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Redakcine kolegija: Algirdas Girininkas (ats. redaktorius) (Lieluvos istorijos iIlSlilL/las) Vytautas Kazakevicius (Lieluvos istorijos institulas) Mykolas Michelbertas (Vilniaus universitetas) - Evalds Mugurevics (Lalvijos universileto Latvijos istorijos instilLilas) Vytautas Urbanavicius (PiliL{ tyrimo centras "Lieluvos pi(vs") Gintautas Zabiela (Lietuvos istorijos institulas)

ISSN 02-07-8694 © Lietuvos istorijos institutas ISBN 9986-23-083-7 © Straipsni4 autoriai

- THE ACHIE MENTS D TOPICS WORTH DISCUSSING THE P OLITHIC D THE MESOLITHIC OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN SUBB

ZOFIA SULGOSTOWSKA

INTRODUCTION

Researches on the area of the Stone Age in th e iouth-Eastern Baltic Basin shows significant achie­ \ ments thanks to the field and postfield activity and

;xlblica, tions of Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithua- man, Polish and Russian archaeologists as well as :Jatura l science researchers. In spite of the results ootained, they are still inconclusive questions for th e IOlutio n and reconstruction of the earliest prehistory ofthe region. Our expectations increased: the descrip­ oonand affiliations of artifacts to the taxons (cultures), Vi(al T(bl K(a.• bl ron ideration of potential chronology based on artifact . " • D (a cl -'"'" morphology and deliberations about the direction of L (a ~b l . Mi(b l mfluences are not sufficient. Only excavating the sites .KS (a;..l ~~ 10 the most complex way with high quality records and by publishing them in a most exhaustive way will nelp us to solve the problems.

STATE OF THE RESEARCH AND TOPICS TO BE Fig. 1. Location of the si tes discussed in the text and it DISCUSSED chronology: Palaeolithic (a); Mesolithic (b) and Neolithic (c) periods. Key si tes: D - Dudka (a,b,c); L - Lajty (a,b); Palaeolithic K - Kabeliai (a,b); KS - Krasne Selo (a); Mi - Miluki (b); Ms - Mszano (b); N - Narva (c); 00 - Oleni 0 trov (b); The Final Palaeolithic is the period of the first Pe - Pesthanitsa (b); Po - Po ovo (b); Pu - Pulli (b); SL­ Salaspils Laukskola (a); S - ventoji (c); T - Tlokowo (b); permanent settlement of the area after deglaciation. Ve - Veretye (b); Vi - Vilnius (a); WW - Wozna Wi d (a,b,c); The sites connected with Tanged Point technocomplex Z - Zcdmar (c); Zv - Zvej ni eki (b). are known from the whole area discussed (Fig. 1) as it wasestabli h in publications (Rimantiene 1971; Schild tanged points types regarded as main culture (taxon) 1975; Kozlowski J. K. , Kozlowski S. K. 1975; Ko ltsov indicator which sugge t presence on the territory: 1977; Sulgostowska 1989; Szymczak 1995; Zagorska Lyngby, Ahrensburgian and Mazovian. 1996). Almost all the Final Palaeolithic sites are open But analyzing the multiconcentration ites with an ai r' located in places near lakes or rivers attracting abundance of flint artifacts, the statistical possibility repeated Palaeolithic but also Mesolithic and Neolithic of the coexistence of diverse tanged points is ev i­ ettlement. dent.The main problem is to single out homogenou In the surface co ll ections and inventorie from the assemblages. The basic factor to establish affiliation excavated sites there occur morphological diverse to the taxon is technology of flint processing: specific

