, grinding, 348 360 hammer, 81, 169, 320 perforated, 259, 320, 321, 324, 353 inscribed, 352 shelters, 89, 145, 148, 149, 183, 192, 222. See also dwellings storage, 4, 31 , 32, 34, 70, 118, 128, 198, 199, 212, 255, 275, Shetland Islands, 152 292, 366, 370 shorelines, 19, 65, 89, 360, 365, 366. See also sea level deposits, 34 displacement, 63, 66–68, 93, 105, 108 food, 260–263 Quaternary, 67 pits, 294, 295, 322 Siberia, 42, 43, 45, 47–49, 51, 358 social, 156 Sidari, 342, 347 Storebælt, 6, 107, 108, 112 Skagerak, 86, 107 Storegga tsunami, 6 Skagerrak, 73 Straits of Gibraltar, 328 Skateholm, 10, 11, 40, 41, 45, 50, 54, 121, 123–125, Straus, L., 4, 11, 199, 235, 299, 302, 304, 31 0 –313 , 316 –318 , 368 320, 322–325, 328, 333, 342, 343, 345, 351, 355, 357, skis, 35, 83, 295, 359 359–361, 365, 367, 368 Skottemarke, 117, 119 Strette, 193 skulls, 218 Strøby Egede, 124 Skye, 152 , 154 structures slate, 25, 35, 57 remains, 213, 256, 261 slaves, 156 , 279 submerged sites, 9, 112, 119, 120, 278, 347, 361 sledge runners, 295 subsistence, 56 Smol´ın, 227, 230, 231, 235 changes, 30–32, 84–86, 116–119, 140–157 , 196–198, snails, 259, 287, 325, 360 203–212, 213, 228–230, 287, 290–295, 320–322, soapstone clubs, 84 334–340, 360–362, 364–367 soapstone net sinkers, 102 strategies, 30, 42, 104, 112, 302, 326 social change, 12–16, 27–29, 35–38, 103–105, 124–125, substitution phase, 301 140–157 , 263–264, 270–277, 285–296, 299, Suomusjarvi,¨ 24, 25, 27, 29, 359 352–354 Supernatural World, 43 social hierarchy, 298 Sværdborg, 116, 119 social organisation, 9, 10, 16, 64, 70, 104, 122, 125, 151 , Svalbard, 65, 90 156 , 231, 298, 352, 356 Sventoji,ˇ 34, 56 social ranking, 4, 15 , 40, 51, 54, 124, 125, 255, 259, 276, Swiderian, 23, 289, 294, 299, 358 353, 368, 369 symbolism, 44–52 Søgne, 97, 104 Syuren’ 2, 289 Sonchamp III, 199 ◦ Sønder Hadsund, 119 Tagerup, 8, 32, 121, 360 Sope, 15 , 40 Tampere, 35 spears, 151 , 174, 209, 298 Tamula, 40 specialisation, 181, 197, 276, 344 Tardenoisian, 171, 183, 194, 227, 333, 361 specialised exploitation, 36 Tardiglacial, 184, 304, 31 0 , 311 , 313 , 315 , 400 Spiginas, 40, 45 Tar reron,´ 324, 325 Spikins, P., 1, 7, 8, 10, 278, 364, 369, 370 technocomplex, 72–74