267 for Lyngby and very close for Ahren burgian and Mesoli thic Mazovian. The la t taxons differ only by ventral re­ touch of tang in the Mazovian (Sulgostowska 1989). Comparing the state of research (Rim antien: It was supposed that flint concentration is the evidence 1971; Koztowski 1972, 1989; Wiyckowska 1975) t of inventory homogeneity but AMS measurement of achievement can be observed thanks to a signifi single charcoal revealed that the formation of increase of environmental and archaeological da' concentration can to be hundreds years (Schild 1985). from the beginning of the Holocene, mainly due The method of fl int artifacts refittings can solve ques­ location of sites near water resources includil!! • tion of uppo ed homogeneity and coexistence of covered by peat sedimentation preserving organ tanged points and trapezes, considered sometimes material: pollen, macrofosiles bone and wood. 00 beyond Polish territory a the integral parts of the records make it possible to establish environme v Mazovian inventory (SataviCius in pre s). chronology, economy and burial customs. The Ea: The strong point of the research is raw material Mesolithic: the Preboreal and the Boreal periodil. economy connected with obtaining, processing in spe­ better recognized that the Late Mesolithic- theAtlaJ. cialized workshops of local, good quality the Creta­ tic period. The Preboreal environmental conditi ceous flint (Sulgostowska 1989, Szymczak 1992, shows presence of fo rest fauna and ocieties Kudriashov, Lipnitskaja in press). it with a new tool kit typical for Mesolithic, I . diverse technologically and typologically than Palaec­ Topics to be discussed lithic Tanged Points unit. Preboreal and Boreal ttk· - The first settlement of the area, its chronology ments are recognized on territory ofNE Poland:1M and provenance needs more detailed explanation. ka (Guminski, Fiedorczuk 1990; Fiedorczuk I~ Stray finds of artifacts morphologically connected with Guminski 1995, 1998, 1999, in press), Lajty Hamburgian tradition (Szymczak 1995) or Arch Bac­ towska 1996), Mituki (Brzozowski, Siema zko 19% ked Pieces (Sulgostowska 1989) should be confimed Tlokowo (Schild et al in press.); Lithuania (Ostrausb by homogenous sites of those units. 1999); Latvia (Zagorska 1981, Zagorskis 1987,i.tI - The relation between diverse Tanged Points 1988); Estonia (K. Jaanits, L. laanits 1978) and~l unjts: the excavations of homogenous sites will verify Russia (Osh ibkina 1994, 1997). the hypothesis about the existence of temporary The Early Me olithic societies show 'Vilnius assemblages' connecting mixed inventories diverse exploitation of land and water (Sulgostowska 1989) or Perstunian culture (Szymczak including hunting (Dudka, Mituki, Lajty, 1995) and Ahrensburgian assemblages from Krasne Veretye I), fishing (Dudka, Ttokowo) and plantgatlt Selo (Kudriashov, Lipnitskaja in press). ring (Lajty, Ttokowo, Dudka). Faunal - Chronology of Final Palaeolithic base mainly on which are statisticall y significant show presence 14C measurements from Central Poland. Only Dudka forest species with a predominance of red deer intrt (Guminski in press), Lajty (Sulgostowska in press) and western and elk in the eastern part of the area. Ret Kabeliu (Ostrauskas 1999) provided a few dates con­ deer remains are present at ite Veretye 1 fromtrt nected with the Aller0d, the Younger Dryas and the Boreal period (Oshibkina 1997) but not as a mainpR!. Early Preboreal but the Aller0d dates are not affiliated which contradicts the theory about the long co~ to flint inventories, when the Younger Dryas (Lajty, nu ation of its hunting by human groups. Kabeliai) are connected with th e Mazovian and are On the discussed territory homogenous i similar to the other measurements from Poland (Fig. 1) of following taxons were excavated: the (Younger Dryas - Early Preboreal). vi an cycle = Komornica culture (Dudka, Lajty), - Economy of Palaeolithic groups is the weakest Kunda culture (Ttokowo, Pulli, Zvejnicki) and point because except for indirect data - reconstructi on Veretye culture (Veretye, Popovo, Pesthanitsa). of fauna basing on stray finds of everal tools made of are also sites connected with the Kudlaevka I antler and bone of reindeer and elk - no faunal remains (Miluki and Kabeliai 2). of mammals, fish or evidence for gathering i known. Burial customs show at the sa me time di Bone from the Aller0d layer of Dudka (Guminski in and similarities. The leading rite is skeletal pre s) informs about the presence of horse in the area. from Russ ia: Oleni Ostrov, Popovo (Oshibkina - The mysterious part of Palaeolithic societies' li fe Latvia - Zwejnieki (Zagorskis 1987); Lithu ania is still their burial customs, suggesting very special rites Spiginas (B utrimas, Cesnys 1987); Poland - G" , which have proved elusive to archaeologists. The same Perkunowo, Wozna Wies, Drystwo (Brzozow ki, is true of the performing art. maszko 1999) and Dudka (Guminski 1999). But

268 examples of more complex rituals : disperscion 1980). To underline the specific economy - conti­ - Dudka (Guminski 1999) or use of fire­ nuation of hunting, fishing and gathering such diverse hsthanica in Russia (Oshibkina 1994) and Mszano from agriculture and husbandry of the Neolithic socie­ • , (Marciniak 1993). Art shows the same orna­ ties the terms: the Subneolithic (Wislanski 1979) or motives but it seems that the tradition of so me the Paraneolithicwere proposed (Kempisty 1981). The mns i.e. - "baton de commandemant" made of red fo ll owi ng cultures are present on territory of Latvia, antlers from the Vistula basin area - is replaced Lithuania, Belarus, Poland and Kaliningrad district: magnificent "elk art" in more Eastern areas. Nemunas (Charniauski 1979; Rimantiene 1997; Kempisty 1983; Kempisty, Wiyckowska 1983; Kem­ Topics to be disscussed pisty, Sulgostowska 1991), Narva (Loze 1988; Riman­ -Tendency to exclude from the European Meso- tiene 1979, 1997), Zedmar culture (Timofeev 1980, ihic North-Eastern Plain territories with continuation 1995, 1998; Guminski, Fiedorczuk 1990; GUlpiI1ski tanged point tradition (Galinski 1997). It is based 1995, 1998, in press). Most of the sites are open air the no longer justified assumption about the sites settled from the Mesolithic: Sosnia (Kempisty, . of the Pleistocene condition longer than Wi eckowska 1983) or even the Final Palaeolithic: other parts of Europe. Wozna Wies (Kempisty, Sulgostowska 1991) where a - Population of the Mesolithic - new arrivals or palimpsest of artifacts is scattered unpatterned over ~eticconnection with Palaeolithic groups. While the a large territory of settlements. It is a danger to use \arvian=Komornica culture connected with Magle­ 14C measurements from such sites to establish 'sensu largo' can be regarded as a new wave of . relations between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic ~ttle ment , it is necessary to discuss such units as periods.The lithic inventories with ceramic include Iostsviderian and Kunda and th eir relation to Mazo­ elements of the Vistulian=lanislawice or even the ian =Sviderian. The homogenous Kunda assemblages Narvian=Komornica and were regarded as homo­ He known , showing western and eastern traditions genous and called "Ceramic Mesolithic" (Cyrek, Gry­ )child 1964; Kozlowski, Kozlowski 1975; Sulgos­ giel, Nowak 1982). The analysis of 14C dates from j1,\~ ka in press) but Postsviderian having not homoge- such sites reveals a gap between homogenous Meso­ XlU sites and its chronology is doubtful in spite of lithic sites and those connected with pottery (Schild ~e suggestion that Mazovian survived in the Boreal 1998). Only some stratified, excavated sites can be :triod (Szymczak 1995). regarded as high quality archaeological records: • - Relation of the Narvian and the Kunda to the Zvidze and Osa (Loze 1988), Sventoji (Rimantiene Kud laevka culture showing among insets elements of 1979,1992); Zacenie (Charniavski 1979); Zedmar ~arv ian and Kunda (Kozlowski, Kozlowski 1975). (Timofeev 1980, 1989) and Dudka (GumiI1 ski, Fie­ Kabeliai 2 site presen ting 14C measurement scattered dorczuk 1990; GumiI1ski 1998). • ~ 1600 years (Ostrauskas 1999) proves that the area long open to the Narvian and the Kunda settle­ Topics to be disscused enl. The Postsviderian and Kudlaevka cultures ho­ - Relations between the Mesolithic and Paraneo­ IIOgenity could be confirmed by study of flint pro­ lithic settlements including traditions of settlement technology and by method of refittings. pattern, burial customs and flint processing technology - Relation of the Late Mesolithic units the - which should be proved using homogenous flint uan =Janislawice and the Mesolithic Nemunas cultu­ assemblages which are much less numerous on peat res, The inventories are very similar including flint sites. Irocessing and tool-kit. The chronology of the Late - Relations between taxons: the Narva, the Zed­ 11esolithic during the Atlantic period is not clear. mar, the Nemunas and also the Ertobelle known from the site D~bki near Koszalin (I1kiewicz 1989). The necessity of establish ing methodological factors: wh ich Mesolithic, Neolithic, Paraneolithic elements of pottery morphology, ornaments, techno­ logy are significant to create new taxon. AMS determi­ The discussed territory shows continuation of tra­ nation of foodcrust from Zedmar D pottery revealed aitio nal hunters-gatherers style of life after adoption that technological diversity: organic or mineral admix­ of ceramic around the half of VII mill enium BP at ture is not a sufficent chronological factor (Timofeev, Zvidze and Osa (Loze 1988) and the half of the VI Zajtseva, Possnert 1994) as it was supposed for Ne­ mille nium BP at Dudka (Guminski , Fiedorczuk 1990), munas culture at sites Sosnia and Wozna Wid (Kem­ Zacen'ye (Charniauski 1979) and Zedmar (Timofeev pisty, Sulgostowska 1991).