465

Index

technology, 233–235, 278, 369–370 asymmetric, 168 maritime, 151 , 152 geometric, 192, 231 Neolithic, 56 isosceles, 195, 294 teeth, 191, 218, 219, 230, 236, 259, 260, 320 Tringham, R., 240, 255, 260, 261, 271, 273–276, 300 animal, 9, 48, 85, 112, 113, 191, 208, 218, 294, 296 Trollheimen, 90 caries, 122, 260, 338, 362 Troms, 63, 71, 86 human, 122, 191, 217, 362 Tschapperfels,¨ 205 perforated, 200 tusks, 32, 112, 208, 219, 263 tent rings, 91 Tybrind Vig, 112, 361 territoriality, 8, 38, 41, 51, 125, 126, 369 Teviec,´ 12, 183, 191, 194, 197, 200, 202 Ulkestrup, 116, 119, 359 Teviecian,´ 194 Ulva, 152 Thatcham, 144, 145 Ulva Cave, 154 Theopetra, 239, 334, 347 Urratxa, 312 , 325 Three-tier World, 43 Usclades, 191 Tierra del Fuego, 14 Uzzo Cave, 361, 362 Tolan-Smith, C., 4, 7–10, 15 , 132, 134, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 213, 252, 358, 359–361, 363, Valdeyron, N., 4, 7–9, 12, 162, 173, 182, 184, 185, 366, 368 191–193, 207, 219, 304, 333, 345, 360–363, 370 Tomaszow,´ 233 Valetta, 181 trade, 31 , 33, 35, 36, 38, 53, 56–58, 115, 118, 126, 127, 263, Valma, 40 267, 271, 274, 304, 323, 326, 369, 370 Valorguien, 345 transgression, 66–68, 90, 92, 98, 281, 283, 31 0 , 316 , 324 Varanger, 63, 83, 84, 90, 96, 100 transhumance, 340 Varela, V., 315 trapezes, 172, 173, 177, 183, 287, 294, 320, 324, 325 Vasylievka, 282, 290, 292 asymmetrical, 194, 294 Vedbæk, 7, 50, 108, 123 broad, 127, 172 Vega, 8, 91, 93, 96, 103, 315 , 317 , 359, 365 Murza-Koba, 289 vegetation disturbance, 148 narrow, 172 Vela Spila, 239 Payre,´ 195 Venray region, 176–178 trapping, 118, 175, 339, 350 Ventecul, 192 TRB, 37, 52, 54, 55, 115, 126, 127 Veretye, 24 trees, 148 Verhart, L., 16, 29, 159 , 161, 165, 166, 168, 176, 178, 179, alder, 7, 66, 319 , 324, 336 207, 363, 364, 367, 370 ash, 206, 218, 233, 335, 336 Vermeersch, P., 5, 18, 161, 171 beech, 19, 316 , 336 violence, 12, 123, 124, 152 , 178, 218, 264, 292, 364 birch, 7, 19, 66, 107, 119, 144, 163, 184, 206, 216, 225, Viste, 96, 104 294, 295, 31 0 , 336 Vivianite, 99 chestnut, 316 Vlasac, 9, 11, 240–245, 252–258, 259–260, 262–264, 266, elm, 7, 19, 66, 107, 118, 144, 163, 206, 225, 324, 335, 270, 274, 276–279 336, 360 Vlootbeek, 168, 171 ﬁr, 336 Volos’ke, 292 hazel, 7, 19, 66, 96, 107, 144, 163, 184, 198, 206, 210, Vorotsev, 1, 2, 292 225, 31 0 , 316 , 324, 335, 336, 344 hornbeam, 335 Waaspolders, 166 juniper, 184, 336 Wallachian Plain, 238 lime, 7, 19, 66, 107, 206, 225, 335, 336, 360 warfare, 156 , 264, 276, 298, 369. See also violence oak, 7, 19, 107, 144, 163, 174, 184, 206, 225, 260, 31 0 , Weidental, 205, 213 316 , 324, 335, 336, 341, 360 wetlands, 19, 30, 36, 162, 175, 294 pine, 7, 19, 66, 99, 107, 119, 144, 163, 167, 184, 191, wheat, 115, 300, 326. See also cereals 206, 216, 225, 245, 31 0 , 335, 336, 344, 362 einkorn, 178, 300 spruce, 19, 206 emmer, 178, 300 ◦ Tˇr´ıvoluCave,226 spelt, 300 triangles, 8, 163, 168, 172, 185, 190, 192–194, 207, 208, White Gill, 148 226, 227, 294, 319 , 320, 324, 333, 345, 346, 359 Willemstad, 16, 174

466

Index

Yamana, 14, 16 Zvejniek, 40 Yelshanian, 300, 369, 370 Zvejnieki, 15 , 38, 40, 41, 45, 50, 54, 368 Yoldia Sea, 19 Zvelebil, M., 4, 5, 9–12, 15 , 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29–32, 34–36, 38, 40–42, 45–50, 52–58, 118, Zemaitiˇske, 56 119, 122–124, 126, 127, 181, 235, 259, 271, 274, Zhokhov Island, 298 295, 298–302, 326, 339, 352, 355, 358–364, Zigeunerhohle,¨ 232, 235 368–370 Zilhao,˜ J., 304, 311 , 314 , 320, 322, 323, 327, 355 Zvidze, 56

467