269 CONCLUSION morphology. Reliable chronology will show the chrooo­ spacial relation between taxons. The complexity of 11(1 The diverse archaeological records cause ques­ data will help us to consider the necessity of creatin! tions depending on methodology of creating archaeo­ new archaeological taxons=cultures. The rulesoftheir logical taxons=cultures. When we focus on new data creation should fulfill minimal methodological ne to reconstruct white spots concerning e nvironment, homogeneity of sites. The anniversary of the prolllJo economy and social life of societies it will be possible nent archaeologist Professor Rimute Rimantiene,1 to exclude the factors influencing diversities in set­ witness of changes in archaeology, is a good OCca50 tlement pattern, economy, artifacts technology and to start discussion on different approaches.

REFERENCES

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270 from the Boreal period excavated at M za­ Sulgostowska Z., 1996 - The Earliest Mesolithic I, Torua district. Preliminary report II Mesolithic Settl ement of North-Eastern Poland II Acta Archaeo­ . 1993. Vol. 14/1-2. logica Lundensia. Series in 8. 1996. Vol. 24: The earliest Oshibkina S.Y. (OUJllfiKIIHa C.B.), 1994 - Settlement of Scandinavia and its relationship with nei­ 1Im1lfTH'IeCKI1e norpe6eHIHI BOCTO'-lHOrO npHOHe)l(bH/ / bouring areas l ed. L. Larsson, p. 297-304. BeCTH. CaHKT n eTep6ypr, 1994. NQ 3, C. Sulgostowska Z., in press - Losy cyklu mazowszans­ kiego: nowe dane i nowe pytania II Fontes Archaeologici Oshibkina S.Y. (OUJllfiKIIHa C. B.), 1997 - BepeTbe I. Posnanienses. Vol. 39 (in press). leHlle 3noXH Me30JlHTa Ha ceBepe BOCTO'IHOH EBponbl. Szymczak K. , 1992 - P61nocno-wsclH ,,111 ia prowincja WOCKsa: HaYKa, 1977. urowcowa kultury swiderskiej II Acta Universitatis Lod­ Oslrausk.'1s T. , 1999 - Kabeli4 2-oji akmens amziaus zensis. Folia Archaeologica. L6dz, 1992. Vol. 15. ~,env iete II Lietuvos archeologija. Vilnius, 1999. T. 16, Szymczak K., 1995 - Epoka kami eni a polski p6tnoc­ , lHi6. no-wschodniej na ti e srodkowoeuropejskim. Warszawa, Rimantiene R. (Pl1MatlTetle P.), 1971 - ITaneOJllH H 1995. nWTBbl. BI1JlbHIOC , 197 1. v v Satavicius E., in press - Pasienai 1 - the Early Meso- Rimantiene R., 1979 - Sventoji 1. Narvos kulturos lithic site II Subbalticulll l ed. Z. Sulgostowska (in pre s). ~envietes. Vilnius, ] 979. Timofeev Y.1. (TIIMocjJeeB B.I1.), 1980 - HeomlTw Rimantiene R., 1992-The Neolithic of the Eastern Baltic 'leCKHe naMHTHHKH KanHHHHrpancKoH 06J1aCTI1 H HX MeCTO Ioomal of World Prehistory., 1992. Vol. 6/1, p. 97-143. B HeOmlTe npH 6anTHK11. ABTopeq>epaT ilHccepTaUHI1 Ha Schild R. , 1964 - Swiderskie stanowiska znad g6rn ej COI1CKaHl1e CTene HI1 KaHill1ilaTa I1CTOpl1'-1eCKI1X HaYK. Wolg i i srodkowej Oki, a cykl " mazowszanski " II JTeH11 Hrpan, 1980. \rcheo logia Polski . 1964. Vol. 911, p. 7-29. Timofcev Y.I., Zaitseva G.I., Posnert G. (TIIMoQ>ecB 8.H.), Schild R. , 1985 - The formation of Homogenous 1995 - Neolithic Cerami c Chronology in the South­ Ikcupation Units ('Kshemenitsa's) in Open Air Sandy Eastern Baltic Area in Vi ew of C-14 Accelerator Da­ iites and its Significance for the interpretation of Meso­ tings II Fornvannen 90. Stockholm, 1995. thie Flint Assemblages II Symposium Mesolithic in Timofeev Y.l. (Tl1MocjJecB B.I1.), 1998 - HeKoTopble Europe / ed. C. BonsaI. Edynburg, 1985, p. 89-98. BonpOCbl B3aI1MOilet"ICTBI1H KyJlbTyp Me30Jll1Ta - Ha'iana Schild R., 1996. Radiochronology of the Early Meso­ HeOJl I1Ta B OanTI1 HCKOM pemOHe / / TBepcKoti ApxeoJlorw hie in Poland II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Seri es in 'leCKI1H C60pHHK. 1998. NQ2 , c. 81-86. 1996. Vol. 24: The earliest Settlement of Scandinavia and Wi~ckowska H., 1975 - Spolecznosci lowiecko-ry­ 'relationship with neibouring areas l ed. L. Larsson, backie wczesnego holocenu II Prahistoria ziem polskich I ,.285-295. Almquist and Wiksell International, Stockholm. ed. W. Chmielewski, W. Hensel. Warszawa-Wroclaw, Schild R., 1998 - The Perils of Dating Open-air San­ 1975. Vol. 1. Paleolit i mezolit, s. 340-438. ~S ites of the North European Plain II Harve ting the Wislanski T., 1979 - Krqg lud6w sllbneolitycznych lea, Farming the Forest. The Emergence of Neolithic w Polsce II Prahistori a ziem polskich. Wroclaw-Warszawa, locie lies in the Baltic Region l ed. M. Zvelebil, R. Dennel 1979. Vol. II. Neolit. dnd L. Domanska. (Sheffield Archaeological Mono­ Zagorska 1., 1981 - Das Fruhmesolithicum in Let­ ;mph 10).1998, p. 71-76. tland II Veroffenlihungen des Museums fur Ur- und Fruh­ Schild R., Tobolski K., Kubiak-Martens L., BratIund geschichte. Potsdam, 1981. Bd. 14/15, p. 183- 190. 8., Eicher u., Makowiecki D., Pazdur A., Pazdur M.M., Zagorska 1., 1996 - Late Palaeolithic Finds in the • bweingruber F.H. and Zurek S., in pres - Mysterie Daugava River Valley II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia . ~ nokowo. Preliminary Results of Excavations at a New, Series in 8. 1996. Vol. 24: The Earliest Settlement of Wa terlogged Site in Northern Poland II Subbalticum I Scandinavia and its relati onship with neibouring areas I ed. Z. Sulgostow ka (i n pres ). ed. L. Lars on, p. 263-272. Sulgostowska Z., 1989 - Prahistoria mi ydzyrzecza Zagorskis F., 1987 - Zvejnieku akmens laikmeta iemna i Dniestru u schylku plejstocenu. Warszawa, kapul allks. Riga, 1987. 19 9.

271 PASIEKI IR TEMOS DISKUSIJOMS APIE PIETRYCI" Q PABALTIJO REGIONO PALEOLITl\ IR MEZOLITl\

Zofia Sulgostowska

Santrauka

Pastaruoju metu suaktyvejus paleolito ir mezolito - Postsvidrines ir Kudlajevkos kultur4 gyvenvieau tyrinejimams Pietryci4 Pabaltijo krastuose (Baltaru ijoje, radini4 kolekcij4 homogeniskumo irodymas panaudojant Estijoje, Latvijoje, Lietuvoje, Lenkijoje ir Rusijoje) ar­ titnago radini4 remontazl:!. cheologams pavyko atskleisti nemaza nauj4 priesistore -Janislavic4 ir Nemuno kultuftI santyki4 nu latymOli puslapi4, taciau suprantama, kad tyrinejant siuos Mezolitas / Neolitas - Paraneolitas: laikotarpius, daugelis problem4 vis dar lieka neissprys­ - Visuomenini4 su ankstyviausi~a keramika iikio tos. Mano nuomone, reiket4 atkreipti demesi i siuos pecifika (medziokle, zukle ir rinkima be zemdirb) tel klausimus. ir gyvulininky tes). Terminai: Subneolitas, ParaneolitOli Paleolitas: Keraminis mezolitas. - Gyvenvieci4 su ikotiniais antgaliais, kurias paliko - Mezolito ir Paraneolito tarpusavio santykiai (gyven­ pirmieji sio regiono gyventojai, gamtamokslinis data­ vieci4 tystinumas, titnago apdirbimo technologija). vimas, siekiant nustatyti j4 homogeniskuml:!. - Narvos, Cedmaro, Nemuno ir Ertebioles kultulII - Geriau islikusi4 sio laikotarpio gyvenvieci4 paieska, tarpusavio santykiai . • siekiant rekonstruoti gyventoj4 uki, laidojimo paprocius, Sias problemas galima but4 issprysti tyrinejanlg),'er, menl:!o vietes su homogenisku ("svariu") kulturiniu sluoksniu Mezolitas: islikusiais radiniais is organini4 medziag4. Jas tyrinejan: - Mezolitas - tai paleolito tysinys (epipaleolitas, reiket4 atkreipti deme i i kuo daugiau aspekt4, k episvidrai, postsvidrai) ar nauja technologij4 banga ar sllm azinti archeologini4 kultur4, kurias tyrinet oJ taip pat nauji gyventojai. naudoja savo darbuose medziagos aprasymui, skaiCiu

ILJUSTRACIJ t) SARASAS

1 pay. Tek te aptariamu archeologini4 paminkl4 Narva (c); OO - Olenij Ostrov (b); Pe - Peseanica(b); is idestymas ir j4 chronologija: Paleolito (a), mezolito Popovo (b); Pu - Pulli (b); (b) ir neolito (c) periodai. Svarbiausi paminklai: D - SL - Salaspils Lallkskola (a); S - Svenloji (c);T· Dudka (a, b, c), - Laity (a, b); K - Kabeliai (a, b); KS ­ Tlokovo (b); Ve - Veretje (b); Vi - Vilnius (a); W\I Krasne Selo (a); Mi - Miluki (b); Ms - Msano (b); N - Vozna Vie (a, b, c); Z - Zedmar (c); Zv - Zveinieki

272 UOCTI'DKEHllH II TEMbI ,UJIH ,UllCKYCCllH 0 EOJIllTE II ME30JIllTE IOro BOCTOKA EACCEHHA EAJITllHCKOro MOPH

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OJleHI1H OCTPOB Pe - DeCyaHMua Po - nonoBo PHC . 1. PacnOJlO)l(eHl1e apxeOJlOrM.' leCKl1X naM5IT­ (b); (b); HIIKOB, 06Cy)l(.llaeMblX B TeKCTe, 11 I1X XpOHOJlOrM.5l: n e­ (b); Pu - DyJlJlI1 (b); • PIiOllbl naneOJlI1Ta (a), Me30Jll1Ta (b) HeOJlI1Ta (c). H aw SL - Canacnl1J1c JIaYKcKoJla /a/; S - lllBHHToHI1 60nee BalKHbl e naM5ITHI1KM.: D - .D,y,llKa (a, b, c), - JIaMTbl (c); T - TJlOKOBO (b); Ve - BepeTbe (b); Vi - BI1J1bHlOC (a, b); K - K a6eJJ5IH (a, b); KS - K pacHe CeJlo (a); M i - (a); WW - B03Ha B e (a, b, c); Z - 3eJlMap (c); Zv - ~flU1YKl1 (b); M s - M waHo (b); N - HapBa (c); 00 - 3BeHHeKJ1 (b).

Dr. Z. Sulgoslowska Instytul Archcologii i Elnologii Polskicj Akademii Nauk A1.SolidarnoSci 105 00-140 Warszawa Polska I Lenkija

273